Civil Rights | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives

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class="grid_16 suffix_2 omega main-column"> <div class="inner clearfix"> <h1>Civil Rights</h1> <p> <p> <div class="captionbox captionbox-280 "> <img alt="Signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/31958.jpeg?wd=280" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra1964_lbjlib.xml</span> <span class="credit">Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, courtesy of the LBJ Library</span> <span class="caption">On July 2, 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.</span> </div> Sparked by a growing grassroots movement during the mid-20th century, Congress passed landmark legislation to protect American civil rights and to prevent discrimination. Narratives from the era include accounts of racial and gender barriers, as well as historic firsts in the House of Representatives. Members and staff share stories of the movement both within the institution and beyond. To learn about the <a title="1964 Civil Rights Act" href="/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/37133?ret=True">1964 Civil Rights Act</a>, the <a title="1965 Voting Rights Ac" href="/HistoricalHighlight/Detail/35187?ret=True">1965 Voting Rights Ac</a>t, and the House and the Selma-to-Montgomery marches, please visit our online exhibit, <a href="/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Civil-Rights/Civil-Rights/" title="The House and Civil Rights">The House and Civil Rights</a>.</p><p> <div class="large-viewer"> <form class="js viewnav clearfix"> <fieldset> <label for="viewing">Viewing:</label> <select name="viewing" style="width:395px;"> <option value="all" selected="selected">All</option> <option value="housecollection">House Collection</option> <option value="houserecord">House Record</option> <option value="image">Image</option> <option value="politicalcartoon">Political Cartoon</option> </select> </fieldset> </form> <div class="large-images"> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title"><em>Civil Rights Act of 1964</em></div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="<em>Civil Rights Act of 1964</em>" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/31958.jpeg?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra1964_lbjlib.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act into law at the White House on July 2, 1964, the same day as the final passage of the bill in the House of Representatives. Standing, from left to right: House Minority Leader Charles Halleck of Indiana, House Judiciary Ranking Member William McCulloch of Ohio, SNCC Chairman (and future Representative from Georgia) John Lewis, Rep. Peter Rodino of New Jersey, AFL-CIO President George Meany, SCLC President Martin Luther King, Jr., Urban League President Whitney Young, Rep. Richard Bolling of Missouri, House Judiciary Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York, Rep. John Lindsay of New York, Rep. John Dingell, Jr., of Michigan, House Speaker John McCormack of Massachusetts, Rep. James D. Roosevelt of California, Senator Warren G. Magnuson of Washington, and Rep. Charles M. Mathias of Maryland. </div> <div class="credit">Photograph by Cecil Stoughton, courtesy of the LBJ Library</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix houserecord"> <div class="title">Discharge Petition for H.R. 7152 – Page 1</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Discharge Petition for H.R. 7152 – Page 1" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404721.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_discharge1.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> After passage in the House Judiciary Committee, the Civil Rights Act languished in the House Rules Committee under Chairman Howard W. Smith of Virginia. Judiciary Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York attempted to use a discharge petition to bypass the Rules Committee and bring the measure directly to the House Floor. Unable to collect the required 218 signatures (a majority of House Members), Celler’s discharge petition failed, but it pressured Smith to hold hearings on H.R. 7152 in the Rules Committee. </div> <div class="credit">Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix houserecord"> <div class="title">Engrossed Copy of H.R. 7152</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Engrossed Copy of H.R. 7152" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404725.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_7152engrossed.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> Legislating can be messy. The engrossed, or official, copy of the Civil Rights Act shows H.R. 7152 after initial passage in the House of Representatives on February 10, 1964. Here, amendments to the bill are taped to the original text as legislation is “stitched” together during debate. </div> <div class="credit">Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix houserecord"> <div class="title">Roll Call Vote on Final Passage of H.R. 7152</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Roll Call Vote on Final Passage of H.R. 7152" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404727.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_7152tally.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> On February 10, 1964, the House passed the Civil Rights Act, 290 to 130. This roll call sheet, used by the Clerk of the House, shows how Members at the beginning of the alphabet voted on the measure. </div> <div class="credit">Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title">Judiciary Committee Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Judiciary Committee Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404729.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_celler.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> Emanuel Celler of New York served as the House Judiciary Committee Chairman for more than two decades (1949–1953; 1955–1973). Celler, a liberal Democrat from Brooklyn, strongly favored federal legislation protecting civil rights in America. As sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Celler guided the legislation through the Judiciary Committee and then again on the House Floor. Celler worked closely with the Ranking Republican on the Judiciary Committee, William McCulloch of Ohio, to secure passage of the bill. </div> <div class="credit">Image courtesy of the House Photography Office</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix housecollection image"> <div class="title">Judiciary Committee Ranking Member William McCulloch of Ohio</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Judiciary Committee Ranking Member William McCulloch of Ohio" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404730.