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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Painted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mobile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Multi-purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Placement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Placement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Placement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_and_environmental_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_and_environmental_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Visual and environmental concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_and_environmental_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_safety_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_safety_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Road safety concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_safety_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legal restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Highway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Highway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Railway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_name_advertisers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_name_advertisers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Big name advertisers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_name_advertisers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tobacco_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tobacco_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tobacco advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tobacco_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-commercial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-commercial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Non-commercial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-commercial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Billboard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لوحة إعلانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوحة إعلانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbord" title="Bilbord – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bilbord" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m-p%C3%A1ng" title="Khâm-páng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khâm-páng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Рэкламны шчыт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэкламны шчыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Рэклямны шчыт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэклямны шчыт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Билборд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Билборд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanca_publicit%C3%A0ria" title="Tanca publicitària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tanca publicitària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Billboard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwrdd_biliau" title="Bwrdd biliau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwrdd biliau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plakatwand" title="Plakatwand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plakatwand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valla_publicitaria" title="Valla publicitaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valla publicitaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publizitate_estatiko" title="Publizitate estatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Publizitate estatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بیلبورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیلبورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affichage" title="Affichage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affichage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A0i-%C3%A8" title="Phài-è – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phài-è" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%ED%8C%90" title="간판 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간판" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allon_ishara" title="Allon ishara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allon ishara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_reklame" title="Papan reklame – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Papan reklame" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poster" title="Poster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שלט חוצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלט חוצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papan_iklan" title="Papan iklan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Papan iklan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclamebord" title="Reclamebord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reclamebord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8B%E6%9D%BF" title="看板 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="看板" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="بل بورڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بل بورڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(reklama)" title="Billboard (reklama) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Billboard (reklama)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painel_publicit%C3%A1rio" title="Painel publicitário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Painel publicitário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Рекламный щит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рекламный щит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Billboard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbord" title="Bilbord – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bilbord" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglasni_pano" title="Oglasni pano – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oglasni pano" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Билборд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Билборд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainostaulu" title="Mainostaulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mainostaulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonstavla" title="Annonstavla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Annonstavla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="சுவரணை விளம்பரப் பலகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுவரணை விளம்பரப் பலகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2" title="ป้ายโฆษณา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ป้ายโฆษณา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Advertising signage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)"><i>Billboard</i> (magazine)</a>. For charts, see <a href="/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> charts</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Billboard (disambiguation)">Billboard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Billboard with the Headline "Report- You Slept Through Your Alarm And This Is All A Dream"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg/220px-Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg/330px-Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg/440px-Billboard_with_the_Headline_%22Report-_You_Slept_Through_Your_Alarm_And_This_Is_All_A_Dream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Billboard with the Headline "Report: You Slept Through Your Alarm And This Is All A Dream" in the city of Chicago, from the satirical newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_(8405113574).