CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"/><title>HBR ai-beta</title><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Bold.449f1ad7.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Light.0f59caef.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/mfe-core/fonts/GT-America-Standard-Regular.ee9c3d0d.woff" as="font" type="font/woff" crossorigin="anonymous" data-testid="preload-link"/><script>window.digitalData = {"page":{"pageInfo":{"pageType":"LANDING","onsiteSearchResults":0,"date":"11-23-2024","time":"03:25 PM","deviceType":"Desktop","pageURL":"https://hbr.org/ai-beta","referringURL":"","sysEnv":"Desktop","pageDescription":"Find new ideas and classic advice on strategy, innovation and leadership, for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts.","pageName":"HBRai Pilot"}},"pageInstanceID":"HBRai Pilot","siteID":"hbrprod","siteType":"Desktop","version":"2.2","users":[{"profile":{"accountID":"2624BBF7E88D4E89BA8875DA2C38CE36","dateLastVisit":"2024-11-23","quota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"ascendQuota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"userState":"Guest","secondsSinceLastVisit":0,"daysSinceLastVisit":"Less Than One Day","guid":"2624BBF7E88D4E89BA8875DA2C38CE36"}}]}</script><meta name="next-head-count" content="7"/><script id="new-relic" data-testid="new-relic"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"858143",trustKey:"858143",agentID:"1835040274",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"1835040274"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"e93df31780",applicationID:"1835040274",sa:1} ;(()=>{var e,t,r={9071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},8768:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n=/(iPad|iPhone|iPod)/g.test(navigator.userAgent),i=n&&Boolean("undefined"==typeof SharedWorker)},27:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>g,Mt:()=>v,C5:()=>d,DL:()=>y,OP:()=>I,lF:()=>k,Yu:()=>E,Dg:()=>p,CX:()=>f,GE:()=>w,sU:()=>P});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>A,match:()=>D,version:()=>x});var i=r(6797),o=r(909),a=r(8610);class s{constructor(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,a.Z)("New setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,a.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");Object.assign(this,t),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;const n=(0,o.q)(t);n.length&&r&&"object"==typeof r&&n.forEach((e=>{e in r&&((0,a.Z)('"'.concat(e,'" is a protected attribute and can not be changed in feature ').concat(t,". It will have no effect.")),delete r[e])})),this[t]=r}))}catch(e){(0,a.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}}const c={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},u={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]=new s(t,c),(0,i.Qy)(e,u[e],"info")}const l={allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}},h={};function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!h[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return h[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");h[e]=new s(t,l),(0,i.Qy)(e,h[e],"config")}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const m={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},b={};function y(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!b[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return b[e]}function w(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");b[e]=new s(t,m),(0,i.Qy)(e,b[e],"loader_config")}const E=(0,i.mF)().o;var A=null,x=null;const T=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var _=navigator.userAgent,S=_.match(T);S&&-1===_.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===_.indexOf("Chromium")&&(A="Safari",x=S[1])}function D(e,t){if(!A)return!1;if(e!==A)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!x)return!1;for(var r=x.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var N=r(2400),O=r(2374),j=r(1651);const R=e=>({buildEnv:j.Re,bytesSent:{},customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:j.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(O._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||O._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+O._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==v(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?(0,N.Bj)():null,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof O._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,userAgent:n,version:j.q4}),C={};function I(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!C[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return C[e]}function P(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");C[e]=new s(t,R(e)),(0,i.Qy)(e,C[e],"runtime")}function k(e){return function(e){try{const t=d(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},1651:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.231.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},9557:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(8610);const i={agentIdentifier:""};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},4329:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(3752),i=r(7022),o=r(4045),a=r(2325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=Array.from(s[e]);function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)f(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},3752:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(6797),i=r(3916),o=r(7022),a=r(27),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:E,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:x,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=v(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;f<d;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var l=T()[c[e]];return l&&l.push([p,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return n[e]||[]}function E(t){return f[t]=f[t]||e(p,t)}function A(e,t){var r=T();p.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function x(e){return!!T()[c[e]]}function T(){return p.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=u)},9252:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(3752).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4045:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(9252);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},8544:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(2374);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},5526:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(2374);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,++i).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2053:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},6368:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(2374),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},8610:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},3916:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},2374:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error('New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like "self" and "window".')})()},7022:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},2438:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(3752);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},2650:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(8544);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},6797:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(2053),i=r(2374);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},6998:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(8544);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}))}},2400:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bj:()=>c,GD:()=>s,J8:()=>u,ju:()=>o});var n=r(5526);const i="NRBA/";function o(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:"";try{return window.sessionStorage.setItem(i+r+e,t),!0}catch(e){return!1}}function a(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";return window.sessionStorage.getItem(i+t+e)}function s(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";try{window.sessionStorage.removeItem(i+t+e)}catch(e){}}function c(){try{let e;return null===(e=a("SESSION_ID"))&&(e=(0,n.ky)(16),o("SESSION_ID",e)),e}catch(e){return null}}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"";const t=i+e,r={};try{for(let n=0;n<window.sessionStorage.length;n++){let i=window.sessionStorage.key(n);i.startsWith(t)&&(i=i.slice(t.length),r[i]=a(i,e))}}catch(e){}return r}},6408:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2374);function i(){return"function"==typeof n._A?.PerformanceObserver}},8675:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.ajax},8322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},6034:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(2325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6486:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageAction},2484:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},6382:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(2325).D.pageViewTiming},2628:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:()=>p,BST_RESOURCE:()=>a,BST_TIMER:()=>l,END:()=>u,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FN_END:()=>f,FN_START:()=>d,ORIG_EVENT:()=>g,PUSH_STATE:()=>h,RESOURCE:()=>s,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:()=>o,START:()=>c});var n=r(27);const i=r(2325).D.sessionTrace,o="resourcetimingbufferfull",a="bstResource",s="resource",c="-start",u="-end",d="fn"+c,f="fn"+u,l="bstTimer",h="pushState",g=n.Yu.EV,p="addEventListener"},755:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.r(t),r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>x,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>E,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>m,FETCH_DONE:()=>v,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(27);r(2374);const i=r(2325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",v="fetch-done",m="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",E="-end",A="-body",x="cb"+E,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},1509:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>s});var n=r(27),i=r(3752),o=r(2384),a=r(6797);class s{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1,this.checkConfiguration()}checkConfiguration(){if(!