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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="binarization methods"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 15296</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: binarization methods</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15296</span> Binarization and Recognition of Characters from Historical Degraded Documents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bency%20Jacob">Bency Jacob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.B.%20Waykar"> S.B. Waykar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Degradations in historical document images appear due to aging of the documents. It is very difficult to understand and retrieve text from badly degraded documents as there is variation between the document foreground and background. Thresholding of such document images either result in broken characters or detection of false texts. Numerous algorithms exist that can separate text and background efficiently in the textual regions of the document; but portions of background are mistaken as text in areas that hardly contain any text. This paper presents a way to overcome these problems by a robust binarization technique that recovers the text from a severely degraded document images and thereby increases the accuracy of optical character recognition systems. The proposed document recovery algorithm efficiently removes degradations from document images. Here we are using the ostus method ,local thresholding and global thresholding and after the binarization training and recognizing the characters in the degraded documents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization" title="binarization">binarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=denoising" title=" denoising"> denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20thresholding" title=" global thresholding"> global thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20thresholding" title=" local thresholding"> local thresholding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thresholding" title=" thresholding"> thresholding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33322/binarization-and-recognition-of-characters-from-historical-degraded-documents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33322.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15295</span> Solving the Set Covering Problem Using the Binary Cat Swarm Optimization Metaheuristic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Broderick%20Crawford">Broderick Crawford</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ricardo%20Soto"> Ricardo Soto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalia%20Berrios"> Natalia Berrios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20Olguin"> Eduardo Olguin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a binary cat swarm optimization for solving the Set covering problem. The set covering problem is a well-known NP-hard problem with many practical applications, including those involving scheduling, production planning and location problems. Binary cat swarm optimization is a recent swarm metaheuristic technique based on the behavior of discrete cats. Domestic cats show the ability to hunt and are curious about moving objects. The cats have two modes of behavior: seeking mode and tracing mode. We illustrate this approach with 65 instances of the problem from the OR-Library. Moreover, we solve this problem with 40 new binarization techniques and we select the technical with the best results obtained. Finally, we make a comparison between results obtained in previous studies and the new binarization technique, that is, with roulette wheel as transfer function and V3 as discretization technique. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20cat%20swarm%20optimization" title="binary cat swarm optimization">binary cat swarm optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization%20methods" title=" binarization methods"> binarization methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metaheuristic" title=" metaheuristic"> metaheuristic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=set%20covering%20problem" title=" set covering problem"> set covering problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47183/solving-the-set-covering-problem-using-the-binary-cat-swarm-optimization-metaheuristic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47183.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">396</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15294</span> Hardware Implementation of Local Binary Pattern Based Two-Bit Transform Motion Estimation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seda%20Yavuz">Seda Yavuz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=An%C4%B1l%20%C3%87elebi"> Anıl Çelebi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aysun%20Ta%C5%9Fyap%C4%B1%20%C3%87elebi"> Aysun Taşyapı Çelebi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O%C4%9Fuzhan%20Urhan"> Oğuzhan Urhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, demand for using real-time video transmission capable devices is ever-increasing. So, high resolution videos have made efficient video compression techniques an essential component for capturing and transmitting video data. Motion estimation has a critical role in encoding raw video. Hence, various motion estimation methods are introduced to efficiently compress the video. Low bit‑depth representation based motion estimation methods facilitate computation of matching criteria and thus, provide small hardware footprint. In this paper, a hardware implementation of a two-bit transformation based low-complexity motion estimation method using local binary pattern approach is proposed. Image frames are represented in two-bit depth instead of full-depth by making use of the local binary pattern as a binarization approach and the binarization part of the hardware architecture is explained in detail. Experimental results demonstrate the difference between the proposed hardware architecture and the architectures of well-known low-complexity motion estimation methods in terms of important aspects such as resource utilization, energy and power consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization" title="binarization">binarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hardware%20architecture" title=" hardware architecture"> hardware architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20binary%20pattern" title=" local binary pattern"> local binary pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motion%20estimation" title=" motion estimation"> motion estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-bit%20transform" title=" two-bit transform"> two-bit transform</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77730/hardware-implementation-of-local-binary-pattern-based-two-bit-transform-motion-estimation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15293</span> Fully Automated Methods for the Detection and Segmentation of Mitochondria in Microscopy Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Blessing%20Ojeme">Blessing Ojeme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederick%20Quinn"> Frederick Quinn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Russell%20Karls"> Russell Karls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shannon%20Quinn"> Shannon Quinn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The detection and segmentation of mitochondria from fluorescence microscopy are crucial for understanding the complex structure of the nervous system. However, the constant fission and fusion of mitochondria and image distortion in the background make the task of detection and segmentation challenging. In the literature, a number of open-source software tools and artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been