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg/300px-2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg/450px-2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg/600px-2013_01_15_Somali_Artists_Shoot_II_a_%288405113574%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption>A billboard mural (saying "Before the law, all people are equal") being fixed into place by a cooperative of artists along the approach road to <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde_International_Airport" title="Aden Adde International Airport">Aden Adde International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>billboard</b> (also called a <b>hoarding</b> in the UK and many other parts of the world<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (March 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large <a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">outdoor advertising</a> structure (a <b>billing board</b>), typically found in high-traffic areas such as alongside busy roads. Billboards present large <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisements</a> to passing pedestrians and drivers. Typically brands use billboards to build their brands or to push for their new products. </p><p>The largest ordinary-sized billboards are located primarily on major highways, expressways, or principal arterials, and command high-density consumer exposure (mostly to vehicular traffic). These afford the greatest visibility due not only to their size, but because they allow creative "customizing" through extensions and embellishments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">Posters</a> are the other common form of billboard advertising, located mostly along primary and secondary arterial roads. Posters are in a smaller format and are viewed principally by residents and commuter traffic, with some pedestrian exposure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advertising_style">Advertising style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advertising style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billboard advertisements are designed to catch a person's attention and create a memorable impression very quickly, leaving the reader thinking about the advertisement after they have driven past it. They have to be readable in a very short time because they are usually read while being passed at high speeds. Thus there are usually only a few words, in large print, and a humorous or arresting image in brilliant color. </p><p>Some billboard designs spill outside the actual space given to them by the billboard, with parts of figures hanging off the billboard edges or jutting out of the billboard in three dimensions. An example in the United States around the turn of the 21st century was the <a href="/wiki/Chick-fil-A" title="Chick-fil-A">Chick-fil-A</a> billboards (a chicken sandwich <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">fast food chain</a>), which had three-dimensional cow figures in the act of painting the billboards with misspelled anti-beef slogans such as "friends don't let friends eat beef." </p><p>The first "scented billboard", an outdoor sign emitting the odors of <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> to suggest a grilled steak, was erected on <a href="/wiki/NC_150" class="mw-redirect" title="NC 150">NC 150</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mooresville,_North_Carolina" title="Mooresville, North Carolina">Mooresville, North Carolina</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bloom_(store)" title="Bloom (store)">Bloom grocery chain</a>. The sign depicted a giant cube of beef being pierced by a large fork that extended to the ground. The scents were emitted between 7–10 A.M. and 4–7  P.M. from 28 May 2010 through 18 June 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted">Painted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Painted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all these billboards were painted in large studios. The image was projected on the series of paper panels that made up the billboard. Line drawings were done, then traced with a pounce wheel that created perforated lines. The patterns were then "pounced" onto the board with a chalk-filled pounce bag, marking the outlines of the figures or objects. Using oil paints, artists would use large brushes to paint the image. Once the panels were installed using hydraulic cranes, artists would go up on the installed billboard and touch up the edges between panels. These large, painted billboards were especially popular in Los Angeles where historic firms such as Foster & Kleiser and Pacific Outdoor Advertising dominated the industry. Eventually, these painted billboards gave way to graphic reproduction, but hand-painted billboards are still in use in some areas where only a single board or two is required. The "<a href="/wiki/Sunset_Strip" title="Sunset Strip">Sunset Strip</a>" in Los Angeles is one area where hand-painted billboards can still be found, usually to advertise upcoming films or albums.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A technical invention called "trivision" allowed three different images to be rotated for presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_times_square_night_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_times_square_night_2013.jpg/220px-1_times_square_night_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_times_square_night_2013.jpg/330px-1_times_square_night_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1_times_square_night_2013.jpg/440px-1_times_square_night_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digital_billboard" title="Digital billboard">Digital billboards</a> abound in <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, Manhattan.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Digital_billboard" title="Digital billboard">digital billboard</a> shows varying imagery and text created with computer programs and software. Digital billboards can be designed to display running text, have several different displays from the same company, or provide several companies with a certain time slot during the day. Flexible and real-time scheduling can decrease traditional upkeep and maintenance costs, and some billboards may measure audiences or serve dynamic content. </p><p>Using digital billboards dynamically has come to be known as programmatic <a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">out-of-home</a> advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billboard posters can play audio using <a href="/wiki/Conductive_ink" title="Conductive ink">conductive ink</a>; when touched, the posters begin to play sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital billboards can also employ <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">3D</a> effects. A great example is how Spirit Halloween used a 3D or anamorphic effect for their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.groovejones.com/time-square-ooh-animated-3d-billboard-for-spirit-halloween">Times Square billboard campaign</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile">Mobile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mobile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore,_April_9_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg/220px-Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Mobile billboard in East Coast Park, Singapore</figcaption></figure> <p>Outdoor advertising, such as a mobile billboard, is effective because it is difficult to ignore. According to a UK national survey, it is also memorable. Capitol Communications Group found that 81.7% of those polled recalled images they saw on a moving multi-image sign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is compared to a 19% retention rate for static signs. </p><p>Unlike a typical billboard, mobile billboards are able to go directly to their target audience. They can be placed wherever there is heavy foot traffic due to an event – including convention centers, train stations, airports, and sports arenas. They can repeat routes, ensuring that an advertiser's message is not only noticed but that information is retained through repetition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-purpose">Multi-purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multi-purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billboards may be multi-purpose. An advertising sign