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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C_%ED%92%89" title="유튜브 풉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유튜브 풉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A4TuubaPaska" title="SinäTuubaPaska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SinäTuubaPaska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A" title="ยูทูบ พูบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยูทูบ พูบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_kakas%C4%B1" title="YouTube kakası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="YouTube kakası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Poop" title="YouTube Poop – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="YouTube Poop" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Video genre consisting of edited pre-existing media</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>YouTube poop</b> (<b>YTP</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Video_mashup" class="mw-redirect" title="Video mashup">video mashup</a> or edit created by remixing/editing pre-existing media sources, often carrying <a href="/wiki/Subcultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcultural">subcultural</a> significance into a new video for humorous, vulgar, satirical, obscene, absurd, profane, annoying, confusing, or dramatic purposes. YouTube poops are traditionally uploaded to the <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing_website" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing website">video sharing website</a> <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors_and_influences">Precursors and influences</h3></div> <p>YouTube poop is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which existing ideas and media are modified and reinterpreted to create new art and media in various contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms of remix culture have existed long before the internet, with DigitalTrends's Luke Dormehl listing the <a href="/wiki/Cut-up_technique" title="Cut-up technique">cut-up technique</a> of <a href="/wiki/William_Burroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="William Burroughs">William Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> as examples.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dormehl also says that "aesthetically", YouTube poop is similar to the "frenetic editing style" of <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> in the 1980s, which featured "fast, non-linear cuts" that focused less on character or plot than on evoking a feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>YouTube poop also draws on elements from the <a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">vidding</a> scene,<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which fans of a piece of media would create music videos using footage from the work.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observers have also proposed influences from a more modern, internet-based practice similar to vidding, the <a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">anime music video</a> (AMV) – particularly from more comedic variations of the AMV.<sup id="cite_ref-ferrini_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_and_"golden_age""><span id="Early_history_and_.22golden_age.22"></span>Early history and "golden age"</h3></div> <p>The genre began in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first video to be regarded as a YouTube poop is named "The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 REMIXED!!!" (which has been renamed to "I'D SAY HE'S HOT ON OUR TAIL") by the creator SuperYoshi, uploaded on December 22, 2004, preceding the creation of YouTube by a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remixes clips from the 1989 animated television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Super_Mario_Bros._3" title="The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3">The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3</a></i> as a primary source,<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the video editing software <a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Windows Movie Maker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-halle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media scholar Randall Halle suggests that the name "poop" as used to refer to videos like SuperYoshi's referred to the purported low quality of these early works.<sup id="cite_ref-halle_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the mid-to-late 2000s, YouTube poops were one of the most popular types of video on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-pingas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> YouTuber EmpLemon describes this era as being characterized by popular recurring memes and in-jokes in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Halle, the 2010 video "jonathan swift returns from the dead to eat a cheese sandwich" has been cited as "a work that moved YTP towards artistry", with heavy use of video in video editing and other methods of distortion.<sup id="cite_ref-halle_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_mainstream_popularity">Decline in mainstream popularity</h3></div> <p>The YouTube poop genre declined in popularity during the late 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EMarketer" class="mw-redirect" title="EMarketer">eMarketer</a> principal analyst Nicole Perrin speculated that the reason why the genre had "fallen to the wayside" was as part of a larger YouTube "shift to glossier more corporate-friendly content."<sup id="cite_ref-green_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luke Dormehl wrote in 2019 in relation to this loss of mainstream popularity that "as with every other corner of the internet", YTP had undergone fragmentization from a large single community with a shared set of sources into a series of sub-communities, each with their own preferred source material. However, this has also allowed each individual sub-community to develop its own set of convoluted "references-within-references" even further.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, YTP has followed the general YouTube trend of increasing professionalization and editing, with lots of special effects and elaborate writing.