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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Port Gibson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Port_Gibson" title="Slaget ved Port Gibson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Port Gibson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Port_Gibson" title="Batalla de Port Gibson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Port Gibson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Port_Gibson" title="Bataille de Port Gibson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Port Gibson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li 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-91.0228</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the American Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Port Gibson</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_A._McClernand(01085v).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg/170px-John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg/255px-John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg/340px-John_A._McClernand%2801085v%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="710" /></a></span><br />Almost all of the fighting on the Union side was done by Major General John A. McClernand's corps.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>May 1, 1863</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_County,_Mississippi" title="Claiborne County, Mississippi">Claiborne County</a>,<br />near <a href="/wiki/Port_Gibson,_Mississippi" title="Port Gibson, Mississippi">Port Gibson, Mississippi</a></div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&params=31.9557_N_91.0228_W_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°57′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°01′22″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.9557°N 91.0228°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.9557; -91.0228</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">Union</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">CSA (Confederacy)</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_A._McClernand" title="John A. McClernand">John A. McClernand</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_S._Bowen" title="John S. Bowen">John S. Bowen</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIII Corps (Union Army)">XIII Corps</a> (4 divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">XVII Corps</a> (1 division)</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a> </p> <ul><li>4 brigades</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 23,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 8,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 875</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 787, 4 guns</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)">Arkansas Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazoo Pass Expedition">Yazoo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Steele's Bayou Expedition">Steele's Bayou expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition" title="Steele's Greenville expedition">Steele's Greenville expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newton%27s_Station" title="Battle of Newton's Station">Battle of Newton's Station</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf" title="Battle of Grand Gulf">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Snyder's Bluff">Snyder's Bluff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond" title="Battle of Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson" title="Battle of Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Big Black River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend" title="Battle of Milliken's Bend">Milliken's Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Providence" title="Battle of Lake Providence">Lake Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond,_Louisiana" title="Battle of Richmond, Louisiana">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goodrich%27s_Landing" title="Battle of Goodrich's Landing">Goodrich's Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helena" title="Battle of Helena">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_expedition" title="Jackson expedition">Jackson expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Port Gibson</b> (May 1, 1863) was fought between a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and a reinforced <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> division led by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_S._Bowen" title="John S. Bowen">John S. Bowen</a>. Though the outnumbered Confederate soldiers fought stubbornly, they were steadily pressed back during the day by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_A._McClernand" title="John A. McClernand">John A. McClernand</a>'s troops. Bowen eventually conceded the field by withdrawing north toward <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>. The battle occurred near <a href="/wiki/Port_Gibson,_Mississippi" title="Port Gibson, Mississippi">Port Gibson, Mississippi</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Vicksburg Campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. </p><p>Starting in November 1862, Grant tried various strategies in order to attack Vicksburg, and in each case, his army was unsuccessful. Finally, Grant ordered his army to march through swampy terrain on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in an attempt to get south of Vicksburg. The Union commander gambled that the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> under Acting <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Dixon Porter</a> could safely pass the Vicksburg batteries. The operation was successful, and Porter's gunboats and river transports carried the first two army corps of Grant's army to the east bank. Meanwhile, Grant's third corps threatened Vicksburg from the northwest. The Confederate commander <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_C._Pemberton" title="John C. Pemberton">John C. Pemberton</a> was caught with his army scattered and could only oppose Grant with inferior forces at Port Gibson. This was the first of several Union victories in May 1863 that would result in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign">Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grant assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Tennessee" title="Army of the Tennessee">Army of the Tennessee</a> on October 25, 1862, and started the Vicksburg campaign a week later. Grant's first foray with 40,000 soldiers came to grief when Major General <a href="/wiki/Earl_Van_Dorn" title="Earl Van Dorn">Earl Van Dorn</a>'s cavalry wrecked his supply base in the <a href="/wiki/Holly_Springs_Raid" title="Holly Springs Raid">Holly Springs Raid</a> on December 20. At the same time, a 32,000-man riverine expedition led by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> was repulsed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Battle of Chickasaw Bayou</a> on December 27–29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When McClernand arrived to assume command, Sherman suggested a thrust up the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> supported by Porter's <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Squadron" title="Mississippi River Squadron">Mississippi River Squadron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987173_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987173-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)" title="Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)">Battle of Arkansas Post</a> on January 11, 1863. For a Federal loss of 1,061 casualties, about 4,900 Confederates were captured. When Grant learned about the divergent expedition, he ordered the troops back to the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924–25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924–25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These events were followed by the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_expedition" title="Yazoo Pass expedition">Yazoo Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_expedition" title="Steele's Bayou expedition">Steele's Bayou expeditions</a> in March 1863. Grant also tried to dig several canals to create a water-borne route west of the Mississippi River that would avoid the Vicksburg batteries; all were eventually abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871–873_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871–873-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When newspaper editors and politicians demanded Grant's removal from command, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> replied, "I can't spare this man, he fights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200427_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200427-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier in the campaign, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilson" title="James H. Wilson">James H. Wilson</a> of Grant's staff suggested having Porter's fleet run past the Vicksburg batteries at night. After this, the army would march downstream from Vicksburg on the west bank of the Mississippi River and be ferried across to the east bank. All of Grant's subordinate commanders were against it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having tried every other approach, Grant determined to execute this plan. He gambled that Porter's squadron could accomplish its part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200413–14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200413–14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forces">Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Union order of battle">Vicksburg Union order of battle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Confederate order of battle">Vicksburg Confederate order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenJohnBowen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo shows a bearded man standing with his left hand on his hip. He wears a dark military uniform with a single row of buttons and epaulettes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GenJohnBowen.jpg/130px-GenJohnBowen.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GenJohnBowen.jpg/195px-GenJohnBowen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/GenJohnBowen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>John S. Bowen</figcaption></figure> <p>The Union <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIII Corps (Union Army)">XIII Corps</a> was formed on October 24, 1862, and assigned to Grant. On December 18, the XIII Corps was split into four new formations: XIII Corps, <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XV Corps (Union Army)">XV Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/XVI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVI Corps (Union Army)">XVI Corps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XVII Corps (Union Army)">XVII Corps</a>. The commanders were McClernand for the XIII Corps, Sherman for the XV Corps, Major General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Hurlbut" title="Stephen A. Hurlbut">Stephen A. Hurlbut</a> for the XVI Corps, and Major General <a href="/wiki/James_B._McPherson" title="James B. McPherson">James B. McPherson</a> for the, XVII Corps. Hurlbut's XVI Corps guarded <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, until June 1863, leaving the other three corps as Grant's field army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959194–197_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959194–197-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClernand's corps numbered over 17,000 men, McPherson's counted 16,000 soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200435–36_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200435–36-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sherman's corps had slightly under 17,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200438_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200438-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four XIII Corps divisions were led by Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Osterhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter J. Osterhaus">Peter J. Osterhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Smith" title="Andrew Jackson Smith">Andrew Jackson Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvin_P._Hovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvin P. Hovey">Alvin P. Hovey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Asa_Carr" title="Eugene Asa Carr">Eugene Asa Carr</a>. The three XV Corps divisions were commanded by Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Francis Preston Blair Jr.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_M._Tuttle" title="James M. Tuttle">James M. Tuttle</a>. The three XVII Corps divisions were led by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> and Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/John_McArthur_(general)" title="John McArthur (general)">John McArthur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_M._Crocker" title="Marcellus M. Crocker">Marcellus M. Crocker</a>. The XIII Corps divisions had two brigades each while the XV and XVII Corps divisions had three brigades each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pemberton took command of the Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana on October 14, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987171_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987171-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemberton's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a> consisted of five infantry divisions. These were led by Bowen and Major Generals <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Smith" title="Martin Luther Smith">Martin Luther Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Horace_Forney" title="John Horace Forney">John Horace Forney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wing_Loring" title="William Wing Loring">William Wing Loring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carter_L._Stevenson" title="Carter L. Stevenson">Carter L. Stevenson</a>. Bowen's division had 4,500 soldiers, Smith's had 3,500, Forney's had 5,500, Loring's had 7,800, and Stevenson's had 12,000. Pemberton also controlled the artillery batteries at Vicksburg under <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Edward Higgins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200421–25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200421–25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations">Operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-390px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-585px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf/page1-780px-Vicksburg_Campaign_April-July_1863.