can integrate its main purpose with a telecommunications antenna or public lighting support. Usually, the structure has a steel pole with a coupling <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flange</a> on the above-fitted advertising billboard structure that can contain telecommunications antennas. The lighting, wiring, and antennas are placed inside the structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg/170px-Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg/255px-Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg/340px-Alk_Variant_02_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Three-sided</figcaption></figure> <p>Common along highways are free-standing two-sided as well as three-sided billboards. Other types of billboards include the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_bicycle" title="Billboard bicycle">billboard bicycle</a> attached to the back of a bicycle or the mobile billboard, a special advertising trailer to hoist big banners. <a href="/wiki/Trivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivision">Mechanical billboards</a> display three different messages, with three advertisements attached to a conveyor inside the billboard. There are also three-dimensional billboards, such as the ones at <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus#Illuminated_signs" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>, London. Traditional billboards consist of a large format advertisement printed on a resistant material such as vinyl; this is placed on a large metal structure, which makes it one of the media with the most visibility and high impact within the advertising field. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placement">Placement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG/220px-Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG/330px-Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG/440px-Billboard_at_Sein%C3%A4joki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2083" /></a><figcaption>A billboard for attachable paper ads near the market square in <a href="/wiki/Sein%C3%A4joki" title="Seinäjoki">Seinäjoki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the most prominent billboards are alongside highways; since passing drivers typically have little to occupy their attention, the impact of the billboard is greater. Billboards are often drivers' primary method of finding lodging, food, and fuel on unfamiliar highways. There were approximately 450,000 billboards on US highways in 1991. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Somewhere between 5,000 and 15,000 are erected each year. Current numbers are put at 368,263, according to the OAAA (Outdoor Advertising Association of America).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Europe billboards are a major component and source of income in urban <a href="/wiki/Street_furniture" title="Street furniture">street furniture</a> concepts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An interesting use of billboards unique to highways was the <a href="/wiki/Burma-Shave" title="Burma-Shave">Burma-Shave</a> advertisements between 1925 and 1963, which had 4- or 5-part messages on multiple signs, keeping the reader hooked by the promise of a <a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">punchline</a> at the end. This example is in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Shaving brushes<br /> You'll soon see 'em<br /> On a shelf<br /> In some museum<br /> Burma-Shave </p> </div></blockquote> <p>These sorts of multi-sign advertisements are no longer common, though they are not extinct. One example, advertising for the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>, depicts a basketball player aiming a shot on one billboard; on the next one, 90 yards (82 meters) away, is the basket. Another example is the numerous billboards advertising the roadside attraction <a href="/wiki/South_of_the_Border_(attraction)" title="South of the Border (attraction)">South of the Border</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dillon,_South_Carolina" title="Dillon, South Carolina">Dillon, SC</a>, along <a href="/wiki/Interstate_95" title="Interstate 95">I-95</a> in many states. </p><p>Many cities have high densities of billboards, especially where there is dense pedestrian traffic—<a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> in New York City is a good example. Because of the lack of space in cities, these billboards are placed on the sides of buildings and sometimes are free-standing billboards hanging above buildings. Billboards on the sides of buildings create different stylistic opportunities, with artwork that incorporates features of the building into the design, such as using windows as eyes, or for gigantic frescoes that adorn the entire building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_and_environmental_concerns">Visual and environmental concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual and environmental concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many groups such as <a href="/wiki/Scenic_America" title="Scenic America">Scenic America</a> have complained that billboards on highways cause excessive clearing of trees and intrude on the surrounding landscape, with billboards' bright colors, lights, and large fonts making it difficult to focus on anything else, making them a form of <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a> - a state of affairs evoked <a href="/wiki/Pithy" title="Pithy">pithily</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ogden_Nash" title="Ogden Nash">Ogden Nash</a>'s parody of <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer" title="Joyce Kilmer">Joyce Kilmer</a>'s oft-quoted poem <a href="/wiki/Trees_(poem)" title="Trees (poem)"><i> Trees</i></a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I think that I shall never see<br /> A billboard lovely as a tree<br /> Indeed, unless the billboards fall<br /> I'll never see a tree at all.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Other groups believe that billboards and advertising contribute negatively to the mental climate of a culture by promoting products as providing feelings of completeness, wellness, and popularity to motivate purchase. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Utilising_Graffitists_Against_Unhealthy_Promotions" title="Billboard Utilising Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions">B.U.G.A. U.P.</a> was a movement that commenced in Australia and took direct action against primarily tobacco and alcohol billboards. Another focal point for this sentiment would be the magazine <a href="/wiki/AdBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="AdBusters">AdBusters</a>, which will often showcase politically motivated billboard and other advertising vandalism, called <a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">culture jamming</a>. Billboards have been criticized as an example of <a href="/wiki/Attention_theft" title="Attention theft">attention theft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg/220px-Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg/330px-Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg/440px-Arcata_CA_Billboard_Down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>This is one of three contested billboards in the coastal zone of <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay" title="Humboldt Bay">Humboldt Bay</a> that were cut down by an unknown vandal in 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2000, rooftops in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> had grown so thick with billboards that it was difficult to see its famous architecture. In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>, the city embarked on a successful four-year project demolishing the majority of rooftop billboards to beautify the city, overcoming resistance from advertisers and building owners. Most of these billboards were illegal but had been ignored until then.