CINXE.COM

Home | Archives

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <script defer="defer" type="text/javascript" src="https://rum.hlx.page/.rum/@adobe/helix-rum-js@%5E2/dist/rum-standalone.js" data-routing="env=prod,tier=publish,ams=World Bank"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/wbg-favicon.png" type="image/png"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Home | Archives</title> <meta name="keywords" content=""/> <meta name="description" content=""/> <meta name="language" content="en"/> <link rel="canonical" href='https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/home'/> <meta property="og:title" content="Home | Archives"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="World Bank"/> <meta property="og:description" content=""/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:test" content="https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/share-logo/social-share.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/share-logo/social-share.jpg"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/home"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="World Bank"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Home | Archives"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/wbr/share-logo/social-share.jpg"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Home | Archives" /> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="Text/HTML" /> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/home"/> <meta name="dcterms.language" content="en" /> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/vendor/jquery.js"></script> <script src="//assets.adobedtm.com/223f6e2cf7c9/3eb6c9b72a93/launch-7bc0cdc67098.min.js" async></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlibs-oralhistory.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlib-swiper.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/oralhistory/search_banner/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_title/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/list_navigation/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/oralhistory/transcripts_carousel/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_related/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_static_content/clientlibs/site.css" type="text/css"> </head> <script> var pagelang='en'; var modal_Title='Live Now'; var modal_Header='WORLD BANK LIVE'; var join_Msg='Join Now'; var cid_Code='?intcid=wbw_xpl_liveoverlay_en_ext'; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlibs-liveevent-popup.css" type="text/css"> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlibs-liveevent-popup.js"></script> <div class="wb_metadata"> </div> <body> <div id="wbg-aem-target" class="wbg-aem-target"></div> <header> <a tabindex="0" id="skip-to-main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" href="#main">Skip to Main Navigation</a> <div class="lp__navbar lp__navbar_default "> <div class="container"> <!-- Begin G01v1 Global Header --> <div class="lp__navbar_header"> <a href="https://www.worldbank.org" class="lp__navbar_brand"><img title="The World Bank logo" alt="The World Bank logo" src="/content/dam/wbr/logo/logo-wb-header-en.svg" class="img-responsive"> </a> <!--<a href="https://www.worldbank.org" class="lp__navbar_brand hidden-lg"><img title="The World Bank logo" alt="The World Bank logo" src="/content/dam/wbr/logo-1/logo-wb.svg" class="img-responsive"> </a>--> <div class="lp__navbar_text"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/home">Archives</a></div> </div><!-- End Logo Section --> <div class="lp__menuButton"> <button type="button" class="lp__navbar_toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#menuItems" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menuItems" aria-label="menu"> </button> </div> <!-- End toggle menu Section --> <div class="lp__menulist_wrappper lp__megamenu"> <div class="lp__navbar_collapse collapse lp__megamenu" id="menuItems"> <nav class="megamenu"> <ul class="lp__navbar_nav" id="lp__megamenu"> <li class="lp__megamenu_list"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history" class="lp__megamenu_item active">EXPLORE HISTORY</a></li> <li class="lp__megamenu_list"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/digital-collections" class="lp__megamenu_item">DIGITAL COLLECTIONS</a></li> <li class="lp__megamenu_list"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/access-the-catalog" class="lp__megamenu_item">ACCESS THE CATALOG</a></li> <li class="lp__megamenu_list"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives" class="lp__megamenu_item">USING THE ARCHIVES</a></li> <li class="lp__megamenu_list"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/aboutus" class="lp__megamenu_item">ABOUT US</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <!-- End G01v1 Global Header --> </div> </div> </header> <script> $(document).ready(function() { var activeLink =$(".lp__megamenu li" ).first().children("a").attr('href'); var url = window.location.href; if (typeof activeLink !