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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Đăng nhập</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trang dành cho người dùng chưa đăng nhập <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%A3_gi%C3%BAp:Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_thi%E1%BB%87u" aria-label="Tìm hiểu thêm về sửa đổi"><span>tìm hiểu thêm</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:%C4%90%C3%B3ng_g%C3%B3p_c%E1%BB%A7a_t%C3%B4i" title="Danh sách các sửa đổi được thực hiện qua địa chỉ IP này [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Đóng góp</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%C3%B4i" title="Thảo luận với địa chỉ IP này [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Thảo luận cho địa chỉ IP này</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Trang Web"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Nội dung" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nội dung</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Đầu</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hóa_trị_cao_nhất_của_các_nguyên_tố_trong_hợp_chất" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hóa_trị_cao_nhất_của_các_nguyên_tố_trong_hợp_chất"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hóa trị cao nhất của các nguyên tố trong hợp chất</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hóa_trị_cao_nhất_của_các_nguyên_tố_trong_hợp_chất-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bảng_hóa_trị_của_các_nguyên_tố_và_nhóm_nguyên_tử" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bảng_hóa_trị_của_các_nguyên_tố_và_nhóm_nguyên_tử"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bảng hóa trị của các nguyên tố và nhóm nguyên tử</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bảng_hóa_trị_của_các_nguyên_tố_và_nhóm_nguyên_tử-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tham_khảo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tham_khảo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tham khảo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tham_khảo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Nội dung" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Đóng mở mục lục" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Đóng mở mục lục</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hóa trị</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Xem bài viết trong ngôn ngữ khác. Bài có sẵn trong 77 ngôn ngữ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 ngôn ngữ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensie" title="Valensie – Tiếng Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valensie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="تكافؤ – Tiếng Ả Rập" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ả Rập" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentlik" title="Valentlik – Tiếng Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valentlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi – Tiếng Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kimia)" title="Valens (kimia) – Tiếng Mã Lai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Valens (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mã Lai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="যোজনী – Tiếng Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোজনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BA-k%C3%A0" title="Goân-chú-kà – Tiếng Mân Nam" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-chú-kà" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Mân Nam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Валентлыҡ – Tiếng Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Валентлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Валентнасць – Tiếng Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валентнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Валентнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валентнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencija_(hemija)" title="Valencija (hemija) – Tiếng Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Valencija (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валентност – Tiếng Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валентност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A8ncia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="València (química) – Tiếng Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="València (química)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Валентлăх – Tiếng Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валентлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemie)" title="Valence (chemie) – Tiếng Séc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valence (chemie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Séc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukomba_hweNhangande" title="Hukomba hweNhangande – Tiếng Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hukomba hweNhangande" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falens" title="Falens – Tiếng Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Falens" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens" title="Valens – Tiếng Đan Mạch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valens" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đan Mạch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertigkeit_(Chemie)" title="Wertigkeit (Chemie) – Tiếng Đức" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wertigkeit (Chemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Đức" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valents_(keemia)" title="Valents (keemia) – Tiếng Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valents (keemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χημικό σθένος – Tiếng Hy Lạp" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικό σθένος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hy Lạp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry) – Tiếng Anh" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Valence (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Anh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Valencia (química) – Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valencia (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valento_(kemio)" title="Valento (kemio) – Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valento (kemio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quốc Tế Ngữ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balentzia" title="Balentzia – Tiếng Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ظرفیت شیمیایی – Tiếng Ba Tư" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرفیت شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Tư" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chimie)" title="Valence (chimie) – Tiếng Pháp" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valence (chimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Pháp" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%BAs_(ceimic)" title="Fiús (ceimic) – Tiếng Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiús (ceimic)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_at%C3%B3mica" title="Valencia atómica – Tiếng Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valencia atómica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80" title="원자가 – Tiếng Hàn" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hàn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վալենտականություն – Tiếng Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալենտականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संयोजकता – Tiếng Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयोजकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencija_(kemija)" title="Valencija (kemija) – Tiếng Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valencija (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenco" title="Valenco – Tiếng Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Valenco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingildi" title="Eingildi – Tiếng Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eingildi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenza_(chimica)" title="Valenza (chimica) – Tiếng Italy" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valenza (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Italy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვალენტობა – Tiếng Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალენტობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Валенттілік – Tiếng Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валенттілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi – Tiếng Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Valensi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93rt%C4%ABba_(%C4%B7%C4%ABmija)" title="Vērtība (ķīmija) – Tiếng Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vērtība (ķīmija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentingumas" title="Valentingumas – Tiếng Litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valentingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiyaayaano_ky%27Obusannyalazo" title="Ekiyaayaano ky'Obusannyalazo – Tiếng Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekiyaayaano ky'Obusannyalazo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegy%C3%A9rt%C3%A9k" title="Vegyérték – Tiếng Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyérték" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валентност – Tiếng Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валентност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुजा – Tiếng Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुजा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentie_(scheikunde)" title="Valentie (scheikunde) – Tiếng Hà Lan" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valentie (scheikunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Hà Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E4%BE%A1" title="原子価 – Tiếng Nhật" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子価" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nhật" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walens" title="Walens – Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Walens" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Frisia Miền Bắc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kjemi)" title="Valens (kjemi) – Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valens (kjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Na Uy (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrim_moddalarning_valentligi" title="Ayrim moddalarning valentligi – Tiếng Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ayrim moddalarning valentligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਯੋਜਕਤਾ – Tiếng Punjab" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੋਜਕਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Punjab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warto%C5%9Bciowo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wartościowość – Tiếng Ba Lan" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wartościowość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ba Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%AAncia_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Valência (química) – Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valência (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Bồ Đào Nha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Valență – Tiếng Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Валентность (хемия) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Валентность (хемия)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Валентность – Tiếng Nga" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валентность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Nga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca" title="Valenca – Tiếng Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සංයුජතාව – Tiếng Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංයුජතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valency" title="Valency – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valency" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="ويلنسي – Tiếng Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويلنسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca" title="Valenca – Tiếng Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valenca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentnost_(hemija)" title="Valentnost (hemija) – Tiếng Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Valentnost (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenca_(hemija)" title="Valenca (hemija) – Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valenca (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Serbo-Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenssi_(kemia)" title="Valenssi (kemia) – Tiếng Phần Lan" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valenssi (kemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Phần Lan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens_(kemi)" title="Valens (kemi) – Tiếng Thụy Điển" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valens (kemi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thụy Điển" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balensiya" title="Balensiya – Tiếng Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="இணைதிறன் – Tiếng Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைதிறன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugdut_(takrura)" title="Tugdut (takrura) – Tiếng Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tugdut (takrura)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="బాహుబలం – Tiếng Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాహుబలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เวเลนซ์ – Tiếng Thái" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวเลนซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thái" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Валент – Tiếng Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Валент" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Ferlik" title="Değerlik – Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değerlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Валентність – Tiếng Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валентність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81_(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="ظرف (کیمیاء) – Tiếng Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ظرف (کیمیاء)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7" title="化合价 – Tiếng Ngô" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化合价" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Ngô" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E5%83%B9" title="化合價 – Tiếng Quảng Đông" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化合價" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Quảng Đông" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7" title="化合价 – Tiếng Trung" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化合价" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tiếng Trung" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171407#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sửa liên kết giữa ngôn ngữ" class="wbc-editpage">Sửa liên kết</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Không gian tên"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Công cụ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Công cụ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FH%25C3%25B3a_tr%25E1%25BB%258B"><span>Tải mã QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In và xuất </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:S%C3%A1ch&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=H%C3%B3a+tr%E1%BB%8B"><span>Tạo một quyển sách</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:DownloadAsPdf&page=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&action=show-download-screen"><span>Tải dưới dạng PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&printable=yes" title="Bản để in ra của trang [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bản để in ra</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tại dự án khác </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Valence_(chemistry)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171407" title="Liên kết đến khoản mục kết nối trong kho dữ liệu [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Khoản mục Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Công cụ trang"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Giao diện"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Giao diện</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">chuyển sang thanh bên</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ẩn</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="vi" dir="ltr"><p><b>Hóa trị</b> của một <a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học">nguyên tố</a> được xác định bằng số <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Liên kết hóa học">liên kết hóa học</a> mà một <a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Nguyên tử">nguyên tử</a> của nguyên tố đó tạo nên trong <a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Phân tử">phân tử</a>. Hóa trị của nguyên tố trong hợp chất ion được gọi là <b>điện hóa trị</b>, có