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil instituted a billboard ban because there were no viable regulations of the billboard industry. Today, São Paulo is working with outdoor companies to rebuild the outdoor infrastructure in a way that will reflect the vibrant business climate of the city while adopting good regulations to control growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_safety_concerns">Road safety concerns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Road safety concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building,_ca._January_1,_1907_(CHS-5816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg/220px-Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg/330px-Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg/440px-Panoramic_view_of_Los_Angeles_looking_north_from_the_Pacific_Electric_building%2C_ca._January_1%2C_1907_%28CHS-5816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="4094" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of Los Angeles looking north from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Building" title="Pacific Electric Building">Pacific Electric Building</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1 January 1907</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The most comprehensive review of the literature to date by the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q) (Australia) found that crash risk increases by approximately 25-29% in the presence of digital roadside advertising signs (digital billboard) compared to control areas. There is an emerging trend in the literature suggesting that roadside advertising signs can increase crash risk, particularly for those signs that have the capacity to frequently change (often referred to as digital billboards).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, many cities enacted laws banning billboards as early as 1909 (<a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a>, <i>Varney & Green vs. Williams</i>) but the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> has made this difficult. A <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> law championed by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a> in 1971 cited traffic safety and driver distraction as the reason for the billboard ban but was narrowly overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in 1981, in part because it banned non-commercial as well as commercial billboards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_restrictions">Legal restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legal restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billboards are largely absent in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>'s capital city, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, due to a 1937 ordinance that prohibited unauthorized signs on Commonwealth land.<sup id="cite_ref-curious-canberra_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curious-canberra-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> considered relaxing this law to allow more outdoor advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-canberra-times-jan-2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canberra-times-jan-2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Inquiry into billboards received a record 166 submissions, with only 6 respondents supporting allowing more advertising in the Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-act-billboards-inquiry-report_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-billboards-inquiry-report-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canberra-times-2018-2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canberra-times-2018-2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other submissions supported the current laws, or pointed to shortcomings and loopholes of the current laws, such as the allowance of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_billboard" title="Mobile billboard">mobile billboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrap_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrap advertising">bus wrap advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">political campaign signs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ian-Mcauley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-Mcauley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-act-billboards-inquiry-report_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-act-billboards-inquiry-report-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canberra-times-2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canberra-times-2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well a failure to enforce existing laws.<sup id="cite_ref-canberra-times-2018-2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canberra-times-2018-2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ian-Mcauley_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ian-Mcauley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, the negative impact of the over-proliferation of signage was abundantly evident in Houston, Texas, US, and it motivated <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> to ask her husband to create a law. At the same time, the outdoor advertising industry was becoming aware that excessive signs, some literally blocking another, were bad for business. </p><p>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act" title="Highway Beautification Act">Highway Beautification Act</a> was signed into law. The act applied only to "Federal Aid Primary" and "Defense" highways and limited billboards to commercial and industrial zones created by states and municipalities. It required each state to set standards based on "customary use" for the size, lighting, and spacing of billboards and prohibited city and state governments from removing billboards without paying compensation to the owner. The act requires states to maintain "effective control" of billboards or lose 10% of their federal highway dollars. </p><p>The act also required the screening of junk yards adjacent to regulated highways. </p><p>Around major holidays, volunteer groups erected highway signs offering free coffee at rest stops. These were specifically exempted in the act. </p><p>Currently, four states—Vermont, Alaska, Hawaii, and Maine—have prohibited billboards. <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>'s law went into effect in 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>'s law went into effect in 1927,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>'s law went into effect in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>'s law went into effect upon its achievement of statehood in 1959. </p><p>In the UK, billboards are controlled as <a href="/wiki/Adverts" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverts">adverts</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning system">planning system</a>. To display an illegal advert (that is, without planning permission) is a criminal offense with a <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fine</a> of up to <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>2500 per <a href="/wiki/Offense_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offense (law)"> offense</a> (per poster). All of the large UK outdoor <a href="/wiki/Advertisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisers">advertisers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Exterion_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Exterion Media">CBS Outdoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/JCDecaux" title="JCDecaux">JCDecaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear_Channel_Outdoor" title="Clear Channel Outdoor">Clear Channel</a>, Titan, and <a href="/wiki/Primesight" class="mw-redirect" title="Primesight">Primesight</a> have numerous convictions for such crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, a city of twelve million in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Billboards and advertising on vehicles have been banned since January 2007. It also restricted the dimensions of advertising on shop fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, a province of Canada, billboards are restricted to 300m away from roadways, the government also retains the right to remove any billboard it deems an unsafe distraction.