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Grant's Operations against Vicksburg <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;"> </span> Union</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On March 29, 1863, Grant ordered McClernand's XIII Corps to move south from Milliken's Bend to New Carthage which was south of the fortifications at Vicksburg and <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Mississippi" title="Warrenton, Mississippi">Warrenton</a>. Osterhaus' division occupied <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Louisiana" title="Richmond, Louisiana">Richmond, Louisiana</a>, on March 31. Brushing aside a few hundred Confederates led by <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> Isaac F. Harrison, Osterhaus' troops moved through swampy terrain along Roundaway Bayou and occupied New Carthage on April 6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987188–189_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987188–189-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McClernand continued shifting his corps to New Carthage, which entailed repairing broken levees and <a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">corduroying</a> the muddy roads. On April 15, Harrison, reinforced by 1,800 of Pemberton's soldiers, tried to evict the Federals from New Carthage but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of April 16, 1863, Porter's squadron began its attempt to pass Vicksburg. Porter in the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Benton" title="USS Benton">USS <i>Benton</i></a> led the warships <a href="/wiki/USS_Carondelet" title="USS Carondelet">USS <i>Carondelet</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lafayette_(1848)" title="USS Lafayette (1848)">USS <i>Lafayette</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Louisville_(1861)" title="USS Louisville (1861)">USS <i>Louisville</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mound_City" title="USS Mound City">USS <i>Mound City</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Pittsburgh_(1861)" title="USS Pittsburgh (1861)">USS <i>Pittsburgh</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Tuscumbia_(1862)" title="USS Tuscumbia (1862)">USS <i>Tuscumbia</i></a>, and three river transports towing barges loaded with supplies. For two hours, the Vicksburg batteries shelled the Union fleet, hitting each vessel numerous times. However, except for one transport which caught fire and burned, the vessels were not seriously damaged and only 14 men were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987191_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987191-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant ordered McPherson to move the XVII Corps south from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Providence,_Louisiana" title="Lake Providence, Louisiana">Lake Providence</a> to Richmond. Once the XVII Corps was south of Vicksburg, Sherman's XV Corps would follow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192–193_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192–193-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supply depots on the west bank of the Mississippi River were garrisoned by hastily recruited and trained African American soldiers led by white officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant realized that it was impossible to supply his army via the muddy west bank road, so a second convoy was organized. On the night of April 22, six unescorted transport vessels, each towing barges with 100,000 rations and other supplies, tried to pass the Vicksburg batteries. Again, the run was successful, except that the leading vessel, a hospital ship, was sunk and 2 men were killed. Meanwhile, by cutting a new road through the swamp, when necessary, McClernand's corps worked its way south and was joined by one of McPherson's divisions. McClernand, who brought his new bride along, and who was difficult to work with, had to be prodded by Grant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987193–194_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987193–194-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Mound_City_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo shows a warship with a sloped casemate and two smokestacks. There are four broadside guns and three guns forward." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USS_Mound_City_01.jpg/220px-USS_Mound_City_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USS_Mound_City_01.jpg/330px-USS_Mound_City_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/USS_Mound_City_01.jpg/440px-USS_Mound_City_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Ironclad USS <i>Mound City</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Grant ordered Porter and McClernand to force a crossing at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf,_Mississippi" title="Grand Gulf, Mississippi">Grand Gulf, Mississippi</a>. On the morning of April 29, McClernand put his troops aboard transports at <a href="/wiki/Hard_Times_Plantation" title="Hard Times Plantation">Hard Times Plantation</a> and waited for Porter's gunboats to reduce the Confederate strongpoint. Five hours later, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf" title="Battle of Grand Gulf">Battle of Grand Gulf</a> ended in a Confederate victory when Porter's vessels withdrew after losing 19 killed and 56 wounded. McClernand unloaded his soldiers and marched them south to De Shroon's plantation. That night, Porter's gunboats and the transports ran the Grand Gulf batteries and joined McClernand's men at De Shroon's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant reasoned that Pemberton would discern the Union army's southward movement. Therefore, Grant mounted three diversionary operations in April 1863. The first was <a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition" title="Steele's Greenville expedition">Steele's Greenville expedition</a> from April 2 to 25. Steele marched his division to <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Mississippi" title="Greenville, Mississippi">Greenville, Mississippi</a>, and when Stevenson's Confederate division opposed it, Steele withdrew to the Mississippi River. The second was <a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a> which lasted from April 17 to May 2. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Grierson" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin H. Grierson">Benjamin H. Grierson</a>'s brigade of cavalry rode from <a href="/wiki/La_Grange,_Tennessee" title="La Grange, Tennessee">La Grange, Tennessee</a>, right across the state of Mississippi to <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>. Loring's division and much of Pemberton's cavalry were diverted in a futile attempt to catch Grierson's horsemen. The third was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Snyder's Bluff">Battle of Snyder's Bluff</a> from April 29 to May 1, when elements of Sherman's XV Corps mounted a demonstration north of Vicksburg in order to draw Pemberton's attention away from Grant's imminent crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200428–29_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200428–29-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg/305px-Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg/458px-Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg/610px-Port_Gibson_Battlefield_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Map of Port Gibson Battlefield core and study areas by the <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program" title="American Battlefield Protection Program">American Battlefield Protection Program</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Grant got information from a slave that a good road headed inland from <a href="/wiki/Bruinsburg,_Mississippi" title="Bruinsburg, Mississippi">Bruinsburg</a>, which was 10 mi (16.1 km) downstream from Grand Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200428_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200428-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of April 30, the Union soldiers embarked on transports at De Shroon's and crossed unopposed to the east bank of the Mississippi River at Bruinsburg. Porter's gunboats were also employed to ferry the troops across the river. By 3:00 pm, McClernand's corps was marching inland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant later wrote, "I was now in enemy territory, with a vast river and the stronghold of Vicksburg between me and my base of supplies. But I was on dry ground on the same side of the river with the enemy. All the campaigns, labors, hardships, and exposures of December previous to this time that had been made and endured, were for the accomplishment of this one object."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200439_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200439-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowen's division was at Grand Gulf where he had just seen Porter's gunboats pass to the south. Bowen ordered a brigade under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Green" title="Martin E. Green">Martin E. Green</a> to Port Gibson in order to picket the roads leading inland. His ability to mount a reconnaissance was handicapped by the fact that most of the Confederate cavalry was far away chasing Grierson's raiders. Bowen expected to be reinforced by brigades led by Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Tracy" title="Edward D. Tracy">Edward D. Tracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Edwin_Baldwin" title="William Edwin Baldwin">William Edwin Baldwin</a>, but they had not arrived at Grand Gulf by the morning of April 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200441_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200441-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracy's brigade was part of Stevenson's division and Baldwin's was from M. L. Smith's division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClernand's corps kept marching after dark on April 30 and advanced unopposed for 7 mi (11.3 km). Two roads in the area led from the river before converging at Port Gibson, the northern Bruinsburg road and the southern Rodney road. After gathering information from local Black people, McClernand sidled his troops over to the Rodney road. Leading McClernand's column, Carr's division came into contact with Confederates near the Shaifer house about midnight and paused its march. Green deployed his brigade farther east at Magnolia Church on the Rodney road. Tracy's brigade arrived at 10:00 pm and took position farther north athwart the Bruinsburg road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200442–44_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200442–44-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1_action">May 1 action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: May 1 action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Grainy black and white photo shows a man with light-colored eyes and a light beard clutching a sword in his left hand. He wears a gray military uniform and a dark-colored kepi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg/130px-Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg/195px-Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg/260px-Brigadier_general_Martin_E._Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Martin E. Green</figcaption></figure> <p>The area where the battle was fought favored the defenders. It consisted of flat-topped ridges and steep ravines. The ridge-tops were cleared of trees while the ravines were choked with dense vegetation. Any off-road movement was very difficult to accomplish. Between the Bruinsburg and Rodney roads ran Centers Creek which was almost impassable. The only way for Bowen to communicate between his two wings was by a 4 mi (6.4 km) roundabout route. McClernand ordered Carr's division to attack east on the Rodney road toward Magnolia Church. Spotting Confederates to the north, McClernand directed Osterhaus to use a plantation road to move his division north against Tracy's brigade on the Bruinsburg road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200444–46_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200444–46-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_A._Carr,_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.,_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signed sepia photo shows a bearded man wearing a dark military uniform. He wears a kepi on his head with the number 6." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Eugene_A._Carr%2C_Brigadier_General_U.S.A.%2C_Brevet_Major_General_U.S.A_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="5258" /></a><figcaption>Eugene Asa Carr</figcaption></figure> <p>Carr deployed his division with Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_Plummer_Benton" title="William Plummer Benton">William Plummer Benton</a>'s brigade on the right and Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_M._Stone" title="William M. Stone">William M. Stone</a>'s brigade on the left of the Rodney road. When the Union line advanced at about 6:30 am, it turned Green's left flank and pressed the Confederates back a few hundred yards. At 7:00 am, Green sent a messenger to Tracy begging for help; Tracy responded by sending one infantry regiment and two artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200446–47_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200446–47-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bowen arrived at 7:30 am and found that Green had checked Carr's advance. Bowen sent for Colonel <a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Francis Cockrell</a>'s brigade from his own division and Baldwin's brigade to come at once. At 8:30 am, Tracy's small reinforcements arrived; the infantry regiment was sent to Green's right flank while the two guns from the Botetourt Virginia Artillery were positioned at the Foster farm. Bowen ordered a counterattack, but it was beaten