giá trị bằng với <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%ADch" title="Điện tích">điện tích</a> của <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> tạo thành từ nguyên tố đó. Hóa trị của nguyên tố trong hợp chất cộng hóa trị được gọi là <b>cộng hóa trị</b>, có giá trị bằng với số <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Liên kết cộng hóa trị">liên kết cộng hóa trị</a> mà nguyên tử của nguyên tố đó tạo được với nguyên tử của nguyên tố khác trong <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%A3p_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Hợp chất">hợp chất hóa học</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Những năm gần đây, song song với khái niệm này người ta hay dùng một khái niệm khác gọi là <a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_oxy_h%C3%B3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Số oxy hóa">số oxy hóa</a> của nguyên tố. Tuy không có ý nghĩa vật lý cụ thể như hóa trị song nhưng trong khái niệm thì số oxy hóa có nhiều tiện lợi về mặt thực hành (chẳng hạn khi cân bằng <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%E1%BB%A9ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phản ứng hóa học">phản ứng hóa học</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hóa_trị_cao_nhất_của_các_nguyên_tố_trong_hợp_chất"><span id="H.C3.B3a_tr.E1.BB.8B_cao_nh.E1.BA.A5t_c.E1.BB.A7a_c.C3.A1c_nguy.C3.AAn_t.E1.BB.91_trong_h.E1.BB.A3p_ch.E1.BA.A5t"></span>Hóa trị cao nhất của các nguyên tố trong hợp chất</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sửa đổi phần “Hóa trị cao nhất của các nguyên tố trong hợp chất”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Hóa trị cao nhất của các nguyên tố trong hợp chất"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Đối với hóa trị của nguyên tố trong hợp chất ion (<a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a" title="Điện hóa">điện hóa</a> trị), hóa trị dương cao nhất của những nguyên tố s, p nhìn chung bằng đúng số <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> lớp ngoài cùng, trừ một vài ngoại lệ như đồng (Cu), bạc (Ag), vàng (Au),... Hóa trị dương cao nhất của những nguyên tố d bằng tổng số electron phân lớp s của lớp sát lớp ngoài cùng và một vài electron của lớp sát ngoài cùng mà nguyên tử có thể nhường ra. Đối với hóa trị của nguyên tố trong hợp chất cộng hóa trị (cộng hóa trị), cần biết chính xác công thức cấu tạo electron của phân tử thì mới xác định đúng hóa trị.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width: 80%"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm tuần hoàn"><b>Nhóm</b> →</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 1"><b>IA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 2"><b>IIA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 3"><b>IIIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 4"><b>IVB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 5"><b>VB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 6"><b>VIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 7"><b>VIIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_8" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 8"><b>VIIIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_9" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 9"><b>VIIIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_10" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 10"><b>VIIIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_11" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 11"><b>IB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_12" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 12"><b>IIB</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 13"><b>IIIA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 14"><b>IVA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_15" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 15"><b>VA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_16" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 16"><b>VIA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhóm nguyên tố 17"><b>VIIA</b></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%AD_hi%E1%BA%BFm" title="Khí hiếm"><b>VIIIA</b></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ tuần hoàn">↓ <b>Chu kỳ</b></a> </td> <td colspan="19"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 1"><b>1</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:red;border:1px solid black;">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hi%C4%91r%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiđrô">H</a> </td> <td colspan="16"><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 2"><b>2</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">3<br /><a href="/wiki/Liti" class="mw-redirect" title="Liti">Li</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">4<br /><a href="/wiki/Berili" class="mw-redirect" title="Berili">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">5<br /><a href="/wiki/Bo" class="mw-disambig" title="Bo">B</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">6<br /><a href="/wiki/Cacbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacbon">C</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:red;border:1px solid black;">7<br /><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ">N</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:red;border:1px solid black;">8<br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%94xy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ôxy">O</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:red;border:1px solid black;">9<br /><a href="/wiki/Flo" class="mw-redirect" title="Flo">F</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#c0ffff;color:red;border:1px solid black;">10<br /><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 3"><b>3</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">11<br /><a href="/wiki/Natri" title="Natri">Na</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">12<br /><a href="/wiki/Magi%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Magiê">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="10"><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">13<br /><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm">Al</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">14<br /><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic">Si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">15<br /><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BB%91tpho" class="mw-redirect" title="Phốtpho">P</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">16<br /><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh">S</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:red;border:1px solid black;">17<br /><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:red;border:1px solid black;">18<br /><a href="/wiki/Agon" class="mw-redirect" title="Agon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 4"><b>4</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">K</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">20<br /><a href="/wiki/Canxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Canxi">Ca</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Scandi" title="Scandi">Sc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani">Ti</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">23<br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi">V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Crom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crom">Cr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">25<br /><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">26<br /><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt">Fe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">27<br /><a href="/wiki/Coban" class="mw-redirect" title="Coban">Co</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">28<br /><a href="/wiki/Niken" class="mw-redirect" title="Niken">Ni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">29<br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng">Cu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">30<br /><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm">Zn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">Ga</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">32<br /><a href="/wiki/Gecmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gecmani">Ge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Asen" class="mw-redirect" title="Asen">As</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selen" class="mw-redirect" title="Selen">Se</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:#00aa00;border:1px solid black;">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Brôm">Br</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:red;border:1px