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, a city of over 2 and a half million in Canada, a municipal tax on billboards was implemented in April 2010. A portion of the tax will help fund arts programs in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sweden, there is a general ban against billboards within the road area (typically the road plus ditch), except for standardized signs such as gas stations, restaurants, or hotels. But there is no ban against them outside the road if the landowner approves. Many farmers along major routes earn some money from such signs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usages">Usages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highway">Highway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Highway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg/220px-Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg/330px-Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg/440px-Advertising_hoarding_at_Cheney_Manor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_304264.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A billboard frame in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Many signs advertise local restaurants and shops in the coming miles and are crucial to drawing business in small towns. One example is <a href="/wiki/Wall_Drug" title="Wall Drug">Wall Drug</a>, which in 1936 erected billboards advertising "free ice water". The town of <a href="/wiki/Wall,_South_Dakota" title="Wall, South Dakota">Wall, South Dakota</a>, was essentially built around the many thousands of customers per day those billboards brought in (20,000 in 1981). Some signs were placed at great distances, with slogans such as "Only 827 miles to Wall Drug, with FREE ice water." In some areas the signs were so dense that one almost immediately followed the last. This situation changed after the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act" title="Highway Beautification Act">Highway Beautification Act</a> was passed; the proliferation of Wall Drug billboards is sometimes cited as one of the reasons the bill was passed. After the passage of the act, other states (such as Oregon<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) embarked on <a href="/wiki/Highway_beautification" title="Highway beautification">highway beautification</a> efforts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atb-billboard6586.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Atb-billboard6586.JPG/220px-Atb-billboard6586.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Atb-billboard6586.JPG/330px-Atb-billboard6586.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Atb-billboard6586.JPG/440px-Atb-billboard6586.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">ATB Financial</a> ad, Edmonton</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Railway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billboard advertising in underground stations, especially, is perhaps a place where they find a greater degree of acceptability and may assist in maintaining a neat, vibrant, and safe atmosphere if not too distracting. <a href="/wiki/Museum_railway_station" title="Museum railway station">Museum Station</a>, Sydney has mounted restored 1940s billboard panels along the platforms that are in keeping with its heritage listing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_name_advertisers">Big name advertisers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Big name advertisers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Billboards are also used to advertise national or global brands, particularly in more densely populated urban areas. According to the <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Advertising_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor Advertising Association of America">Outdoor Advertising Association of America</a>, the top billboard advertisers in the United States in 2017 were <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="/wiki/GEICO" title="GEICO">GEICO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">wireless phone</a> companies, movie companies, car manufacturers and banks are high on the list as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tobacco_advertising">Tobacco advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tobacco advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mailpouch8466.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mailpouch8466.jpg/220px-Mailpouch8466.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mailpouch8466.jpg/330px-Mailpouch8466.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Mailpouch8466.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mail_Pouch_Tobacco_Barn" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail Pouch Tobacco Barn">Mail Pouch Barn</a> advertisement: a bit of Americana in southern <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. Mail Pouch painted the barns for free.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to 1999, billboards were a major venue of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">cigarette advertising</a>; 10% of Michigan billboards <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">advertise alcohol</a> and tobacco, according to the Detroit Free Press.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly true in countries where tobacco advertisements are not allowed in other media. For example, in the US, tobacco advertising was banned on radio and television in 1971, leaving billboards and magazines as some of the last places tobacco could be advertised. Billboards made the news in America when, in the tobacco settlement of 1999, all cigarette billboards were replaced with anti-smoking messages. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marlboro_Man" title="Marlboro Man">Marlboro Man</a>, some billboards depicted cowboys riding on ranches with slogans like "Bob, I miss my lung." </p><p>Likely the best-known of the tobacco advertising boards were those for "Mail Pouch" chewing tobacco in the United States during the first half of the 20th century (pictured at left). The company agreed to paint two or three sides of a farmer's barn any color he chose in exchange for painting their advertisement on one or two sides of the structure facing the road. The company has long since abandoned this form of advertising, and none of these advertisements have been painted in many years, but some remain visible on rural highways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-commercial_use">Non-commercial use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Non-commercial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMILE_billboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SMILE_billboard.jpg/220px-SMILE_billboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SMILE_billboard.jpg/330px-SMILE_billboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SMILE_billboard.jpg/440px-SMILE_billboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Non-commercial advertisement is used around the world by governments and non-profit organisations to obtain donations, volunteer support or change consumer behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, May 2004.