== 'undefined'){ $(".lp__megamenu li").each(function(index, obj) { $(this).children("a").removeClass("active focus"); if ($(this).children("a").attr('href') == url){ $(this).children("a").addClass("active focus"); } }); } }); let navSections = document.querySelector(".nav-sections .default-content-wrapper"); if (navSections) { fetch("https://extdataportal.worldbank.org/api/ext/en/trending.json").then(res => res.json()).then(response => { if (response && response.hasOwnProperty("data")) { let trendingData = response["data"]; let trendingPage = trendingData[Math.floor(Math.random() * trendingData.length)]; let trendingText = navSections.querySelector("p span:nth-child(2)"); if (trendingText) { trendingText.innerHTML = trendingPage.Text; } let trendingLink = navSections.querySelector("a"); if (trendingLink) { trendingLink.setAttribute('href', trendingPage.Link); } } }).catch(err => console.log(err)); } </script> <input type="hidden" name="wcmmode" class="WCMmode" value="DISABLED"> <main id="main"> <div class="lang-toggler language_toggler parbase"> <div class="lp__breadcrumb hidden"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-6"> <nav aria-label="Breadcrumb" class="lp-page-title"> <ol class="lp__breadcrumb_list"> <li class="lp__breadcrumb_list_item "><a class="l1-breadcrumb" href="/en/archive">English</a></li> <li class="lp__breadcrumb_list_item hidden-sm hidden-xs"><a class="l1-breadcrumb" href="/en/archive/oralhistory">Oral History</a></li> </ol> </nav> </div> <!-- End Page Title --> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearix"></div> <script> $(document).ready(function() { var cuurpage = "/content/worldbankgroup/archive/en/oralhistory/home"; var pageLocale = "en"; var activeLink =$(".lp__breadcrumb li" ).first().children("a").attr('href'); if (typeof activeLink !== 'undefined'){ $(".lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list a, .lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list").removeClass("active"); //adedd for D&R to Highlight menu if(cuurpage.indexOf('publication/documents-reports') !== -1 && (cuurpage.indexOf("http") !== -1 || cuurpage.indexOf("https") !== -1)){ activeLink = "/" + activeLink.split("/").slice(3).join("/"); }//end $(".lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list").each(function(index, obj) { if ($(this).children("a").attr('href') == activeLink){ $(this).children("a").addClass("active"); } }); } var isCPF = "false"; var activeLink = ""; if (isCPF == "true" && typeof activeLink !== 'undefined'){ $(".lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list a, .lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list").removeClass("active"); $(".lp__megamenu li.lp__megamenu_list").each(function(index, obj) { if ($(this).children("a").text().toLowerCase().trim() == activeLink.toLowerCase().trim()) { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).children("a").addClass("active"); } }); } }); </script> </div> <div class="par parsys"><div class="search_banner section"> <div class="lp__search_banner"> <div class="lp__banner_img"> <picture> <img class="lp__cover" src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankprod/banner-innerpage:ohbanner" alt="banner" title="banner" width="1440" height="514"> </picture> </div> <div class="container lp__banner_container"> <div class="row"> <h1 class="h1 sr-only">Oral History</h1> <div class="lp-img-overlay col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-8 col-xs-12"> <img src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/wbg-archive-oral-history-logo-white.png" alt="wbg-archive-oral-history-logo" class="img-responsive"> <div class="lp__search_section"> <div class="lp__search_wrapper lp__secondary_search"> <form class="lp__input_group search_code_at_the_end" name="searchbox" action="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/search" onsubmit="" method="get"> <input type="search" placeholder="Search" class="search-input-field" name="qterm" id="search-project" aria-label="Search"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="1"> <input type="hidden" name="order" value="desc"> <input type="hidden" name="orderBy" value="_score"> <button type="submit" title="Search" class="lp__submit_icon research-button" aria-label="Search" ></button> <input type="hidden"> </form> </div> </div> <p class="lp__hero_description">Explore transcripts of oral history interviews on the World Bank Group from its post-Bretton Woods beginnings to the present day.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="supergrid parbase section"> <div class="full-row-darkgray-components" style=" "> <div class="container"> <div class=""> <div class="par parsys"><div class="gridlayout parbase section"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" wrap__list_nav" > <div class="grid_12_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <div class="redesign_title parbase section"> <div class="lp__heading_v1 heading-v1-center"> <h2 class='h2 '>Browse by</h2> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> </div> <div class="list_navigation section"> <div class="lp__list_navcomponents "> <ul class="four__column"> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__md_square_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" class="img-responsive"> <img src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" data-src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-country.png" alt="The World Bank" title="The World