solid black;">36<br /><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 5"><b>5</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">37<br /><a href="/wiki/Rubi%C4%91i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubiđi">Rb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">38<br /><a href="/wiki/Stronti" title="Stronti">Sr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">39<br /><a href="/wiki/Yttri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttri">Y</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi">Zr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi">Nb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">42<br /><a href="/wiki/Molypden" class="mw-redirect" title="Molypden">Mo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">43<br /><a href="/wiki/Tecneti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecneti">Tc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">44<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni">Ru</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">45<br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodi" title="Rhodi">Rh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">46<br /><a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi">Pd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">47<br /><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc">Ag</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">48<br /><a href="/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi">Cd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">49<br /><a href="/wiki/Indi" title="Indi">In</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">50<br /><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc">Sn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">51<br /><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Telua" class="mw-redirect" title="Telua">Te</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:red;border:1px solid black;">54<br /><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 6"><b>6</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">55<br /><a href="/wiki/X%C3%AAsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xêsi">Cs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px solid black;">56<br /><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Ba</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;">*<br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">72<br /><a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni">Hf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">73<br /><a href="/wiki/Tantali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantali">Ta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">74<br /><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">75<br /><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">Re</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">76<br /><a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi">Os</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">77<br /><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Ir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">78<br /><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin">Pt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">79<br /><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng">Au</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:#00aa00;border:1px solid black;">80<br /><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thủy ngân">Hg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">81<br /><a href="/wiki/Tali" class="mw-redirect" title="Tali">Tl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">82<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì">Pb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px solid black;">83<br /><a href="/wiki/Bitmut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmut">Bi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">84<br /><a href="/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni">Po</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">85<br /><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:red;border:1px dashed black;">86<br /><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chu_k%E1%BB%B3_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu kỳ nguyên tố 7"><b>7</b></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ff8a8c;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Franxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Franxi">Fr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">88<br /><a href="/wiki/Radi" title="Radi">Ra</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;">**<br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">104<br /><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordi" title="Rutherfordi">Rf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">105<br /><a href="/wiki/Dubni" title="Dubni">Db</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">106<br /><a href="/wiki/Seaborgi" title="Seaborgi">Sg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">107<br /><a href="/wiki/Bohri" title="Bohri">Bh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">108<br /><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi">Hs</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">109<br /><a href="/wiki/Meitneri" title="Meitneri">Mt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">110<br /><a href="/wiki/Darmstadti" title="Darmstadti">Ds</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">111<br /><a href="/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni">Rg</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffdfad;color:#00aa00;border:1px dotted black;">112<br /><a href="/wiki/Copernixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernixi">Cn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">113<br /><a href="/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni">Nh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">114<br /><a href="/wiki/Flerovi" title="Flerovi">Fl</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">115<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscovi" title="Moscovi">Mc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">116<br /><a href="/wiki/Livermori" title="Livermori">Lv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">117<br /><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffffff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">118<br /><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="20"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right">* <b><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Lantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Họ Lantan">Họ Lantan</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lantan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lantan">La</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Xeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeri">Ce</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymi" title="Praseodymi">Pr</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymi" title="Neodymi">Nd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi">Pm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari">Sm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi">Eu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini">Gd</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi">Tb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosi" title="Dysprosi">Dy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Ho</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbi" title="Erbi">Er</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Thuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuli">Tm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbi">Yb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti">Lu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right">** <b><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Actini" class="mw-redirect" title="Họ Actini">Họ Actini</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actini" title="Actini">Ac</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px solid black;">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori">Th</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecf9c;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactini" title="Protactini">Pa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#a5ffa5;color:black;border:1px solid black;">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">U</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px dashed black;">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni">Np</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px solid