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all billboards are used for advertising products and services—<a href="/wiki/Non-profits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profits">non-profit groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Government agencies">government agencies</a> use them to communicate with the public. In 1999 an anonymous person created the God Speaks billboard campaign in Florida "to get people thinking about God", with witty statements signed by God. "Don't make me come down there", "We need to talk" and "Tell the children that I love them" were parts of the campaign, which was picked up by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America and continues today on billboards across the country. </p><p>South of <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a> is the privately owned <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam_billboard" title="Uncle Sam billboard">Uncle Sam billboard</a>. It features conservative, sometimes inflammatory messages, changed on a regular basis. <a href="/wiki/Chehalis,_Washington" title="Chehalis, Washington">Chehalis</a> Farmer Al Hamilton first started the board during the Johnson era, when the government was trying to make him remove his billboards along Interstate 5. He had erected the signs after he lost a legal battle to prevent the building of the freeway across his land. Numerous legal and illegal attempts to remove the Uncle Sam billboard have failed, and it is now in its third location.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One message, attacking a <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_State_College" title="Evergreen State College">nearby liberal arts college</a>, was photographed, made into a postcard, and sold in the College Bookstore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Billboard" title="Special:EditPage/Billboard">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_Audit_Bureau_for_Media_Measurement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traffic Audit Bureau for Media Measurement (page does not exist)">Traffic Audit Bureau for Media Measurement</a> Inc. (TAB) was established in 1933 as a non-profit organization whose historical mission has been to audit the circulation of out-of-home media in the United States. TAB's role has expanded to lead and support other major out-of-home industry research initiatives. Governed by a tripartite board composed of advertisers, agencies, and media companies, the TAB acts as an independent auditor for traffic circulation in accordance with guidelines established by its board of directors. </p><p>Similarly, in Canada, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Outdoor_Measurement_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Outdoor Measurement Bureau (page does not exist)">Canadian Outdoor Measurement Bureau</a> (COMB) was formed in 1965 as a non-profit organization independently operated by representatives composed of advertisers, advertising agencies, and members of the Canadian out-of-home advertising industry. COMB is charged with the verification of traffic circulation for the benefit of the industry and its users. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Billboard" title="Talk:Billboard">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg/220px-1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg/330px-1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg/440px-1908_Billboards_-_Owl_Cigar_and_Royal_Bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>1908 billboard, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Utah">Salt Lake City, Utah</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Early billboards basically displayed groups of large <a href="/wiki/Posters" class="mw-redirect" title="Posters">posters</a> on the sides of buildings, with limited but still appreciable commercial value. As eyeballs, roads and highways multiplied, the billboard <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)"> business</a> thrived. </p> <ul><li>Late 15th century – <a href="/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a> was practiced in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1796 – <a href="/wiki/Alois_Senefelder" title="Alois Senefelder">Alois Senefelder</a>, working in <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria"> Bavaria</a>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of posters.</li> <li>1835 – Jared Bell was making 9 × 6<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> posters for the circus in the U.S.</li> <li>1862 – Formation of the United Kingdom Billposting Association.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1867 – Earliest known billboard rentals<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1871 – Fredrick Walker designed one of the first art posters.</li> <li>1872 – International Bill Posters Association of North America (now known as the Outdoor Advertising Association of America) established as a billboard-<a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> group.</li> <li>1889 – The world's first 24-sheet billboard was displayed at the Paris <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="World's Fair">Exposition</a> and later at the 1893 <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a> in Chicago. The format was quickly adopted for various types of advertising, especially for <a href="/wiki/Circus_(performing_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (performing art)"> circuses</a>, traveling shows, and movies.</li> <li>Early 1900s – Poster-art schools were established in England, Austria, and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1908 – The <a href="/wiki/Model_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Model T">Model T</a> automobile was introduced in the U.S., increasing the number of people using highways and therefore the reach of roadside billboards.</li> <li>1919 – Japanese candy company <a href="/wiki/Glico" title="Glico">Glico</a> introduced its building-spanning billboard, the <a href="/wiki/Dotonbori#Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotonbori">Glico Man</a>.</li> <li>1925 – <a href="/wiki/Burma-Shave" title="Burma-Shave">Burma-Shave</a> made billboards lining the highways.</li> <li>1936 – The <a href="/wiki/Wall_Drug" title="Wall Drug">Wall Drug</a> billboards started to go up nationwide.</li> <li>1960 – The mechanized <a href="/wiki/Dotonbori#Landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotonbori">Kani Doraku</a> billboard was built in <a href="/wiki/Dotonbori" class="mw-redirect" title="Dotonbori">Dotonbori</a>, Osaka.</li></ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 238px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 236px; height: 205px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -135px; left: -140px; width: 450px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dealey_Plaza_(1969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hertz Rent A Car sign with digital time and temperature display on top of the Texas School Book Depository in 1969, Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas, facing Stemmons Freeway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dealey_Plaza_%281969%29.jpg/450px-Dealey_Plaza_%281969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="451" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Dealey_Plaza_%281969%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Dealey_Plaza_(1969).jpg" title="File:Dealey Plaza (1969).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Hertz_Rent_A_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Hertz Rent A Car">Hertz Rent A Car</a> sign with digital time and temperature display on top of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository" title="Texas School Book Depository">Texas School Book Depository</a> in 1969, <a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>, Dallas, Texas, facing <a href="/wiki/Stemmons_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Stemmons Freeway">Stemmons Freeway</a> </div> </div> </div> <ul><li>1965 – The <a href="/wiki/Highway_Beautification_Act" title="Highway Beautification Act">Highway Beautification Act</a> was passed after much campaigning by <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>.</li> <li>1969 – The <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Cigarette_Smoking_Act" title="Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act">Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act</a> banned cigarette ads in television and radio, moving that business into billboards.