Bank" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/country">COUNTRY</a> </div></div> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/country" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">COUNTRY</a> </li> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__md_square_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" class="img-responsive"> <img src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" data-src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-president.png" alt="The World Bank" title="The World Bank" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/browsebypresident">PRESIDENT</a> </div></div> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/browsebypresident" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">PRESIDENT</a> </li> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__md_square_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" class="img-responsive"> <img src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" data-src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-collection.png" alt="The World Bank" title="The World Bank" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/collection">COLLECTION</a> </div></div> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/collection" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">COLLECTION</a> </li> <li class="lp__list_navigation_section "> <div class = "lp__md_square_img"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" class="img-responsive"> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width:320px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:992px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" class="img-responsive"> <source media="(min-width:768px)" srcset="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" class="img-responsive"> <img src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" data-src="/content/dam/sites/oral-history/img/button-name.png" alt="The World Bank" title="The World Bank" class="lp-cover img-responsive "> </picture> </div> <div class="lp__list_navigation_content"><div class="lp__list_navigation_title"> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/browsebyperson">NAME</a> </div></div> <a href="/en/archive/oralhistory/browsebyperson" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1" class="lp__overlay-link">NAME</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="supergrid parbase section"> <div class="full-row-white-components" style=" "> <div class="container"> <div class=""> <div class="par parsys"><div class="gridlayout parbase section"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_12_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <hr class="hidden-lg hidden-md " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="featured_transcripts section"> <section class="featured_transcripts_header"> <picture> <img class="lp__cover" src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/featured-transcripts-bg-1:feature_bg?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" alt="Featured Transcript" title="Featured Transcript" width="74" height="152"> </picture> <h2 class="lp__lead_lgtitle">Featured Transcripts</h2> <p class="lp__lead_paragraph_lg">This month we feature oral history transcripts related to President Robert S. McNamara. The following interviews capture a social history of the experiences of staff during President Robert S. McNamara’s tenure from 1968-1981.  A recent <a href="https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/968851625167222961/pdf/Robert-S-McNamara-at-the-World-Bank-In-Retrospect.pdf">retrospective publication</a> by McNamara’s six former assistants, gives personal insights into his work and legacy. </p> <hr> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px"></div> </div> <div class="gridlayout parbase section"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-12 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_12_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <div class="transcripts_carousel section"> <div class="lp__slide_1 swiper-container lp__transcripts_carousel swiper-container-initialized swiper-container-horizontal swiper-container-pointer-events "> <ul class="swiper-wrapper" id="swiper-wrapper-13157fb2b292d9ba" aria-live="polite"> <li class="swiper-slide swiper-slide-prev" style="width: 1140px;"> <div class=" lp__banner_wrapper"> <div class="lp__transcripts_title"><a href="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/transcriptdetail/transcript-oral-history-interview-sven-burmester-leif-christoffersen-caio-koch-weser-3"> Transcript Of Oral History Interview With Sven Burmester, Leif Christoffersen, Caio Koch-Weser, Olivier Lafourcade, Anders Ljungh, And Rainer Steckhan Held On September 1, 2017 </a></div> <p class="lp__transcripts_description">This interview discusses how McNamara’s focus on poverty involved setting up a unit on integrated rural development on page 27 of the pdf.