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JOLT Digest - Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
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src="/assets/digestImages/_digestHeader/12721/Screenshot-2025-04-02-225221.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG): towards a promising LLM architecture for legal work?" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_digestHeader/12721/Screenshot-2025-04-02-225221.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="680"> <meta itemprop="height" content="596"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/retrieval-augmented-generation-rag-towards-a-promising-llm-architecture-for-legal-work">Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG): towards a promising LLM architecture for legal work?</a> <div></br>By Peter Johnston - Edited by Kusuma Raditya and Pantho Sayed</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on April 02, 2025</span> <div>The above image is sourced from Wikimedia Commons. Generative artificial intelligence (AI)’s first encounter with the legal world was a catastrophe. After OpenAI released ChatGPT in Fall 2022 and the chatbot became the fastest adopted app in history, users all too quickly applied the chatbot to legal tasks for which it was poorly suited. Just six months after its launch, attorney Steven A. Schwartz filed a brief full of synthesized, hallucinated cases by ChatGPT. Schwartz later faced judicial sanctions for that filing. Chief Justice John Roberts even alluded to the incident in his 2023 report on the federal judiciary, calling the habit of submitting briefs citing non-existent cases “always a bad idea.” Yet Schwartz’s highly publicized castigation and Chief Justice...</div> <a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/retrieval-augmented-generation-rag-towards-a-promising-llm-architecture-for-legal-work">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> </div> </div> </article> <aside class="digest__aside aside"> <h2 class="digest__home__title">Notes and Commentary</h2> <article class="digest__home__featured__post"> <span class="digest__home__featured__post__date">April 04, 2025</span> <a class="digest__home__featured__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/ai-on-our-terms">AI on Our Terms</a> <div class="digest__home__featured__post__date"></br>By Kevin Frazier - Edited by Jacob Meech, Kavya Sahni, and Pantho Sayed</div> </article> <article class="digest__home__featured__post"> <span class="digest__home__featured__post__date">March 13, 2025</span> <a class="digest__home__featured__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/progress-interrupted-the-constitutional-crisis-in-copyright-law">Progress Interrupted: The Constitutional Crisis in Copyright Law</a> <div class="digest__home__featured__post__date"></br>By Kevin Frazier - Edited by Jacob Meech, Kavya Sahni, and Pantho Sayed</div> </article> <article class="digest__home__featured__post"> <span class="digest__home__featured__post__date">March 08, 2025</span> <a class="digest__home__featured__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/model-collapse-and-the-right-to-uncontaminated-human-generated-data">Model Collapse and the Right to Uncontaminated Human-Generated Data</a> <div class="digest__home__featured__post__date"></br>By John Burden, Maurice Chiodo, Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, Lisa Markschies, Dennis Müller, Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh, Rupprecht Podszun, and Herbert Zech - Edited by Kusuma Raditya and Pantho Sayed </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__featured__post"> <span class="digest__home__featured__post__date">March 05, 2025</span> <a class="digest__home__featured__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/the-dpdp-rules-unveiled-progress-shortcomings-and-the-road-ahead">The DPDP Rules Unveiled: Progress, Shortcomings and the Road Ahead</a> <div class="digest__home__featured__post__date"></br>By Siddharth Chaturvedi - Edited by Sonam Jhalani and Pantho Sayed</div> </article> <article class="digest__home__featured__post"> <span class="digest__home__featured__post__date">February 19, 2025</span> <a class="digest__home__featured__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/ai-auditing-first-steps-towards-the-effective-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-systems">AI Auditing: First Steps Towards the Effective Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Systems</a> <div class="digest__home__featured__post__date"></br>By Edwin A. Farley and Christian R. Lansang</div> </article> <article> <div><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/category/?cat=commentary">Read more Digest Commentary...</a></div> <div><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/category/?cat=digest-notes">Read more Digest Notes...