described for analyzing mitochondrial images, achieving remarkable classification and quantitation results. However, the availability of combined expertise in the medical field and AI required to utilize these tools poses a challenge to its full adoption and use in clinical settings. Motivated by the advantages of automated methods in terms of good performance, minimum detection time, ease of implementation, and cross-platform compatibility, this study proposes a fully automated framework for the detection and segmentation of mitochondria using both image shape information and descriptive statistics. Using the low-cost, open-source python and openCV library, the algorithms are implemented in three stages: pre-processing, image binarization, and coarse-to-fine segmentation. The proposed model is validated using the mitochondrial fluorescence dataset. Ground truth labels generated using a Lab kit were also used to evaluate the performance of our detection and segmentation model. The study produces good detection and segmentation results and reports the challenges encountered during the image analysis of mitochondrial morphology from the fluorescence mitochondrial dataset. A discussion on the methods and future perspectives of fully automated frameworks conclude the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2D" title="2D">2D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization" title=" binarization"> binarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CLAHE" title=" CLAHE"> CLAHE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluorescence%20microscopy" title=" fluorescence microscopy"> fluorescence microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mitochondria" title=" mitochondria"> mitochondria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153306/fully-automated-methods-for-the-detection-and-segmentation-of-mitochondria-in-microscopy-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153306.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">357</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15292</span> Strabismus Detection Using Eye Alignment Stability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anoop%20T.%20R.">Anoop T. R.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Otman%20Basir"> Otman Basir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20F.%20Hess"> Robert F. Hess</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Thompson"> Ben Thompson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Strabismus refers to a misalignment of the eyes. Early detection and treatment of strabismus in childhood can prevent the development of permanent vision loss due to abnormal development of visual brain areas. Currently, many children with strabismus remain undiagnosed until school entry because current automated screening methods have limited success in the preschool age range. A method for strabismus detection using eye alignment stability (EAS) is proposed. This method starts with face detection, followed by facial landmark detection, eye region segmentation, eye gaze extraction, and eye alignment stability estimation. Binarization and morphological operations are performed for segmenting the pupil region from the eye. After finding the EAS, its absolute value is used to differentiate the strabismic eye from the non-strabismic eye. If the value of the eye alignment stability is greater than a particular threshold, then the eyes are misaligned, and if its value is less than the threshold, the eyes are aligned. The method was tested on 175 strabismic and non-strabismic images obtained from Kaggle and Google Photos. The strabismic eye is taken as a positive class, and the non-strabismic eye is taken as a negative class. The test produced a true positive rate of 100% and a false positive rate of 7.69%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strabismus" title="strabismus">strabismus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=face%20detection" title=" face detection"> face detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facial%20landmarks" title=" facial landmarks"> facial landmarks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20segmentation" title=" eye segmentation"> eye segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye%20gaze" title=" eye gaze"> eye gaze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binarization" title=" binarization"> binarization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177646/strabismus-detection-using-eye-alignment-stability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177646.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15291</span> An Approach for Reducing Morphological Operator Dataset and Recognize Optical Character Based on Significant Features</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashis%20Pradhan">Ashis Pradhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20P.%20Pradhan"> Mohan P. Pradhan </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pattern Matching is useful for recognizing character in a digital image. OCR is one such technique which reads character from a digital image and recognizes them. Line segmentation is initially used for identifying character in an image and later refined by morphological operations like binarization, erosion, thinning, etc. The work discusses a recognition technique that defines a set of morphological operators based on its orientation in a character. These operators are further categorized into groups having similar shape but different orientation for efficient utilization of memory. Finally the characters are recognized in accordance with the occurrence of frequency in hierarchy of significant pattern of those morphological operators and by comparing them with the existing database of each character. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20image" title="binary image">binary image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20patterns" title=" morphological patterns"> morphological patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20count" title=" frequency count"> frequency count</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=priority" title=" priority"> priority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction%20data%20set%20and%20recognition" title=" reduction data set and recognition"> reduction data set and recognition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30867/an-approach-for-reducing-morphological-operator-dataset-and-recognize-optical-character-based-on-significant-features" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15290</span> Multi-Channel Charge-Coupled Device Sensors Real-Time Cell Growth Monitor System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han-Wei%20Shih">Han-Wei Shih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yao-Nan%20Wang"> Yao-Nan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ko-Tung%20Chang"> Ko-Tung Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lung-Ming%20Fu"> Lung-Ming Fu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A multi-channel cell growth real-time monitor and evaluation system using charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors with 40X lens integrating a NI LabVIEW image processing program is proposed and demonstrated. The LED light source control of monitor system is utilizing 8051 microprocessor integrated with NI LabVIEW software. In this study, the same concentration RAW264.7 cells growth rate and morphology in four different culture conditions (DMEM, LPS, G1, G2) were demonstrated. The real-time cells growth image was captured and analyzed by NI Vision Assistant every 10 minutes in the incubator. The image binarization technique was applied for calculating cell doubling time and cell division index. The cells doubling time and cells division index of four group with DMEM, LPS, LPS+G1, LPS+G2 are 12.3 hr,10.8 hr,14.0 hr,15.2 hr and 74.20%, 78.63%, 69.53%, 66.49%. The image magnification of multi-channel CCDs cell real-time monitoring system is about 100X~200X which compares with the traditional microscope. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge-coupled%20device%20%28CCD%29" title="charge-coupled device (CCD)">charge-coupled device (CCD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RAW264.7" title=" RAW264.7"> RAW264.7</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=doubling%20time" title=" doubling time"> doubling time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=division%20index" title=" division index"> division index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67480/multi-channel-charge-coupled-device-sensors-real-time-cell-growth-monitor-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15289</span> A Character Detection Method for Ancient Yi Books Based on Connected Components and Regressive Character Segmentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Han">Xu Han</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanxiong%20Chen"> Shanxiong Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiyu%20Zhu"> Shiyu Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoyu%20Lin"> Xiaoyu Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fujia%20Zhao"> Fujia Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dingwang%20Wang"> Dingwang Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Character detection is an important issue for character recognition of ancient Yi books. The accuracy of detection directly affects the recognition effect of ancient Yi books. Considering the complex layout, the lack of standard typesetting and the mixed arrangement between images and texts, we propose a character detection method for ancient Yi books based on connected components and regressive character segmentation. First, the scanned images of ancient Yi books are preprocessed with nonlocal mean filtering, and then a modified local adaptive threshold binarization algorithm is used to obtain the binary images to segment the foreground and background for the images. Second, the non-text areas are removed by the method based on connected components. Finally, the single character in the ancient Yi books is segmented by our method. The experimental results show that the method can effectively separate the text areas and non-text areas for ancient Yi books and achieve higher accuracy and recall rate in the experiment of character detection, and effectively solve the problem of character detection and segmentation in character recognition of ancient books. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCS%20concepts" title="CCS concepts">CCS concepts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computing%20methodologies" title=" computing methodologies"> computing methodologies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interest%20point" title=" interest point"> interest point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salient%20region%20detections" title=" salient region detections"> salient region detections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20segmentation" title=" image segmentation"> image segmentation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115647/a-character-detection-method-for-ancient-yi-books-based-on-connected-components-and-regressive-character-segmentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115647.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15288</span> Cryptography Based Authentication Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20A.%20Alia">Mohammad A. Alia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelfatah%20Aref%20Tamimi"> Abdelfatah Aref Tamimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omaima%20N.%20A.%20Al-Allaf"> Omaima N. A. Al-Allaf</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reviews a comparison study on the most common used authentication methods. Some of these methods are actually based on cryptography. In this study, we show the main cryptographic services. Also, this study presents a specific discussion about authentication service, since the authentication service is classified into several categorizes according to their methods. However, this study gives more about the real life example for each of the authentication methods. It talks about the simplest authentication methods as well about the available biometric authentication methods such as voice, iris, fingerprint, and face authentication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20security" title="information security">information security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptography" title=" cryptography"> cryptography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20access%20control" title=" system access control"> system access control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=authentication" title=" authentication"> authentication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20security" title=" network security"> network security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12779/cryptography-based-authentication-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12779.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15287</span> Offline Signature Verification Using Minutiae and Curvature Orientation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Nagaty">Khaled Nagaty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heba%20Nagaty"> Heba Nagaty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20McKee"> Gerard McKee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A signature is a behavioral biometric that is used for authenticating users in most financial and legal transactions. Signatures can be easily forged by skilled forgers. Therefore, it is essential to verify whether a signature is genuine or forged. The aim of any signature verification algorithm is to accommodate the differences between signatures of the same person and increase the ability to discriminate between signatures of different persons. This work presented in this paper proposes an automatic signature verification system to indicate whether a signature is genuine or not. The system comprises four phases: (1) The pre-processing phase in which image scaling, binarization, image rotation, dilation, thinning, and connecting ridge breaks are applied. (2) The feature extraction phase in which global and local features are extracted. The local features are minutiae points, curvature orientation, and curve plateau. The global features are signature area, signature aspect ratio, and Hu moments. (3) The post-processing phase, in which false minutiae are removed. (4) The classification phase in which features are enhanced before feeding it into the classifier. k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines are used. The classifier was trained on a benchmark dataset to compare the performance of the proposed offline signature verification system against the state-of-the-art. The accuracy of the proposed system is 92.3%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signature" title="signature">signature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ridge%20breaks" title=" ridge breaks"> ridge breaks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minutiae" title=" minutiae"> minutiae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orientation" title=" orientation"> orientation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132885/offline-signature-verification-using-minutiae-and-curvature-orientation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15286</span> A Survey of Response Generation of Dialogue Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yifan%20Fan">Yifan Fan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xudong%20Luo"> Xudong