</p> <div class="lp__transcripts_interview three__column"> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Steckhan-Rainer:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Steckhan, Rainer</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1964 - 1995</span></figcaption> </figure> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Lafourcade:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Lafourcade, Olivier</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1973 - 2002</span></figcaption> </figure> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Ljungh-Anders-HeadShot:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Ljungh, Anders</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1969 - 1975</span></figcaption> </figure> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Burmester:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Burmester, Sven</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1971 - 1997</span></figcaption> </figure> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Koch-Weser:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Koch-Weser, Caio</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1973 - 1999</span></figcaption> </figure> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Leif-Christoffersen:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Christoffersen, Leif</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1964 - 1992</span></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide swiper-slide-prev" style="width: 1140px;"> <div class=" lp__banner_wrapper"> <div class="lp__transcripts_title"><a href="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/transcriptdetail/transcript-oral-history-interview-sushma-ganguly-held-april-3-2017">Transcript Of Oral History Interview With Sushma Ganguly Held On April 3, 2017</a></div> <p class="lp__transcripts_description">This interview discusses Ganguly’s experiences on project operations in the agriculture sector in the 1970s on page 8 of the pdf.</p> <div class="lp__transcripts_interview one__column"> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Ganguly-Sushma-2-:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Ganguly, Sushma</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1980 - 2006</span></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </li> <li class="swiper-slide swiper-slide-prev" style="width: 1140px;"> <div class=" lp__banner_wrapper"> <div class="lp__transcripts_title"><a href="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/en/archive/oralhistory/transcriptdetail/transcript-oral-history-interview-martin-wolf-held-march-30-2018">Transcript Of Oral History Interview With Martin Wolf Held On March 30, 2018</a></div> <p class="lp__transcripts_description">This interview discusses Wolf’s experiences as senior division economist on India on page 7 of the pdf.</p> <div class="lp__transcripts_interview one__column"> <figure> <img src="https://worldbank.scene7.com/is/image/worldbankstg/Wolf-Martin:person_sm?qlt=85,0&resMode=sharp" title="Image" alt="Image" class="img-responsive" width="60" height="60"> <figcaption><span class="lp__author">Wolf, Martin</span><span class="lp__time_stamp">Bank Tenure: 1971 - 1981</span></figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <!-- Add Pagination --> <div class="swiper-button-next" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Next slide" aria-controls="swiper-wrapper-13157fb2b292d9ba" aria-disabled="false" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div class="swiper-button-prev" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="Previous slide" aria-controls="swiper-wrapper-13157fb2b292d9ba" aria-disabled="false" aria-hidden="true"></div> <span class="swiper-notification" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></span> </div> </div> <div class="redesign_static_content section"> <!--<script type="module" src="/apps/worldbankgroup/components/content/body_content_scene7/clientlibs/site/js/component.js" defer></script>--> <!--<script type="module" src="/apps/worldbankgroup/components/content/body_content_scene7/clientlibs/site/js/twitter.js" defer></script>--> <section > <article class="lp__body_content section " > <p><i>The WBG Archives Oral History Program captures personal recollections of interviewees. The opinions, findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in these oral histories do not reflect official views or policy of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group is not responsible for the accuracy of the information included in the interview transcripts and/or recordings.</i></p> </article></section> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="supergrid parbase section"> <div class="full-row-gray-components" style=" "> <div class="container"> <div class="wrap__heading_h2"> <div class="par parsys"><div class="reference parbase section"> <div style="display:inline;" class="cq-dd-paragraph"> <div class="gridlayout parbase"> <div class="row "> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-lg-3 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" lp__heading_h2" > <div class="grid_3_par_0 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <div class="redesign_related section"> <div class="lp__link_list section "> <h2 class='h2'>Explore History</h2> <div class="lp__link_listwrapper"> <ul> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Exhibits" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/exhibits"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Exhibits</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Past Presidents" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/past-presidents"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Past Presidents</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Past Presidents’ Speeches" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/past-presidents-speeches"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Past Presidents’ Speeches</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Historical Timeline" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/history/timeline"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Historical Timeline</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Country Historical Profiles" href="https://countryhistoricalprofiles.worldbank.org/?year=2023"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Country Historical Profiles</a> </ul> </div> </div> <style></style> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-lg-3 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_3_par_1 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <hr class="hidden-lg hidden-md " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="redesign_related section"> <div class="lp__link_list section "> <h2 class='h2'>Discover the Archives</h2> <div class="lp__link_listwrapper"> <ul> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Archives Catalog" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/access-the-catalog"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Archives Catalog</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Digital Collections" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/digital-collections"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Digital Collections</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Multimedia Catalog" href="https://archivesmultimedia.worldbank.org/en/home"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Multimedia Catalog</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Oral History" href="https://oralhistory.worldbank.org/"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Oral History</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Documents &amp; Reports" href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Documents &amp; Reports</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Projects &amp; Operations" href="https://projects.worldbank.org/"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Projects &amp; Operations</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Web Archives" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/webarchives"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Web Archives</a> </ul> </div> </div> <style></style> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-lg-3 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_3_par_2 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <hr class="hidden-lg hidden-md " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="redesign_related section"> <div class="lp__link_list section "> <h2 class='h2'>Doing Research</h2> <div class="lp__link_listwrapper"> <ul> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="World Bank Group Information Research Guide" href="https://libguides.worldbank.org/WBGInfoguide"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> World Bank Group Information Research Guide</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Overview of Archival Holdings" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives/overview-of-archival-holdings"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Overview of Archival Holdings</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Using Our Finding Aids" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives/using-our-finding-aids"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Using Our Finding Aids</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Request Access to Holdings" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives/request-access-to-holdings"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Request Access to Holdings</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Visit the Archives" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives/visit-the-archives"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Visit the Archives</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Terms of Use, Reproduction, and Citation" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/using-the-archives/terms-of-use-reproduction-and-citation"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Terms of Use, Reproduction, and Citation</a> </ul> </div> </div> <style></style> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-lg-3 col-xs-12 colsplit 2"> <div class=" " > <div class="grid_3_par_3 parsys"> <div style="padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;" class="remove-padding-grid" > <hr class="hidden-lg hidden-md " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="redesign_related section"> <div class="lp__link_list section "> <h2 class='h2'>About Us</h2> <div class="lp__link_listwrapper"> <ul> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Access to Information Policy" href="https://policies.worldbank.org/en/policies/all/ppfdetail/3693"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Access to Information Policy</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="AMS 10:11: Management of Records" href="https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/568301468326225648/management-of-records-policy"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> AMS 10:11: Management of