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href="#1923–1928"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>1923–1928</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1923–1928-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1929–1933:_Blooming_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1929–1933:_Blooming_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>1929–1933: Blooming phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1929–1933:_Blooming_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1934–1939:_Conversion_to_national-socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1934–1939:_Conversion_to_national-socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>1934–1939: Conversion to national-socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1934–1939:_Conversion_to_national-socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a>, has been present in movements and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> since 1923, as part of <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">fascism in Europe</a>. </p><p>The first fascist political party, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Actualists" title="Union of Actualists">Union of Actualists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verbond van Actualisten</i>, VvA), was founded in 1923. Over sixty other fascist political parties were founded between 1923 and 1940, mostly as a result of infighting in and between the parties. The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nationaal Socialistische Beweging</i>, NSB) led by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a> became the most important around 1933. The general ideology of the fascists parties had been based on <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>, but after 1935 the NSB and other fascists parties radicalised to national socialism. In 1941, all political parties were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupation, except for the NSB. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the NSB was outlawed. Small <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> parties have been founded since, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandse Volks-Unie</i>, NVU) and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a>, but without national electoral success. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-World_Wars">Pre-World Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-World Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_1923">Before 1923</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before 1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Michel,_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg/220px-Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg/330px-Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg/440px-Ernst_Michel%2C_Erich_Wichman_and_H.A._Sinclair_de_Rochemont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Ernst Michel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wichmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Wichmann (page does not exist)">Erich Wichmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sinclair_de_Rochemont" title="Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont">Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bolland" title="Gerard Bolland">Gerard Bolland</a> (1854–1922) is seen as inspiration for fascists in the Netherlands. His followers included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emile_Verviers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emile Verviers (page does not exist)">Emile Verviers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Verviers" class="extiw" title="nl:Emile Verviers">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wichmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Wichmann (page does not exist)">Erich Wichmann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Wichmann" class="extiw" title="nl:Erich Wichmann">nl</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sinclair_de_Rochemont" title="Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont">Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont</a>. In his 1921 academic speech "The signs of the times" (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">De teekenen des tijds</i>), he complained about democracy, communism and the <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a74–79_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a74–79-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech he referred to the <a href="/wiki/Rapaille_Partij" title="Rapaille Partij">Rapaille Partij</a>, founded by artist and future fascist Wichmann. This party was founded in response to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_1917" title="Pacification of 1917">Pacification of 1917</a>. By putting forward – and getting elected – candidates such as vagabond <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelis_de_Gelder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelis de Gelder (page does not exist)">Nelis de Gelder</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelis_de_Gelder" class="extiw" title="nl:Nelis de Gelder">nl</a>]</span>, it sought to ridicule democracy. The party itself was not fascist, but served as inspiration for future fascists parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a81–84_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a81–84-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interbellum">Interbellum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interbellum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1923–1928"><span id="1923.E2.80.931928"></span>1923–1928</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1923–1928"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredHaighton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredHaighton.jpg/220px-AlfredHaighton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AlfredHaighton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Haighton" title="Alfred Haighton">Alfred Haighton</a> (1896–1943), financier of <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Actualists" title="Union of Actualists">Union of Actualists</a> and founder of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_%E2%80%98The_Broom%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association ‘The Broom’ (page does not exist)">Association ‘The Broom’</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1923, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>, the first fascist party was founded in the Netherlands: the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Actualists" title="Union of Actualists">Union of Actualists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verbond van Actualisten</i>, VvA). The party was founded by, amongst others, Sinclair and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Haighton" title="Alfred Haighton">Alfred