black;">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni">Pu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffff9c;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi">Am</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#d6dfff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curi" class="mw-redirect" title="Curi">Cm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli">Bk</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californi" title="Californi">Cf</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#cecfce;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini">Es</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermi" title="Fermi">Fm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevi" title="Mendelevi">Md</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobeli" title="Nobeli">No</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background-color:#ffbeff;color:black;border:1px dotted black;">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrenci" title="Lawrenci">Lr</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>Các nhóm cùng gốc trong bảng tuần hoàn </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Hóa trị cao nhất của một nguyên tố</b>:</td> <td bgcolor="#c6ffff">0</td> <td bgcolor="#ff8a8c">1</td> <td bgcolor="#ffdfad">2</td> <td bgcolor="#ffbeff">3</td> <td bgcolor="#cecfce">4</td> <td bgcolor="#cecf9c">5</td> <td bgcolor="#a5ffa5">6</td> <td bgcolor="#ffff9c">7</td> <td bgcolor="d6dfff">8</td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff">Màu trắng: không rõ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trạng thái ở <a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_v%C3%A0_%C3%A1p_su%E1%BA%A5t_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn">nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn</a></b> </p> <ul><li>Màu số nguyên tử <font color="#ff0000">đỏ</font> là chất khí ở <a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_v%C3%A0_%C3%A1p_su%E1%BA%A5t_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn">nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn</a></li> <li>Màu số nguyên tử <font color="00aa00">lục</font> là chất lỏng ở <a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_v%C3%A0_%C3%A1p_su%E1%BA%A5t_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn">nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn</a></li> <li>Màu số nguyên tử <font color="#000000">đen</font> là chất rắn ở <a href="/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_v%C3%A0_%C3%A1p_su%E1%BA%A5t_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn">nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn</a></li></ul> <p><b>Tỷ lệ xuất hiện tự nhiên</b> </p> <ul><li><div style="border:solid 1px black;padding:1px;">Viền liền: có đồng vị già hơn <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1i_%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Trái Đất">Trái Đất</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BA%A5t_nguy%C3%AAn_th%E1%BB%A7y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chất nguyên thủy (trang không tồn tại)">chất nguyên thủy</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="border:dashed 1px black;padding:1px;">Viền gạch gạch: thường sinh ra từ phản ứng phân rã các nguyên tố khác, không có đồng vị già hơn Trái Đất (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87n_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiện tượng hóa học (trang không tồn tại)">hiện tượng hóa học</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="border:dotted 1px black;padding:1px;">Viền chấm chấm: tạo ra trong phòng thí nghiệm (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_nh%C3%A2n_t%E1%BA%A1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nguyên tố nhân tạo (trang không tồn tại)">nguyên tố nhân tạo</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="border:none;padding:1px;">Không có viền: chưa tìm thấy</div></li></ul> <p>(Lưu ý: Nitrogen có hóa trị cao nhất là IV theo tài liệu sửa đổi.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bảng_hóa_trị_của_các_nguyên_tố_và_nhóm_nguyên_tử"><span id="B.E1.BA.A3ng_h.C3.B3a_tr.E1.BB.8B_c.E1.BB.A7a_c.C3.A1c_nguy.C3.AAn_t.E1.BB.91_v.C3.A0_nh.C3.B3m_nguy.C3.AAn_t.E1.BB.AD"></span>Bảng hóa trị của các nguyên tố và nhóm nguyên tử</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sửa đổi phần “Bảng hóa trị của các nguyên tố và nhóm nguyên tử”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Bảng hóa trị của các nguyên tố và nhóm nguyên tử"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Đây là bảng liệt kê một số hóa trị của các <a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học">nguyên tố hóa học</a> và một số <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm nguyên tử (trang không tồn tại)">nhóm nguyên tử</a> thường gặp:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Vieclam123BangHoaTri8.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Vieclam123BangHoaTri8.gif" decoding="async" width="721" height="1029" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1029" /></a></span> </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BB%91_hi%E1%BB%87u_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Số hiệu nguyên tử">Số hiệu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên tố hóa học">Tên nguyên tố</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ký hiệu hóa học">Kí hiệu hoá học</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD_kh%E1%BB%91i" title="Nguyên tử khối">Nguyên tử khối</a> </th> <th>Hoá trị </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro">Hydro</a> </td> <td>H </td> <td>1 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli">Heli</a> </td> <td>He </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithi" title="Lithi">Lithi</a> </td> <td>Li </td> <td>7 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryli" title="Beryli">Beryli</a> </td> <td>Be </td> <td>9 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bor" title="Bor">Bor</a> </td> <td>B </td> <td>11 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>12 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nit%C6%A1" title="Nitơ">Nitơ</a> </td> <td>N </td> <td>14 </td> <td>I, II, III, IV, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy">Oxy</a> </td> <td>O </td> <td>16 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td>F </td> <td>19 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td> <td>Ne </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Natri" title="Natri">Natri</a> </td> <td>Na </td> <td>23 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">Magnesi</a> </td> <td>Mg </td> <td>24 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%B4m" title="Nhôm">Nhôm</a> </td> <td>Al </td> <td>27 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silic" title="Silic">Silic</a> </td> <td>Si </td> <td>28 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">Phosphor</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td>31 </td> <td>III, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C6%B0u_hu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Lưu huỳnh">Lưu huỳnh</a> </td> <td>S </td> <td>32 </td> <td>II, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor">Chlor</a> </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>35,5 </td> <td>I, II, III, IV, V, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td> <td>Ar </td> <td>40 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> </td> <td>K </td> <td>39 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci">Calci</a> </td> <td>Ca </td> <td>40 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandi" title="Scandi">Scandi</a> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td>45 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titani" title="Titani">Titani</a> </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>48 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi">Vanadi</a> </td> <td>V </td> <td>51 </td> <td>II. III, IV, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromi" title="Chromi">Chromi</a> </td> <td>Cr </td> <td>52 </td> <td>II, III, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td>Mn </td> <td>55 </td> <td>II, IV, VII… </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt">Sắt</a> </td> <td>Fe </td> <td>56 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td>Co </td> <td>58,9 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td>Ni </td> <td>58,7 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng">Đồng</a> </td> <td>Cu </td> <td>64 </td> <td>I, II </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm" title="Kẽm">Kẽm</a> </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>65 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gali" title="Gali">Gali</a> </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>70 