(0,n.lF)(this.agentIdentifier)){let e={...(0,a.gG)().info?.jsAttributes};try{e={...e,...(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier)?.jsAttributes}}catch(e){}(0,o.j)(this.agentIdentifier,{...(0,a.gG)(),info:{...(0,a.gG)().info,jsAttributes:e}})}}}},2384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>w});var n=r(2325),i=r(27),o=r(9252),a=r(3752),s=r(2053),c=r(4329),u=r(2650),d=r(2374),f=r(8610),l=r(6034),h=r(6797),g=r(2400);const p="CUSTOM/";function v(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var m=r(7022);const b={stn:[n.D.sessionTrace],err:[n.D.jserrors,n.D.metrics],ins:[n.D.pageAction],spa:[n.D.spa]};const y={};function w(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},w=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,E=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:x,loader_config:T,runtime:_={loaderType:w},exposed:S=!0}=t;const D=(0,h.gG)();if(x||(A=D.init,x=D.info,T=D.loader_config),x.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(x.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),d.il){let e=(0,g.J8)(p);Object.assign(x.jsAttributes,e)}(0,i.CX)(e,x),(0,i.Dg)(e,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,T||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,_),v();const N=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var v=a.ee.get(e),m=v.get("tracer"),b="api-",y=b+"ixn-";function w(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?(delete a.jsAttributes[t],d.il&&(0,g.GD)(t,p)):((0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),d.il&&o&&(0,g.ju)(t,r,p)),x(b,n,!0)()}function E(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(b,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(b,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(b,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(b,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return w(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return w("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new E).get()};var A=E.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(y+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,v),function(){if(m.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw m.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{m.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,v),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,v),r?void 0:this}}function T(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,5692)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=x(y,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,v),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,v)},d.v6?T():(0,u.b)((()=>T()),!0),h}(e,E);return(0,h.Qy)(e,N,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,S,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",y),(0,h.EZ)("setToken",(t=>function(e,t){var r=a.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&((0,m.D)(e,(function(e,t){if(!t)return(b[e]||[]).forEach((t=>{(0,o.p)("block-"+e,[],void 0,t,r)}));y[e]||((0,o.p)("feat-"+e,[],void 0,b[e],r),y[e]=!0)})),(0,c.L)(t,n.D.pageViewEvent))}(t,e))),N}},909:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>i,q:()=>o});var n=r(2325);function i(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}function o(e){return e===n.D.jserrors?[]:["auto"]}},2325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8}},8683:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return i.d(t,{a:t}),t},i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",439:"async-api",729:"lazy-loader",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"42c392aa",147:"78efb4d5",193:"0938abd3",317:"0b4d6623",348:"a30a53ff",439:"8f89c105",729:"67423d16",786:"8cf0450e",862:"04af29e3",873:"19ebdf8d",898:"b0da4738"}[e]+"-1.231.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var f=u[d];if(f.getAttribute("src")==r||f.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=f;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r),e[r]=[n];var l=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={233:0,265:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var o={};(()=>{"use strict";i.r(o);var e=i(2325),t=i(27);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(2384),s=i(909),c=i(9252),u=i(8768),d=i(4329),f=i(1509),l=i(2650),h=i(2374),g=i(8610);class p extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.hasAggregator=!1,this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,n&&(0,d.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){if(this.hasAggregator||!this.auto)return;this.hasAggregator=!0;const e=async()=>{try{const{lazyLoader:e}=await i.e(729).then(i.bind(i,8110)),{Aggregate:t}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator)}catch(e){(0,g.Z)("Downloading ".concat(this.featureName," failed...")),this.abortHandler?.()}};h.v6?e():(0,l.b)((()=>e()),!0)}}var v=i(2484),m=i(2053);class b extends p{static featureName=v.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,v.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||u.T)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[v.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,l.K)((()=>n[v.qw]=Math.max((0,m.z)()-n[v.Dz],0))),(0,l.b)((()=>{const t=(0,m.z)();n[v.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[v.Dz],0),(0,c.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var y=i(9557),w=i(7022);class E extends y.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,w.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=A(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,w.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=A(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=A(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=T(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function A(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=x(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function x(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function T(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,w.D)(e,_)}function _(e,t){return t}var S=i(6797),D=i(5526),N=i(2438);var O=i(6998),j=i(8544),R=i(6382);class C extends p{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,R.t,n),h.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,O.N)((()=>(0,c.p)("docHidden",[(0,m.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,c.p)("winPagehide",[(0,m.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}const I=Boolean(h._A?.Worker),P=Boolean(h._A?.SharedWorker),k=Boolean(h._A?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let H,L,z;var M=i(6034);class B extends p{static featureName=M.t9;constructor(t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(t,r,M.t9,n),function(e){if(!H){if(I){H=Worker;try{h._A.Worker=r(H,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(P){L=SharedWorker;try{h._A.SharedWorker=r(L,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(k){z=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{h._A.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=z,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return"undefined"==typeof Proxy?e:new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){h.v6||e("Workers/".concat(t,"/Unavailable"))}function i(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(t,"module"===r?"/Module":"/Classic"))}function o(t,r){e("Workers/".concat(r,"/SM/Unsupported")),(0,g.Z)("NR Agent: Unable to capture ".concat(r," workers."),t)}}((t=>(0,c.p)(M.xS,[t],void 0,e.D.metrics,this.ee))),this.importAggregator()}}var F=i(3916),U=i(3752),q=i(8683),G=i.n(q);const W="nr@original";var V=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,X=!1;function Z(e,t){return e||(e=U.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<t.length;c++)Q(a=e[s=t[c]])||(e[s]=r(a,u?s+n:n,i,s,o))},r.flag=W,r;function r(t,r,i,o,a){return Q(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[W]=t,Y(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var s,c,u,d;try{c=this,s=G()(arguments),u="function"==typeof i?i(s,c):i||{}}catch(t){$([t,"",[s,c,o],u],e)}n(r+"start",[s,c,o],u,a);try{return d=t.apply(c,s)}catch(e){throw n(r+"err",[s,c,e],u,a),e}finally{n(r+"end",[s,c,d],u,a)}}}function n(r,n,i,o){if(!X||t){var a=X;X=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){$([t,r,n,i],e)}X=a}}}function $(e,t){t||(t=U.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function Y(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){$([e],r)}for(var n in e)V.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n]);return t}function Q(e){return!(e&&e instanceof Function&&e.apply&&!e[W])}const J={},K=XMLHttpRequest,ee="addEventListener",te="removeEventListener";function re(e){var t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("events")}(e);if(J[t.debugId]++)return t;J[t.debugId]=1;var r=Z(t,!0);function n(e){r.inPlace(e,[ee,te],"-",i)}function i(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(h.il&&ne(document,n),ne(h._A,n),ne(K.prototype,n)),t.on(ee+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,F.X)(n,"nr@wrapped",(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(te+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function ne(e,t){let r=e;for(;"object"==typeof r&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,ee);)r=Object.getPrototypeOf(r);for(var n=arguments.length,i=new Array(n>2?n-2:0),o=2;o<n;o++)i[o-2]=arguments[o];r&&t(r,...i)}var ie="fetch-",oe=ie+"body-",ae=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],se=h._A.Request,ce=h._A.Response,ue="prototype",de="nr@context";const fe={};function le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(se&&ce&&h._A.fetch))return t;if(fe[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=G()(arguments),o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[de]&&o[de].dt&&(e=o[de].