Luo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pingping%20Lin"> Pingping Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An essential task in the field of artificial intelligence is to allow computers to interact with people through natural language. Therefore, researches such as virtual assistants and dialogue systems have received widespread attention from industry and academia. The response generation plays a crucial role in dialogue systems, so to push forward the research on this topic, this paper surveys various methods for response generation. We sort out these methods into three categories. First one includes finite state machine methods, framework methods, and instance methods. The second contains full-text indexing methods, ontology methods, vast knowledge base method, and some other methods. The third covers retrieval methods and generative methods. We also discuss some hybrid methods based knowledge and deep learning. We compare their disadvantages and advantages and point out in which ways these studies can be improved further. Our discussion covers some studies published in leading conferences such as IJCAI and AAAI in recent years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generative" title=" generative"> generative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge" title=" knowledge"> knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20generation" title=" response generation"> response generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrieval" title=" retrieval"> retrieval</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128195/a-survey-of-response-generation-of-dialogue-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15285</span> Development of a Biomechanical Method for Ergonomic Evaluation: Comparison with Observational Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zare">M. Zare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Biau"> S. Biau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Corq"> M. Corq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Roquelaure"> Y. Roquelaure </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A wide variety of observational methods have been developed to evaluate the ergonomic workloads in manufacturing. However, the precision and accuracy of these methods remain a subject of debate. The aims of this study were to develop biomechanical methods to evaluate ergonomic workloads and to compare them with observational methods. Two observational methods, i.e. SCANIA Ergonomic Standard (SES) and Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), were used to assess ergonomic workloads at two simulated workstations. They included four tasks such as tightening & loosening, attachment of tubes and strapping as well as other actions. Sensors were also used to measure biomechanical data (Inclinometers, Accelerometers, and Goniometers). Our findings showed that in assessment of some risk factors both RULA & SES were in agreement with the results of biomechanical methods. However, there was disagreement on neck and wrist postures. In conclusion, the biomechanical approach was more precise than observational methods, but some risk factors evaluated with observational methods were not measurable with the biomechanical techniques developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ergonomic" title="ergonomic">ergonomic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=observational%20method" title=" observational method"> observational method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomechanical%20methods" title=" biomechanical methods"> biomechanical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=workload" title=" workload "> workload </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4367/development-of-a-biomechanical-method-for-ergonomic-evaluation-comparison-with-observational-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">388</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15284</span> A New Conjugate Gradient Method with Guaranteed Descent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Sellami">B. Sellami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Belloufi"> M. Belloufi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conjugate gradient methods are an important class of methods for unconstrained optimization, especially for large-scale problems. Recently, they have been much studied. In this paper, we propose a new two-parameter family of conjugate gradient methods for unconstrained optimization. The two-parameter family of methods not only includes the already existing three practical nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, but also has other family of conjugate gradient methods as subfamily. The two-parameter family of methods with the Wolfe line search is shown to ensure the descent property of each search direction. Some general convergence results are also established for the two-parameter family of methods. The numerical results show that this method is efficient for the given test problems. In addition, the methods related to this family are uniformly discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconstrained%20optimization" title="unconstrained optimization">unconstrained optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conjugate%20gradient%20method" title=" conjugate gradient method"> conjugate gradient method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20search" title=" line search"> line search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20convergence" title=" global convergence"> global convergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41734/a-new-conjugate-gradient-method-with-guaranteed-descent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15283</span> Improvement of the Numerical Integration's Quality in Meshless Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahlem%20Mougaida">Ahlem Mougaida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hedi%20Bel%20Hadj%20Salah"> Hedi Bel Hadj Salah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several methods are suggested to improve the numerical integration in Galerkin weak form for Meshless methods. In fact, integrating without taking into account the characteristics of the shape functions reproduced by Meshless methods (rational functions, with compact support etc.), causes a large integration error that influences the PDE’s approximate solution. Comparisons between different methods of numerical integration for rational functions are discussed and compared. The algorithms are implemented in Matlab. Finally, numerical results were presented to prove the efficiency of our algorithms in improving results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20methods" title="adaptive methods">adaptive methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meshless" title=" meshless"> meshless</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20integration" title=" numerical integration"> numerical integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rational%20quadrature" title=" rational quadrature"> rational quadrature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46442/improvement-of-the-numerical-integrations-quality-in-meshless-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15282</span> A Review of Methods for Handling Missing Data in the Formof Dropouts in Longitudinal Clinical Trials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Satty">A. Satty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Mwambi"> H. Mwambi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Much clinical trials data-based research are characterized by the unavoidable problem of dropout as a result of missing or erroneous values. This paper aims to review some of the various techniques to address the dropout problems in longitudinal clinical trials. The fundamental concepts of the patterns and mechanisms of dropout are discussed. This study presents