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germani" title="Germani">Germani</a> </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>73 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td>As </td> <td>75 </td> <td>III, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seleni" title="Seleni">Seleni</a> </td> <td>Se </td> <td>79 </td> <td>II, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> </td> <td>Br </td> <td>80 </td> <td>I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td> <td>Kr </td> <td>84 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidi" title="Rubidi">Rubidi</a> </td> <td>Rb </td> <td>85,5 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stronti" title="Stronti">Stronti</a> </td> <td>Sr </td> <td>88 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri">Ytri</a> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>89 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconi" title="Zirconi">Zirconi</a> </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>91 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobi" title="Niobi">Niobi</a> </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>93 </td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden">Molybden</a> </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>96 </td> <td>II, III, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Techneti" title="Techneti">Techneti</a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>99 </td> <td>III, IV, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutheni" title="Rutheni">Rutheni</a> </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>101 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodi" title="Rhodi">Rhodi</a> </td> <td>Rh </td> <td>103 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paladi" title="Paladi">Paladi</a> </td> <td>Pd </td> <td>106 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1c" title="Bạc">Bạc</a> </td> <td>Ag </td> <td>108 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmi" title="Cadmi">Cadmi</a> </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>112 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indi" title="Indi">Indi</a> </td> <td>In </td> <td>114 </td> <td>I, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFc" title="Thiếc">Thiếc</a> </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>119 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Antimon</a> </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>122 </td> <td>III, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teluri" title="Teluri">Teluri</a> </td> <td>Te </td> <td>128 </td> <td>II, IV, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> </td> <td>I </td> <td>127 </td> <td>I, III, V, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td> <td>Xe </td> <td>131 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesi" title="Caesi">Caesi</a> </td> <td>Cs </td> <td>133 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> </td> <td>Ba </td> <td>137 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthan" title="Lanthan">Lanthan</a> </td> <td>La </td> <td>139 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceri" title="Ceri">Ceri</a> </td> <td>Ce </td> <td>140 </td> <td>III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymi" title="Praseodymi">Praseodymi</a> </td> <td>Pr </td> <td>141 </td> <td>III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymi" title="Neodymi">Neodymi</a> </td> <td>Nd </td> <td>144 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethi" title="Promethi">Promethi</a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td>145 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samari" title="Samari">Samari</a> </td> <td>Sm </td> <td>150 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi">Europi</a> </td> <td>Eu </td> <td>152 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolini" title="Gadolini">Gadolini</a> </td> <td>Gd </td> <td>157 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbi" title="Terbi">Terbi</a> </td> <td>Tb </td> <td>159 </td> <td>III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>66 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosi" title="Dysprosi">Dysprosi</a> </td> <td>Dy </td> <td>162,5 </td> <td>III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>67 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmi" title="Holmi">Holmi</a> </td> <td>Ho </td> <td>165 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>68 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbi" title="Erbi">Erbi</a> </td> <td>Er </td> <td>167 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>69 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuli">Thuli</a> </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>169 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbi">Ytterbi</a> </td> <td>Yb </td> <td>173 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>71 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luteti" title="Luteti">Luteti</a> </td> <td>Lu </td> <td>175 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>72 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni">Hafni</a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>178 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>73 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a> </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>181 </td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td>74 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> </td> <td>W </td> <td>184 </td> <td>II, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>75 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheni" title="Rheni">Rheni</a> </td> <td>Re </td> <td>186 </td> <td>III, IV, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi">Osmi</a> </td> <td>Os </td> <td>190 </td> <td>II, III, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>77 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridi" title="Iridi">Iridi</a> </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>192 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platin" title="Platin">Platin</a> </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>195 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>79 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A0ng" title="Vàng">Vàng</a> </td> <td>Au </td> <td>197 </td> <td>I, II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_ng%C3%A2n" title="Thủy ngân">Thủy ngân</a> </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>201 </td> <td>I, II </td></tr> <tr> <td>81 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a> </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>204 </td> <td>I, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>82 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%AC" title="Chì">Chì</a> </td> <td>Pb </td> <td>207 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>83 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td>Bi </td> <td>209 </td> <td>III, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>84 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni">Poloni</a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>209 </td> <td>II, IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>85 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a> </td> <td>At </td> <td>210 </td> <td>I, III, V, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>86 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td> <td>Rn </td> <td>222 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>87 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franci" title="Franci">Franci</a> </td> <td>Fr </td> <td>223 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>88 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radi" title="Radi">Radi</a> </td> <td>Ra </td> <td>226 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>89 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actini" title="Actini">Actini</a> </td> <td>Ac </td> <td>227 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>90 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thori" title="Thori">Thori</a> </td> <td>Th </td> <td>232 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>91 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactini" title="Protactini">Protactini</a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td>231 </td> <td>IV, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>92 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urani" title="Urani">Urani</a> </td> <td>U </td> <td>238 </td> <td>IV, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>93 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptuni" title="Neptuni">Neptuni</a> </td> <td>Np </td> <td>237 </td> <td>IV, V, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>94 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni">Plutoni</a> </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>244 </td> <td>IV, V, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>95 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americi" title="Americi">Americi</a> </td> <td>Am </td> <td>243 </td> <td>IV, V, VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>96 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curi" class="mw-redirect" title="Curi">Curi</a> </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>247 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkeli" title="Berkeli">Berkeli</a> </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>247 </td> <td>III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>98 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californi" title="Californi">Californi</a> </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>251 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>99 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteini" title="Einsteini">Einsteini</a> </td> <td>Es </td> <td>252 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermi" title="Fermi">Fermi</a> </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>257 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>101 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevi" title="Mendelevi">Mendelevi</a> </td> <td>Md </td> <td>258 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>102 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobeli" title="Nobeli">Nobeli</a> </td> <td>No </td> <td>259 </td> <td>II, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>103 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrenci" title="Lawrenci">Lawrenci</a> </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>262 </td> <td>III </td></tr> <tr> <td>104 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordi" title="Rutherfordi">Rutherfordi</a> </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>267 </td> <td>IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>105 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubni" title="Dubni">Dubni</a> </td> <td>Db </td> <td>268 </td> <td>V </td></tr> <tr> <td>106 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgi" title="Seaborgi">Seaborgi</a> </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>269 </td> <td>VI </td></tr> <tr> <td>107 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohri" title="Bohri">Bohri</a> </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>270 </td> <td>VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>108 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassi" title="Hassi">Hassi</a> </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>269 </td> <td>VIII </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitneri" title="Meitneri">Meitneri</a> </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>278 </td> <td>II, III, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>110 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadti" title="Darmstadti">Darmstadti</a> </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>281 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>111 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgeni" title="Roentgeni">Roentgeni</a> </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>282 </td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td>112 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici">Copernici</a> </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>285 </td> <td>II </td></tr> <tr> <td>113 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihoni" title="Nihoni">Nihoni</a> </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>286 </td> <td>I, III </td></tr> <tr> <td>114 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovi" title="Flerovi">Flerovi</a> </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>289 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>115 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovi" title="Moscovi">Moscovi</a> </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>290 </td> <td>III, V </td></tr> <tr> <td>116 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermori" title="Livermori">Livermori</a> </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>293 </td> <td>II, IV, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>117 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>294 </td> <td>I, III, V, VII </td></tr> <tr> <td>118 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td> <td>Og </td> <td>294 </td> <td>II, IV </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Còn đây là hóa trị của một số <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%B3m_nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhóm nguyên tử (trang không tồn tại)">nhóm nguyên tử</a> quan trọng: </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Nhóm nguyên tử </th> <th><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BD_hi%E1%BB%87u_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ký hiệu hóa học">Kí hiệu</a> </th> <th>Hóa trị </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%91i_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Khối lượng phân tử">Phân tử khối</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acid tương ứng</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxide</a> </td> <td>OH </td> <td>I </td> <td>17 </td> <th>Tên acid </th> <th>Kí hiệu </th> <th>Phân tử khối </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">Nitrat</a> </td> <td>NO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>62 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_nitric" title="Acid nitric">Acid nitric</a> </td> <td>HNO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a> </td> <td>Cl </td> <td>I </td> <td>35,5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_hydrochloric" title="Acid hydrochloric">Acid hydrochloric</a> </td> <td>HCl </td> <td>36,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonat" title="Carbonat">Carbonat</a> </td> <td>CO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>60 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Acid_carbonic" title="Acid carbonic">Acid carbonic</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td rowspan="2">62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrocarbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrocarbonat (trang không tồn tại)">Hydrocarbonat</a> </td> <td>HCO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">Sulfat</a> </td> <td>SO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>96 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">Acid sulfuric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td rowspan="2">98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrosulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrosulfat (trang không tồn tại)">Hydrosulfat</a> </td> <td>HSO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfide</a> </td> <td>S </td> <td>II </td> <td>32 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_sulfidehydric&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid sulfidehydric (trang không tồn tại)">Acid sulfidehydric</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub>S </td> <td rowspan="2">34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydro_sulfide" title="Hydro sulfide">Hydro sulfide</a> </td> <td>HS </td> <td>I </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphat" title="Phosphat">Phosphat</a> </td> <td>PO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>III </td> <td>95 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Acid_phosphoric" title="Acid phosphoric">Acid phosphoric</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td rowspan="3">98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrophosphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrophosphat (trang không tồn tại)">Hydrophosphat</a> </td> <td>HPO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrophosphat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrophosphat (trang không tồn tại)">Dihydrophosphat</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfide</a> </td> <td>SO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>80 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfur%C6%A1" title="Acid sulfurơ">Acid sunfurơ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td rowspan="2">82 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydro_sulfide" title="Hydro sulfide">Hydro sulfide</a> </td> <td>HSO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">Silicat</a> </td> <td>SiO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>76 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_silicic" title="Acid