back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200450_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200450-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo shows a seated man with a moustache and goatee. He wears a dark military uniform with the two stars of a major general on the shoulder tabs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg/130px-Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg/195px-Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg/260px-Peter_J_Osterhaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Peter J. Osterhaus</figcaption></figure> <p>After a one-hour artillery duel in which the Federal guns dominated, Osterhaus ordered his infantry forward. He deployed Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_T._Garrard" title="Theophilus T. Garrard">Theophilus T. Garrard</a>'s brigade on the left and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Allen_Sheldon" title="Lionel Allen Sheldon">Lionel Allen Sheldon</a>'s brigade on the right of the plantation road. Tracy's soldiers stopped Osterhaus' men after a short advance through the confusing terrain. After reordering his lines, Osterhaus made a second attack which soon ground to a halt. Tracy was killed and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Isham_Warren_Garrott" title="Isham Warren Garrott">Isham Warren Garrott</a> assumed command of his brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200448–50_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200448–50-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Rodney road, Carr's attack lost momentum and his two brigades became separated in the rough terrain, leaving a gap in the center of the line. McClernand inserted Hovey's division into the center. Hovey positioned Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_McGinnis" title="George Francis McGinnis">George Francis McGinnis</a>' brigade on the right and Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_R._Slack" title="James R. Slack">James R. Slack</a>'s brigade on the left. A. J. Smith's division was held in reserve. Two of Hovey's regiments were repulsed after uncoordinated attacks, but at 10:00 am McClernand managed to get all his front-line units to advance at once. Outflanked on left and right, Green's defense line collapsed and the Federals captured two <a href="/wiki/M1841_12-pounder_howitzer" title="M1841 12-pounder howitzer">12-pounder howitzers</a> and three artillery caissons from the Botetourt Artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200450–52_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200450–52-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WEBaldwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo shows bearded, dark-haired man staring straight into the camera. His gray military uniform has stars on the collar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/WEBaldwin.jpg/130px-WEBaldwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/WEBaldwin.jpg/195px-WEBaldwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/WEBaldwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>William E. Baldwin</figcaption></figure> <p>At this time, Baldwin's brigade appeared on the Rodney road and took position behind a creek, about 1.5 mi (2.4 km) east of Green's second position. After Green rallied his brigade, Bowen directed him to march to assist Garrott's brigade on the Bruinsburg road. Grant and McClernand reorganized the Union forces and resumed the advance on the Rodney road at about noon. Carr's and Hovey's soldiers were still in the front line with A. J. Smith in support. At 1:20 pm, Bowen sent a telegraph message to Pemberton that he was outnumbered three-to-one, his ammunition was running out, and he was heavily engaged in combat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200452–54_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200452–54-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Bruinsburg road, Osterhaus' troops turned Garrott's right flank. Garrott's right wing swung back so by 11:00 am, instead of facing south, the Confederate line faced west. Made cautious by the stout Confederate defense, Osterhaus limited his effort to probing attacks. At 2:00 pm, Green's exhausted survivors and one of Cockrell's regiments filed into line on Garrott's left flank. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_E._Smith" title="John E. Smith">John E. Smith</a>'s brigade from Logan's division in McPherson's XVI Corps arrived and began pressing back Garrott's right flank. At 5:00 pm, Logan dispatched a second brigade led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Elias_Smith_Dennis" title="Elias Smith Dennis">Elias Smith Dennis</a>. Just as the Union troops were ready to crush their opponents, they found the Confederates gone. Receiving an order from Bowen to retreat, Green's troops withdrew to the north, followed by Garrott's brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200452–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200452–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Rodney road, the Union forces came up against Baldwin's defense line at 3:00 pm. McClernand deployed a second line made up of A. J. Smith's two brigades under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Burbridge" title="Stephen G. Burbridge">Stephen G. Burbridge</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_J._Landram" title="William J. Landram">William J. Landram</a>, plus Logan's third brigade led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Dunlap_Stevenson" title="John Dunlap Stevenson">John Dunlap Stevenson</a>. In this sector, the extreme Union left flank rested on Centers Creek while the extreme right was 2,000 yd (1,829 m) south. As the combat intensified, Bowen began to fear that his opponents might turn his left flank, so he summoned two of Cockrell's Missouri regiments that had just arrived. Bowen launched Cockrell's troops at the Union right flank. They rolled up two of Slack's regiments and engaged in a 40-minute firefight with superior Federal forces before pulling back. At 5:30 pm, Bowen ordered a retreat after seeing that his defenses were stretched to the breaking point. Cockrell withdrew to the north while Baldwin fell back to the east through Port Gibson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200454–58_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200454–58-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grant committed 23,000 men to battle and sustained losses of 131 killed, 719 wounded, and 25 missing, or 875 casualties. Bowen's 8,000 Confederates lost 60 killed, 340 wounded, and 387 missing, or 787 casualties. The Confederates also lost 4 artillery pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:72%;"> <caption>Union losses at the Battle of Port Gibson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Corps </th> <th>Division </th> <th>Brigade </th> <th>Killed </th> <th>Wounded </th> <th>Missing </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Peter J. Osterhaus (9th)</td> <td>Theophilus T. Garrard</td> <td>18</td> <td>102</td> <td>3</td> <td>123 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Peter J. Osterhaus (9th)</td> <td>Lionel A. Sheldon</td> <td>15</td> <td>66</td> <td>0</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Andrew J. Smith (10th)</td> <td>Stephen G. Burbridge</td> <td>0</td> <td>8</td> <td>0</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Andrew J. Smith (10th)</td> <td>William J. Landram</td> <td>2</td> <td>21</td> <td>8</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Alvin P. Hovey (12th)</td> <td>George F. McGinnis</td> <td>30</td> <td>187</td> <td>1</td> <td>218 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Alvin P. Hovey (12th)</td> <td>James R. Slack</td> <td>16</td> <td>62</td> <td>11</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Eugene A. Carr (14th)</td> <td>William P. Benton</td> <td>28</td> <td>134</td> <td>0</td> <td>162 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XIII</td> <td>Eugene A. Carr (14th)</td> <td>William M. Stone</td> <td>13</td> <td>88</td> <td>0</td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XVII</td> <td>John A. Logan (3rd)</td> <td>John E. Smith</td> <td>5</td> <td>27</td> <td>0</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XVII</td> <td>John A. Logan (3rd)</td> <td>Elias S. Dennis</td> <td>0</td> <td>3</td> <td>0</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">XVII</td> <td>John A. Logan (3rd)</td> <td>John D. Stevenson</td> <td>1</td> <td>8</td> <td>2</td> <td>11 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:72%;"> <caption>Confederate losses at the Battle of Port Gibson<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549–550_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549–550-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Division </th> <th>Brigade </th> <th>Killed </th> <th>Wounded </th> <th>Missing </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">John S. Bowen</td> <td>Francis Cockrell</td> <td>13</td> <td>97</td> <td>96</td> <td>206 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">John S. Bowen</td> <td>Martin E. Green</td> <td>17</td> <td>83</td> <td>122</td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Carter L. Stevenson</td> <td>Edward D. Tracy</td> <td>18</td> <td>112</td> <td>142</td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Martin L. Smith</td> <td>William E. Baldwin</td> <td>12</td> <td>48</td> <td>27</td> <td>87 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results">Results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white print of a bearded man in a gray uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg/130px-Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg/195px-Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg/260px-Lt._General_John_C._Pemberton_as_Commander_of_the_Army_of_Vicksburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>John Pemberton</figcaption></figure> <p>There was no pursuit because the Union soldiers were completely worn out from the inland march and fighting all day. Grant ordered the battle to be renewed, but his foes were gone the next morning. McClernand occupied the important road center of Port Gibson early on May 2. Bowen intended to defend the <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Pierre_(Mississippi)" title="Bayou Pierre (Mississippi)">Bayou Pierre</a> crossing. However, he was not reinforced, so he abandoned the position. Loring soon arrived to assume command of Bowen's forces and withdrew the troops behind the <a href="/wiki/Big_Black_River_(Mississippi)" title="Big Black River (Mississippi)">Big Black River</a>. Grand Gulf was evacuated after its magazines were blown up. At this time, Pemberton could have concentrated his army for a showdown battle with Grant, but he failed to act with decision. By May 4, Grant had his army north of Bayou Pierre and changed his base from Bruinsburg to Grand Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200458–59_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200458–59-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo shows Gen. Ulysses Grant leaning against a tree in 1864." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png/130px-Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png/195px-Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png/260px-Grant_crop_of_Cold_Harbor_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Ulysses S. Grant</figcaption></figure> <p>Grant paused at Grand Gulf in order for Sherman's XV Corps to arrive, which it did on May 7. The original plan called for Grant to send the XIII Corps south to help Major General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> reduce the Confederate stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Port_Hudson,_Louisiana" title="Port Hudson, Louisiana">Port Hudson, Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200462_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200462-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Banks' army was still moving north from <a href="/wiki/Opelousas,_Louisiana" title="Opelousas, Louisiana">Opelousas, Louisiana</a>, and his vanguard only reached <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria</a> on May 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987234–235_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987234–235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Grant found that Banks was not at Port Hudson, he decided to retain McClernand's corps and conduct his own campaign. Without a reliable supply line, Grant determined to have his soldiers live off the land. On May 6, even before Sherman's men joined him, Grant started his army marching northeast on the south side of the Big Black River with the aim of cutting the railroad between Vicksburg and <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200462–64_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200462–64-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several more victories, Grant's army surrounded Pemberton's forces in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Siege of Vicksburg</a> by May 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959874–876_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959874–876-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although most of the Port Gibson battlefield is still privately owned, the <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> and its partners have acquired and preserved more than 644 acres (2.61 km<sup>2</sup>) of the battlefield as of mid-2023.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of the American Civil War">Battles of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant">Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoatner1959">Boatner 1959</a>, p. 871.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987173-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987173_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924–25-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner195924–25_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoatner1959">Boatner 1959</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871–873-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959871–873_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoatner1959">Boatner 1959</a>, pp. 871–873.