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return fe[t.debugId]=1,ae.forEach((e=>{r(se[ue],e,oe),r(ce[ue],e,oe)})),r(h._A,"fetch",ie),t.on(ie+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(ie+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(ie+"done",[e],n)})),t}const he={},ge=["pushState","replaceState"];function pe(e){const t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("history")}(e);return!h.il||he[t.debugId]++||(he[t.debugId]=1,Z(t).inPlace(window.history,ge,"-")),t}const ve={},me=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!h.il||ve[t.debugId])return t;ve[t.debugId]=!0;var r=Z(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){var r=e.match(o),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?a(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,me,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,j.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,j.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,j.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,j.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,j.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,j.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const ye={};function we(e){const r=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!h.il||ye[r.debugId])return r;ye[r.debugId]=!0;var n=Z(r),i=t.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(n(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),r}const Ee={};function Ae(e){const r=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(Ee[r.debugId])return r;Ee[r.debugId]=!0;var n=U.c,i=Z(r),o=t.Yu.PR;return o&&function(){function e(t){var n=r.context(),a=i(t,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(o,[a],e);return r.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}h._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return o.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,o),["all","race"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){let i=!1;Array.from(e||[]).forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===t),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){r.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(t){const n=o[t];e[t]=function(e){const t=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==t&&r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],t,!1,!1),t}})),e.prototype=o.prototype;const t=o.prototype.then;o.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,o=n(e);o.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c<a;c++)s[c]=arguments[c];s[0]=i(s[0],"cb-",o,null,!1),s[1]=i(s[1],"cb-",o,null,!1);const u=t.apply(this,s);return o.nextPromise=u,r.emit("propagate",[e,!0],u,!1,!1),u},o.prototype.then[W]=t,r.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=i(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=i(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),r.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),r.on("cb-end",(function(e,t,n){r.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),r.on("propagate",(function(e,t,n){this.getCtx&&!t||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var t=r.context(e);return t&&t.getCtx?t.getCtx():this})}))}(),r}const xe={};function Te(e){const t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("raf")}(e);if(!h.il||xe[t.debugId]++)return t;xe[t.debugId]=1;var r=Z(t);return r.inPlace(window,["requestAnimationFrame"],"raf-"),t.on("raf-start",(function(e){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-")})),t}const _e={},Se="setTimeout",De="setInterval",Ne="clearTimeout",Oe="-start",je=[Se,"setImmediate",De,Ne,"clearImmediate"];function Re(e){const t=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(_e[t.debugId]++)return t;_e[t.debugId]=1;var r=Z(t);return r.inPlace(h._A,je.slice(0,2),Se+"-"),r.inPlace(h._A,je.slice(2,3),De+"-"),r.inPlace(h._A,je.slice(3),Ne+"-"),t.on(De+Oe,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Se+Oe,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const Ce={},Ie=["open","send"];function Pe(e){var r=e||U.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||U.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(Ce[n.debugId]++)return n;Ce[n.debugId]=1,re(r);var i=Z(n),o=t.Yu.XHR,a=t.Yu.MO,s=t.Yu.PR,c=t.Yu.SI,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],f=[],l=h._A.XMLHttpRequest.listeners,p=h._A.XMLHttpRequest=function(e){var t=new o(e);function r(){try{n.emit("new-xhr",[t],t),t.addEventListener(u,m,(0,j.m$)(!1))}catch(e){(0,g.Z)("An error occured while intercepting XHR",e);try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}return this.listeners=l?[...l,r]:[r],this.listeners.forEach((e=>e())),t};function v(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",A)}function m(){var e=this,t=n.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",A)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,Ie,"-xhr-",A),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){v(e,t),function(e){f.push(e),a&&(b?b.then(E):c?c(E):(y=-y,w.data=y))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",v),a){var b=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var y=1,w=document.createTextNode(y);new a(E).observe(w,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||E()}));function E(){for(var e=0;e<f.length;e++)v(0,f[e]);f.length&&(f=[])}function A(e,t){return t}return n}var ke,He={};try{ke=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(He.console=!0,-1!==ke.indexOf("dev")&&(He.dev=!0),-1!==ke.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(He.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function Le(e){try{He.console&&Le(e)}catch(e){}}He.nrDev&&U.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){Le(e.stack)})),He.dev&&U.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){Le(r.stack)})),He.dev&&(Le("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),Le("flags: "+(0,w.D)(He,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var ze=i(8322);class Me extends p{static featureName=ze.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,ze.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&!r[ze.A]&&((0,F.X)(r,ze.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,Fe(r,void 0,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,m.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=h._A.onerror,h._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),h._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,N.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,c.p)("err",[r,(0,m.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,j.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),Te(this.ee),Re(this.ee),re(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&Pe(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:Fe(o||new Be(t,r,n),!0,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,c.p)("ierr",[t,(0,m.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function Be(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}function Fe(t,r,n){var i=r?null:(0,m.z)();(0,c.p)("err",[t,i],void 0,e.D.jserrors,n)}let Ue=1;const qe="nr@id";function Ge(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===h._A?0:(0,F.X)(e,qe,(function(){return Ue++}))}var We=i(9071);function Ve(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,N.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var Xe=i(6368);class Ze{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,D.M)(),s=(0,D.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof h._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,N.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i<n.allowed_origins.length;i++){var o=(0,Xe.e)(n.allowed_origins[i]);if(e.hostname===o.hostname&&e.protocol===o.protocol&&e.port===o.port){r=!0;break}}return r}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var $e=i(8675),Ye=["load","error","abort","timeout"],Qe=Ye.length,Je=t.Yu.REQ,Ke=h._A.XMLHttpRequest;class et extends p{static featureName=$e.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,$e.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new Ze(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,c.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),le(this.ee),Pe(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,j.m$)(!1)),We.I||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,j.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function c(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);"xpid"in i&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function u(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=Ve(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,m.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<Qe;s++)t.addEventListener(Ye[s],this.listener,(0,j.m$)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function f(e,t){var r=""+Ge(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+Ge(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function g(){this.endTime=(0,m.z)()}function p(e,t){t instanceof Ke&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function v(e,t){t instanceof Ke&&"load"===e[0]&&n.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],t)}function b(e,t,r){t instanceof Ke&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,m.z)()))}function y(e,t){this.xhrCbStart&&n.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,m.z)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,t],t)}function w(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};"string"==typeof e[0]?t=e[0]:e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:h._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL&&(t=e[0].href),t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,Xe.e)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var n=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(n&&(n.newrelicHeader||n.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof e[0]||h._A?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(i.headers,n)&&(this.dt=n),e.length>1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function E(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,m.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Je?r=i.url:h._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Je&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=Ve(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,m.