</a></div> <article> </aside> </div> <section class="digest__posts"> <article class="digest__home__post"> <div class="digest__home__post__content digest__home__post__content--full"> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/suggested-article-title-airtag-stalking-class-action-survives-motion-to-dismiss">Apple AirTag Stalking Class Action Survives Motion to Dismiss</a> <div></br>By Chloe Suzman – Edited by Pantho Sayed</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on April 04, 2024</span> <h4>Background</h4> First Amended Class Action Complaint, Hughes v. Apple, Inc., No. 22-cv-07668-VC (N.D. Cal. October 6, 2023), complaint hosted by ArsTechnica. Order Partially Granting Motion to Dismiss, Hughes v. Apple, Inc., No. 22-cv-07668-VC (N.D. Cal. March 15, 2024), order hosted by Casetext. Order Partially Denying and Partially Granting the Motion to Dismiss, Hughes v. Apple, Inc., No. 22-cv-07668-VC (N.D. Cal... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/suggested-article-title-airtag-stalking-class-action-survives-motion-to-dismiss">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=privacy">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/fcc-cracks-down-on-ai-powered-robocalls" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/smartphone-6723173_1280.jpg" role="presentation" alt="FCC Cracks Down on AI-Powered Robocalls" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/smartphone-6723173_1280.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/fcc-cracks-down-on-ai-powered-robocalls">FCC Cracks Down on AI-Powered Robocalls</a> <div></br>By Nivedha Soundappan – Edited by Pantho Sayed</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on February 23, 2024</span> On February 8, 2024, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) unanimously issued a Declaratory Ruling classifying artificial intelligence (“AI”)-generated voices in robocalls as “artificial or prerecorded voice[s]” under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”). The ruling, which is already in effect, prohibits voice cloning technology used in common robocall scams targeting consumers. It also expands the causes of action state attorneys... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/fcc-cracks-down-on-ai-powered-robocalls">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <div class="digest__home__post__content digest__home__post__content--full"> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/the-federal-trade-commission-consider-generative-ai">The Federal Trade Commission on Generative AI</a> <div></br>By Tyler Yoo – Edited by Judy Lo</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on November 29, 2023</span> Recent Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) publications and pronouncements signal the FTC’s willingness to regulate AI-generated products. According to the FTC, lack of transparency about the use of copyrighted materials in AI-generated works and products may amount to consumer deception. The FTC indicated its stance on at least three occasions in the past four months. First, in an August 16, 202... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/the-federal-trade-commission-consider-generative-ai">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/law-firms-leveraging-ai-maximizing-benefits-and-addressing-challenges" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/12541/Photo.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Law Firms Leveraging AI: Maximizing Benefits and Addressing Challenges" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/12541/Photo.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/law-firms-leveraging-ai-maximizing-benefits-and-addressing-challenges">Law Firms Leveraging AI: Maximizing Benefits and Addressing Challenges</a> <div></br>By Logan Lathrop – Edited by Justin Curl & Joy Fan</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on November 20, 2023</span> <h3>Introduction</h3> Generative AI is changing the legal landscape. The benefits of leveraging AI in legal work seem promising. The market is growing. More clients want lawyers to use AI tools, and, importantly, more lawyers are becoming open to using them. A recent survey found that 82% of lawyers think AI can be used for legal work, with 51% thinking AI... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/law-firms-leveraging-ai-maximizing-benefits-and-addressing-challenges">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/under-the-watchful-unblinking-eye-privacy-implications-of-the-new-york-police-departments-deployment-of-autonomous-robots" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/raw-pixel-1140x800.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Under the Watchful, Unblinking Eye: Privacy Implications of the New York Police Department’s Deployment of Autonomous Robots" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/raw-pixel-1140x800.