five general techniques for handling dropout: (1) Deletion methods; (2) Imputation-based methods; (3) Data augmentation methods; (4) Likelihood-based methods; and (5) MNAR-based methods. Under each technique, several methods that are commonly used to deal with dropout are presented, including a review of the existing literature in which we examine the effectiveness of these methods in the analysis of incomplete data. Two application examples are presented to study the potential strengths or weaknesses of some of the methods under certain dropout mechanisms as well as to assess the sensitivity of the modelling assumptions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incomplete%20longitudinal%20clinical%20trials" title="incomplete longitudinal clinical trials">incomplete longitudinal clinical trials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=missing%20at%20random%20%28MAR%29" title=" missing at random (MAR)"> missing at random (MAR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imputation" title=" imputation"> imputation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weighting%20methods" title=" weighting methods"> weighting methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensitivity%20analysis" title=" sensitivity analysis"> sensitivity analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14347/a-review-of-methods-for-handling-missing-data-in-the-formof-dropouts-in-longitudinal-clinical-trials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15281</span> An Experience Report on Course Teaching in Information Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos%20Oliveira">Carlos Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is a criticism of the traditional model of teaching and presents alternative teaching methods, different from the traditional lecture. These methods are accompanied by reports of experience of their application in a class. It was concluded that in the lecture, the student has a low learning rate and that other methods should be used to make the most engaging learning environment for the student, contributing (or facilitating) his learning process. However, the teacher should not use a single method, but rather a range of different methods to ensure the learning experience does not become repetitive and fatiguing for the student. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=educational%20practices" title="educational practices">educational practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experience%20report" title=" experience report"> experience report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IT%20in%20education" title=" IT in education"> IT in education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20methods" title=" teaching methods"> teaching methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55692/an-experience-report-on-course-teaching-in-information-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55692.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15280</span> High Order Block Implicit Multi-Step (Hobim) Methods for the Solution of Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20P.%20Chollom">J. P. Chollom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20M.%20Kumleng"> G. M. Kumleng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Longwap"> S. Longwap</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The search for higher order A-stable linear multi-step methods has been the interest of many numerical analysts and has been realized through either higher derivatives of the solution or by inserting additional off step points, supper future points and the likes. These methods are suitable for the solution of stiff differential equations which exhibit characteristics that place a severe restriction on the choice of step size. It becomes necessary that only methods with large regions of absolute stability remain suitable for such equations. In this paper, high order block implicit multi-step methods of the hybrid form up to order twelve have been constructed using the multi-step collocation approach by inserting one or more off step points in the multi-step method. The accuracy and stability properties of the new methods are investigated and are shown to yield A-stable methods, a property desirable of methods suitable for the solution of stiff ODE’s. The new High Order Block Implicit Multistep methods used as block integrators are tested on stiff differential systems and the results reveal that the new methods are efficient and compete favourably with the state of the art Matlab ode23 code. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20linear%20multistep%20methods" title="block linear multistep methods">block linear multistep methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20order" title=" high order"> high order</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=implicit" title=" implicit"> implicit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiff%20differential%20equations" title=" stiff differential equations"> stiff differential equations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5700/high-order-block-implicit-multi-step-hobim-methods-for-the-solution-of-stiff-ordinary-differential-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15279</span> A Comparative Study between FEM and Meshless Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jay%20N.%20Vyas">Jay N. Vyas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachin%20Daxini"> Sachin Daxini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical simulation techniques are widely used now in product development and testing instead of expensive, time-consuming and sometimes dangerous laboratory experiments. Numerous numerical methods are available for performing simulation of physical problems of different engineering fields. Grid based methods, like Finite Element Method, are extensively used in performing various kinds of static, dynamic, structural and non-structural analysis during product development phase. Drawbacks of grid based methods in terms of discontinuous secondary field variable, dealing fracture mechanics and large deformation problems led to development of a relatively a new class of numerical simulation techniques in last few years, which are popular as Meshless methods or Meshfree Methods. Meshless Methods are expected to be more adaptive and flexible than Finite Element Method because domain descretization in Meshless Method requires only nodes. Present paper introduces Meshless Methods and differentiates it with Finite Element Method in terms of following aspects: Shape functions used, role of weight function, techniques to impose essential boundary conditions, integration techniques for discrete system equations, convergence rate, accuracy of solution and computational effort. Capabilities, benefits and limitations of Meshless Methods are discussed and concluded at the end of paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title="numerical simulation">numerical simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grid-based%20methods" title=" Grid-based methods"> Grid-based methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Finite%20Element%20Method" title=" Finite Element Method"> Finite Element Method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meshless%20Methods" title=" Meshless Methods"> Meshless Methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43544/a-comparative-study-between-fem-and-meshless-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15278</span> Defectoscopy of Reinforced Concrete Structures with Using an Ultrasonic Method for Failure Monitoring</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabina%20%20Hublova">Sabina Hublova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kristyna%20Hrabova"> Kristyna Hrabova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Petr%20Cikrle"> Petr