Records</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Records Management Program" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/aboutus/records-management-program"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Records Management Program</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Digital Preservation Program" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/aboutus/digital-preservation-program"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Digital Preservation Program</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Digitization Program" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/aboutus/digitization-program"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Digitization Program</a> <li class="lp__link_list_item"> <a target="" data-customlink="nl:body content" data-text="Professional Engagement" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/archive/aboutus/professional-engagement"> <i class="none" aria-hidden="true"></i> Professional Engagement</a> </ul> </div> </div> <style></style> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" aria-hidden="true"></div> <div style="margin-bottom: 0px"></div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <!-- Begin Global footer --> <footer class="simplified-footer"> <div class="row full-row-footer-components"> <div class="container"> <div class="lp__footer_top"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="lp__footer_bottom"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <div class="lp__listinline"> <ul> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal">Legal</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/site-accessibility">Site Accessibility</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/access-to-information">Access to Information</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/careers">Jobs</a></li> <li class="disclaimer"><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/contacts">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End disclaimer--> <div class="col-lg-6 col-md-6 col-sm-6 col-xs-12"> <div class="lp__footer_fraud"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/scams">SCAM ALERT</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/integrity-vice-presidency/report-an-allegation">REPORT FRAUD OR CORRUPTION</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- End disclaimer and copy right --> </div> </div><!-- End footer Bottom row --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- End Top Footer --> <!-- Begin bottom Footer --> <div class="row full-row-footer-black-components"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="lp__footer_bottom_left"> <div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.worldbank.org"> <img src="/content/dam/wbr-redesign/logos/logo-wbg-footer-en.svg" class="footer-logo" title="Image" alt="The World Bank Group Logo"></a> </li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/who-we-are/ibrd">IBRD</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Development Association" href="https://ida.worldbank.org/">IDA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Finance Corporation" href="https://www.ifc.org/">IFC</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency" href="https://www.miga.org/">MIGA</a></li> <li><a class="lp__wbgpartnership" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes" href="https://icsid.worldbank.org/">ICSID</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- End logo and Wbg partnership --> <div class="lp__copyright"> <div class="col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> © <span id="footer-year"></span> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- Begin var time=new Date(); var year=time.getYear(); if (year < 2000) year = year + 1900; document.getElementById("footer-year").innerHTML = year; // End --> </script> The World Bank Group, All Rights Reserved. </div> </div><!-- End dropdown and fraud --> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- End Global footer --> <script src="/etc/designs/wbr/components/wbgajax.js"></script> <div data-ajax-component-wbg data-url="/wbg/aem/service/ampopup" data-ajax-query-parameters='language=en&pageName=/content/worldbankgroup/archive/en/oralhistory/home' ></div> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlibs-oralhistory.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/clientlibs/clientlib-swiper.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/oralhistory/search_banner/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_title/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/list_navigation/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/oralhistory/transcripts_carousel/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_related/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <script src="/etc.clientlibs/worldbankgroup/components/content/redesign_static_content/clientlibs/site.js"></script> <!--cookie consent starts--> <section id="cookieconsentpopup" class="lp__cookie_tooltip" style="display: none;"> <div class="container"> <p>This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. To learn more about cookies, <a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/privacy-notice">click here</a>. </p> <button type="button" class="close accept-consent" aria-label="close cookies policy notification" tabindex="0"> <span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span> </button> </div> </section> <script defer src="/etc/designs/wbrrdesign/clientlibs-wbrredsign/js/cookie-consent.js"></script> <!