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981 – The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"> United States Supreme Court</a> overturned a San Diego billboard ban, but left room open for other cities to ban commercial billboards.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986 – Non-television advertising became restricted – non-television adverts could not show people smoking. This meant that <a href="/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges" title="Benson & Hedges">Benson & Hedges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_Cut" title="Silk Cut">Silk Cut</a>, amongst other brands, advertised their cigarettes through increasingly indirect and obscure campaigns to a point where they became recognizable.</li> <li>1998 – The four major U.S. tobacco companies signed the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a>, which eliminated billboard advertising of cigarettes in 52 states.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007 – The industry adopted one-sheet plastic poster replacement for paper poster billboards and began the phase-out of PVC flexible vinyl, replacing it with eco-plastics such as polyethylene.</li> <li>2010 – The first "scented billboard", emitting odors similar to charcoal and black pepper to suggest a steak grilling, was erected in <a href="/wiki/Mooresville,_North_Carolina" title="Mooresville, North Carolina">Mooresville, North Carolina</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bloom_(store)" title="Bloom (store)">Bloom grocery chain</a> to promote the sale of beef.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010 – Augmented billboards were introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Transmediale" title="Transmediale"> Transmediale Festival</a> 2010 in Berlin using Artvertiser.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Sign" title="Hollywood Sign">Hollywood Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Citgo_sign" title="Boston Citgo sign">The Citgo Sign, Kenmore Square, Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_billboard" title="Coca-Cola billboard">Coca-Cola billboard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Cross,_New_South_Wales" title="Kings Cross, New South Wales">Kings Cross</a>, Sydney, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_sign" title="Coca-Cola sign">Coca-Cola sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_advertising_sign" title="Monarch advertising sign">Monarch advertising sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull">Osborne bull</a> figures in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Power_Cleeve_Hill_Sign" title="Paddy Power Cleeve Hill Sign">Paddy Power Cleeve Hill Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus#Illuminated_signs" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus illuminated signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivieso_advertising_sign" title="Valdivieso advertising sign">Valdivieso advertising sign</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Marketing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Marketing">Marketing</a></b></i></div></div> 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this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">18</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1060" data-mwtitle="Billboard(advertising)-060526.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Billboard%28advertising%29-060526.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/74/Billboard%28advertising%29-060526.ogg/Billboard%28advertising%29-060526.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Billboard(advertising)-060526.ogg" title="File:Billboard(advertising)-060526.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 26 May 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006-05-26</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_billboard" class="mw-redirect" title="3D billboard">3D billboard</a> – Advertising signage<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising board">Advertising board</a> – Advertising signage<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_column" title="Advertising column">Advertising column</a> – cylindrical outdoor sidewalk structures<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_bicycle" title="Billboard bicycle">Billboard bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a> – Illegal alteration of a billboard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_billboard" title="Digital billboard">Digital billboard</a> – Electronic advertising display</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sign" title="Ghost sign">Ghost sign</a> – old hand-painted advertisement (e.g. on a building)<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Handbill">Handbill</a> – Form of paper advertisement intended for wide distribution<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_billboard" title="Human billboard">Human billboard</a> – Person who applies an advertisement on themselves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee (structure)</a> – Structure on the front of a hotel or theatre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_sign" title="Neon sign">Neon sign</a> – Electrified, luminous tube lights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">Out-of-home advertising</a> – Name given to the advertising in public spaces<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">Poster</a> – Type of graphic advertisement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a> – Public visibility or awareness for any product, service, person or organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotulo" title="Rotulo">Rotulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a> – Short-term incentive to initiate trial or purchase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_furniture" title="Street furniture">Street furniture</a> – Equipment installed along streets and roads</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckside_advertisement" title="Truckside advertisement">Truckside advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual pollution</a> – Aesthetic issue of the impairment one's ability to enjoy a vista or view</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Billboard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://es.homesandproperty.co.uk/property_news/articles/writing.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homes+and+Property&rft.atitle=Writing+is+on+the+wall+for+billboards&rft.date=2007-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.homesandproperty.co.uk%2Fproperty_news%2Farticles%2Fwriting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2006" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (12 December 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/12/world/americas/12iht-brazil.html">"Billboard ban in São Paulo angers advertisers"</a></span>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Billboard+ban+in+S%C3%A3o+Paulo+angers+advertisers&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F12%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F12iht-brazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902122715/http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/permits/Billboards.asp">"Unauthorized Use or Occupation - Billboards"</a>. <i>Ministry of Transportation - Province of British Columbia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.th.gov.bc.ca/permits/Billboards.asp">the original</a> on 2 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/toronto-billboard-tax-approved-1.807707">the original</a> on 13 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Toronto+billboard+tax+approved&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ftoronto%2Ftoronto-billboard-tax-approved-1.807707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevisionWozniacka,_Gosia2007" class="citation news cs1">Trevision, Catherine; Wozniacka, Gosia (12 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071031201030/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/118671991861640.xml&coll=7">"Billboards pit beauty vs. business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregonian" title="The Oregonian">The Oregonian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oregonlive.com/news/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/118671991861640.xml&coll=7">the original</a> on 31 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oaaa.org&rft.atitle=Top+OOH+Advertisers&rft.au=Outdoor+Advertising+Association+of+America%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaaa.org%2FAboutOOH%2FFactsamp%3BFigures%2FTopOOHAdvertisers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050413104449/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_December_Mixed_Month_for_Tobacco_Opponents.asp">"ACS :: December Mixed Month for Tobacco Opponents"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_2_1x_December_Mixed_Month_for_Tobacco_Opponents.asp">the original</a> on 13 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACS+%3A%3A+December+Mixed+Month+for+Tobacco+Opponents&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Fdocroot%2FNWS%2Fcontent%2FNWS_2_1x_December_Mixed_Month_for_Tobacco_Opponents.