Cikrle</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sustainable development and preservation of existing buildings are becoming increasingly important worldwide. In order to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the air and to reduce the amount of waste from building structures, we can predict an increasing demand for maintenance of some existing buildings in the future. The use of modern diagnostic methods, which allow detailed determination of the properties of structures, the identification of critical points, could be the great importance for the better assessment of existing structures. Non-destructive methods could be one of the options. From these methods, ultrasonic appears to be a highly perspective method, thanks to which we are able to identify critical points of an element or a structure. The experiment will focus on the use of electroacoustic methods for defectoscopy in reinforced concrete columns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title="sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defectoscopy" title=" defectoscopy"> defectoscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasonic%20method" title=" ultrasonic method"> ultrasonic method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-destructive%20methods" title=" non-destructive methods"> non-destructive methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroacoustic%20methods" title=" electroacoustic methods"> electroacoustic methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124018/defectoscopy-of-reinforced-concrete-structures-with-using-an-ultrasonic-method-for-failure-monitoring" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15277</span> A Continuous Boundary Value Method of Order 8 for Solving the General Second Order Multipoint Boundary Value Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20A.%20Biala">T. A. Biala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper deals with the numerical integration of the general second order multipoint boundary value problems. This has been achieved by the development of a continuous linear multistep method (LMM). The continuous LMM is used to construct a main discrete method to be used with some initial and final methods (also obtained from the continuous LMM) so that they form a discrete analogue of the continuous second order boundary value problems. These methods are used as boundary value methods and adapted to cope with the integration of the general second order multipoint boundary value problems. The convergence, the use and the region of absolute stability of the methods are discussed. Several numerical examples are implemented to elucidate our solution process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20multistep%20methods" title="linear multistep methods">linear multistep methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boundary%20value%20methods" title=" boundary value methods"> boundary value methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=second%20order%20multipoint%20boundary%20value%20problems" title=" second order multipoint boundary value problems"> second order multipoint boundary value problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence" title=" convergence"> convergence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50749/a-continuous-boundary-value-method-of-order-8-for-solving-the-general-second-order-multipoint-boundary-value-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15276</span> Numerical Methods versus Bjerksund and Stensland Approximations for American Options Pricing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marasovic%20Branka">Marasovic Branka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aljinovic%20Zdravka"> Aljinovic Zdravka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Poklepovic%20Tea"> Poklepovic Tea</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Numerical methods like binomial and trinomial trees and finite difference methods can be used to price a wide range of options contracts for which there are no known analytical solutions. American options are the most famous of that kind of options. Besides numerical methods, American options can be valued with the approximation formulas, like Bjerksund-Stensland formulas from 1993 and 2002. When the value of American option is approximated by Bjerksund-Stensland formulas, the computer time spent to carry out that calculation is very short. The computer time spent using numerical methods can vary from less than one second to several minutes or even hours. However to be able to conduct a comparative analysis of numerical methods and Bjerksund-Stensland formulas, we will limit computer calculation time of numerical method to less than one second. Therefore, we ask the question: Which method will be most accurate at nearly the same computer calculation time? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bjerksund%20and%20Stensland%20approximations" title="Bjerksund and Stensland approximations">Bjerksund and Stensland approximations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20analysis" title=" computational analysis"> computational analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finance" title=" finance"> finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=options%20pricing" title=" options pricing"> options pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20methods" title=" numerical methods"> numerical methods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2832/numerical-methods-versus-bjerksund-and-stensland-approximations-for-american-options-pricing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2832.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">456</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15275</span> Methods for Preparation of Soil Samples for Determination of Trace Elements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Krustev">S. Krustev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Angelova"> V. Angelova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ivanov"> K. Ivanov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Zaprjanova"> P. Zaprjanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is generally accepted that only about ten microelements are vitally important to all plants, and approximately ten more elements are proved to be significant for the development of some species. The main methods for their determination in soils are the atomic spectral techniques - AAS and ICP-OAS. Critical stage to obtain correct results for content of heavy metals and nutrients in the soil is the process of mineralization. A comparative study of the most widely spread methods for soil sample preparation for determination of some trace elements was carried out. Three most commonly used methods for sample preparation were used as follows: ISO11466, EPA Method 3051 and BDS ISO 14869-1. Their capabilities were assessed and their bounds of applicability in determining the levels of the most important microelements in agriculture were defined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title="analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methods" title=" methods"> methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc" title=" zinc"> zinc</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68676/methods-for-preparation-of-soil-samples-for-determination-of-trace-elements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15274</span> Developing Reading Methods of Industrial Education Students at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rattana%20Sangchan">Rattana Sangchan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pattaraporn%20Thampradit"> Pattaraporn Thampradit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Teaching students to use a variety of reading methods in developing reading is essential for Thai university students. However, there haven’t