silicic">Acid silicic</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetat" title="Acetat">Acetat</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>COO </td> <td>I </td> <td>59 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_acetic" title="Acid acetic">Acid acetic</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>COOH </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminat (trang không tồn tại)">Aluminat</a> </td> <td>AlO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>59 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_aluminic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid aluminic (trang không tồn tại)">Acid aluminic</a> </td> <td>HAlO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zincat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zincat (trang không tồn tại)">Zincat</a> </td> <td>ZnO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%E1%BA%BDm_hydroxide" title="Kẽm hydroxide">Acid zincic</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>ZnO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrit (trang không tồn tại)">Nitrit</a> </td> <td>NO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_nitr%C6%A1" title="Acid nitrơ">Acid nitrơ</a> </td> <td>HNO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etylat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etylat (trang không tồn tại)">Etylat</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O </td> <td>I </td> <td>45 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Rượu etylic</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> </td> <td>Br </td> <td>I </td> <td>80 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_hydrobromic" title="Acid hydrobromic">Acid hydrobromic</a> </td> <td>HBr </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permanganat" title="Permanganat">Permanganat</a> </td> <td>MnO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>I </td> <td>119 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_permanganic" title="Acid permanganic">Acid permanganic</a> </td> <td>HMnO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrommat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrommat (trang không tồn tại)">Chrommat</a> </td> <td>CrO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>II </td> <td>116 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_chromic" title="Acid chromic">Acid chromic</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> </td> <td>118 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tham_khảo"><span id="Tham_kh.E1.BA.A3o"></span>Tham khảo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sửa đổi phần “Tham khảo”" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sửa</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="Sửa mã nguồn tại đề mục: Tham khảo"><span>sửa mã nguồn</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71728118">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67233549">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"“""”""‘""’"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLê2007" class="citation book cs1">Lê, Xuân Trọng (chủ biên) (2007). <i>Hóa học 10 - Nâng cao</i> (ấn bản thứ 1). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục Việt Nam. tr. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%B3a+h%E1%BB%8Dc+10+-+N%C3%A2ng+cao&rft.place=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&rft.aufirst=Xu%C3%A2n+Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+%28ch%E1%BB%A7+bi%C3%AAn%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AH%C3%B3a+tr%E1%BB%8B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite id="CITEREFLê2002" class="citation book cs1">Lê, Xuân Trọng (chủ biên) (2002). <i>Bài tập nâng cao Hóa học 10</i> (ấn bản thứ 1). Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Giáo dục. tr. 62-63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%A0i+t%E1%BA%ADp+n%C3%A2ng+cao+H%C3%B3a+h%E1%BB%8Dc+10&rft.place=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pages=62-63&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Gi%C3%A1o+d%E1%BB%A5c&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=L%C3%AA&rft.aufirst=Xu%C3%A2n+Tr%E1%BB%8Dng+%28ch%E1%BB%A7+bi%C3%AAn%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AH%C3%B3a+tr%E1%BB%8B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67233549"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Vieclam123BangHoaTri8.gif">“Bảng Hóa Trị 8”</a>. <i>Wikimedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia&rft.atitle=B%E1%BA%A3ng+H%C3%B3a+Tr%E1%BB%8B+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fc%2Fc8%2FVieclam123BangHoaTri8.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fvi.wikipedia.org%3AH%C3%B3a+tr%E1%BB%8B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><table class="metadata plainlinks stub" style="background: transparent;" role="presentation"><tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hình tượng sơ khai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Bài viết liên quan đến <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hóa học">hóa học</a> này vẫn còn <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:B%C3%A0i_s%C6%A1_khai" title="Wikipedia:Bài sơ khai">sơ khai</a>. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia <a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B&veaction=edit">mở rộng nội dung</a> để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.</i><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"><ul><li class="nv-xem"><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:S%C6%A1_khai_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bản mẫu:Sơ khai hóa học"><abbr title="Xem bản mẫu này">x</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-thảo luận"><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3o_lu%E1%BA%ADn_B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:S%C6%A1_khai_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thảo luận Bản mẫu:Sơ khai hóa học"><abbr title="Thảo luận bản mẫu này">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sửa"><a class="external text" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%A3n_m%E1%BA%ABu:S%C6%A1_khai_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc&action=edit"><abbr title="Sửa bản mẫu này">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Lấy từ “<a dir="ltr" href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hóa_trị&oldid=71960956">https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hóa_trị&oldid=71960956</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7c_bi%E1%BB%87t:Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i" title="Đặc biệt:Thể loại">Thể loại</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:S%C6%A1_khai_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thể loại:Sơ khai hóa học">Sơ khai hóa học</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thể loại:Hóa học">Hóa học</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Li%C3%AAn_k%E1%BA%BFt_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thể loại:Liên kết hóa học">Liên kết hóa học</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Thu%E1%BB%99c_t%C3%ADnh_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thể loại:Thuộc tính hóa học">Thuộc tính hóa học</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:H%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B_v%C3%A0_b%E1%BA%A3ng_h%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_tu%E1%BA%A7n_ho%C3%A0n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thể loại:Hóa trị và bảng hệ thống tuần hoàn (trang không tồn tại)">Hóa trị và bảng hệ thống tuần hoàn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a" title="Thể loại:Điện hóa">Điện hóa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Thể loại ẩn: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:T%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BA%A3_b%C3%A0i_vi%E1%BA%BFt_s%C6%A1_khai" title="Thể loại:Tất cả bài viết sơ khai">Tất cả bài viết sơ khai</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Trang này được sửa đổi lần cuối vào ngày 24 tháng 11 năm 2024, 03:26.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Văn bản được phát hành theo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nguy%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_Gi%E1%BA%A5y_ph%C3%A9p_Creative_Commons_Ghi_c%C3%B4ng%E2%80%93Chia_s%E1%BA%BB_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%E1%BB%B1_phi%C3%AAn_b%E1%BA%A3n_4.0_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Wikipedia:Nguyên văn Giấy phép Creative Commons Ghi công–Chia sẻ tương tự phiên bản 4.0 Quốc tế">Giấy phép Creative Commons Ghi công–Chia sẻ tương tự</a>; có thể áp dụng điều khoản bổ sung. 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