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/under-the-watchful-unblinking-eye-privacy-implications-of-the-new-york-police-departments-deployment-of-autonomous-robots">Under the Watchful, Unblinking Eye: Privacy Implications of the New York Police Department’s Deployment of Autonomous Robots</a> <div></br>By Alinnah Qiao – Edited by Harshit Patel</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on November 10, 2023</span> In late September 2023, a 400-pound fully autonomous robot began patrolling New York City’s Times Square subway station. The robot, a “Knightscope K5” (“K5”), is part of New York City Mayor Eric Adams’ latest efforts to reduce crime—an issue that was at the center of his 2021 mayoral campaign. Since taking office in January 2022, Mayor Adams has pushed forward... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/under-the-watchful-unblinking-eye-privacy-implications-of-the-new-york-police-departments-deployment-of-autonomous-robots">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=privacy">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/united-states-v-google-antitrust-trial-of-search-titan-showcases-two-potential-turning-points" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/12537/pexels-photo-13628541.jpg" role="presentation" alt="United States v. Google: Antitrust Trial of Search Titan Showcases Two Potential Turning Points" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/12537/pexels-photo-13628541.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/united-states-v-google-antitrust-trial-of-search-titan-showcases-two-potential-turning-points">United States v. Google: Antitrust Trial of Search Titan Showcases Two Potential Turning Points</a> <div></br>By Levi Moneyhun – Edited by Edwin Farley</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on November 08, 2023</span> <h4>Background</h4> Plaintiffs’ Pre-Trial Brief, United States v. Google, No. 1:20-cv-3010-APM (Dist. Ct. S.D.N.Y, Sep. 8, 2023), brief hosted by Department of Justice Defendant Google LLC’s Pre-Trial Brief, United States v. Google, Nos. 1:20-cv-3010-APM, 1:20-cv-3715-APM (Dist. Ct. S.D.N.Y, Sep. 8, 2023), brief hosted by Courtlistener. Memorandum Opinion (Summary Judgment), United States v. Google, Nos. 1:20-cv-3010-APM, 1:20-cv-03715-APM (Dist. Ct. S.D.N.Y, Aug. 4... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/united-states-v-google-antitrust-trial-of-search-titan-showcases-two-potential-turning-points">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=antitrust">Antitrust</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=federal-circuit-comment">Federal Circuit Comment</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <div class="digest__home__post__content digest__home__post__content--full"> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/state-level-consumer-data-privacy-laws-get-the-ball-rolling-but-on-their-own-represent-a-piecemeal-approach-to-regulation">State-Level Consumer Data Privacy Laws Get the Ball Rolling, But On Their Own, Represent a Piecemeal Approach to Regulation</a> <div></br>By Katie Mansfield - Edited by Carli Sley</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on October 25, 2023</span> Currently, U.S. federal privacy regulations have been narrow or sector-specific: take, for example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA), which protects financial information; or the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which protects some health information. Absent a comprehensive federal framework, states have taken privacy legislation into their own hands. As of September 2023, eleven U.S. states have enacted comprehensive privacy... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/state-level-consumer-data-privacy-laws-get-the-ball-rolling-but-on-their-own-represent-a-piecemeal-approach-to-regulation">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=privacy">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/typos-and-magic-words-the-federal-circuits-recent-rulings-in-apple-and-netflixs-inter-partes-review-challenges" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/8173511199_6ef14a001a_b.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Typos and Magic Words: The Federal Circuit’s Recent Rulings in Apple’s and Netflix’s Inter Partes Review Challenges" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/8173511199_6ef14a001a_b.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/typos-and-magic-words-the-federal-circuits-recent-rulings-in-apple-and-netflixs-inter-partes-review-challenges">Typos and Magic Words: The Federal Circuit’s Recent Rulings in Apple’s and Netflix’s Inter Partes Review Challenges</a> <div></br>By Heather Zhou – Edited by Edwin Farley</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on October 20, 2023</span> In two separate rulings involving Apple and Netflix, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC) held that the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) acted in error in the two Inter Partes Review proceedings. In Apple Inc. v. Corephotonics, Ltd., the CAFC held that PTAB’s rejection of Apple’s attack on Corephotonics primarily based on a typo in Apple’s... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/typos-and-magic-words-the-federal-circuits-recent-rulings-in-apple-and-netflixs-inter-partes-review-challenges">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=federal-circuit-comment">Federal Circuit Comment</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/senate-leaders-propose-new-bipartisan-framework-for-ai-regulation" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/shutterstock_2320828871-1-100943785-large.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Senate Leaders Propose New Bipartisan Framework for AI Regulation" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/shutterstock_2320828871-1-100943785-large.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/senate-leaders-propose-new-bipartisan-framework-for-ai-regulation">Senate Leaders Propose New Bipartisan Framework for AI Regulation</a> <div></br>By Varun Aggarwal – Edited by Chloe Suzman</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on October 12, 2023</span> On September 8, 2023, Senators Richard Blumenthal (D-CT) and Josh Hawley (R-MO), leaders of the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology, and the Law, proposed a new framework for congressional regulation of AI. The Bipartisan Framework for U.S. AI Act defines five key policy considerations for future legislation, building on the SAFE Innovation Framework released by Senate Majority Leader Chuck... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/senate-leaders-propose-new-bipartisan-framework-for-ai-regulation">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> </div> </div> </article> <article class="digest__home__post"> <a href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/approaches-to-regulating-government-use-of-facial-recognition-technology" class="digest__home__post__image"> <img src="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/pexels-cottonbro-studio-8090295.jpg" role="presentation" alt="Approaches to Regulating Government Use of Facial Recognition Technology" itemprop="url" itemid="/assets/digestImages/_thumb/pexels-cottonbro-studio-8090295.jpg" > <meta itemprop="width" content="440"> <meta itemprop="height" content="250"> </a> <div class="digest__home__post__content "> <div class="digest__home__post__content-inner"> <a class="digest__home__post__title" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/approaches-to-regulating-government-use-of-facial-recognition-technology">Approaches to Regulating Government Use of Facial Recognition Technology</a> <div></br>By Carolina Rabinowicz - Edited by Pablo A. Lozano</div> <span class="digest__home__post__date">Posted on May 04, 2023</span> Much has been said about the discriminatory nature of facial recognition technology (FRT): FRT exhibits racial bias, FRT misidentifies women at higher rates, FRT is discriminatory by design. As a result, particular attention has been paid to government use, particularly law enforcement use, of FRT. The U.S. government is a big buyer of FRT—it has awarded $76 million in FRT-related... <br /><a class="digest__home__post__continue" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/approaches-to-regulating-government-use-of-facial-recognition-technology">Continue reading</a> </div> <div class="digest__home__post__cat-list"> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=reports">Reports</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=national-security">National Security</a> <a class="digest__home__post__cat" href="/digest/category/?cat=privacy">Privacy</a> </div> </div> </article> <div class="digest__posts__controls"> <span class="digest__posts__control digest__posts__control--disabled"> Previous Page <svg class="digest__posts__control__arrow digest__posts__control__arrow--left" version="1.1" id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 31.49 31.49" style="enable-background:new 0 0 31.49 31.49;" xml:space="preserve"> <path style="fill:#1E201D;" d="M10.273,5.009c0.444-0.444,1.143-0.444,1.587,0c0.429,0.429,0.429,1.143,0,1.571l-8.047,8.047h26.554 c0.619,0,1.127,0.492,1.127,1.111c0,0.619-0.508,1.127-1.127,1.127H3.813l8.047,8.032c0.429,0.444,0.429,1.159,0,1.587 c-0.444,0.444-1.143,0.444-1.587,0l-9.952-9.952c-0.429-0.429-0.429-1.143,0-1.571L10.273,5.009z"/> </svg> </span> <a class="digest__posts__control" href="http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/p2"> Next Page <svg class="digest__posts__control__arrow digest__posts__control__arrow--right" version="1.1" id="Capa_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 31.49 31.49" style="enable-background:new 0 0 31.49 31.49;" xml:space="preserve"> <path style="fill:#1E201D;" d="M21.205,5.007c-0.429-0.444-1.143-0.444-1.587,0c-0.429,0.429-0.429,1.143,0,1.571l8.047,8.047H1.111 C0.492,14.626,0,15.118,0,15.737c0,0.619,0.492,1.127,1.111,1.127h26.554l-8.047,8.032c-0.429,0.444-0.429,1.159,0,1.587 c0.444,0.444,1.159,0.444,1.587,0l9.952-9.952c0.444-0.429,0.444-1.143,0-1.571L21.205,5.007z"/> </svg> </a> </div> </section> </main> <footer class="footer"> <div class="footer__inner"> <section class="footer__sponsors"> <h4 class="footer__title"><a href="/sponsorships" style="color: inherit; 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