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,m.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function x(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o<Qe;o++)t.removeEventListener(Ye[o],this.listener,!1);r.aborted||(n.duration=(0,m.z)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==r.status&&(r.status=0):_(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,i("xhr",[r,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,e.D.ajax))}}function T(e,t){var r=(0,Xe.e)(t),n=e.params;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}function _(e,t){e.params.status=t.status;var r=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?Ve(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?Ve(e.responseText):void 0}(t,e.lastSize);if(r&&(e.metrics.rxSize=r),e.sameOrigin){var n=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");n&&(e.params.cat=n.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}n.on("new-xhr",a),n.on("open-xhr-start",s),n.on("open-xhr-end",c),n.on("send-xhr-start",u),n.on("xhr-cb-time",d),n.on("xhr-load-added",f),n.on("xhr-load-removed",l),n.on("xhr-resolved",g),n.on("addEventListener-end",p),n.on("removeEventListener-end",v),n.on("fn-end",y),n.on("fetch-before-start",w),n.on("fetch-start",E),n.on("fn-start",b),n.on("fetch-done",A)}(r,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator())}}var tt=i(6408),rt=i(2628);const{BST_RESOURCE:nt,BST_TIMER:it,END:ot,FEATURE_NAME:at,FN_END:st,FN_START:ct,ADD_EVENT_LISTENER:ut,PUSH_STATE:dt,RESOURCE:ft,RESOURCE_TIMING_BUFFER_FULL:lt,START:ht,ORIG_EVENT:gt}=rt,pt="clearResourceTimings";var vt=i(755);const{FEATURE_NAME:mt,START:bt,END:yt,BODY:wt,CB_END:Et,JS_TIME:At,FETCH:xt,FN_START:Tt,CB_START:_t,FN_END:St}=vt;var Dt=i(6486);class Nt extends p{static featureName=Dt.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,Dt.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,D.ky)(16);this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new E({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(b),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=Array.from(this.desiredFeatures);i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const e=(0,s.Z)(t.featureName);e.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,g.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,N.P)(e),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,S.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,g.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,S.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[et,b,C,class extends p{static featureName=at;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,at,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;const n=this.ee;this.timerEE=Re(n),this.rafEE=Te(n),pe(n),re(n),n.on(ct,(function(e,t){e[0]instanceof gt&&(this.bstStart=(0,m.z)())})),n.on(st,(function(t,r){var i=t[0];i instanceof gt&&(0,c.p)("bst",[i,r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.timerEE.on(ct,(function(e,t,r){this.bstStart=(0,m.z)(),this.bstType=r})),this.timerEE.on(st,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(it,[r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)(),this.bstType],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),this.rafEE.on(ct,(function(){this.bstStart=(0,m.z)()})),this.rafEE.on(st,(function(t,r){(0,c.p)(it,[r,this.bstStart,(0,m.z)(),"requestAnimationFrame"],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(dt+ht,(function(e){this.time=(0,m.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(dt+ot,(function(t){(0,c.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),(0,tt.W)()?((0,c.p)(nt,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n),function(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(((t,r)=>{var i=t.getEntries();(0,c.p)(nt,[i],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}()):window.performance[pt]&&window.performance[ut]&&window.performance.addEventListener(lt,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("scroll",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("keypress",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),document.addEventListener("click",this.noOp,(0,j.m$)(!1)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){window.performance.removeEventListener(lt,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1),this.abortHandler=void 0}noOp(e){}onResourceTimingBufferFull(t){if((0,c.p)(nt,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(ft)],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,this.ee),window.performance[pt])try{window.performance.removeEventListener(lt,this.onResourceTimingBufferFull,!1)}catch(e){}}},B,Nt,Me,class extends p{static featureName=mt;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,mt,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!h.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=be(this.ee),s=Ae(this.ee),c=Re(this.ee),u=Pe(this.ee),d=this.ee.get("events"),f=le(this.ee),l=pe(this.ee),g=we(this.ee);function p(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[Tt]=(0,m.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&p(0,!0);var e=(0,m.z)();this[At]=~~this[At]+e-this[Tt],this[St]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,m.z)()}))}this.ee.on(Tt,v),s.on(_t,v),a.on(_t,v),this.ee.on(St,b),s.on(Et,b),a.on(Et,b),this.ee.buffer([Tt,St,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),d.buffer([Tt],this.featureName),c.buffer(["setTimeout"+yt,"clearTimeout"+bt,Tt],this.featureName),u.buffer([Tt,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+bt],this.featureName),f.buffer([xt+bt,xt+"-done",xt+wt+bt,xt+wt+yt],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([Tt],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",_t,Et,"executor-err","resolve"+bt],this.featureName),o.buffer([Tt,"no-"+Tt],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(f,xt+bt),y(f,xt+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",p),l.on("replaceState-end",p),window.addEventListener("hashchange",p,(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",p,(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){p(0,i>1)}),(0,j.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); </script><script src="//assets.adobedtm.com/c0857d0b892a/7e3e4b83f0c5/launch-67dbffcc16ef.min.js" async=""></script><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/><meta name="description" content="Find new ideas and classic advice on strategy, innovation and leadership, for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts."/><meta name="item-id" content="73a647bc281441917e8f0879b0bd0fc5"/><meta name="ox-group" content="537064956"/><meta name="page-id" content="200"/><meta name="page-type" content="LANDING"/><meta property="og:title" content="Harvard Business Review - Page"/><script id="GPT-targeting" data-nscript="beforeInteractive"> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('pid', '100'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('iid', '106a6c241b8797f52e1e77317b96a201'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('page-type', 'LANDING'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('ox-group', '537063786'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('industry', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('job-title', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('company-size', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_access', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('layout', "Desktop"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_status', ""); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('title', 'Harvard Business Review - Ideas and Advice for Leaders'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('url', window.location.pathname); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('dev', '0'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('hostname', window.location.hostname); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('sub_only', 'false'); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><link rel="preload" href="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/css/7a8ac172cd2a1d72.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/css/7a8ac172cd2a1d72.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/css/12cfbdf9b97f237c.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/css/12cfbdf9b97f237c.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-c67a75d1b6f99dc8.js"></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/webpack-107e2ab2e064f931.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/framework-e7e0641db9648183.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/main-37fd360838bae20e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-55bec1d269b20b21.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/fec483df-1e684d7c021d237d.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/2dba90fa-471a3c5ce1cb915a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/chunks/pages/ai-beta-fcd339fc7748e44b.