Haighton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a87_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a87-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parties emerged in the 1920s, whose ideology was somewhere between <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">right-wing authoritarianism</a> and fascism: the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nationale Unie</i>, NU), the <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Netherlands)" title="Fatherland League (Netherlands)">Fatherland League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Vaderlandsch Verbond</i>, VV) and Wichmans <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Groep Rebelsche Patriotten</i></span>. NU's membership included future prominent fascists such as former <a href="/wiki/Anti-Revolutionary_Party" title="Anti-Revolutionary Party">ARP</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coenraad_van_der_Voort_van_Zijp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coenraad van der Voort van Zijp (page does not exist)">Coenraad van der Voort van Zijp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenraad_van_der_Voort_van_Zijp" class="extiw" title="nl:Coenraad van der Voort van Zijp">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carel_Gerritson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carel Gerritson (page does not exist)">Carel Gerritson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carel_Gerritson" class="extiw" title="nl:Carel Gerritson">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Groeninx_van_Zoelen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rob Groeninx van Zoelen (page does not exist)">Rob Groeninx van Zoelen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Groeninx_van_Zoelen" class="extiw" title="nl:Rob Groeninx van Zoelen">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Lutkie" title="Wouter Lutkie">Wouter Lutkie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a97_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a97-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VV and VvA participated in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Dutch_general_election" title="1925 Dutch general election">1925 general election</a>, but received only 0.4% and 0.07% of the votes respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a98_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a98-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both VV and VvA declined due to internal struggles and faded out in the next years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a99_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its place, fascists parties such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_People%27s_Party_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National People's Party (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">National People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nationale Volkspartij</i>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Orange_Nationalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Orange Nationalists (page does not exist)">Dutch Orange Nationalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandsche Oranje Nationalisten</i>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Dutch_Fascist_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Dutch Fascist Organization (page does not exist)">First Dutch Fascist Organization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Eerste Nederlandsche Fascisten Organisatie</i>) were founded, with little success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerretson,_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg/220px-Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg/330px-Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg/440px-Gerretson%2C_prof_dr._F.C._van_-_SFA002019202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carel_Gerritson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carel Gerritson (page does not exist)">Carel Gerritson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carel_Gerritson" class="extiw" title="nl:Carel Gerritson">nl</a>]</span> (1884–1958), founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1929–1933:_Blooming_phase"><span id="1929.E2.80.931933:_Blooming_phase"></span>1929–1933: Blooming phase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1929–1933: Blooming phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Nationalists_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Nationalists (Netherlands) (page does not exist)">Union of Nationalists</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbond_van_Nationalisten" class="extiw" title="nl:Verbond van Nationalisten">nl</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verbond van Nationalisten</i>) was founded in 1928, drawing its early members from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Austerity_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austerity Party (page does not exist)">Austerity Party</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Bond_voor_Bezuiniging" class="extiw" title="nl:Nationale Bond voor Bezuiniging">nl</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Bezuinigingspartij</i>) and a group of former VvA members led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.J.M._van_Eijsden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.J.M. van Eijsden (page does not exist)">C.J.M. van Eijsden</a>. It participated in the <a href="/wiki/1929_Dutch_general_election" title="1929 Dutch general election">1929 general election</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Conservative-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative-liberal">conservative-liberal</a> manifesto, but failed to get a seat. After the election, the party radicalised to fascism and became the most important fascist party around 1930. Its ideologist became <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Peter_Blok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Peter Blok (page does not exist)">Henri Peter Blok</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Peter_Blok" class="extiw" title="nl:Henri Peter Blok">nl</a>]</span> in 1930, but he and his supporters left the party after a quarrel in 1931. The party failed again to get a seat in the <a href="/wiki/1933_Dutch_general_election" title="1933 Dutch general election">1933 general election</a> and was dissolved in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Baars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jan_Baars.jpg/220px-Jan_Baars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jan_Baars.jpg/330px-Jan_Baars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Jan_Baars.jpg/440px-Jan_Baars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baars" title="Jan Baars">Jan Baars</a> (1903–1989), leader of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_%E2%80%98The_Broom%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association ‘The Broom’ (page does not exist)">Association ‘The Broom’</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dutch Fascist Union">General Dutch Fascist Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Its prominence was taken over by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_%E2%80%98The_Broom%E2%80%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association ‘The Broom’ (page does not exist)">Association ‘The Broom’</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Bezem" class="extiw" title="nl:De Bezem">nl</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Vereeniging 'De Bezem'</i>), founded in 1928 by Sinclaire and Haighton. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baars" title="Jan Baars">Jan Baars</a>, who was able to rally the working class, rose to prominence. He got into conflict with Sinclaire and Haighton, who both left the association. Subsequently, Baars renamed it into the <a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Dutch Fascist Union">General Dutch Fascist Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond</i>, ANFB). In September 1933, the party had around 3,000 members, but received only 17,157 votes in the 1933 general election, not enough for a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another fascist participant in the election was the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_National_Reconstruction" title="Alliance for National Reconstruction">Alliance for National Reconstruction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Verbond voor Nationaal Herstel</i>, VNH), founded in 1933 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_van_Gybland_Oosterhoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace van Gybland Oosterhoff (page does not exist)">Horace van Gybland Oosterhoff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_van_Gybland_Oosterhoff" class="extiw" title="nl:Horace van Gybland Oosterhoff">nl</a>]</span>. VNH had been in talks with NU and ANFB to form a single list, but negotiations collapsed over Baars' candidacy. The party managed to win a seat, which was taken by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Westerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Westerman (page does not exist)">William Westerman</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westerman" class="extiw" title="nl:William Westerman">nl</a>]</span>, making him the first fascists MP in the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other fascist parties were unsuccessful, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationaal_Verbond_Plicht,_Orde,_Recht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationaal Verbond Plicht, Orde, Recht (page does not exist)">Nationaal Verbond Plicht, Orde, Recht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandsche Fascisten Unie</i>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orange_Fascists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orange Fascists (page does not exist)">Orange Fascists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Oranjefascisten</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NU had considered participating, but instead supported ARP lead candidate <a href="/wiki/Hendrikus_Colijn" title="Hendrikus Colijn">Hendrikus Colijn</a>, who they considered to be <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Mussert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/220px-Anton_Mussert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/330px-Anton_Mussert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Anton_Mussert.jpg/440px-Anton_Mussert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="2571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a> (1894–1946), founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(Netherlands)" title="National Socialist Movement (Netherlands)">National Socialist Movement</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(Netherlands)" title="National Socialist Movement (Netherlands)">National Socialist Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nationaal Socialistische Beweging</i>, NSB) had decided not to participate in the election. It was founded by engineer <a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a> in 1931, after Mussert had gotten some fame in his opposition against the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belgian-Netherlands_treaty_of_3_April_1925&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belgian-Netherlands treaty of 3 April 1925 (page does not exist)">Belgian-Netherlands treaty of 3 April 1925</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands-Belgisch_verdrag_van_3_april_1925" class="extiw" title="nl:Nederlands-Belgisch verdrag van 3 april 1925">nl</a>]</span> and had been a member of the NU. Despite its name, it focused early on on Italian fascism instead of German national socialism. Unlike in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> was largely absent from its program, although some members were antisemitic. Among its early members were <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Geelkerken" title="Cornelis van Geelkerken">Cornelis van Geelkerken</a>, Van der Voort van Zijp, <a href="/wiki/Hermannus_Reydon" title="Hermannus Reydon">Hermannus Reydon</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Kettmann" title="George Kettmann">George Kettmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a249–256_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a249–256-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1934–1939:_Conversion_to_national-socialism"><span id="1934.E2.80.931939:_Conversion_to_national-socialism"></span>1934–1939: Conversion to national-socialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1934–1939: Conversion to national-socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NSB became the largest of the fascist parties. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_Dutch_provincial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 Dutch provincial elections (page does not exist)">1935 provincial elections</a> it received 7.94% of the votes, the highest a new party had received since 1918. After the elections, the party radicalised to national-socialism, embracing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a>. Many members left the party, while this was compensated by radical members joining the party. The <a href="/wiki/1937_Dutch_general_election" title="1937 Dutch general election">1937 general election</a> ended up being a disappointing, receiving only 4,21% of the votes. The party radicalised further, and became politically isolated, but with a steady membership of 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-RKPP_huygens_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RKPP_huygens-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1940, the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Germans invaded the Netherlands</a>, which Mussert supported in a speech on 22 June 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-RKPP_huygens_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RKPP_huygens-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans largely took over the fascist movement, ending Dutch fascism as a separate movement. Political activity was limited by the occupation and over time all political parties except the NSB were forbidden. The remaining fascist and national socialist parties were forced to merge with the NSB.