--cookie consent ends--> <script type="text/javascript"> var appInsights=window.appInsights||function(a){ function b(a){c[a]=function(){var b=arguments;c.queue.push(function(){c[a].apply(c,b)})}}var c={config:a},d=document,e=window;setTimeout(function(){var b=d.createElement("script");b.src=a.url||"https://az416426.vo.msecnd.net/scripts/a/ai.0.js",d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0].parentNode.appendChild(b)});try{c.cookie=d.cookie}catch(a){}c.queue=[];for(var f=["Event","Exception","Metric","PageView","Trace","Dependency"];f.length;)b("track"+f.pop());if(b("setAuthenticatedUserContext"),b("clearAuthenticatedUserContext"),b("startTrackEvent"),b("stopTrackEvent"),b("startTrackPage"),b("stopTrackPage"),b("flush"),!a.disableExceptionTracking){f="onerror",b("_"+f);var g=e[f];e[f]=function(a,b,d,e,h){var i=g&&g(a,b,d,e,h);return!0!==i&&c["_"+f](a,b,d,e,h),i}}return c }({ instrumentationKey:"2ddee9f8-57ef-4c0e-8810-a2f743116654" }); window.appInsights=appInsights,appInsights.queue&&0===appInsights.queue.length&&appInsights.trackPageView(); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/etc/designs/wbg/clientlib/js/WebStatsUtil.js?q=nocache"></script> <script> var filters = [], queryParamValue,section=[],sFilters="",sSection=""; var query_string = window.location.search; var paramMap = { 'displayconttype_exact': 'type', 'topic_exact': 'topic', 'admreg_exact':'region', 'count_exact':'country', 'strdate':'startdate', 'enddate':'enddate', 'lang_exact':'language', 'tf':'timeframe', 'docty_exact':'document type', 'lang_spoken_exact':'languages spoken', 'job_title_exact':'role', 'unit_exact':'unit', 'first_name_AlphaBucket_exact':'first name', 'surname_AlphaBucket_exact':'last name', 'sector_exact':'sector', 'status_exact':'status', 'majdocty_exact':'major document type', 'majtheme_exact':'theme', 'teratopic_exact':'topic' }; if(query_string){ var queryPair = query_string.slice(1).split('&'); for (var i = 0; i < queryPair.length; i++) { queryParamValue = queryPair[i].split('=')[1]; queryParamName = queryPair[i].split('=')[0]; if((typeof paramMap[queryParamName]!='undefined') && (queryParamName!='lang_exact') && (queryParamName!='pastevents') && (queryParamName!='futureevents') && (queryParamName!='srt') && (queryParamName!='qterm') && (queryParamName!='x')&&(queryParamName!='y')){ section.push(paramMap[queryParamName]); } if((queryParamName!='qterm') && (queryParamName!='futureevents') && (queryParamName!='pastevents') && (queryParamName!='srt') && (queryParamName!='os') && (queryParamName!='x') && (queryParamName!='lang_exact') &&(queryParamName!='y')){ if(queryParamValue != ''){ filters.push(queryParamValue); } } } sFilters = filters.join(':'); sSection = section.join(':'); sSection = decodeURIComponent(sSection); sSection = sSection.replace(new RegExp("\\+","g"),' '); //s.eVar50= section; sFilters = decodeURIComponent(sFilters); sFilters = sFilters.replace(new RegExp("\\+","g"),' '); //s.list1 =filters; } </script> <script> var wbgData = wbgData || {}; wbgData.page = { pageInfo: { pageName: "content:worldbankgroup:archive:en:oralhistory:home", pageCategory: "home", pageUid: "e536a4b5-c23f-4dd4-9006-28e16be028c1", pageFirstPub: "05-30-2023", pageLastMod: "05-31-2023", contentType:"Other", topicTag:"", hier1:"ecrcc~other~archive", channel:"its oral history ext", webpackage:"", }, sectionInfo: { siteSection: "other", subsectionP2:"archive", subsectionP3:"", subsectionP4:"", subsectionP5:"" } }, wbgData.site = { siteInfo: { siteLanguage: "en", siteCountry: "", siteEnv: "prod", userIpaddressType:"10.48.0.156", siteRegion:"", siteType:"wboralhistory", }, techInfo: { cmsType: "AEM", bussVPUnit: "ECRCC", bussUnit: "ECRCC", bussUserGroup: "External", bussAgency: "ibrd" } } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var wbgDataOld = {}; wbgDataOld.page= { pageInfo: { pageName: "content:worldbankgroup>archive>en>oralhistory>home", pageTitle:"Home | Archives", pageDate:"2023/05/30", hier1: "ecrcc~other~archive", hier2: "wbg~en~english~other~archive", server:"10.48.0.48", channel:"its oral history ext" }, docInfo: { docAuthor: "",//Document author docDate:"",//Document date docRegion:"",//Region docCountry:"" }, teragramInfo: { teragramTopic:"", teragramKeyword:"" }, siteInfo: { siteSection:"other", subSection1:"other~archive", subSection2:"other~archive", subSection3:"other~archive", siteLanguage:"English", siteRank:"1", contentType:"other" }, packageInfo:{ webpackage:"" }, vpuInfo: { vpuLegacy:"ECRCC", vpu:"ECRCC" }, } var opsAanalytics ={ "projectId" :"NODATA", "upi":"NODATA", "pageName":"other", "tabName":"other", "serverDate":"", "clientDate":new Date().getTime(), "totalResponseTime":"", "pageUrl":(document.URL).replace("https://","").replace("http://",""), "userAgent" :navigator.userAgent, "server":"oralhistory.worldbank.org", "appId":"wbgext", "key1":"archive", "key2":"", "key3":"", "key4":"", "key5":"", "key6":"Anonymous", "key7":"", "key8":"", "key9":"", "key10":"" }; </script> <div id="wbg-aem-target-end" class="wbg-aem-target-end"></div> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10