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/KLY9aVjFidcgtEPB6W61y/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/assets-mfe-ai/_next/static/KLY9aVjFidcgtEPB6W61y/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><div id="__next"><div class="Header-module_ad-container__VaVxb"><div data-testid="ad" id="library-header-ad" class=""></div></div><header class="Header-module_header__qxHtx Header-module_sticky__cy78k"><div class="Header-module_main-content__pEOjn"><button type="button" aria-label="Toggle the main menu" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_hamburger__RBx4F Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK Header-module_hamburger-icon__wrwur" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24 3.5H0v1.1h3.37V21h17.25V4.6H24zm-4.47 16.4H4.47v-15h15.06z"></path><path d="M7.5 8.07h9v1.1h-9zM7.5 15.57h9v1.1h-9zM7.5 11.82h9v1.1h-9z"></path></svg></button><div class="Header-module_logo-container__PMt27"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Header-module_logo-link__XfxPZ" href="/"><svg viewBox="0 0 285.375 160" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" aria-labelledby="logo:R1356:" role="img" class="Header-module_logo__xO2bW"><title id="logo:R1356:">Harvard Business Review Logo</title><path d="M37.163 90.951c0 7.372-5.046 12.338-16.216 12.338H.001V57.594h20.325c9.698 0 14.9 4.4 14.9 11.9 0 5.351-3.105 9.077-7.99 10.316C33.669 81.2 37.2 85.5 37.2 90.951zM12.565 76.598h4.891c3.258 0 5.273-1.239 5.273-4.344 0-3.105-2.015-4.344-5.273-4.344h-4.891v8.688zm0 16.219h6.596c3.183 0 4.965-1.397 4.965-4.037s-1.783-4.033-4.965-4.033h-6.596v8.07zM64.737 96.612c-1.009 4.732-4.658 7.604-10.782 7.604-6.521 0-11.096-4.033-11.096-12.492v-24.28h12.564v21.647c0 3.6 1 5.7 3.9 5.739 3.257 0 5.276-2.95 5.276-8.767v-18.62h12.57v35.845h-11.25l-1.182-6.676zM92.779 90.951c.705 3 3 4.5 5.7 4.5 2.251 0 3.798-.776 3.798-2.326s-1.314-2.245-3.875-2.789l-4.813-1.012c-6.509-1.395-9.925-4.732-9.925-10.627 0-8.691 7.447-12.104 15.437-12.104 8.611 0 13.8 3.6 15.1 10.238l-11.406 1.7c-.394-2.016-1.63-3.177-4.037-3.177-1.786 0-3.028.851-3.028 2.251s1 2.1 2.9 2.404l4.807.9c7.918 1.3 11.3 5.6 11.3 11.642 0 8.45-7.375 11.71-16.219 11.71-8.146 0-13.574-2.949-15.592-9.31l9.853-4zM126.137 51.93c3.726 0 6.9 2.6 6.9 6.592 0 4.034-3.177 6.599-6.903 6.599-3.72 0-6.903-2.564-6.903-6.599.003-4.022 3.169-6.622 6.869-6.592zm6.288 15.514v35.845h-12.493V67.444h12.493zM152.013 74.347c1.856-5.348 6.049-7.754 11.399-7.754 5.512 0 10.5 3.3 10.5 11.478v25.219h-12.493V82.881c0-3.643-1.087-5.895-4.27-5.895-2.711 0-5.04 1.633-5.04 7.14v19.163h-12.492V67.444h11.25l1.146 6.903zM202.497 90.336l10.402 3.255c-2.024 7.677-8.385 10.626-15.521 10.626-10.63 0-18.387-6.751-18.387-18.464 0-12.104 6.825-19.16 18.076-19.16 10.63 0 16.1 6.8 16.1 16.76 0 1.3 0 2.866-.155 4.499h-21.874c.233 4.4 2.4 6.8 6.1 6.823 2.625.025 4.362-1.175 5.262-4.339zm-1.236-8.836c0-3.105-1.087-5.816-4.58-5.816-3.022 0-4.963 2.478-5.273 5.816h9.853zM227.464 90.951c.699 3 3 4.5 5.7 4.5 2.252 0 3.804-.776 3.804-2.326s-1.319-2.245-3.881-2.789l-4.808-1.012c-6.521-1.395-9.931-4.732-9.931-10.627 0-8.691 7.446-12.104 15.437-12.104 8.611 0 13.8 3.6 15.1 10.238l-11.406 1.7c-.388-2.016-1.63-3.177-4.036-3.177-1.786 0-3.022.851-3.022 2.251s1 2.1 2.9 2.404l4.812.9c7.913 1.3 11.2 5.6 11.2 11.642 0 8.45-7.369 11.71-16.213 11.71-8.146 0-13.574-2.949-15.592-9.31l9.936-4zM263.515 90.951c.699 3 3 4.5 5.7 4.5 2.246 0 3.798-.776 3.798-2.326s-1.319-2.245-3.881-2.789l-4.808-1.012c-6.515-1.395-9.931-4.732-9.931-10.627 0-8.691 7.446-12.104 15.437-12.104 8.611 0 13.8 3.6 15.1 10.238l-11.406 1.7c-.388-2.016-1.63-3.177-4.03-3.177-1.786 0-3.027.851-3.027 2.251s1 2.1 2.9 2.404l4.807.9c7.913 1.3 11.3 5.6 11.3 11.642 0 8.45-7.369 11.71-16.219 11.71-8.146 0-13.574-2.949-15.592-9.31l9.852-4zM25.602 158.628c-1.475-1.242-2.019-2.95-2.562-5.121l-1.397-5.667c-.773-3.254-2.093-3.875-5.04-3.875h-3.959v14.663H.001V112.93h19.548c10.241 0 17.3 4 17.3 14.353 0 7.217-4.658 10.788-9.698 11.633 4.186.9 6.3 2.7 7.4 6.7l2.174 7.838c.541 2 1.2 3.6 2.8 5.198H25.602zM12.643 133.72h4.891c4.422 0 6.36-1.782 6.36-5.037 0-3.26-1.938-5.049-6.36-5.049h-4.891v10.086zM63.781 145.669l10.396 3.261c-2.019 7.677-8.378 10.627-15.517 10.627-10.63 0-18.387-6.745-18.387-18.465 0-12.104 6.829-19.16 18.076-19.16 10.635 0 16.1 6.8 16.1 16.76 0 1.3 0 2.866-.155 4.5H52.378c.233 4.4 2.4 6.8 6.1 6.822 2.664-.014 4.422-1.114 5.322-4.345zm-1.239-8.869c0-3.105-1.09-5.816-4.58-5.816-3.022 0-4.962 2.479-5.273 5.816h9.853zM76.196 122.783h13.191l4.114 14.431c1.469 5.2 2.3 8.8 2.3 8.772h.155s.776-3.577 2.406-8.772l4.658-14.431h12.176l-13.036 35.845H88.689l-12.493-35.845zM125.396 107.263c3.732 0 6.9 2.6 6.9 6.599s-3.171 6.599-6.903 6.599c-3.72 0-6.897-2.564-6.897-6.599s3.18-6.562 6.904-6.599zm6.295 15.52v35.845h-12.499v-35.845h12.499zM160.838 145.669l10.403 3.261c-2.024 7.677-8.379 10.627-15.526 10.627-10.624 0-18.381-6.745-18.381-18.465 0-12.104 6.825-19.16 18.076-19.16 10.624 0 16.1 6.8 16.1 16.76 0 1.3 0 2.866-.155 4.5h-21.886c.232 4.4 2.4 6.8 6.1 6.822 2.63-.014 4.431-1.114 5.231-4.345zm-1.235-8.869c0-3.105-1.087-5.816-4.574-5.816-3.034 0-4.969 2.479-5.279 5.816h9.853zM207.728 122.783l2.562 12.492c1.313 6.4 2 11.3 2 11.254h.155s.776-4.732 2.252-11.099l2.866-12.647h12.182l-9.697 35.845h-14.04l-2.174-10.475c-1.086-5.272-1.94-11.483-1.94-11.483h-.149s-.854 6.211-1.94 11.5l-2.174 10.475H183.68l-9.697-35.845h12.642l2.866 12.647c1.476 6.4 2.3 11.1 2.3 11.099h.155s.699-4.816 2.013-11.254l2.574-12.492h11.195zM79.218 36.155c0 1.7.5 2.6 1.8 2.64.771 0 1.553-.311 2.251-.699v8.844c-1.708 1.242-3.338 1.705-6.21 1.7-4.808 0-7.45-2.167-8.847-5.661-2.009 3.72-5.192 5.816-10.313 5.816-6.596 0-10.707-3.878-10.707-10.005 0-7.683 5.509-11.558 16.291-11.558h3.648V24.83c0-2.326-.779-3.959-3.024-3.959-2.174 0-3.18 1.319-3.338 4.27l-11.946-1.866c.696-7.366 6.438-12.021 15.673-12.021 10.235 0 14.7 4.5 14.7 12.337v12.564zm-12.102-2.558h-1.63c-4.5 0-6.049 1.394-6.049 3.726 0 1.7 1.2 3 3.3 3.021 2.093 0 4.344-1.086 4.344-4.416v-2.331zM112.522 26.225c-1.469-.543-2.329-.929-4.342-.929-2.95 0-6.521 1.162-6.521 7.527v15.126H89.167V12.104H99.88l1.236 8.844c1.009-5.972 6.056-8.844 12.182-8.844l-.776 14.121zM116.857 12.104h13.197l4.103 14.431c1.481 5.2 2.3 8.8 2.3 8.766h.155s.777-3.565 2.407-8.766l4.652-14.431h12.182l-13.03 35.845H129.35l-12.493-35.845zM188.863 36.155c0 1.7.5 2.6 1.8 2.64.776 0 1.553-.311 2.252-.699v8.844c-1.708 1.242-3.338 1.705-6.205 1.705-4.812 0-7.452-2.167-8.85-5.661-2.013 3.72-5.195 5.816-10.313 5.8-6.599 0-10.707-3.878-10.707-10.005 0-7.683 5.506-11.558 16.291-11.558h3.643V24.83c0-2.326-.771-3.959-3.021-3.959-2.174 0-3.183 1.319-3.338 4.27l-11.949-1.866c.704-7.366 6.437-12.021 15.675-12.021 10.241 0 14.7 4.5 14.7 12.337v12.564zm-12.104-2.558h-1.624c-4.503 0-6.056 1.394-6.056 3.726 0 1.7 1.2 3 3.3 3.021 2.091 0 4.342-1.086 4.342-4.416v-2.331zM222.186 26.225c-1.476-.543-2.329-.929-4.348-.929-2.944 0-6.516 1.162-6.516 7.527v15.126h-12.486V12.104h10.701l1.242 8.844c1.009-5.972 6.049-8.844 12.183-8.844l-.776 14.121zM252.288 0h12.564v47.949H253.53l-1.164-6.205c-1.32 4.804-5.59 7.133-11.019 7.133-8.378 0-14.35-6.515-14.35-18.154 0-12.027 5.739-19.471 15.825-19.471 4.58 0 8.2 2.1 9.5 5.506V0zm.078 27.463c0-4.577-2.252-7.055-5.895-7.055-3.648 0-6.754 2.717-6.754 9.85 0 5.9 2.5 9 6.6 9 3.177 0 6.05-2.401 6.05-7.289v-4.506zM.001 47.949V2.254h12.723v16.983h15.669V2.254h12.723v45.695H28.393V30.258H12.724v17.691H.001z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="Header-module_consumer-content-container__45xTU"></div><div class="Header-module_subscribe-sign-in__hGJny"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Header-module_subscribe-button__mGvj9" href="/subscriptions?ab=topbar-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.topbar-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_sign-in__voGP5 Button-module_text__dcWb-" id="sign-in-button-header">Sign In</button></div><button type="button" aria-label="Search hbr.org" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Header-module_search__LDIn2 Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24.06 23.22l-6.38-6.38a10.11 10.11 0 10-.85.85l6.37 6.37zM1.2 10.13A8.93 8.93 0 1110.13 19a8.94 8.94 0 01-8.93-8.87z"></path></svg></button></div><nav class="NavBar-module_nav__Vs9Sc Header-module_navbar__oNJdL" aria-label="Quick Menu"><ul class="NavBar-module_list__kScWs"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/magazine">Magazine</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/store">Store</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem NavBar-module_link__WIUMx" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li></ul></nav><div class="MegaMenu-module_overlay__Ol58y"></div><nav class="MegaMenu-module_mega-menu__Eu7KC MegaMenu-module_menu-close__KCgUx" aria-label="Main Menu"><button type="button" aria-label="Close the main menu" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_btn-close__dZ-lc Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK SVGIcon-module_x__czr2H" aria-hidden="true"><line x1="5" y1="5" x2="19" y2="19"></line><line x1="19" y1="5" x2="5" y2="19"></line></svg></button><div class="MegaMenu-module_content-container__2BfcA"><div><form class="SearchForm-module_search-form__vTTDN MegaMenu-module_search__R2Jdp" role="search" action="/search" autoComplete="off"><div class="SearchForm-module_input-container__raxqf"><div class="TextInput-module_container__ZQmdd"><label class="SearchForm-module_search-field-label__xqtLB TextInput-module_label__zSFLb" for="text-input:R5d956:">Search hbr.org</label><div class="TextInput-module_input-container__jJXwT"><input class="SearchForm-module_search-field__e6XeP TextInput-module_input__bLrqx" type="search" name="term" id="text-input:R5d956:" placeholder="Search hbr.org" value=""/></div></div></div><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK SearchForm-module_btn-clear-search__eX40c SearchForm-module_hide__G7yU3 Button-module_text__dcWb-">CLEAR</button><button type="submit" aria-label="Search hbr.org" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK SearchForm-module_btn-search__ik9Kt Button-module_text__dcWb-"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" role="img" class="SVGIcon-module_icon__jWzmK" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24.06 23.22l-6.38-6.38a10.11 10.11 0 10-.85.85l6.37 6.37zM1.2 10.13A8.93 8.93 0 1110.13 19a8.94 8.94 0 01-8.93-8.87z"></path></svg></button></form></div><ul class="MegaMenu-module_short-links-list__KmWZt"><div class="MegaMenu-module_subscribe-container__gga0J"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_subscribe-button__EjJ2M" href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a></div><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/magazine">The Magazine</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/store">Store</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/settings">Account Settings</a></li><li><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH Button-module_text__dcWb-" data-qa="mega-menu-sign-in-button">Sign In</button></li></ul><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-lists-container__tF8hq" data-testid="long-lists-container"><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-1__h7B1p"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">Explore