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_mcculloch.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> House Judiciary Committee Ranking Member Bill McCulloch of Ohio played a critical role in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. McCulloch struck a deal with the Justice Department guaranteeing that Republicans would receive credit for their work and that the House bill would not be weakened in the Senate. Deal in hand, McCulloch used his position as Ranking Member to shore up Republican support for the bill and served as floor manager for the Republicans during House debate. </div> <div class="credit">Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title">Marching on Constitution Avenue</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Marching on Constitution Avenue" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404733.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_mowcrowd.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> Demonstrators move along Constitution Avenue toward the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., at the beginning of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. The march drew an integrated crowd estimated at 250,000 to the capital city. </div> <div class="credit">Image courtesy of the Library of Congress</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title">Crowds Gathering</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Crowds Gathering" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404734.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_mowsinger.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> Demonstrators along Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C., sing during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. To the right, D.C. National Guard trucks transport some of the 2,000 Guardsmen mobilized to help police during the march. </div> <div class="credit">Image courtesy of the Library of Congress</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix politicalcartoon image"> <div class="title">Civil Rights Cartoon</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="Civil Rights Cartoon" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404735.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra64_bowling.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> This cartoon by Bill Maudlin ran in the <em>Chicago Sun-Times</em> on February 12, 1964, two days after the House of Representatives passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After 75 days of Southern filibuster and hundreds of proposed amendments, the Senate approved the bill on June 19, 1964. In the cartoon, the civil rights bowling ball has knocked down the House pin, but cannot budge the Senate pin, which is nailed to the floor. </div> <div class="credit">Image courtesy of the Library of Congress</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix houserecord"> <div class="title">The Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Page 1</div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="The Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Page 1" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032391968.asset?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra1964_nara.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> The Civil Rights Act of 1964 enforced the constitutional right of all citizens to vote, as conferred by the 15th Amendment to the Constitution. This first page of the public law amends the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960, restricting the use of literacy tests and other unfair voter qualifications. </div> <div class="credit">House Judiciary Committee Record, Records of the U.S. House of Representatives, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title"><em>Voting Rights Act of 1965</em></div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="<em>Voting Rights Act of 1965</em>" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/40963.jpeg?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_vra1965_lbjlib.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> On August 6, 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol. The legislation suspended the use of literacy tests and voter disqualification devices for five years, authorized the use of federal examiners to supervise voter registration in states that used tests or in which less than half the voting-eligible residents registered or voted, directed the U.S. Attorney General to institute proceedings against use of poll taxes, and provided criminal penalties for violations of the act. </div> <div class="credit">Photograph by Frank Wolfe, courtesy of the LBJ Library</div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix housecollection image"> <div class="title"><em>Congressional Delegation to Visit Alabama</em></div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="<em>Congressional Delegation to Visit Alabama</em>" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/41106.jpeg?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_selmahearing_hc.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> In February of 1965, following the arrest of Martin Luther King, Jr., a multiracial, bipartisan congressional delegation traveled to Selma, Alabama. Shown from left to right, Representatives Adam Clayton Powell of New York, Gus Hawkins of California, William Ryan of New York, Charles Diggs of Michigan, John Conyers of Michigan, and Joseph Resnick of New York. </div> <div class="credit">Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives<br /><a href="/Collection/Listing/PA2011/PA2011-07-0013b/" title="PA2011.07.0013b">About this object</a></div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix housecollection image "> <div class="title"><em>Alabama Members Visit Selma</em></div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="<em>Alabama Members Visit Selma</em>" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/41105.jpeg?