been a lot of studies concerned about developing reading methods that are used by Thai students in the industrial education field. Therefore, this study was carried out not only to investigate the developing reading methods of Industrial Education students at King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, but also to determine if the developing reading strategies differ among the students’ reading abilities and differ gender: male and female. The research instrument used in collecting the data consisted of fourteen statements which include either metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies or social / affective strategies. Results of this study revealed that students could develop their reading methods in moderate level (mean=3.13). Furthermore, high reading ability students had different levels of using reading methods to develop their reading from those of mid reading ability students. In addition, high reading ability students could use either metacognitive reading methods or cognitive reading methods to develop their reading much better than mid reading ability students. Interestingly, male students could develop their reading methods in great levels while female students could develop their reading methods only in moderate level. Last but not least, male students could use either metacognitive reading methods or cognitive reading methods to develop their reading much better than female students. Thus, the results of this study could indicate that most students need to apply much more reading strategies to develop their reading. At the same time, suggestions on how to motivate and train their students to apply much more appropriate effective reading strategies to better comprehend their reading were also provided. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20reading%20methods" title="developing reading methods">developing reading methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20education" title=" industrial education"> industrial education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20abilities" title=" reading abilities"> reading abilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reading%20method%20classification" title=" reading method classification "> reading method classification </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47285/developing-reading-methods-of-industrial-education-students-at-king-mongkuts-institute-of-technology-ladkrabang" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">285</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15273</span> A New Family of Globally Convergent Conjugate Gradient Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Sellami">B. Sellami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Laskri"> Y. Laskri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Belloufi"> M. Belloufi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Conjugate gradient methods are an important class of methods for unconstrained optimization, especially for large-scale problems. Recently, they have been much studied. In this paper, a new family of conjugate gradient method is proposed for unconstrained optimization. This method includes the already existing two practical nonlinear conjugate gradient methods, which produces a descent search direction at every iteration and converges globally provided that the line search satisfies the Wolfe conditions. The numerical experiments are done to test the efficiency of the new method, which implies the new method is promising. In addition the methods related to this family are uniformly discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conjugate%20gradient%20method" title="conjugate gradient method">conjugate gradient method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=global%20convergence" title=" global convergence"> global convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=line%20search" title=" line search"> line search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconstrained%20optimization" title=" unconstrained optimization"> unconstrained optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40381/a-new-family-of-globally-convergent-conjugate-gradient-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40381.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15272</span> On a Generalization of the Spectral Dichotomy Method of a Matrix With Respect to Parabolas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouhamadou%20Dosso">Mouhamadou Dosso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents methods of spectral dichotomy of a matrix which compute spectral projectors on the subspace associated with the eigenvalues external to the parabolas described by a general equation. These methods are modifications of the one proposed in [A. N. Malyshev and M. Sadkane, SIAM J. MATRIX ANAL. APPL. 18 (2), 265-278, 1997] which uses the spectral dichotomy method of a matrix with respect to the imaginary axis. Theoretical and algorithmic aspects of the methods are developed. Numerical results obtained by applying methods presented on matrices are reported. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20dichotomy%20method" title="spectral dichotomy method">spectral dichotomy method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20projector" title=" spectral projector"> spectral projector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigensubspaces" title=" eigensubspaces"> eigensubspaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eigenvalue" title=" eigenvalue"> eigenvalue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159807/on-a-generalization-of-the-spectral-dichotomy-method-of-a-matrix-with-respect-to-parabolas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159807.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15271</span> Assessing the Influence of Using Traditional Methods of Construction on Cost and Quality of Building Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musoke%20Ivan">Musoke Ivan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Birungi%20Racheal"> Birungi Racheal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction trend is characterized by increased use of modern methods yet traditional methods are cheaper in terms of costs, in addition to the benefits it offers to the construction sector, like providing more jobs that could have been worked with the intensive machines. The purpose of this research was to assess the influence of using Traditional methods of construction (TMC) on the costs and quality of building structures and determine the different ways. Traditional methods of construction (TMC) can be applicable and integrated into the construction trend, and propose ways how this can be a success. The study adopted a quantitative method approach targeting various construction professionals like Architects, Quantity surveyors, Engineers, and Construction Managers. Questionnaires and analyses of literature were used to obtain research data and findings. Simple random sampling was used to select 40 construction professionals to which questionnaires were administered. The data was then analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The findings of the research indicate that Traditional methods of construction (TMCs) in Uganda are cheaper in terms of costs, but the quality is still low. This is attributed to a lack of skilled labour and efficient supervision while undertaking tasks leading to low quality. The study identifies strategies that would improve Traditional methods of construction (TMC), which include the employment of skilled manpower and effective supervision. It also identifies the need by stakeholders like the government, clients, and professionals to appreciate Traditional methods of construction (TMCs) and allow for a levelled ground for Traditional Methods of Construction and Modern methods of construction (MMCs). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20methods%20of%20construction" title="traditional methods of construction">traditional methods of construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title=" cost"> cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179242/assessing-the-influence-of-using-traditional-methods-of-construction-on-cost-and-quality-of-building-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15270</span> Solving Mean Field Problems: A Survey of Numerical Methods and Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Machtalay">Amal Machtalay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this survey, we aim to review the rapidly growing literature on numerical methods to solve different forms of mean field problems, namely mean field games (MFG), mean field controls (MFC), potential MFGs, and master equations, as well as their corresponding recent applications. Here, we distinguish two families of numerical methods: iterative methods based on mesh generation and those called mesh-free, normally related to neural networking and learning frameworks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean-field%20games" title="mean-field games">mean-field games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20schemes" title=" numerical schemes"> numerical schemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20differential%20equations" title=" partial differential equations"> partial differential equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20systems" title=" complex systems"> complex systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153744/solving-mean-field-problems-a-survey-of-numerical-methods-and-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15269</span> A Review of Fractal Dimension Computing Methods Applied to Wear Particles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manish%20Kumar%20Thakur">Manish Kumar Thakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subrata%20Kumar%20Ghosh"> Subrata Kumar Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various types of particles found in lubricant may be characterized by their fractal dimension. Some of the available methods are: yard-stick method or structured walk method, box-counting method. This paper presents a review of the developments and progress in fractal dimension computing methods as applied to characteristics the surface of wear particles. An overview of these methods, their implementation, their advantages and their limits is also present here. It has been accepted that wear particles contain major information about wear and friction of materials. Morphological analysis of wear particles from a lubricant is a very effective way for machine condition monitoring. Fractal dimension methods are used to characterize the morphology of the found particles. It is very useful in the analysis of complexity of irregular substance. The aim of this review is to bring together the fractal methods applicable for wear particles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fractal%20dimension" title="fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20analysis" title=" morphological analysis"> morphological analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear" title=" wear"> wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear%20particles" title=" wear particles"> wear particles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48239/a-review-of-fractal-dimension-computing-methods-applied-to-wear-particles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48239.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">490</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15268</span> Influence of Procurement Methods on Cost Performance of Building Projects in Gombe State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20U.%20Kunya">S. U. Kunya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Abdulkadir"> S. Abdulkadir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Anas"> M. A. Anas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Z.%20Adam"> L. Z. Adam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Procurement methods is described as systems of contractual arrangements used by the contractor in order to secure the design and construction services based on the stipulated cost and within the required time and quality. Despite that, major projects in the Nigerian construction industry failed because of wrong procurement methods with major consequences leads to cost overrun which needs to find lasting solution. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of procurement methods on cost performance of building projects in Gombe State, Nigeria. Study adopts descriptive and explorative design approach. Data were collected through administering of one hundred questionnaire using convenient sampling techniques. Data analyses using percentages, mean value and Anova analysis. Major finding show that more than fifty percent (50%) of procurement methods available are mainly utilized in the study area and the top procurement methods that have high impacts on cost performance as compare with the other methods is project management and direct labour procurement methods. The results of hypothesis’ tests with pvalue 0.12 and 0.07 validated that there was no significant variation in the perception of stakeholders’ on the impacts of procurements methods on cost performance. Therefore, the study concluded that projects management and direct labour are the most appropriate procurement methods that will ensure successful completion of project at stipulated cost in building projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effects" title=" effects"> effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=procurement" title=" procurement"> procurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=projects" title=" projects"> projects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76456/influence-of-procurement-methods-on-cost-performance-of-building-projects-in-gombe-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76456.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15267</span> Localized Meshfree Methods for Solving 3D-Helmholtz Equation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reza%20Mollapourasl">Reza Mollapourasl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Majid%20Haghi"> Majid Haghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we develop local meshfree methods known as radial basis function-generated finite difference (RBF-FD) method and Hermite finite difference (RBF-HFD) method to design stencil weights and spatial discretization for Helmholtz equation. The convergence and stability of schemes are investigated numerically in three dimensions with irregular shaped domain. These localized meshless methods incorporate the advantages of the RBF method, finite difference and Hermite finite difference methods to handle the ill-conditioning issue that often destroys the convergence rate of global RBF methods. Moreover, numerical illustrations show that the proposed localized RBF type methods are efficient and applicable for problems with complex geometries. The convergence and accuracy of both schemes are compared by solving a test problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radial%20basis%20functions" title="radial basis functions">radial basis functions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hermite%20finite%20difference" title=" Hermite finite difference"> Hermite finite difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helmholtz%20equation" title=" Helmholtz equation"> Helmholtz equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168736/localized-meshfree-methods-for-solving-3d-helmholtz-equation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168736.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 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