HBR</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/the-latest">Latest</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/magazine">The Magazine</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/store">Store</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-2__f04eC"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">Popular Topics</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/managing-yourself">Managing Yourself</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/leadership">Leadership</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/strategy">Strategy</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/managing-people">Managing Teams</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/gender">Gender</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/innovation">Innovation</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topic/work-life-balance">Work-life Balance</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/topics">All Topics</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-3__RLdNV"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">For Subscribers</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-red__R2K01" href="/subscriptions?ab=leftnav-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.leftnav-subtout" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Subscribe</a></li></ul></div><div class="MegaMenu-module_long-list-container__bZFox MegaMenu-module_long-list-container-4__CNRqg"><p role="doc-subtitle" class="MegaMenu-module_list-title__Vixb6">My Account</p><ul class="MegaMenu-module_list__-9bHO"><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/topics">Topic Feeds</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/orders">Orders</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/settings">Account Settings</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e " href="/my-library/preferences">Email Preferences</a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_long-links-list-item__P4oKo"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH Button-module_text__dcWb-" data-qa="mega-menu-sign-in-button">Sign In</button></li></ul></div><ul class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list__HvTFL"><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Twitter" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//twitter.com/HarvardBiz" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_twitter__bQXzy" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Facebook" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.facebook.com/HBR" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_facebook__S9ltf" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on LinkedIn" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_linkedin__pU2s2" role="presentation"></span></a></li><li class="MegaMenu-module_social-media-list-item__kYnRr"><a aria-label="HBR on Instagram" class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem MegaMenu-module_link__y5yqH MegaMenu-module_link-default__a864e" href="//www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL FontIcon-module_instagram__fAjdS" role="presentation"></span></a></li></ul></div></div></nav></header><footer class="Footer-module_footer__smP7p"><div class="Footer-module_container__1wqNg"><div class="Footer-module_top-content__WOP4t"><div class="Footer-module_logo-link-container__pRng0"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS Footer-module_logo-link__9v0Ve" href="/"><svg class="Footer-module_logo__Shi6M" x="0" y="0" viewBox="0 0 189 72.6" aria-labelledby="logo:Rat6:" role="img"><title id="logo:Rat6:">Harvard Business Review Logo</title><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M59.9 20.4c0 22.5-12.1 40-29.1 50.9C13.7 60.4 1.6 42.9 1.6 20.4h58.3z"></path><path d="m30.7 72.6-.6-.4C11.1 60.1.5 41.7.5 20.4v-1.1h19.3v2.1H2.6C3 41.3 12.9 58.6 30.7 70.1c17.8-11.6 27.7-28.8 28.1-48.7H41.2v-2.1h19.7v1.1c0 21.3-10.5 39.7-29.6 51.9l-.6.3z"></path><path d="M59.9 20v.4c-.4-.2-.9 0-1.4 0-1.9 0-3.1 1.7-3.1 3.4 0 .4.1.9.2 1.3-.4-.2-.8-.3-1.3-.3-1.7 0-3.1 1.4-3.1 3.1 0 .6.2 1.1.4 1.6-.5-.3-1-.5-1.6-.5-2 0-3.1 1.6-3.1 3.5 0 .6 0 .7.3 1.1-.5-.3-1-.4-1.6-.4-1.7 0-3.1 1.8-3.1 3.5 0 .5.1.7.3 1.1-.4-.2-.8-.2-1.3-.2-1.7 0-3.1 1.6-3.1 3.3 0 1.7 1.4 3.1 3.1 3.1.5 0 .9-.1 1.4-.3-.2.4-.3.8-.3 1.3 0 1.7 1.4 3.1 3.1 3.1.5 0 .9 0 1.4-.2-.4.5-.2 1-.2 1.5 0 1.7 1.7 2.9 3.4 2.9.2 0 .4-.2.7-.2-2.5 3.8-5.7 7.6-9 10.7.6-.6 1.5-1.5 1.5-2.4 0-1.8-1.4-3.2-3.2-3.2-.9 0-1.4 0-2 .6.4-.5.7-1.2.7-2 0-1.7-1.4-3.1-3.1-3.1-.8 0-1.4.3-2 .7.3-.5.5-1.1.5-1.8 0-1.6-.6-3.1-3.4-3.1-1.6 0-2.8 1.5-2.8 3.1 0 .7.2 1.3.5 1.8-.5-.4-1.2-.7-2-.7-1.7 0-3.1 1.4-3.1 3.1 0 .8.3 1.5.7 2-.6-.5-1.4-.9-2.2-.9-1.8 0-3.2 1.4-3.2 3.2 0 .9.5 2.1 1.1 2.7-3.3-3.1-6.2-6.6-8.7-10.4.2 0 .6.1.9.1 1.7 0 3.1-1.4 3.1-3.1 0-.6-.2-1.1-.4-1.6.4.2.9.4 1.5.4 1.7 0 3.1-1.4 3.1-3.1 0-.5-.1-1-.4-1.4.4.2.9.3 1.3.3 1.7 0 3.1-1.4 3.1-3.1 0-1.7-1.4-3.1-3.1-3.1-.5 0-1 .1-1.4.3.2-.4.3-.9.3-1.4 0-1.7-1.4-3.1-3.1-3.1-.6 0-1.2.2-1.7.5.3-.5.4-1 .4-1.5 0-1.7-1.4-3.1-3.1-3.1-.6 0-1.2.2-1.6.5.3-.5.4-1 .4-1.6 0-1.7-1.4-3.1-3.1-3.1-.5 0-1 .2-1.5.4.1-.7.2-1.1.2-1.7 0-1.7-1.4-3.6-3.1-3.6-.5 0-1-.2-1.4 0V20h17.9c-.4.9-.8 1.3-.8 2 0 1.7 1.4 3.1 3.1 3.1.6 0 1.2-.2 1.7-.5-.3.5-.5 1-.5 1.7 0 1.7 1.4 3.1 3.1 3.1.7 0 1.3-.2 1.8-.6-.3.5-.5 1.1-.5 1.7 0 1.7 1.4 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.7 0 3.1-1.4 3.1-3.1 0-.6-.2-1.2-.5-1.7.5.3 1 .4 1.6.4 1.7 0 3.1-1.4 3.1-3.1 0-.5-.1-.9-.3-1.3.5.3.8.3 1.5.3 1.7 0 3-1.4 3-3.1 0-.8-.4-1.1-.8-2h18.6z"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M28.8 38.7c.2-.3.3-.5.4-.9.1-.4.1-.5-.3-.5h-.6c-.2 0-.3.2-.2.5.1.3.2.5.3.8.1.2.2.3.4.1M32.5 38.7c-.1-.3-.3-.5-.4-.9-.1-.4-.1-.5.3-.5h.6c.2 0 .3.2.2.5-.1.3-.2.5-.3.8-.2.2-.2.3-.4.1"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M30.7 44.6c.3 0 .5 0 .7-.1.2-.1.4-.1.1-.7-.2-.6-.4-1.2-.4-1.7v-.7c0-.4.3-.4.4 0 0 .4.3 1.5.6 2.1.3.6.8.3.9.2.1-.1.5-.4.6-.6.1-.2.2-.4-.1-.7-.4-.4-.9-1.1-1.1-1.6-.2-.5 0-.7.3-.2.3.5.8 1 1.2 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0s.5-.7.4-1.3c-.1-.5-.3-.6-.6-.6s-.9 0-1.4-.4c-.6-.5-.9-1.1-1.2-2.5-.1-.7-.5-.9-.8-.9-.4 0-.7.2-.8.9-.3 1.4-.8 2.1-1.4 2.6-.4.4-1 .4-1.2.4-.2 0-.4 0-.5.5-.1.5.2 1 .4 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0 .4-.3.8-.8 1.2-1.3.4-.5.6-.3.3.2-.2.5-.8 1.2-1.1 1.6-.3.3-.2.4-.1.7.1.2.5.5.6.6.1.1.6.4.9-.2.3-.6.5-1.7.6-2.1 0-.4.3-.4.4 0v.7c0 .5-.1 1.1-.4 1.7-.2.6 0 .6.1.7-.1.1.1.1.4.1zM16.8 27.2c.2-.3.3-.6.4-.9.1-.4.1-.5-.3-.5h-.6c-.2 0-.3.2-.2.5.1.3.2.5.3.8.1.3.1.4.4.1M20.4 27.2c-.1-.3-.3-.6-.4-.9-.1-.4-.1-.5.3-.5h.6c.2 0 .3.2.2.5-.1.3-.2.5-.3.8-.1.3-.2.4-.4.1"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M18.7 33.2c.3 0 .5 0 .7-.1.2-.1.4-.1.1-.7-.2-.6-.4-1.2-.4-1.7V30c0-.4.3-.4.4 0 0 .5.3 1.5.6 2.1.3.6.8.3.9.2.1-.1.5-.4.6-.6.1-.2.2-.4-.1-.7-.4-.4-.9-1.1-1.1-1.6-.2-.5 0-.7.3-.2.3.5.8 1 1.2 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0s.5-.7.4-1.3c-.1-.5-.3-.6-.6-.6s-.9 0-1.4-.4c-.6-.5-.9-1.1-1.2-2.5-.1-.7-.5-.9-.8-.9-.4 0-.7.2-.8.9-.3 1.4-.8 2.1-1.4 2.6-.4.4-1 .4-1.2.4-.2 0-.4 0-.5.5-.1.5.2 1 .4 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0 .4-.3.8-.8 1.2-1.3.4-.5.6-.3.3.2-.2.5-.8 1.2-1.1 1.6-.3.3-.2.4-.1.7.1.2.5.5.6.6.1.1.6.4.9-.2.3-.6.5-1.7.6-2.1 0-.4.3-.4.4 0v.7c0 .5-.1 1.1-.4 1.7-.2.6 0 .6.1.7-.1 0 0 .1.4.1zM40.7 27c.2-.3.3-.6.4-.9.1-.4.1-.5-.3-.5h-.6c-.2 0-.3.2-.2.5.1.3.2.5.3.8.2.3.2.4.4.1M44.4 27c-.1-.3-.3-.6-.4-.9-.1-.4-.1-.5.3-.5h.6c.2 0 .3.2.2.5-.1.3-.2.5-.3.8-.1.3-.2.4-.4.1"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M42.6 33c.3 0 .5 0 .7-.1.2-.1.4-.1.1-.7-.2-.6-.4-1.2-.4-1.7v-.7c0-.4.3-.4.4 0 0 .4.3 1.5.6 2.1.3.6.8.3.9.2.1-.1.5-.4.6-.6.1-.2.2-.4-.1-.7-.4-.4-.9-1.1-1.1-1.6-.2-.5 0-.7.3-.2.3.5.8 1 1.2 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0s.5-.7.4-1.3c-.1-.5-.3-.6-.6-.6s-.9 0-1.4-.4c-.6-.5-.9-1.1-1.2-2.5-.1-.7-.5-.9-.8-.9-.4 0-.7.2-.8.9-.3 1.4-.8 2.1-1.4 2.6-.4.4-1 .4-1.2.4-.2 0-.4 0-.5.5-.1.5.2 1 .4 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0 .4-.3.8-.8 1.2-1.3.4-.5.6-.3.3.2-.2.5-.8 1.2-1.1 1.6-.3.3-.2.5-.1.7.1.2.5.5.6.6.1.1.6.4.9-.2.3-.6.5-1.7.6-2.1 0-.4.3-.4.4 0v.7c0 .5-.1 1.1-.4 1.7-.2.6 0 .6.1.7 0 0 .1.1.4.1zM17.2 50.8c.2-.3.3-.6.4-.9.1-.4.1-.5-.3-.5h-.6c-.2 0-.3.2-.2.5.1.3.2.5.3.8.1.2.1.4.4.1M20.8 50.8c-.1-.3-.3-.6-.4-.9-.1-.4-.1-.5.3-.5h.6c.2 0 .3.2.2.5-.1.3-.2.5-.3.8-.1.2-.2.4-.4.1"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M19.1 56.8c.3 0 .5 0 .7-.1.2-.1.4-.1.1-.7-.2-.6-.4-1.2-.4-1.7v-.7c0-.4.3-.4.4 0 0 .4.3 1.5.6 2.1.3.6.8.3.9.2.1-.1.5-.4.6-.6.1-.2.2-.4-.1-.7-.4-.4-.9-1.1-1.1-1.6-.2-.5 0-.7.3-.2.3.5.8 1 1.2 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0s.5-.7.4-1.3c-.1-.5-.3-.6-.6-.6s-.9 0-1.4-.4c-.6-.5-.9-1.1-1.2-2.5-.1-.7-.5-.9-.8-.9-.4 0-.7.2-.8.9-.3 1.4-.8 2.1-1.4 2.6-.4.4-1 .4-1.2.4-.2 0-.4 0-.5.5-.1.5.2 1 .4 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0 .4-.3.8-.8 1.2-1.3.4-.5.6-.3.3.2-.2.5-.8 1.2-1.1 1.6-.3.3-.2.5-.1.7.1.2.5.5.6.6.1.1.6.4.9-.2.3-.6.5-1.7.6-2.1 0-.4.3-.4.4 0v.7c0 .5-.1 1.1-.4 1.7-.2.6 0 .6.1.7-.1 0 0 .1.4.1zM40.5 50.6c.2-.3.3-.5.4-.9.1-.4.1-.5-.3-.5H40c-.2 0-.3.2-.2.5.1.3.2.5.3.8.2.3.2.4.4.1M44.2 50.6c-.1-.3-.3-.5-.4-.9-.1-.4-.1-.5.3-.5h.6c.2 0 .3.2.2.5-.1.3-.2.5-.3.8-.1.3-.2.4-.4.1"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M42.5 56.6c.3 0 .5 0 .7-.1.2-.1.4-.1.1-.7-.2-.6-.4-1.2-.4-1.7v-.7c0-.4.3-.4.4 0 0 .5.3 1.5.6 2.1.3.6.8.3.9.2.1-.1.5-.4.6-.6.1-.2.2-.4-.1-.7-.4-.4-.9-1.1-1.1-1.6-.2-.5 0-.7.3-.2.3.5.8 1 1.2 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0s.5-.7.4-1.3c-.1-.5-.3-.6-.6-.6s-.9 0-1.4-.4c-.6-.5-.9-1.1-1.2-2.5-.1-.7-.5-.9-.8-.9-.4 0-.7.2-.8.9-.3 1.4-.8 2.1-1.4 2.6-.4.4-1 .4-1.2.4-.2 0-.4 0-.5.5-.1.5.2 1 .4 1.3.2.2.3.2.5 0 .4-.3.8-.8 1.2-1.3.4-.5.6-.3.3.2-.2.5-.8 1.2-1.1 1.6-.3.3-.2.4-.1.7.1.2.5.5.6.6.1.1.6.4.9-.2.3-.6.5-1.7.6-2.1 0-.4.3-.4.4 0v.7c0 .5-.1 1.1-.4 1.7-.2.6 0 .6.1.7-.1 0 0 .1.4.1z"></path><path d="M1.6 2.1h58.3v18.2H1.6V2.1z"></path><path d="M60.9 21.4H.5V1.1h60.4v20.3zM2.7 19.2h56.1v-16H2.7v16z"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M12.6 7.5c0-1.1.9-1.9 1.9-1.9h4.8v1.9h.8c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.3.6-.6.6h-.8V13h.8c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.3.6-.6.6h-.8v2h-5.8c-.2.3-.5.6-.9.6s-.8-.2-.9-.6H5.9v-2h-.8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6s.3-.6.6-.6h.8V8.7h-.8c-.4 0-.6-.3-.6-.7 0-.3.3-.6.6-.6h.8V5.5h4.8c1.1 0 1.9.9 1.9 2z"></path><path d="M12.6 17c-.4 0-.8-.2-1-.6H5.7v-2h-.6c-.4 0-.8-.3-.8-.8s.3-.8.8-.8h.6v-4h-.6c-.4 0-.8-.3-.8-.8 0-.4.3-.8.8-.8h.6V5.4h5c.9 0 1.6.5 1.9 1.3.3-.8 1.1-1.3 1.9-1.3h5v1.9h.6c.4 0 .8.3.8.8 0 .4-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v4h.6c.4 0 .8.3.8.8s-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v2h-5.9c-.2.3-.6.5-1 .5zM6 16.1h5.8v.1c.1.3.5.5.8.5.3 0 .6-.2.8-.5v-.1h5.8v-2h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V8.5h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V5.7h-4.7c-1 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8h-.3c0-1-.8-1.8-1.8-1.8H6v1.9h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.4 0 .3.2.5.5.5H6v4.6h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.5s.2.5.5.5H6v2z"></path><path d="M12.5 7.5h.3v7.3h-.3zM14.7 9.7c0 .2.1.2.3.2.2 0 .2 0 .3-.1.1-.1.4-.5.4 0v.7c0 .5-.4.2-.4 0-.1-.2-.1-.2-.3-.2-.2 0-.3 0-.3.2v1.6c0 .1.1.2.2.2h.4c.6 0 .7-.3.8-.7.1-.6.4-.5.4 0v.9c0 .3-.3.2-.4.1h-2.2c-.2 0-.2-.1-.1-.2s.1-.1.1-.5V8.5c0-.4 0-.4-.1-.5-.1-.1-.1-.2.1-.2H16c.1 0 .4-.1.4.1v.9c0 .3-.3.4-.4 0-.1-.4-.1-.8-.7-.8h-.4c-.2 0-.2.1-.2.2v1.5z"></path><path transform="rotate(-41.634 7.46692124 14.97417866)" d="M6.7 14.8h1.5v.3H6.7z"></path><path d="m13.7 16.4-.3-.1c.1-.1.1-.2.1-.4 0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9s-.9.4-.9.9c0 .1 0 .3.1.4l-.3.1c-.1-.2-.1-.3-.1-.5 0-.6.5-1.2 1.2-1.2.6 0 1.2.5 1.2 1.2 0 .1 0 .3-.1.5z"></path><path d="M11.7 15.6H6.8V6.4l.9-.9h.5v8.9h3.4c.5 0 .9.2 1 .4l-.3.1c-.1-.1-.3-.3-.8-.3H7.9V5.8h-.1l-.7.7v8.8h4.6v.3zM18.5 15.6h-4.9v-.3h4.6V6.5l-.7-.7h-.1v8.9h-3.7c-.5 0-.7.1-.8.3l-.3-.1c.1-.3.5-.4 1-.4H17v-9h.5l.9.9v9.2z"></path><path transform="matrix(.665 -.7469 .7469 .665 -5.2273 18.2965)" d="M17.6 14.2h.3v1.5h-.3z"></path><path d="M10.5 12.2c-.1.3-.2.5-.4.5s-.3-.2-.3-.5L9 8.5c-.1-.3-.2-.3-.3-.4-.1-.1-.1-.3.1-.3h.8c.2 0 .2.1.1.2 0 .2-.1.2 0 .5l.5 2.3c.1.4.3.3.3 0l.7-2.3c.1-.4-.1-.4-.1-.5-.1-.1 0-.2.1-.2h.6c.1 0 .1.2 0 .3-.1.1-.1.1-.3.4l-1 3.7z"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M30.3 16.9c.4 0 .8-.2.9-.6h5.2v-2h.8c.3 0 .6-.3.6-.6s-.3-.6-.6-.6h-.8V8.7h.8c.3 0 .6-.3.6-.6s-.3-.6-.6-.6h-.8v-2h-4.2c-1.1 0-1.9.9-1.9 1.9 0-1.1-.9-1.9-1.9-1.9h-4.8v1.9h-.8c-.3 0-.6.3-.6.6s.3.6.6.6h.8V13h-.8c-.3 0-.6.3-.6.6s.3.6.6.6h.8v2h5.8c.1.4.5.7.9.7z"></path><path d="M30.3 17c-.4 0-.8-.2-1-.6h-5.9v-2h-.6c-.4 0-.8-.3-.8-.8s.3-.8.8-.8h.6v-4h-.6c-.5 0-.8-.3-.8-.8 0-.4.3-.8.8-.8h.6V5.4h5c.9 0 1.6.5 1.9 1.3.3-.8 1.1-1.3 1.9-1.3h4.3v1.9h.6c.5 0 .9.3.9.7 0 .4-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v4h.6c.4 0 .8.3.8.8s-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v2h-5.3c-.2.4-.6.6-1 .6zm-6.6-.9h5.8v.1c.1.3.5.5.8.5.3 0 .6-.2.8-.5v-.1h5.2v-2h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V8.5h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V5.7h-4c-1 0-1.8.8-1.8 1.8h-.3c0-1-.8-1.8-1.8-1.8h-4.7v1.9h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.5s.2.5.5.5h.9v4.6h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.5s.2.5.5.5h.9v1.9z"></path><path d="M29.2 16.4c-.1-.2-.1-.3-.1-.5 0-.6.5-1.2 1.2-1.2.6 0 1.2.5 1.2 1.2 0 .2 0 .3-.1.5l-.3-.1c.1-.1.1-.2.1-.4 0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9s-.9.4-.9.9c0 .1 0 .3.1.4l-.3.1z"></path><path d="M29.3 15.6h-4.9V6.4l.9-.9h.5v8.9h3.4c.5 0 .9.2 1 .4l-.2.1c-.1-.1-.3-.3-.8-.3h-3.7V5.8h-.1l-.7.7v8.8h4.6v.3z"></path><path transform="rotate(-41.634 25.11026124 14.97403972)" d="M24.4 14.8h1.5v.3h-1.5z"></path><path d="M30.1 7.5h.3v7.3h-.3z"></path><path d="M35.5 15.6h-4.3v-.3h4V6.5l-.7-.7h-.1v8.9h-3.1c-.5 0-.7.1-.8.3l-.3-.1c.1-.3.5-.4 1-.4H34v-9h.5l.9.9v9.2z"></path><path transform="matrix(.665 -.7469 .7469 .665 .4761 31.0114)" d="M34.7 14.2h.3v1.5h-.3z"></path><path d="M27 12.6h-.5c-.2 0-.2-.1-.1-.2s.2-.1.2-.5V8.4c0-.2 0-.2-.1-.3-.1-.1 0-.2.2-.2h1c1.2 0 1.6.4 1.6 1.1 0 .5-.3.9-.7 1.1-.1 0-.1.1-.1.2s0 .1.1.2.8 1.6.9 1.7l.2.2s0 .2-.2.2h-.7l-.1-.1c-.1-.1-1-2-1.1-2.2h-.3v1.6c0 .4.1.4.2.5.1.1.1.3-.1.3 0-.1-.2-.1-.4-.1zm.4-3.6v.7c0 .1.1.2.3.2.3 0 .8-.1.8-.9s-.4-.9-.6-.9c-.2 0-.5 0-.5.4V9zM32.9 11.9c0 .4 0 .4.1.5.1.1.1.2-.1.2h-.8c-.2 0-.2-.1-.1-.2s.1-.1.1-.5V8.6c0-.4 0-.4-.1-.5-.1-.1-.1-.2.1-.2h.8c.2 0 .2.1.1.2s-.1.1-.1.5v3.3z"></path><path class="Logo-module_hbr__nDjTj" d="M48 7c.2-.8 1-1.4 1.9-1.4h5.7v1.9h.8c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.3.6-.6.6h-.8V13h.8c.3 0 .6.3.6.6s-.3.6-.6.6h-.8v2h-6.7c-.2.3-.5.6-.9.6s-.8-.2-.9-.6h-6.4v-2h-.8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6s.3-.6.6-.6h.8V8.7h-.8c-.3 0-.6-.3-.6-.6s.3-.6.6-.6h.8v-2H46c.9 0 1.7.6 1.9 1.4h.1V7z"></path><path d="M47.9 17c-.4 0-.8-.2-1-.6h-6.5v-2h-.6c-.4 0-.8-.3-.8-.8s.3-.8.8-.8h.6v-4h-.6c-.4 0-.8-.3-.8-.8 0-.4.3-.8.8-.8h.6V5.4H46c.9 0 1.6.5 1.9 1.3.3-.8 1.1-1.3 1.9-1.3h5.8v1.9h.6c.4 0 .8.3.8.8 0 .4-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v4h.6c.4 0 .8.3.8.8s-.3.8-.8.8h-.6v2h-6.7c-.2.3-.6.5-1 .5zm-7.2-.9H47v.1c.1.3.5.5.8.5.3 0 .6-.2.8-.5v-.1h6.6v-2h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V8.5h.9c.3 0 .5-.2.5-.5s-.2-.5-.5-.5h-.9V5.7h-5.5c-.8 0-1.5.5-1.7 1.3v.1h-.4V7c-.2-.8-.9-1.3-1.7-1.3h-5.2v1.9h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.5s.2.5.5.5h.9v4.6h-.9c-.3 0-.5.2-.5.5s.2.5.5.5h.9v1.9z"></path><path d="m41.7 15.6-.2-.3 1.1-.9.2.2zM49 16.4l-.3-.1c.1-.1.1-.2.1-.4 0-.5-.4-.9-.9-.9s-.9.4-.9.9c0 .1 0 .3.1.4l-.3.1c-.1-.2-.1-.3-.1-.5 0-.6.5-1.2 1.2-1.2.6 0 1.2.5 1.2 1.2 0 .1-.1.3-.1.5z"></path><path d="M46.9 15.6h-5.5V6.4l.9-.9h.5v8.9h4c.5 0 .9.2 1 .4l-.3.1c-.1-.1-.3-.3-.8-.3h-4.3V5.8h-.1l-.7.7v8.8h5.2v.3zM54.6 15.6h-5.8v-.3h5.5V6.5l-.7-.7h-.1v8.9H49c-.5 0-.7.1-.8.3l-.3-.1c.1-.3.5-.4 1-.4h4.3v-9h.5l.9.9v9.2z"></path><g><path transform="rotate(-48.402 53.92007097 14.97611106)" d="M53.8 14.2h.3v1.5h-.3z"></path></g><g><path d="m48.4 11.2.2.6c.1.4 0 .4-.1.5-.1.1 0 .2.1.2h.9c.2 0 .1-.2.1-.3-.1-.1-.1-.2-.2-.4l-1-3.6c-.1-.3-.2-.5-.3-.5-.2.1-.5.1-.5.3v.4l-1 3.5c-.1.4-.2.4-.3.4-.1.1-.1.3 0 .3h.6c.1 0 .2-.1.1-.2s-.2-.1-.1-.5l.2-.7c.1-.1.4-.1.6-.1.2 0 .6-.1.7.1zm-.8-1.7c.2-.6.3-.6.4 0l.2 1c.1.2.1.3-.4.3-.6 0-.6 0-.5-.3l.3-1z"></path></g><g><path d="M44.9 7.9h.9c.6 0 .6 0 .6.2v.7c0 .1 0 .3-.1.3s-.2-.1-.2-.3c-.2-.6-.4-.7-.6-.7-.2 0-.2.1-.2.4v3.3c0 .4 0 .4.2.5.1.1.1.3-.1.2h-.8c-.2 0-.2-.2-.1-.2.1-.1.2-.1.2-.5V8.5c0-.3 0-.4-.2-.4-.1 0-.4.1-.6.7-.1.2-.1.3-.2.3s-.1-.2-.1-.3v-.7c0-.2 0-.2.6-.2h.7z"></path></g><g><path d="M50 11.4c0-.4.3-.4.4.1.1.4.3.9.9.9.5 0 .7-.6.7-.9 0-.5-.2-.7-1-1.2-.7-.6-.9-.9-.9-1.4 0-.4.4-1.1 1.1-1.1.3 0 .5 0 .7.2h.3c.1-.1.2 0 .2.2v.9c0 .2-.2.3-.4 0-.1-.4-.2-1-.8-1-.4 0-.6.5-.6.7 0 .6.6.8 1.2 1.2.6.5.8.7.8 1.3 0 .7-.7 1.4-1.4 1.4-.3 0-.6-.2-.8-.2s-.2.1-.3.1c-.1 0-.2-.1-.2-.2.1-.2.1-.7.1-1z"></path></g><g><path d="M85.3 40.5c0 3.3-2.2 5.5-7.2 5.5h-9.3V25.7h9.1c4.3 0 6.6 2 6.6 5.3 0 2.4-1.4 4-3.6 4.6 2.8.6 4.4 2.5 4.4 4.9zm-11-6.4h2.2c1.5 0 2.4-.6 2.4-1.9 0-1.4-.9-1.9-2.4-1.9h-2.2v3.8zm0 7.3h2.9c1.4 0 2.2-.6 2.2-1.8 0-1.2-.8-1.8-2.2-1.8h-2.9v3.6zM96.3 43c-.4 2.1-2.1 3.4-4.8 3.4-2.9 0-4.9-1.8-4.9-5.6V30h5.6v9.6c0 1.6.4 2.6 1.7 2.6 1.5 0 2.3-1.3 2.3-3.9V30h5.6v16h-5l-.5-3zM107.6 40.5c.3 1.3 1.3 2 2.5 2 1 0 1.7-.3 1.7-1s-.6-1-1.7-1.2l-2.1-.4c-2.9-.6-4.4-2.1-4.4-4.7 0-3.9 3.3-5.4 6.9-5.4 3.8 0 6.2 1.6 6.7 4.6l-5.2.6c-.2-.9-.7-1.4-1.8-1.4-.8 0-1.3.4-1.3 1s.4.9 1.3 1.1l2.1.4c3.5.6 5 2.5 5 5.2 0 3.8-3.3 5.2-7.2 5.2-3.6 0-6-1.3-6.9-4.1l4.4-1.9zM121.7 23.1c1.7 0 3.1 1.1 3.1 2.9 0 1.8-1.4 2.9-3.1 2.9-1.7 0-3.1-1.1-3.1-2.9 0-1.7 1.4-2.9 3.1-2.9zm2.8 6.9v16h-5.6V30h5.6zM132.4 33.1c.8-2.4 2.7-3.5 5.1-3.5 2.5 0 4.7 1.5 4.7 5.1V46h-5.6v-9.1c0-1.6-.5-2.6-1.9-2.6-1.2 0-2.2.7-2.2 3.2V46h-5.6V30h5l.5 3.1zM154.1 40.2l4.6 1.5c-.9 3.4-3.7 4.7-6.9 4.7-4.7 0-8.2-3-8.2-8.2 0-5.4 3-8.5 8.1-8.5 4.7 0 7.2 3 7.2 7.5 0 .6 0 1.3-.1 2h-9.7c.1 2 1.1 3 2.7 3 1.2 0 2-.5 2.3-2zm-.5-3.9c0-1.4-.5-2.6-2-2.6-1.3 0-2.2 1.1-2.4 2.6h4.4zM164 40.5c.3 1.3 1.3 2 2.5 2 1 0 1.7-.3 1.7-1s-.6-1-1.7-1.2l-2.1-.4c-2.9-.6-4.4-2.1-4.4-4.7 0-3.9 3.3-5.4 6.9-5.4 3.8 0 6.2 1.6 6.7 4.6l-5.1.8c-.2-.9-.7-1.4-1.8-1.4-.8 0-1.3.4-1.3 1s.5.9 1.3 1.1l2.1.4c3.5.6 5 2.5 5 5.2 0 3.8-3.3 5.2-7.2 5.2-3.6 0-6-1.3-6.9-4.1l4.3-2.1zM178.8 40.5c.3 1.3 1.3 2 2.5 2 1 0 1.7-.3 1.7-1s-.6-1-1.7-1.2l-2.1-.4c-2.9-.6-4.4-2.1-4.4-4.7 0-3.9 3.3-5.4 6.9-5.4 3.8 0 6.2 1.6 6.7 4.6l-5.1.8c-.2-.9-.7-1.4-1.8-1.4-.8 0-1.3.4-1.3 1s.5.9 1.3 1.1l2.1.4c3.5.6 5 2.5 5 5.2 0 3.8-3.3 5.2-7.2 5.2-3.6 0-6-1.3-6.9-4.1l4.3-2.1zM80.2 70.7c-.7-.6-.9-1.3-1.1-2.3l-.6-2.5c-.3-1.5-.9-1.7-2.2-1.7h-1.8v6.5h-5.6V50.3h8.7c4.6 0 7.7 1.8 7.7 6.4 0 3.2-2.1 4.8-4.3 5.2 1.9.4 2.8 1.2 3.3 3l1 3.5c.2.9.5 1.6 1.2 2.3h-6.3zm-5.8-11.1h2.2c2 0 2.8-.8 2.8-2.2 0-1.5-.9-2.2-2.8-2.2h-2.2v4.4z"></path><path d="m96.5 64.9 4.6 1.5c-.9 3.4-3.7 4.7-6.9 4.7-4.7 0-8.2-3-8.2-8.2 0-5.4 3-8.5 8.1-8.5 4.7 0 7.2 3 7.2 7.5 0 .6 0 1.3-.1 2h-9.7c.1 2 1.1 3 2.7 3 1.1-.1 1.9-.6 2.3-2zm-.6-3.9c0-1.4-.5-2.6-2-2.6-1.3 0-2.2 1.1-2.4 2.6h4.4zM100.8 54.7h5.9l1.8 6.4c.7 2.3 1 3.9 1 3.9h.1s.3-1.6 1.1-3.9l2.1-6.4h5.4l-5.8 16h-6l-5.6-16zM122.1 47.8c1.7 0 3.1 1.1 3.1 2.9 0 1.8-1.4 2.9-3.1 2.9-1.7 0-3.1-1.1-3.1-2.9.1-1.8 1.5-2.9 3.1-2.9zm2.8 6.9v16h-5.6v-16h5.6zM137.1 64.9l4.6 1.5c-.9 3.4-3.7 4.7-6.9 4.7-4.7 0-8.2-3-8.2-8.2 0-5.4 3-8.5 8.1-8.5 4.7 0 7.2 3 7.2 7.5 0 .6 0 1.3-.1 2h-9.7c.1 2 1.1 3 2.7 3 1.2-.1 2-.6 2.3-2zm-.5-3.9c0-1.4-.5-2.6-2-2.6-1.3 0-2.2 1.1-2.4 2.6h4.4zM156.8 54.7l1.1 5.6c.6 2.9.9 5 .9 5h.1s.3-2.1 1-4.9l1.3-5.6h5.4l-4.3 16H156l-1-4.7c-.5-2.3-.9-5.1-.9-5.1h-.1s-.4 2.8-.9 5.1l-1 4.7h-6.2l-4.3-16h5.6l1.3 5.6c.7 2.8 1 4.9 1 4.9h.1s.3-2.1.9-5l1.1-5.6h5.2zM102.6 16.1c0 .8.2 1.2.8 1.2.3 0 .7-.1 1-.3v3.9c-.8.6-1.5.8-2.8.8-2.1 0-3.3-1-3.9-2.5-.9 1.7-2.3 2.6-4.6 2.6-2.9 0-4.8-1.7-4.8-4.5 0-3.4 2.5-5.2 7.3-5.2h1.6V11c0-1-.3-1.8-1.3-1.8s-1.4.6-1.5 1.9l-5.3-.8c.3-3.3 2.9-5.4 7-5.4 4.6 0 6.6 2 6.6 5.5v5.7h-.1zM97.2 15h-.7c-2 0-2.7.6-2.7 1.7 0 .8.5 1.3 1.5 1.3.9 0 1.9-.5 1.9-2v-1zM116.2 11.7c-.7-.2-1-.4-1.9-.4-1.3 0-2.9.5-2.9 3.4v6.7h-5.6v-16h4.8l.6 3.9c.4-2.7 2.7-3.9 5.4-3.9l-.4 6.3zM117.1 5.4h5.9l1.8 6.4c.7 2.3 1 3.9 1 3.9h.1s.3-1.6 1.1-3.9l2.1-6.4h5.4l-5.8 16h-6l-5.6-16zM147.9 16.1c0 .8.2 1.2.8 1.2.3 0 .7-.1 1-.3v3.9c-.8.6-1.5.8-2.8.8-2.1 0-3.3-1-3.9-2.5-.9 1.7-2.3 2.6-4.6 2.6-2.9 0-4.8-1.7-4.8-4.5 0-3.4 2.5-5.2 7.3-5.2h1.6V11c0-1-.3-1.8-1.3-1.8s-1.4.6-1.5 1.9l-5.3-.8c.3-3.3 2.9-5.4 7-5.4 4.6 0 6.6 2 6.6 5.5v5.7h-.1zm-5.4-1.1h-.7c-2 0-2.7.6-2.7 1.7 0 .8.5 1.3 1.5 1.3.9 0 1.9-.5 1.9-2v-1zM161.5 11.7c-.7-.2-1-.4-1.9-.4-1.3 0-2.9.5-2.9 3.4v6.7h-5.6v-16h4.8l.6 3.9c.4-2.7 2.7-3.9 5.4-3.9l-.4 6.3zM173.6 0h5.6v21.4h-5l-.5-2.8c-.6 2.1-2.5 3.2-4.9 3.2-3.7 0-6.4-2.9-6.4-8.1 0-5.4 2.6-8.7 7.1-8.7 2 0 3.7.9 4.2 2.5V0h-.1zm0 12.2c0-2-1-3.1-2.6-3.1s-3 1.2-3 4.4c0 2.6 1.1 4 2.9 4 1.4 0 2.7-1.1 2.7-3.2v-2.1zM68.7 21.4V1h5.7v7.6h7V1h5.7v20.4h-5.7v-7.9h-7v7.9h-5.7z"></path></g></svg></a></div><div class="Footer-module_subscribe-link-container__Wgulz"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS Footer-module_subscribe-link__lW6yW" href="/subscriptions?ab=footer-subtout&tpcc=houseads.site.footer-subtout">Start my subscription!</a></div></div><nav class="Footer-module_nav__Omdgl" aria-label="Comprehensive Menu"><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">Explore HBR<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/the-latest">The Latest</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbrpress">HBR Press</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">HBR Store<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/books">Books</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/collections">Collections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/emotional-intelligence-series">HBR Emotional Intelligence Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/tools">Tools</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">About HBR<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li></ul></details><details data-testid="container" class="Footer-module_accordion__8VmFB Accordion-module_container__6rGl0"><summary class="Accordion-module_title__-9-np">Manage My Account<span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Accordion-module_title-icon__lc6tR FontIcon-module_caret-right__vpaQH" role="presentation"></span></summary><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">My Library</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Topic Feeds</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Orders</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Account Settings</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Email Preferences</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help">Account FAQ</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://hbphelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us">Help Center</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help#contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li></ul></details><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Explore HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/the-latest">The Latest</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/topics">All Topics</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/magazine">Magazine Archive</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/big-ideas">The Big Idea</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/case-selections">Case Selections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/podcasts">Podcasts</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/webinars">Webinars</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/data-visuals">Data & Visuals</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/my-library">My Library</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/email-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbrpress">HBR Press</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">HBR Store</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/articles">Article Reprints</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/books">Books</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/case-studies">Cases</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/collections">Collections</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/magazine-issues">Magazine Issues</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/guides">HBR Guide Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/20-minute-managers">HBR 20-Minute Managers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/emotional-intelligence-series">HBR Emotional Intelligence Series</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/landing/mustreads">HBR Must Reads</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/store/tools">Tools</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">About HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-advertising-sales">Advertise with Us</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/booksellers-retailers">Information for Booksellers/Retailers</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/about-hbr">Masthead</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/global-editions">Global Editions</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/media-inquiries">Media Inquiries</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/guidelines-for-authors-web">Guidelines for Authors</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/hbr-analytic-services">HBR Analytic Services</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/permissions">Copyright Permissions</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Manage My Account</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">My Library</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Topic Feeds</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Orders</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Account Settings</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><button type="button" class="Button-module_btn__daEdK Footer-module_link__v0KZS Button-module_text__dcWb-">Email Preferences</button></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help">Account FAQ</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://hbphelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us">Help Center</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="/subscriber-help#contact-customer-service">Contact Customer Service</a></li></ul></div><div class="Footer-module_nav-list-wrapper__QlFFQ Footer-module_follow-list__qgAgd"><p class="Footer-module_nav-list-title__hi4pZ">Follow HBR</p><ul class="Footer-module_nav-list__apyBT"><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_facebook__S9ltf" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.facebook.com/HBR">Facebook</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_twitter__bQXzy" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="http://twitter.com/HarvardBiz">X Corp.</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_linkedin__pU2s2" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/harvard-business-review?trk=biz-companies-cym">LinkedIn</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_instagram__fAjdS" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="https://www.instagram.com/harvard_business_review/?hl=en">Instagram</a></li><li class="Footer-module_nav-list-item__WBl0o"><span class="FontIcon-module_icon__sgsQL Footer-module_link-icon__-UY-q FontIcon-module_rss__CQubR" role="presentation"></span><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem Footer-module_link__v0KZS" href="http://feeds.harvardbusiness.org/harvardbusiness/">Your Newsreader</a></li></ul></div></nav><div class="FinePrint-module_container__DHZfu" data-testid="container"><div class="FinePrint-module_logo__J-mNb"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="Harvard Business Publishing Logo"/></div><div class="FinePrint-module_links-container__LObO-"><ul class="FinePrint-module_inline-nav-list__P7Mqc"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/about">About Us</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/corporate/copyright">Copyright Information</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="http://trademark.harvard.edu/pages/trademark-notice">Trademark Policy</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="/terms-of-use">Terms of Use</a></li></ul><div class="FinePrint-module_business-links__VyCoy"><p class="FinePrint-module_business-links-title__ZiorU">Harvard Business Publishing:</p><ul class="FinePrint-module_inline-nav-list__P7Mqc FinePrint-module_nav-list-title__xHwwl"><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://hbsp.harvard.edu/">Higher Education</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://www.harvardbusiness.org/">Corporate Learning</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="https://hbr.org/">Harvard Business Review</a></li><li><a class="Anchor-module_anchor__uhpem FinePrint-module_link__7R6Yu" href="http://www.hbs.edu/">Harvard Business School</a></li></ul></div><p class="FinePrint-module_copyright__-7Kyx">Copyright 漏2024 Harvard Business School Publishing. All rights reserved. Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.</p></div></div></div></footer></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"initialDataLayer":{"page":{"pageInfo":{"pageType":"LANDING","onsiteSearchResults":0,"date":"11-23-2024","time":"03:25 PM","deviceType":"Desktop","pageURL":"https://hbr.org/ai-beta","referringURL":"","sysEnv":"Desktop","pageDescription":"Find new ideas and classic advice on strategy, innovation and leadership, for global leaders from the world's best business and management experts.","pageName":"HBRai Pilot"}},"pageInstanceID":"HBRai Pilot","siteID":"hbrprod","siteType":"Desktop","version":"2.2","users":[{"profile":{"accountID":"2624BBF7E88D4E89BA8875DA2C38CE36","dateLastVisit":"2024-11-23","quota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"ascendQuota":{"limit":2,"remaining":2},"userState":"Guest","secondsSinceLastVisit":0,"daysSinceLastVisit":"Less Than One Day","guid":"2624BBF7E88D4E89BA8875DA2C38CE36"}}]},"token":""},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/ai-beta","query":{},"buildId":"KLY9aVjFidcgtEPB6W61y","assetPrefix":"/assets-mfe-ai","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>