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_selma_congressmen_hc.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> In February 1965, two separate congressional delegations—one composed of four Alabama Members, and another bipartisan group composed of 15 Members from northern and western states—traveled around Selma. The Alabama delegation sought to bring attention to what they saw as an unwarranted intrusion of outside pressure on their constituents' local affairs. The Alabama group (left to right): Representatives James Martin, William Dickinson, John Buchanan, and Glenn Andrews. </div> <div class="credit">Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives<br /><a href="/Collection/Listing/PA2011/PA2011-07-0013a/" title="PA2011.07.0013a">About this object</a></div> </div> <div class="large-image clearfix image"> <div class="title"><em>Civil Rights Act of 1968</em></div> <div class="large-image-hole"> <img alt="<em>Civil Rights Act of 1968</em>" class="zoomable" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/40964.jpeg?sz=190" /><span class="zoomable-path">/tiles/non-collection/o/oh_evnt_cr_cra1968_lbjlib.xml</span> </div> <div class="description"> President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968 on April 11, 1968. The act prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental of approximately 80 percent of the housing in the U.S. Newly elected Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts (fourth from left) attended the signing. </div> <div class="credit">Photograph by Yoichi R. Okamoto, courtesy of the LBJ Library</div> </div> </div> <div class="js nav clearfix"> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="<em>Civil Rights Act of 1964</em>" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/31958.jpeg?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole houserecord"> <img alt="Discharge Petition for H.R. 7152 – Page 1" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404721.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole houserecord"> <img alt="Engrossed Copy of H.R. 7152" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404725.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole houserecord"> <img alt="Roll Call Vote on Final Passage of H.R. 7152" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404727.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="Judiciary Committee Chairman Emanuel Celler of New York" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404729.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole housecollection image"> <img alt="Judiciary Committee Ranking Member William McCulloch of Ohio" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404730.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="Marching on Constitution Avenue" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404733.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="Crowds Gathering" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404734.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole politicalcartoon image"> <img alt="Civil Rights Cartoon" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032404735.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole houserecord"> <img alt="The Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Page 1" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/15032391968.asset?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="<em>Voting Rights Act of 1965</em>" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/40963.jpeg?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole housecollection image"> <img alt="<em>Congressional Delegation to Visit Alabama</em>" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/41106.jpeg?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole housecollection image "> <img alt="<em>Alabama Members Visit Selma</em>" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/41105.jpeg?sz=55" />; </div> <div class="small-image-hole image"> <img alt="<em>Civil Rights Act of 1968</em>" src="https://historycms.house.gov/assets/40964.jpeg?sz=55" />; </div> <a href="#" class="replace sprite button btn_previous">Previous</a> <a href="#" class="replace sprite button btn_next">Next</a> </div> </div> </p> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="footer-wrap clear"> <div class="footer container_24"> <div class="inner grid_24 clearfix"> <address>Office of the Historian: <a href="mailto:history@mail.house.gov">history@mail.house.gov</a><br /> Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk: <a href="mailto:art@mail.house.gov">art@mail.house.gov</a>, <a href="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov">archives@mail.house.gov</a></address> <ul class="footer-menu menu inline"> <li><a href="/About/">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/About/Security-and-Privacy/">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/ushousehistory" rel="external" class="replace icon icon_youtube">YouTube</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/ushousehistory/" rel="external" class="replace icon icon_twitter">Tweet</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="js citation hidden"> <div class="inner"> <a href="#" class="replace sprite btn_close_image_overlay">Close</a> <h2>Cite This Page</h2> <p> <em>History, Art & Archives, U.S. House of Representatives,</em> “Civil Rights,” <a id="lnk-citation" href="https://history.house.gov/Oral-History/Events/Civil-Rights/">https://history.house.gov/Oral-History/Events/Civil-Rights/</a> (November 24, 2024) </p> <h3>For Additional Information</h3> <p> <strong>Office of the Historian</strong><br /><strong>Office of Art and Archives</strong> <br /> Attic, Thomas Jefferson Building<br />Washington, D.C. 20515<br />(202) 226-1300 <br /> </p> <ul> <li><a href="mailto:history@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:history@mail.house.gov">history@mail.house.gov</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:art@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:art@mail.house.gov">art@mail.house.gov</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov" title="mailto:archives@mail.house.gov">archives@mail.house.gov</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </body> </html>

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Civil Rights | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives