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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_as.wikipedia.org&uselang=as"><span>দান কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF&returnto=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="আপোনাক এটা একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰি প্ৰৱেশ কৰিবলৈ অনুৰোধ জনোৱা হৈছে, কিন্তু এয়া বাধ্যতামূলক নহয়"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>একাউণ্ট সৃষ্টি কৰক</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6&returnto=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="বাধ্যতামূলক নহ'লেও প্ৰৱেশ কৰাটো বাঞ্চনীয় [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>প্ৰৱেশ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> লগ-আউট কৰা সদস্যৰ বাবে পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" aria-label="সম্পাদনাৰ বিষয়ে অধিক জানক"><span>অধিক শিকক</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>বৰঙণি</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="এই আই.পি. ঠিকনাৰ পৰা কৰা সম্পাদনাসমূহৰ আলোচনা [n]" accesskey="n"><span>এই IPটোৰে যোগাযোগ কৰক</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eবাতিল\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"as\" 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ছাইট"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="সূচী" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">সূচী</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">পাৰ্শ্বদণ্ডলৈ যাওক</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">লুকুৱাওক</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">পাতনি</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-কঠিন_পদাৰ্থৰ_শ্ৰেণী" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#কঠিন_পদাৰ্থৰ_শ্ৰেণী"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ শ্ৰেণী</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-কঠিন_পদাৰ্থৰ_শ্ৰেণী-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ শ্ৰেণী উপ-অনুচ্ছেদ টগ'ল কৰক</span> </button> <ul id="toc-কঠিন_পদাৰ্থৰ_শ্ৰেণী-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ধাতু" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ধাতু"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ধাতু</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ধাতু-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-খনিজ_পদাৰ্থ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#খনিজ_পদাৰ্থ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>খনিজ পদাৰ্থ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-খনিজ_পদাৰ্থ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-চিৰামিক" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#চিৰামিক"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>চিৰামিক</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-চিৰামিক-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-জৈৱিক_কঠিন_পদাৰ্থ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#জৈৱিক_কঠিন_পদাৰ্থ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>জৈৱিক কঠিন পদাৰ্থ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-জৈৱিক_কঠিন_পদাৰ্থ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-সংমিশ্ৰিত_সামগ্ৰী" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#সংমিশ্ৰিত_সামগ্ৰী"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>সংমিশ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-সংমিশ্ৰিত_সামগ্ৰী-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-নেন'পদাৰ্থ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#নেন'পদাৰ্থ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>নেন'পদাৰ্থ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-নেন'পদাৰ্থ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-জৈৱ_পদাৰ্থ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#জৈৱ_পদাৰ্থ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>জৈৱ পদাৰ্থ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-জৈৱ_পদাৰ্থ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ভৌতিক_ধৰ্ম" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ভৌতিক_ধৰ্ম"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ভৌতিক ধৰ্ম</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ভৌতিক_ধৰ্ম-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#তথ্যসূত্ৰ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-তথ্যসূত্ৰ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="সূচী" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">সূচীপত্ৰ টগ'ল কৰক</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">কঠিন</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="অন্য এটা ভাষাৰ প্ৰবন্ধলৈ যাওক। 130টা ভাষাত উপলব্ধ।" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130টা ভাষা</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – আফ্ৰিকানছ্" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="আফ্ৰিকানছ্" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper – ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Festkörper" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ছুইচ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – আৰ্গোনিজ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="আৰ্গোনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – আঙ্গিকা" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="আঙ্গিকা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="حالة صلبة – আৰবী" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة صلبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="আৰবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD" title="قاسح – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="قاسح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A8" title="صلب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صلب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lidu" title="Sólidu – এষ্টুৰীয়" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sólidu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="এষ্টুৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rk_cism" title="Bərk cism – আজেৰবাইজানী" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərk cism" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="আজেৰবাইজানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="برک جیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برک جیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡаты есем – বাছখিৰ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаты есем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="বাছখিৰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97its_k%C5%ABns" title="Kėits kūns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėits kūns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цвёрдае цела – বেলাৰুছীয়" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цвёрдае цела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="বেলাৰুছীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Цьвёрдае цела – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цьвёрдае цела" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Твърдо тяло – বুলগেৰীয়" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Твърдо тяло" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="বুলগেৰীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="কঠিন পদার্থ – বাংলা" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কঠিন পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="বাংলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_stanje" title="Čvrsto stanje – বছনীয়" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čvrsto stanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="বছনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B5" title="Хатуу бэе – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хатуу бэе" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lid" title="Sòlid – কাতালান" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòlid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="কাতালান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Gó-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gó-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido_(butang)" title="Solido (butang) – চিবুৱানো" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Solido (butang)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="চিবুৱানো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B2%E1%8F%92" title="ᎤᏍᏓᏲᏒ – চেৰোকি" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏍᏓᏲᏒ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="চেৰোকি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%82" title="ڕەق – চেণ্ট্ৰেল কুৰ্ডিচ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="চেণ্ট্ৰেল কুৰ্ডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Pevná látka – চেক" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pevná látka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="চেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83_%C4%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Хытă ĕскер – চুভাচ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хытă ĕскер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="চুভাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – ৱেলচ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ৱেলচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_form" title="Fast form – ডেনিচ" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fast form" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ডেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festk%C3%B6rper" title="Festkörper – জাৰ্মান" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Festkörper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hest" title="Hest – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hest" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8C" title="Στερεό – গ্ৰীক" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στερεό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="গ্ৰীক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – ইংৰাজী" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ইংৰাজী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – এস্পেৰান্তো" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="এস্পেৰান্তো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – স্পেনিচ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="স্পেনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahkis" title="Tahkis – এষ্টোনিয়" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tahkis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="এষ্টোনিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – বাস্ক" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="বাস্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3liu" title="Sóliu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sóliu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جامد – ফাৰ্ছী" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ফাৰ্ছী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinte%C3%A4_olomuoto" title="Kiinteä olomuoto – ফিনিচ" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinteä olomuoto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ফিনিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukauwa" title="Kaukauwa – ফিজিয়ান" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaukauwa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="ফিজিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_solide" title="État solide – ফ্ৰেন্স" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État solide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ফ্ৰেন্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4%C3%A4ststoof" title="Fääststoof – নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fääststoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="নৰ্দাৰ্ন ফ্ৰিছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solad" title="Solad – আইৰিচ" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Solad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="আইৰিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – গেলিচিয়ান" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="গেলিচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%A8" title="ઘન – গুজৰাটী" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઘન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="গুজৰাটী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stooaltane" title="Stooaltane – মেংক্স" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stooaltane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="মেংক্স" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daskararre" title="Daskararre – হাউছা" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daskararre" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="হাউছা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku-th%C3%AD" title="Ku-thí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ku-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A7" title="מוצק – হিব্ৰু" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוצק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="হিব্ৰু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – হিন্দী" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="হিন্দী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine – ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krutine" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ক্ৰোৱেচিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – হেইটিয়ান ক্ৰিয়ল" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="হেইটিয়ান ক্ৰিয়ল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%A1rd_halmaz%C3%A1llapot" title="Szilárd halmazállapot – হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilárd halmazállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="হাঙ্গেৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պինդ մարմին – আৰ্মেনীয়" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պինդ մարմին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="আৰ্মেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ইণ্টাৰলিংগুৱা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padat" title="Padat – ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ইণ্ডোনেচিয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solide" title="Solide – উপস্থাপন ভাষা" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Solide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="উপস্থাপন ভাষা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – ইডো" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ইডো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkuhamur" title="Storkuhamur – আইচলেণ্ডিক" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Storkuhamur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="আইচলেণ্ডিক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – ইটালিয়ান" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ইটালিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – জাপানী" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="জাপানী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sligu" title="sligu – লোজ্বান" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sligu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="লোজ্বান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მყარი სხეული – জৰ্জিয়ান" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მყარი სხეული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="জৰ্জিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Қатты дене – কাজাখ" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қатты дене" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="কাজাখ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%A8" title="ಘನ – কানাড়া" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಘನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="কানাড়া" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체 – কোৰিয়ান" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="কোৰিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biring" title="Biring – কুৰ্ডিচ" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biring" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="কুৰ্ডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Катуу зат – কিৰ্গিজ" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Катуу зат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="কিৰ্গিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidum" title="Solidum – লেটিন" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="লেটিন" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="লিম্বুৰ্গিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kietasis_k%C5%ABnas" title="Kietasis kūnas – লিথুৱানিয়ান" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kietasis kūnas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="লিথুৱানিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cietviela" title="Cietviela – লাটভিয়ান" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cietviela" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="লাটভিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vainga" title="Vainga – মালাগাছী" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vainga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="মালাগাছী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Цврста состојба на материјата – মেচিডোনীয়" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цврста состојба на материјата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="মেচিডোনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഖരം – মালায়ালম" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="মালায়ালম" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Хатуу – মংগোলীয়" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хатуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="মংগোলীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepejal" title="Pepejal – মালয়" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pepejal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="মালয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%B2" title="အစိုင်အခဲ – বাৰ্মীজ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုင်အခဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="বাৰ্মীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faststoff" title="Faststoff – ল’ জাৰ্মান" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Faststoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ল’ জাৰ্মান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस – নেপালী" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ठोस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="নেপালী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="ठोस पदार्थ – নেৱাৰি" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ठोस पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="নেৱাৰি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stof" title="Vaste stof – ডাচ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vaste stof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ডাচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_stoff" title="Fast stoff – নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fast stoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান নায়নোৰ্স্ক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faststoff" title="Faststoff – নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Faststoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="নৰৱেজিয়ান বোকমাল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solide" title="Solide – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Solide" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – অ’চিটান" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="অ’চিটান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajjaboo" title="Jajjaboo – ওৰোমো" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jajjaboo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ওৰোমো" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8" title="ਠੋਸ – পাঞ্জাবী" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਠੋਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="পাঞ্জাবী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cia%C5%82o_sta%C5%82e" title="Ciało stałe – প’লিচ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciało stałe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="প’লিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2lid_(f%C3%ACsica)" title="Sòlid (fìsica) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sòlid (fìsica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ٹھوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹھوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="جامد – পুস্ত" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جامد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="পুস্ত" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3lido" title="Sólido – পৰ্তুগীজ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sólido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="পৰ্তুগীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinchiyasqa" title="Sinchiyasqa – কুৱেচুৱা" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinchiyasqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="কুৱেচুৱা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – ৰোমানীয়" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ৰোমানীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Твёрдое тело – ৰাছিয়ান" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Твёрдое тело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ৰাছিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="نھرو – সিন্ধী" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نھرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="সিন্ধী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto_agregatno_stanje" title="Čvrsto agregatno stanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čvrsto agregatno stanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9D%E0%B6%B1" title="ඝන – সিংহলা" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඝන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="সিংহলা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid" title="Solid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevn%C3%A1_l%C3%A1tka" title="Pevná látka – শ্লোভাক" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pevná látka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভাক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trdnina" title="Trdnina – শ্লোভেনিয়ান" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trdnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="শ্লোভেনিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godo" title="Godo – চোনা" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Godo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="চোনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adke" title="Adke – ছোমালি" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adke" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="ছোমালি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngurt%C3%ABsia" title="Ngurtësia – আলবেনীয়" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ngurtësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="আলবেনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Чврсто агрегатно стање – ছাৰ্বিয়ান" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чврсто агрегатно стање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ছাৰ্বিয়ান" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_form" title="Fast form – ছুইডিচ" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fast form" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ছুইডিচ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango" title="Mango – স্বাহিলি" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mango" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="স্বাহিলি" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திண்மம் (இயற்பியல்) – তামিল" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திண்மம் (இயற்பியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="তামিল" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%82" title="ఘన పదార్థం – তেলুগু" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఘన పదార్థం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="তেলুগু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ของแข็ง – থাই" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ของแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="থাই" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%B1" title="Katı – তুৰ্কী" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="তুৰ্কী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тверде тіло – ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тверде тіло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ইউক্ৰেইনীয়" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ٹھوس – উৰ্দু" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹھوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="উৰ্দু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qattiq_jism" title="Qattiq jism – উজবেক" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qattiq jism" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="উজবেক" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova_hibj" title="Kova hibj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kova hibj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_r%E1%BA%AFn" title="Chất rắn – ভিয়েটনামী" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất rắn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ভিয়েটনামী" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaste_stoffe" title="Vaste stoffe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vaste stoffe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solido" title="Solido – ৱাৰে" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Solido" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ৱাৰে" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – ৱু চাইনিজ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ৱু চাইনিজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-solid" title="I-solid – হোছা" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-solid" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="হোছা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="סאלידער קערפער – ইদ্দিছ" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאלידער קערפער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ইদ্দিছ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体 – চীনা" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="固体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="চীনা" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="固體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2%CD%98-th%C3%A9" title="Kò͘-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kò͘-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" title="固體 – কেণ্টোনীজ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="固體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="কেণ্টোনীজ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isinqumela" title="Isinqumela – ঝুলু" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isinqumela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ঝুলু" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক" class="wbc-editpage">আন্তঃৱিকি লিংক সম্পাদনা কৰক</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">অসমীয়া ৱিকিপিডিয়াৰ পৰা</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="as" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Insulincrystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/300px-Insulincrystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/450px-Insulincrystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Insulincrystals.jpg/600px-Insulincrystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>একক স্ফটিক কঠিন ইনচুলিন ৰেখাৰ ৰূপ। </figcaption></figure> <p><b>কঠিন</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইংৰাজী ভাষা">ইংৰাজী</a>: <span lang="en">Solid</span>) বুলি ক'লে পদাৰ্থৰ চাৰিটা মৌলিক অৱস্থাৰ ভিতৰত এটাক বুজোৱা হয় (বাকীবোৰ হ’ল তৰল, গেছ আৰু প্লাজমা)। কঠিন পদাৰ্থত থকা অণুবোৰ একেলগে ঘনিষ্ঠভাৱে লগলাগি থাকে আৰু ইয়াত গতিশক্তিৰ পৰিমাণ কম। কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ বৈশিষ্ট্য হৈছে গাঁথনিগত কঠিনতা (কঠিন বস্তুৰ দৰে) আৰু পৃষ্ঠত প্ৰয়োগ কৰা বলৰ প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা। তৰল পদাৰ্থৰ দৰে কঠিন বস্তু এটাই ইয়াৰ পাত্ৰৰ আকৃতি ল’বলৈ বৈ নাযায়, নতুবা ই গেছৰ দৰে উপলব্ধ সমগ্ৰ আয়তন পূৰণ কৰিবলৈ প্ৰসাৰিত নহয়। কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ পৰমাণুবোৰ হয় নিয়মীয়া জ্যামিতিক জালিত (স্ফটিকীয় কঠিন পদাৰ্থ, য'ত ধাতু আৰু সাধাৰণ বৰফ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত), নহয় অনিয়মিতভাৱে (সাধাৰণ খিৰিকীৰ কাঁচৰ দৰে আকাৰহীন কঠিন পদাৰ্থ) ইটোৱে সিটোৰ লগত বান্ধ খাই থাকে। কঠিন পদাৰ্থক কম চাপেৰে সংকোচন কৰিব নোৱাৰি। </p><p>কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ সৈতে জড়িত পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানৰ শাখাটোক কঠিন অৱস্থাৰ পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞান বোলা হয়, আৰু ই ঘনীভূত পদাৰ্থৰ পদাৰ্থবিজ্ঞানৰ মূল শাখা (য'ত তৰল পদাৰ্থও অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত)। পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান মূলতঃ কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ ভৌতিক আৰু ৰাসায়নিক ধৰ্মৰ সৈতে জড়িত। কঠিন অৱস্থাৰ ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান বিশেষভাৱে নতুন পদাৰ্থৰ সংশ্লেষণৰ লগতে চিনাক্তকৰণ আৰু ৰাসায়নিক গঠনৰ বিজ্ঞানৰ সৈতে জড়িত। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="কঠিন_পদাৰ্থৰ_শ্ৰেণী"><span id=".E0.A6.95.E0.A6.A0.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A8_.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.B0_.E0.A6.B6.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.87.E0.A6.A3.E0.A7.80"></span>কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ শ্ৰেণী</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=1" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ শ্ৰেণী"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>কঠিন পদাৰ্থত থকা পৰমাণুৰ মাজৰ বলবোৰে বিভিন্ন ৰূপ ল’ব পাৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, ছডিয়াম ক্লৰাইডৰ এটা স্ফটিক (সাধাৰণ লৱণ) আয়নিক ছডিয়াম আৰু ক্ল'ৰিনৰ দ্বাৰা গঠিত, যিবোৰ আয়নিক বান্ধোনৰ দ্বাৰা একেলগে ৰখা হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> হীৰা<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> বা চিলিকনত পৰমাণুবোৰে ইলেক্ট্ৰন ভাগ-বতৰা কৰি সসঙ্কেত বান্ধোন গঠন কৰে।<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ধাতুত ইলেক্ট্ৰনবোৰ ধাতুৰ বন্ধনত ভাগ কৰা হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> কিছুমান কঠিন পদাৰ্থ, বিশেষকৈ বেছিভাগ জৈৱিক যৌগ, প্ৰতিটো অণুৰ ওপৰত ইলেক্ট্ৰনিক আধান ডাৱৰৰ মেৰুকৰণৰ ফলত হোৱা ভ্যান ডেৰ ৱালছ বলৰ সৈতে একেলগে ধৰি ৰখা হয়। কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ প্ৰকাৰৰ মাজত হোৱা অসাদৃশ্য ইহঁতৰ বন্ধনৰ মাজৰ পাৰ্থক্যৰ ফলত হয়। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ধাতু"><span id=".E0.A6.A7.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.81"></span>ধাতু</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=2" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: ধাতু"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ধাতু সাধাৰণতে শক্তিশালী, ঘন আৰু বিদ্যুৎ আৰু তাপ উভয়ৰে ভাল পৰিবাহী।<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকাত থকা মৌলবোৰৰ ডাঙৰ অংশ, ব’ৰনৰ পৰা প’ল’নিয়ামলৈ অংকন কৰা তিৰ্যক ৰেখাৰ বাওঁফালে থকা মৌলবোৰ ধাতু। দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক মৌলৰ মিশ্ৰণ যাৰ প্ৰধান উপাদানটো এটা ধাতু হয়, সেইবোৰক মিশ্ৰণ বুলি জনা যায়। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="খনিজ_পদাৰ্থ"><span id=".E0.A6.96.E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.9C_.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5"></span>খনিজ পদাৰ্থ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=3" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: খনিজ পদাৰ্থ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0:Different_minerals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/220px-Different_minerals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/330px-Different_minerals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/440px-Different_minerals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>বিভিন্ন খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰ এক সংগ্ৰহ। </figcaption></figure> <p>খনিজ পদাৰ্থ হৈছে উচ্চ চাপৰ অধীনত বিভিন্ন ভূতাত্ত্বিক প্ৰক্ৰিয়াৰ দ্বাৰা<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> গঠিত প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে পোৱা কঠিন পদাৰ্থ। প্ৰকৃত খনিজ হিচাপে শ্ৰেণীভুক্ত হ’বলৈ হ’লে কোনো পদাৰ্থৰ গোটেইখিনিতে একেধৰণৰ ভৌতিক ধৰ্মৰ স্ফটিক গঠন থাকিব লাগিব। খনিজ পদাৰ্থৰ গঠন বিশুদ্ধ মৌল আৰু সৰল লৱণৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি হাজাৰ হাজাৰ জনাজাত ৰূপৰ অতি জটিল চিলিকেটলৈকে পোৱা যায়। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="চিৰামিক"><span id=".E0.A6.9A.E0.A6.BF.E0.A7.B0.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95"></span>চিৰামিক</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=4" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: চিৰামিক"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>চিৰামিক কঠিন পদাৰ্থ অজৈৱ যৌগৰে গঠিত, সাধাৰণতে ৰাসায়নিক মৌলৰ অক্সাইড।[9] ইহঁত ৰাসায়নিকভাৱে নিষ্ক্ৰিয়, আৰু প্ৰায়ে আম্লিক বা কষ্টিক পৰিৱেশত হোৱা ৰাসায়নিক খহনীয়া সহ্য কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম। সাধাৰণতে চিৰামিকে ১০০০ৰ পৰা ১৬০০ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ (১৮০০ৰ পৰা ৩০০০ ডিগ্ৰী ফাৰেনহাইট)ৰ ভিতৰত উচ্চ উষ্ণতা সহ্য কৰিব পাৰে। ইয়াৰ ব্যতিক্ৰম হ’ল অক্সাইড অজৈৱিক পদাৰ্থ, যেনে নাইট্ৰাইড, ব’ৰাইড আৰু কাৰ্বাইড। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক"><span id=".E0.A6.97.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.B2.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.9B-.E0.A6.9A.E0.A6.BF.E0.A7.B0.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95"></span>গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=5" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: গ্লাছ-চিৰামিক"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>কাঁচ-চিৰামিক পদাৰ্থই অস্ফটিকীয় কাঁচ আৰু স্ফটিকীয় চিৰামিক দুয়োটাৰে সৈতে বিভিন্ন ধৰ্ম ভাগ-বতৰা কৰে। ইহঁতক কাঁচ হিচাপে গঠন কৰা হয়, আৰু তাৰ পিছত তাপ পৰিশোধনৰ দ্বাৰা আংশিকভাৱে স্ফটিকীয় কৰা হয়, যাৰ ফলত আকাৰহীন আৰু স্ফটিকীয় দুয়োটা পৰ্যায় উৎপন্ন হয় যাতে স্ফটিকীয় দানাবোৰ অস্ফটিকীয় আন্তঃদানাযুক্ত পৰ্যায়ৰ ভিতৰত সোমাই থাকে। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="জৈৱিক_কঠিন_পদাৰ্থ"><span id=".E0.A6.9C.E0.A7.88.E0.A7.B1.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95_.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.A0.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A8_.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5"></span>জৈৱিক কঠিন পদাৰ্থ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=6" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: জৈৱিক কঠিন পদাৰ্থ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>জৈৱ ৰসায়নে কাৰ্বন আৰু হাইড্ৰজেনৰ ৰাসায়নিক যৌগসমূহৰ গঠন, ধৰ্ম, বিক্ৰিয়া আৰু সংশ্লেষণ (বা অন্য উপায়েৰে) প্ৰস্তুতিৰ বিষয়ে অধ্যয়ন কৰে, য'ত নাইট্ৰজেন, অক্সিজেন আৰু হেল'জেনৰ দৰে যিকোনো সংখ্যক অন্যান্য মৌল থাকিব পাৰে: ফ্ল'ৰিন, ক্ল'ৰিন, ব্ৰমিন আৰু আয়’ডিন। কিছুমান জৈৱ যৌগত ফছফৰাছ বা চালফাৰ মৌলও থাকিব পাৰে। জৈৱিক কঠিন পদাৰ্থৰ উদাহৰণ হ’ল কাঠ, পেৰাফিন মম, নেফ্থালিন আৰু বহুতো ধৰণৰ পলিমাৰ আৰু প্লাষ্টিক। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="সংমিশ্ৰিত_সামগ্ৰী"><span id=".E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.82.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.B6.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A4_.E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.97.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.80"></span>সংমিশ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=7" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: সংমিশ্ৰিত সামগ্ৰী"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>সংমিশ্ৰিত পদাৰ্থত দুটা বা তাতকৈ অধিক মেক্ৰস্কোপিক পৰ্যায় থাকে, ইয়াৰে এটা প্ৰায়ে চিৰামিক। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, এটা অবিৰত মেট্ৰিস্ক, আৰু চিৰামিক কণা বা আঁহৰ এটা বিক্ষিপ্ত পৰ্যায়। </p><p>কম্পোজিট পদাৰ্থৰ প্ৰয়োগ তীখা-শক্তিশালী কংক্ৰিটৰ দৰে গাঁথনিগত উপাদানৰ পৰা আৰম্ভ কৰি নাছাৰ মহাকাশ শাটলৰ তাপ সুৰক্ষা ব্যৱস্থাত মূল আৰু অবিচ্ছেদ্য ভূমিকা পালন কৰা তাপ নিৰোধক টাইলছলৈকে, যিটো শাটলৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগক পুনৰ তাপৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈ ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী"><span id=".E0.A6.85.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A7.E0.A6.AA.E0.A7.B0.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B9.E0.A7.80"></span>অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=8" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী হ'ল এনে পদাৰ্থ যিবোৰৰ ধাতু পৰিবাহী আৰু অধাতুৰ অৱৰোধকৰ মাজত বৈদ্যুতিক প্ৰতিৰোধ ক্ষমতা (আৰু পৰিবাহীতা) থাকে। ব’ৰনৰ পৰা সোঁফালে তিৰ্যকভাৱে তললৈ যোৱা পৰ্যাবৃত্ত তালিকাত পোৱা যায়। ইহঁতে বৈদ্যুতিক পৰিবাহী (বা ধাতু, বাওঁফালে) ইনচুলেটৰৰ পৰা (সোঁফালে) পৃথক কৰে। </p><p>অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী পদাৰ্থৰ পৰা নিৰ্মিত যন্ত্ৰসমূহ আধুনিক ইলেক্ট্ৰনিকছৰ ভেটি, ৰেডিঅ', কম্পিউটাৰ, টেলিফোন আদি। অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী যন্ত্ৰসমূহৰ ভিতৰত ট্ৰেঞ্জিষ্টৰ, সৌৰকোষ, ডাইঅ'ড আৰু সংহত বৰ্তনী আদি অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত। সৌৰ ফটোভল্টিক পেনেল হৈছে বৃহৎ অৰ্ধপৰিবাহী যন্ত্ৰ যিয়ে পোহৰক প্ৰত্যক্ষভাৱে বৈদ্যুতিক শক্তিলৈ ৰূপান্তৰিত কৰে। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="নেন'পদাৰ্থ"><span id=".E0.A6.A8.E0.A7.87.E0.A6.A8.27.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5"></span>নেন'পদাৰ্থ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=9" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: নেন'পদাৰ্থ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>বহুতো পৰম্পৰাগত কঠিন পদাৰ্থই নেন’মিটাৰ আকাৰলৈ সংকুচিত হ’লে বিভিন্ন ধৰ্ম প্ৰদৰ্শন কৰে। উদাহৰণস্বৰূপে, সাধাৰণতে হালধীয়া সোণ আৰু ধূসৰ চিলিকনৰ নেনোকণাবোৰৰ ৰং ৰঙা; সোণৰ নেনোকণাবোৰ সোণৰ স্লেবতকৈ বহু কম উষ্ণতাত (২.৫ এন এম আকাৰৰ বাবে ~৩০০ ডিগ্ৰী চেলছিয়াছ) গলি যায়; <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> নেনোকণাবোৰৰ পৃষ্ঠভাগৰ ক্ষেত্ৰফল শক্তিৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত কিছুমান বিশেষ প্ৰয়োগৰ বাবে ইহঁতক অত্যন্ত আকৰ্ষণীয় কৰি তোলে।<sup id="cite_ref-pure_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pure-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="জৈৱ_পদাৰ্থ"><span id=".E0.A6.9C.E0.A7.88.E0.A7.B1_.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5"></span>জৈৱ পদাৰ্থ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=10" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: জৈৱ পদাৰ্থ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>বহুতো প্ৰাকৃতিক (বা জৈৱিক) পদাৰ্থ উল্লেখযোগ্য যান্ত্ৰিক ধৰ্মৰ জটিল সংমিশ্ৰিত। কোটি কোটি বছৰৰ বিৱৰ্তনৰ পৰা উত্থাপিত এই জটিল গঠনসমূহে সামগ্ৰী বিজ্ঞানীসকলক নতুন সামগ্ৰীৰ ডিজাইনৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত প্ৰেৰণা যোগাইছে। ইহঁতৰ সংজ্ঞায়িত বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহৰ ভিতৰত আছে গাঁথনিগত স্তৰ, বহুকাৰ্য্যকৰীতা আৰু আত্ম-নিৰাময় ক্ষমতা। আত্মসংগঠন বহু জৈৱিক পদাৰ্থ আৰু আণৱিক স্তৰৰ পৰা ওপৰলৈকে গঠনসমূহ একত্ৰিত হোৱাৰ ধৰণৰো এক মৌলিক বৈশিষ্ট্য। এইদৰে উচ্চ কাৰ্যক্ষম জৈৱবস্তুৰ ৰাসায়নিক সংশ্লেষণত স্ব-সমাবেশ এক নতুন কৌশল হিচাপে আত্মপ্ৰকাশ কৰিছে। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ভৌতিক_ধৰ্ম"><span id=".E0.A6.AD.E0.A7.8C.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95_.E0.A6.A7.E0.A7.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AE"></span>ভৌতিক ধৰ্ম</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=11" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: ভৌতিক ধৰ্ম"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ৰাসায়নিক গঠনৰ নিৰ্ণায়ক প্ৰমাণ প্ৰদান কৰা মৌল আৰু যৌগসমূহৰ ভৌতিক ধৰ্মসমূহৰ ভিতৰত গন্ধ, ৰং, আয়তন, ঘনত্ব (প্ৰতি একক আয়তনত ভৰ), গলনাংক, উতলাংক, তাপ ক্ষমতা, ভৌতিক ৰূপ আৰু কোঠাৰ উষ্ণতাত আকৃতি (কঠিন, তৰল বা গেছ; ঘন, ত্ৰিকোণীয় স্ফটিক আদি), কঠিনতা, ছিদ্ৰতা, বিবৰ্তন সূচকাংক আৰু বহুতো। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A7.B0"></span>তথ্যসূত্ৰ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8&action=edit&section=12" title="শাখা সম্পাদনা: তথ্যসূত্ৰ"><span>সম্পাদনা কৰক</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r368696">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Holley, Dennis (2017-05-31) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uUlDwAAQBAJ&q=sodium+chloride+made+up+of+ionic+sodium+and+chlorine+ionically+bonded+together&pg=PA39"><i>GENERAL BIOLOGY I: Molecules, Cells and Genes</i></a>. Dog Ear Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9781457552748" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9781457552748">9781457552748</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_uUlDwAAQBAJ&q=sodium+chloride+made+up+of+ionic+sodium+and+chlorine+ionically+bonded+together&pg=PA39">https://books.google.com/books?id=_uUlDwAAQBAJ&q=sodium+chloride+made+up+of+ionic+sodium+and+chlorine+ionically+bonded+together&pg=PA39</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GENERAL+BIOLOGY+I%3A+Molecules%2C+Cells+and+Genes&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Holley%2C%26%2332%3BDennis&rft.date=2017-05-31&rft.pub=Dog+Ear+Publishing&rft.isbn=9781457552748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_uUlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsodium%2Bchloride%2Bmade%2Bup%2Bof%2Bionic%2Bsodium%2Band%2Bchlorine%2Bionically%2Bbonded%2Btogether%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Rogers, Ben; Adams, Jesse; Pennathur, Sumita (2014-10-28) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9qBAAAQBAJ&q=in+diamond++atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA93"><i>Nanotechnology: Understanding Small Systems, Third Edition</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9781482211726" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9781482211726">9781482211726</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9qBAAAQBAJ&q=in+diamond++atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA93">https://books.google.com/books?id=HI9qBAAAQBAJ&q=in+diamond++atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA93</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology%3A+Understanding+Small+Systems%2C+Third+Edition&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Rogers%2C%26%2332%3BBen&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BJesse&rft.au=Pennathur%2C%26%2332%3BSumita&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft.pub=%5B%5BCRC+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9781482211726&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHI9qBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Din%2Bdiamond%2B%2Batoms%2Bshare%2Belectrons%2Bforming%2Bcovalent%2Bbonds%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Nahum, Alan M.; Melvin, John W. (2013-03-09) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=on_SBwAAQBAJ&q=in+silicon+atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA15"><i>Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9781475722642" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9781475722642">9781475722642</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=on_SBwAAQBAJ&q=in+silicon+atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA15">https://books.google.com/books?id=on_SBwAAQBAJ&q=in+silicon+atoms+share+electrons+forming+covalent+bonds&pg=PA15</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Injury%3A+Biomechanics+and+Prevention&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft.au=Nahum%2C%26%2332%3BAlan+M.&rft.au=Melvin%2C%26%2332%3BJohn+W.&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.isbn=9781475722642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Don_SBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Din%2Bsilicon%2Batoms%2Bshare%2Belectrons%2Bforming%2Bcovalent%2Bbonds%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Narula, G. K.; Narula, K. S.; Gupta, V. K. (1989) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEvTt1ZFo_MC&q=in+metal+electrons+shared+through+metallic+bonding&pg=PA60"><i>Materials Science</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9780074517963" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9780074517963">9780074517963</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEvTt1ZFo_MC&q=in+metal+electrons+shared+through+metallic+bonding&pg=PA60">https://books.google.com/books?id=oEvTt1ZFo_MC&q=in+metal+electrons+shared+through+metallic+bonding&pg=PA60</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Science&rft.aulast=Narula&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft.au=Narula%2C%26%2332%3BG.+K.&rft.au=Narula%2C%26%2332%3BK.+S.&rft.au=Gupta%2C%26%2332%3BV.+K.&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.isbn=9780074517963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEvTt1ZFo_MC%26q%3Din%2Bmetal%2Belectrons%2Bshared%2Bthrough%2Bmetallic%2Bbonding%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Arnold, Brian (2006-07-01) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ID973WaVBoC&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA58"><i>Science Foundation</i></a>. Letts and Lonsdale. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9781843156567" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9781843156567">9781843156567</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ID973WaVBoC&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA58">https://books.google.com/books?id=0ID973WaVBoC&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA58</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Foundation&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Arnold%2C%26%2332%3BBrian&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft.pub=Letts+and+Lonsdale&rft.isbn=9781843156567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ID973WaVBoC%26q%3Dstrong%252C%2Bdense%252C%2Band%2Bgood%2Bconductors%2Bof%2Belectricity%2Band%2Bheat%2Bmetals%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Group, Diagram (2009-01-01) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NH23yrRwbU4C&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+both+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA78"><i>The Facts on File Chemistry Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infobase_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infobase Publishing (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9781438109558" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9781438109558">9781438109558</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NH23yrRwbU4C&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+both+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA78">https://books.google.com/books?id=NH23yrRwbU4C&q=strong%2C+dense%2C+and+good+conductors+of+both+electricity+and+heat+metals&pg=PA78</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Chemistry+Handbook&rft.aulast=Group&rft.aufirst=Diagram&rft.au=Group%2C%26%2332%3BDiagram&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.pub=%5B%5BInfobase+Publishing%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9781438109558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNH23yrRwbU4C%26q%3Dstrong%252C%2Bdense%252C%2Band%2Bgood%2Bconductors%2Bof%2Bboth%2Belectricity%2Band%2Bheat%2Bmetals%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Zacny, Kris (2009-08-04) (en ভাষাত). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9guFwAQZjsC&q=Minerals+are+naturally+occurring+solids+formed+through+various+geological+processes+under+high+pressures.&pg=PA666"><i>Drilling in Extreme Environments: Penetration and Sampling on Earth and other Planets</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wiley_%26_Sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wiley & Sons (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/9783527626632" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/9783527626632">9783527626632</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9guFwAQZjsC&q=Minerals+are+naturally+occurring+solids+formed+through+various+geological+processes+under+high+pressures.&pg=PA666">https://books.google.com/books?id=j9guFwAQZjsC&q=Minerals+are+naturally+occurring+solids+formed+through+various+geological+processes+under+high+pressures.&pg=PA666</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drilling+in+Extreme+Environments%3A+Penetration+and+Sampling+on+Earth+and+other+Planets&rft.aulast=Bar-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Yoseph&rft.au=Bar-Cohen%2C%26%2332%3BYoseph&rft.au=Zacny%2C%26%2332%3BKris&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9783527626632&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9guFwAQZjsC%26q%3DMinerals%2Bare%2Bnaturally%2Boccurring%2Bsolids%2Bformed%2Bthrough%2Bvarious%2Bgeological%2Bprocesses%2Bunder%2Bhigh%2Bpressures.%26pg%3DPA666&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Buffat, Ph.; Borel, J.-P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/100337">"Size effect on the melting temperature of gold particles"</a>. <i>Physical Review A</i> খণ্ড <b>13</b> (6): 2287. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.13.2287">10.1103/PhysRevA.13.2287</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/100337">http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/100337</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Size+effect+on+the+melting+temperature+of+gold+particles&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.aulast=Buffat&rft.aufirst=Ph.&rft.au=Buffat%2C%26%2332%3BPh.&rft.au=Borel%2C%26%2332%3BJ.-P.&rft.date=1976&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2287&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.13.2287&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoscience.epfl.ch%2Frecord%2F100337&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pure-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pure_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Walter H. Kohl (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ll6qjWB-RUC&pg=PA164"><i>Handbook of materials and techniques for vacuum devices</i></a>. Springer. পৃষ্ঠা. 164–167. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7:%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8/1-56396-387-6" title="বিশেষ:গ্ৰন্থৰ উত্স/1-56396-387-6">1-56396-387-6</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ll6qjWB-RUC&pg=PA164">https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ll6qjWB-RUC&pg=PA164</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+materials+and+techniques+for+vacuum+devices&rft.aulast=Walter+H.+Kohl&rft.au=Walter+H.+Kohl&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE.%26nbsp%3B164%E2%80%93167&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=1-56396-387-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ll6qjWB-RUC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Shpak, Anatoly P.; Kotrechko, Sergiy O.; Mazilova, Tatjana I; Mikhailovskij, Igor M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5090266">"Inherent tensile strength of molybdenum nanocrystals"</a>. <i>Science and Technology of Advanced Materials</i> খণ্ড <b>10</b> (4): 045004. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1468-6996%2F10%2F4%2F045004">10.1088/1468-6996/10/4/045004</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Identifier (পৃষ্ঠা নাই)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27877304">27877304</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inherent+tensile+strength+of+molybdenum+nanocrystals&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology+of+Advanced+Materials&rft.aulast=Shpak&rft.aufirst=Anatoly+P.&rft.au=Shpak%2C%26%2332%3BAnatoly+P.&rft.au=Kotrechko%2C%26%2332%3BSergiy+O.&rft.au=Mazilova%2C%26%2332%3BTatjana+I&rft.au=Mikhailovskij%2C%26%2332%3BIgor+M&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=045004&rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F1468-6996%2F10%2F4%2F045004&rft_id=info:pmid/27877304&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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