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200427-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200427_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987190_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200413–14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200413–14_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959194–197-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959194–197_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoatner1959">Boatner 1959</a>, pp. 194–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200435–36-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200435–36_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200438-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200438_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987546–548_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987">Battles & Leaders 1987</a>, pp. 546–548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987171-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987171_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200421–25-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200421–25_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 21–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987188–189-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987188–189_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987191-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987191_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192–193-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987192–193_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987193–194-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987193–194_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987195_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200428–29-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200428–29_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200428-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200428_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200439-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200439_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200441-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200441_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987">Battles & Leaders 1987</a>, p. 549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200442–44-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200442–44_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200444–46-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200444–46_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200446–47-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200446–47_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200450-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200450_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200448–50-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200448–50_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 48–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200450–52-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200450–52_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200452–54-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200452–54_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 52–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200452–53-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200452–53_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200454–58-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200454–58_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 54–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENPS2018-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENPS2018_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNPS2018">NPS 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549–550-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattles_&_Leaders1987549–550_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987">Battles & Leaders 1987</a>, pp. 549–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200458–59-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200458–59_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200462-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200462_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinters1987234–235-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinters1987234–235_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinters1987">Winters 1987</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200462–64-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200462–64_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2004">Smith 2004</a>, pp. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959874–876-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoatner1959874–876_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoatner1959">Boatner 1959</a>, pp. 874–876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/port-gibson-battlefield">"Port Gibson Battlefield"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=Port+Gibson+Battlefield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Fvisit%2Fbattlefields%2Fport-gibson-battlefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Battlefield_Trust2023a" class="citation web cs1">American Battlefield Trust (2023a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/port-gibson-battlefield">"Port Gibson Battlefield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Gibson+Battlefield&rft.pub=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.date=2023&rft.au=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Fvisit%2Fbattlefields%2Fport-gibson-battlefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattles_&_Leaders1987" class="citation book cs1"><i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>. Vol. 3. Secaucus, N.J.: Castle. 1987 [1883]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89009-571-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89009-571-X"><bdi>0-89009-571-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+and+Leaders+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Castle&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-89009-571-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatner1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Boatner_III" title="Mark M. Boatner III">Boatner, Mark M. III</a> (1959). <i>The Civil War Dictionary</i>. New York, N.Y.: David McKay Company Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-50013-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-50013-8"><bdi>0-679-50013-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company+Inc.&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-679-50013-8&rft.aulast=Boatner&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPS2018" class="citation web cs1">NPS (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/historyculture/battleportgibson.htm#:~:text=Union%20victory%20at%20Port%20Gibson,(Virginia)%20Artillery%20were%20lost.">"Battle of Port Gibson (May 1, 1863)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Port+Gibson+%28May+1%2C+1863%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2018&rft.au=NPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fvick%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fbattleportgibson.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DUnion%2520victory%2520at%2520Port%2520Gibson%2C%28Virginia%29%2520Artillery%2520were%2520lost.