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German surrender</a> in May 1945, the NSB was outlawed. Many NSB members were arrested, with Mussert being sentenced to death. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_(kop),_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_,_2e_op_lijst_,_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg/220px-Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg/330px-Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg/440px-Lijsttrekker_Volksunie_J_Glimmerveen_%28kop%29%2C_nr_7_Joop_Hagenbeek_%2C_2e_op_lijst_%2C_Bestanddeelnr_929-1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2451" data-file-height="3676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joop_Glimmerveen" title="Joop Glimmerveen">Joop Glimmerveen</a> (1928–2022, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a>, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_People%27s_Union" title="Dutch People's Union">Dutch People's Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Nederlandse Volks-Unie</i>, NVU) was founded with the goal to rehabilitate convicted <a href="/wiki/War_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminals">war criminals</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Joop_Glimmerveen" title="Joop Glimmerveen">Joop Glimmerveen</a>'s leadership, it became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazi</a>. It participated in Dutch general elections between 1977 and 1982, but failed to win a seat. Although it was banned in 1978, it had been able to continue its activities because the party was not dissolved. Nevertheless, its activities stopped in the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucardie20002–3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucardie20002–3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, a group of moderate members split off from the NVU to form the far-right <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a>, which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a> in 1986. This party radicalised in the mid-1990s to neo-Nazism. The party was banned in 1997 and dissolved in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucardie20004–5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucardie20004–5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">te Slaa, Robin; Klijn, Edwin (2021a) [First edition 2009]. <i>De NSB: Ontstaan en opkomst van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, 1931-1935</i> (in Dutch) (3 ed.). Boom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-244-4303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-244-4303-1"><bdi>978-90-244-4303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+NSB%3A+Ontstaan+en+opkomst+van+de+Nationaal-Socialistische+Beweging%2C+1931-1935&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Boom&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-244-4303-1&rft.aulast=te+Slaa&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Klijn%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberts2017b" class="citation web cs1">Huberts, Willem (14 July 2017b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whuberts.home.xs4all.nl/publicaties/redef.pdf">"Non-revolutionary Dutch fascism redefines generic fascism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-revolutionary+Dutch+fascism+redefines+generic+fascism&rft.date=2017-07-14&rft.aulast=Huberts&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhuberts.home.xs4all.nl%2Fpublicaties%2Fredef.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucardie2000" class="citation web cs1">Lucardie, Anthonie (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/23510388/2000_Lucardie_paper_rightextrem00.pdf">"Right-Wing Extremism in the Netherlands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Right-Wing+Extremism+in+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lucardie&rft.aufirst=Anthonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F23510388%2F2000_Lucardie_paper_rightextrem00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonselaar1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Donselaar, Jaap van (1 October 1991). <i>Fout na de oorlog: fascistische en racistische organisaties in Nederland, 1950-1990</i> (in Dutch). Bert Bakker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9035110560" title="Special:BookSources/9035110560"><bdi>9035110560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fout+na+de+oorlog%3A+fascistische+en+racistische+organisaties+in+Nederland%2C+1950-1990&rft.pub=Bert+Bakker&rft.date=1991-10-01&rft.isbn=9035110560&rft.aulast=Donselaar&rft.aufirst=Jaap+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonselaar1993" class="citation journal cs1">Donselaar, J. van (1993). "Post-war fascism in the Netherlands". <i>Crime, Law and Social Change</i>. <b>19</b>: 87–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01307758">10.1007/BF01307758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Post-war+fascism+in+the+Netherlands&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=87-100&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01307758&rft.aulast=Donselaar&rft.aufirst=J.+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberts2017a" class="citation book cs1">Huberts, Willem (9 March 2017a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/39255843/Complete_thesis.pdf"><i>In de ban van een beter verleden: Het Nederlands fascisme 1923-1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Groningen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-367-9461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-367-9461-9"><bdi>978-90-367-9461-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+de+ban+van+een+beter+verleden%3A+Het+Nederlands+fascisme+1923-1945&rft.place=Groningen&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.isbn=978-90-367-9461-9&rft.aulast=Huberts&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F39255843%2FComplete_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">te Slaa, Robin; Klijn, Edwin (2021b). <i>De NSB: Twee werelden botsen, 1936-1940</i> (in Dutch). Boom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789461058386" title="Special:BookSources/9789461058386"><bdi>9789461058386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+NSB%3A+Twee+werelden+botsen%2C+1936-1940&rft.pub=Boom&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789461058386&rft.aulast=te+Slaa&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Klijn%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaal2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaal, Wim (30 September 2016). <i>De Nederlandse fascisten</i> (in Dutch). Aspekt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463380188" title="Special:BookSources/9789463380188"><bdi>9789463380188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Nederlandse+fascisten&rft.pub=Aspekt&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft.isbn=9789463380188&rft.aulast=Zaal&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a74–79-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a74–79_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, pp. 74–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a81–84-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a81–84_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, pp. 81–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a87-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a87_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a97-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a97_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a98-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a98_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a99-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a99_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuberts2017b">Huberts 2017b</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/pdf/kpp/verbond_van_nationalisten.pdf">"Verbond van Nationalisten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verbond+van+Nationalisten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fpdf%2Fkpp%2Fverbond_van_nationalisten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/pdf/kpp/algemeene_nederlandsche_fascisten_bond.pdf">"Algemeene Nederlandsche Fascisten Bond"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algemeene+Nederlandsche+Fascisten+Bond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fpdf%2Fkpp%2Falgemeene_nederlandsche_fascisten_bond.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a243_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a249–256-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEte_SlaaKlijn2021a249–256_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFte_SlaaKlijn2021a">te Slaa & Klijn 2021a</a>, pp. 249–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RKPP_huygens-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RKPP_huygens_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RKPP_huygens_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/pdf/kpp/nationaal_socialistische_beweging.pdf">"Nationaal Socialistische Beweging"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Repertorium kleine politieke partijen</i> (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repertorium+kleine+politieke+partijen&rft.atitle=Nationaal+Socialistische+Beweging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fpdf%2Fkpp%2Fnationaal_socialistische_beweging.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism+in+the+Netherlands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberts2017b4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuberts2017b">Huberts 2017b</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucardie20002–3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucardie20002–3_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLucardie2000">Lucardie 2000</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucardie20004–5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucardie20004–5_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLucardie2000">Lucardie 2000</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Dutch fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dutch_fascism" title="Template talk:Dutch fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch_fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dutch fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism_in_the_Netherlands_until_1945" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism in the Netherlands</a> until 1945</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Actualists" title="Union of Actualists">Union of Actualists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baars" title="Jan Baars">Jan Baars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Blocq_van_Scheltinga" title="Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga">Daniël de Blocq van Scheltinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Blokzijl" title="Max Blokzijl">Max Blokzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henk_Feldmeijer" title="Henk Feldmeijer">Henk Feldmeijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Geelkerken" title="Cornelis van Geelkerken">Cornelis van Geelkerken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_van_Genechten" title="Robert van Genechten">Robert van Genechten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobie_Goedewaagen" title="Tobie Goedewaagen">Tobie Goedewaagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Haighton" title="Alfred Haighton">Alfred Haighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kettmann" title="George Kettmann">George Kettmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Lutkie" title="Wouter Lutkie">Wouter Lutkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Meijer" title="Arnold Meijer">Arnold Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Anton Mussert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiaan_Matheus_Sigismund_de_Ranitz_(1901%E2%80%931987)" title="Sebastiaan Matheus Sigismund de Ranitz (1901–1987)">Sebastiaan de Ranitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herman_van_Rappard" title="Ernst Herman van Rappard">Ernst Herman van Rappard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermannus_Reydon" title="Hermannus Reydon">Hermannus Reydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meinoud_Rost_van_Tonningen" title="Meinoud Rost van Tonningen">Meinoud Rost van Tonningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Seyffardt" title="Hendrik Seyffardt">Hendrik Seyffardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Sinclair_de_Rochemont" title="Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont">Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Brigade_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands">4th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Brigade Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_SS_Volunteer_Panzer_Grenadier_Division_Nederland" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland">23rd SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34th_SS_Volunteer_Grenadier_Division_Landstorm_Nederland" title="34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland">34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henneicke_Column" title="Henneicke Column">Henneicke Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_Kultuurkamer" title="Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer">Nederlandsche Kultuurkamer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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