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoekemoerBird2004" class="citation book cs1">Koekemoer, Ludi; Bird, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3UUfNBE1DcC"><i>Marketing Communications</i></a>. Juta and Company Limited. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7021-6509-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7021-6509-3"><bdi>0-7021-6509-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+Communications&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Juta+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7021-6509-3&rft.aulast=Koekemoer&rft.aufirst=Ludi&rft.au=Bird%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3UUfNBE1DcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2003" class="citation news cs1">Judd, Ron (2 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207012232/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/infocus/mideast/iraq/homefront0402.html">"Freeway billboard barbs a sign of what free speech really means"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. Chehalis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/infocus/mideast/iraq/homefront0402.html">the original</a> on 7 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Freeway+billboard+barbs+a+sign+of+what+free+speech+really+means&rft.date=2003-04-02&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fnews%2Fnation-world%2Finfocus%2Fmideast%2Firaq%2Fhomefront0402.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitterfellner2019" class="citation book cs1">Mitterfellner, Olga (14 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaS-DwAAQBAJ"><i>Fashion Marketing and Communication: Theory and Practice Across the Fashion Industry</i></a>. Mastering Fashion Management. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429837166" title="Special:BookSources/9780429837166"><bdi>9780429837166</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] Flyposting from 15th century in Europe [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+Marketing+and+Communication%3A+Theory+and+Practice+Across+the+Fashion+Industry&rft.series=Mastering+Fashion+Management&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.isbn=9780429837166&rft.aulast=Mitterfellner&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaS-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainardi2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Mainardi" title="Patricia Mainardi">Mainardi, Patricia</a> (14 March 2017). "Drawing's Stepchild: Lithography and Caricature". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWhADgAAQBAJ"><i>Another World: Nineteenth-Century Illustrated Print Culture</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300219067" title="Special:BookSources/9780300219067"><bdi>9780300219067</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>When Alöys Senefelder (1771-1834) invented lithography in Bavaria in 1796, he intended it primarily for commercial usage [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Drawing%27s+Stepchild%3A+Lithography+and+Caricature&rft.btitle=Another+World%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Illustrated+Print+Culture&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.isbn=9780300219067&rft.aulast=Mainardi&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWhADgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonSykes2013" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Richard; Sykes, Anthony (2 May 2013) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXJY1TA9DLIC"><i>Outdoor Advertising</i></a>. Routledge Library Editions: Advertising (reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136669378" title="Special:BookSources/9781136669378"><bdi>9781136669378</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>In 1862 the United Kingdom Billposting Association was formed with a membership of a hundred [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outdoor+Advertising&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+Advertising&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.isbn=9781136669378&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXJY1TA9DLIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">source: OAAA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonLandau1981" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Sally; Landau, Robert (1981). <i>Billboard Art</i>. 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(December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6582366/">"Ending the cigarette pandemic"</a>. <i>New York State Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>83</b> (13): 1259. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7628">0028-7628</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6582366">6582366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+State+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ending+the+cigarette+pandemic&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1259&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6582366&rft.issn=0028-7628&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F6582366%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbash1981" class="citation news cs1">Barbash, Fred (3 July 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/07/03/high-court-strikes-down-city-billboard-ordinance/579220dd-d0cd-44fb-9481-058110403535/">"High Court Strikes Down City Billboard Ordinance"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=High+Court+Strikes+Down+City+Billboard+Ordinance&rft.date=1981-07-03&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Barbash&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1981%2F07%2F03%2Fhigh-court-strikes-down-city-billboard-ordinance%2F579220dd-d0cd-44fb-9481-058110403535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naag.org/our-work/naag-center-for-tobacco-and-public-health/the-master-settlement-agreement/">"The Master Settlement Agreement and Attorneys General"</a>. <i>National Association of Attorneys General</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Association+of+Attorneys+General&rft.atitle=The+Master+Settlement+Agreement+and+Attorneys+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naag.org%2Four-work%2Fnaag-center-for-tobacco-and-public-health%2Fthe-master-settlement-agreement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2010" class="citation web cs1">Miranda, Kristen (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wbtv.com/story/12583440/scented-billboard-greets-commuters-in-mooresville">"Scented billboard greets commuters in Mooresville"</a>. <i>www.wbtv.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wbtv.com&rft.atitle=Scented+billboard+greets+commuters+in+Mooresville&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbtv.com%2Fstory%2F12583440%2Fscented-billboard-greets-commuters-in-mooresville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a 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title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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