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Timothy B. (2004). <i>Champion Hill: Decisive Battle for Vicksburg</i>. New York, N.Y.: Savas Beatie LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932714-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-932714-00-6"><bdi>1-932714-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champion+Hill%3A+Decisive+Battle+for+Vicksburg&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-932714-00-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Timothy+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters1987" class="citation book cs1">Winters, John D. (1987) [1963]. <i>The Civil War in Louisiana</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0834-0"><bdi>0-8071-0834-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+in+Louisiana&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8071-0834-0&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Port_Gibson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Battlefield_Trust2023b" class="citation web cs1">American Battlefield Trust (2023b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/port-gibson">"Port Gibson Battle Facts and Summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Gibson+Battle+Facts+and+Summary&rft.pub=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.date=2023&rft.au=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Fcivil-war%2Fbattles%2Fport-gibson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Battlefield_Trust2023c" class="citation web cs1">American Battlefield Trust (2023c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/maps/port-gibson-may-1-1863">"Port Gibson Map"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Port+Gibson+Map&rft.pub=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.date=2023&rft.au=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Fmaps%2Fport-gibson-may-1-1863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span> <i>This is a good map of the battle.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPS2023" class="citation web cs1">NPS (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles-detail.htm?battleCode=ms006">"The Civil War, Battle Detail: Port Gibson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War%2C+Battle+Detail%3A+Port+Gibson&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2023&rft.au=NPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcivilwar%2Fsearch-battles-detail.htm%3FbattleCode%3Dms006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Port+Gibson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi_in_the_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippi in the Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Civil_War_Confederate_units" title="List of Mississippi Civil War Confederate units">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Troops" title="Mississippi State Troops">State Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippi_Union_Civil_War_units" title="List of Mississippi Union Civil War units">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_expedition" title="Yazoo Pass expedition">Yazoo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_expedition" title="Steele's Bayou expedition">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition" title="Steele's Greenville expedition">Greenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid" title="Grierson's Raid">Grierson's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_expedition" title="Jackson expedition">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_campaign" title="Meridian campaign">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_City_expedition" title="Yazoo City expedition">Yazoo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Expedition_to_Tupelo" title="Smith's Expedition to Tupelo">Tupelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">First Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Booneville" title="Battle of Booneville">Booneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iuka" title="Battle of Iuka">Iuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Corinth" title="Second Battle of Corinth">Second Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou" title="Battle of Chickasaw Bayou">Chickasaw Bayou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newton%27s_Station" title="Battle of Newton's Station">Newton's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf" title="Battle of Grand Gulf">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Snyder's Bluff">Snyder's Bluff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Port Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond" title="Battle of Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson" title="Battle of Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill" title="Battle of Champion Hill">Champion Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge" title="Battle of Big Black River Bridge">Big Black River Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgrey;">1864</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Aberdeen,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish at Aberdeen, Mississippi">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okolona" title="Battle of Okolona">Okolona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yazoo_City" title="Battle of Yazoo City">Yazoo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brice%27s_Cross_Roads" title="Battle of Brice's Cross Roads">Brice's Cross Roads</a></li> <li>Oxford</li> <li>Seminary</li> <li>Senatobia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tupelo" title="Battle of Tupelo">Tupelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Egypt_Station" title="Battle of Egypt Station">Egypt Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Reconstruction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Military_District" title="Fourth Military District">Fourth Military District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials_in_Mississippi" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi">List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauvoir_(Biloxi,_Mississippi)" title="Beauvoir (Biloxi, Mississippi)">Beauvoir Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Confederate_Soldier" title="Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier">Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Mississippi in the American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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Mississippi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1863" title="Category:Conflicts in 1863">Conflicts in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1863_in_Mississippi" title="Category:1863 in Mississippi">1863 in Mississippi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:May_1863_events" title="Category:May 1863 events">May 1863 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_commanded_by_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Category:Battles commanded by Ulysses S. 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Grant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_Gibson,_Mississippi" title="Category:Port Gibson, Mississippi">Port Gibson, Mississippi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2023, at 13:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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