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-numerama_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numerama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>YTP has had a large influence on much of modern meme culture and internet culture as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stylistic traits of YTP have entered the editing vocabulary of mainstream YouTubers, such as rapid editing and sudden drastic changes in volume for comedic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-numerama_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numerama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many mainstream YouTubers even hire YTP editors to edit their normal videos.<sup id="cite_ref-numerama_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numerama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_techniques">Style and techniques</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure,_culture_and_subgenres"><span id="Structure.2C_culture_and_subgenres"></span>Structure, culture and subgenres</h3></div> <p>Some videos may involve completely or partially repurposing sources to create or convey an often self-aware story, while others follow a <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear narrative">non-linear narrative</a>, and some may contain no storyline at all, instead regarded among the lines of <a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">surreal humor</a> and artistic experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this degree, a YouTube poop may even consist solely of an existing video, sometimes modified, repeated in a slowed or remixed loop.<sup id="cite_ref-demorgen_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demorgen-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associate professor of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_University" title="Kansas State University">Kansas State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wesch" title="Michael Wesch">Michael Wesch</a>, has defined YouTube poops as "absurdist remixes that ape and mock the lowest technical and aesthetic standards of <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a> to comment on remix culture itself".<sup id="cite_ref-EFF_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFF-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>YTP can often be derivative in the sense that the work of one creator (or, within the community, <i>pooper</i>) is sometimes used as the underlying work for another video; this can be recirculated and lead to the creation of "YTP tennis" videos, named for how they exist in rounds where the original video accumulates edits and alterations. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, Professor of Law at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>, compared this aspect to a form of <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">call and response</a>, here seen as being prominent within <a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">remix culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lessig_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessig-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A YTP "collab", or collaboration, is a common practice, and involves various creators joining together to produce a single, sometimes very long, video.<sup id="cite_ref-halle_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A subgenre of YouTube poops is YouTube poop music video (YTPMV), which involves clips from different forms of media remixed in a musical form, often in a fast-paced and editing-intensive manner.<sup id="cite_ref-ferrini_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferrini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_material">Source material</h3></div> <p>While essentially any audiovisual media is "fair game" for source material,<sup id="cite_ref-green_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the most common sources of YouTube poops include <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">movies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">cartoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commercials" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercials">commercials</a>, or other YouTube videos.<sup id="cite_ref-burgFull_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgFull-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most popular sources are 1990s cartoons, particularly critically disregarded ones such as <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World_(TV_series)" title="Super Mario World (TV series)">Super Mario World</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog">Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pingas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work of children's poet <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosen" title="Michael Rosen">Michael Rosen</a> has also been used.<sup id="cite_ref-randall_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-randall-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These diverse media sources, from different time periods and styles, are often combined in YTPs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cutscenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutscenes">cutscenes</a> from Nintendo games released on the <a href="/wiki/Philips_CD-i" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">Philips CD-i</a>—most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Mario" title="Hotel Mario">Hotel Mario</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Link:_The_Faces_of_Evil_and_Zelda:_The_Wand_of_Gamelon" title="Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon">Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon</a></i>, which received mixed reception at the time of their release but have been retrospectively criticized for low-quality animation, voice acting, and scripts—are also frequently used, and have achieved more widespread notoriety as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editing_techniques">Editing techniques</h3></div> <p>A typical YouTube poop uses visual and auditory effects to alter the <a href="/wiki/Underlying_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Underlying work">underlying work</a>, as well as rearrangement of individual clips.<sup id="cite_ref-Yale_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yale-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edits are often "abrupt and jarring", with lots of quick <a href="/wiki/Cut_(transition)" title="Cut (transition)">cuts</a> and time stretching leading to an "often-frenetic" pace.<sup id="cite_ref-burgFull_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgFull-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruth Alexandra Moran interprets the style as producing "aesthetics of malfunction".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common type of rearrangement is "sentence-mixing", a form of editing in which dialogue is rearranged or chopped up to form new, often humorous or vulgar dialogue.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One famous sentence-mix from the YouTube poop "Robotnik Has a Viagra Overdose" by creator Stegblob takes a scene from an episode of <i>Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog</i> titled "Bogey-Mania" in which <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Robotnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Robotnik">Doctor Robotnik</a> accuses his henchmen of "snooping as usual" and cuts out everything but the second and third <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> to leave only the nonsensical word "pingas", which was construed to resemble the word "<a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>". Over the years, "Pingas" has since become one of the biggest memes related to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog" title="Sonic the Hedgehog">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> franchise in general and has been referenced in both the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(Archie_Comics)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics)">Archie comic</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Boom_(TV_series)" title="Sonic Boom (TV series)">Sonic Boom</a></i> television series.<sup id="cite_ref-pingas_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview, <i><a href="/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(film)" title="Sonic the Hedgehog (film)">Sonic the Hedgehog</a></i> co-star <a href="/wiki/James_Marsden" title="James Marsden">James Marsden</a> was asked a question about the word, in which he erroneously guessed that it was Doctor Robotnik's original catchphrase.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some techniques are more abrasive, like the "stutter loop", in which a short clip of video is repeated over and over.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abrasive auditory trope is the sudden extreme increase in volume to shock the viewer, known as "ear-rape" or "earrape".<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pingas_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pingas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-numerama_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-numerama-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_and_fair_use">Copyright and fair use</h2></div> <p>As YouTube poop is a medium built on repurposing copyrighted media, it has been particularly vulnerable to copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-punk_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-punk-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> YouTube poops have often been subject to copyright claims on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist and author Trajce Cvetkovski noted in 2013 that, despite <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom</a> filing a <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> against YouTube in 2007 explicitly concerning YouTube poops, in particular "<i>The Sky Had a Weegee</i>" by Hurricoaster, which features scenes from the animated series <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i> episode "<a href="/wiki/Shanghaied_(SpongeBob_SquarePants)" title="Shanghaied (SpongeBob SquarePants)">Shanghaied</a>" and Weegee (a satiric caricature based on <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Luigi" title="Luigi">Luigi</a> as he appears in the DOS version of <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Is_Missing!" title="Mario Is Missing!">Mario Is Missing!</a></i>), it and many others have remained on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copyright law in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> allows people to use copyrighted material for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caricature" title="Caricature">caricature</a> without being seen as infringing on the copyright of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyright owners are only able to sue the parodist if the work is perceived as communicating hateful or discriminative messages, and modifying the intended purpose of the copyright owner's material. If the case is then taken to court, judges are advised in jurisdictional terms to decide whether the video meets these criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animutation" title="Animutation">Animutation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cult_Toons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult Toons">Cult Toons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daffy_Duck_in_Hollywood" title="Daffy Duck in Hollywood">Daffy Duck in Hollywood</a></i> – a 1938 <i><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Melodies" title="Merrie Melodies">Merrie Melodies</a></i> short with similarities to YouTube poop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_Parodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Downfall Parodies"><i>Downfall</i> (2004 film) § Parodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netdisaster" title="Netdisaster">Netdisaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix album</a> – an album with remixes, first used in Harry Nilsson's album <i><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Pandemonium_Ballet" title="Aerial Pandemonium Ballet">Aerial Pandemonium Ballet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schichlegruber_Doing_the_Lambeth_Walk" title="Schichlegruber Doing the Lambeth Walk">Schichlegruber Doing the Lambeth Walk</a></i> – a 1942 British propaganda short with similarities to YouTube poop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitposting" title="Shitposting">Shitposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_SoundCloud" title="Weird SoundCloud">Weird SoundCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YTMND" title="YTMND">YTMND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercut" title="Supercut">Supercut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackard2009" class="citation web cs1">Blackard, Cat (July 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://consequenceofsound.net/2009/07/break-yo-tv-youtube-poop/">"Break Yo' TV: YouTube Poop"</a>. <i>Consequence of Sound</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915190110/http://consequenceofsound.net/2009/07/break-yo-tv-youtube-poop/">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consequence+of+Sound&rft.atitle=Break+Yo%27+TV%3A+YouTube+Poop&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.aulast=Blackard&rft.aufirst=Cat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconsequenceofsound.net%2F2009%2F07%2Fbreak-yo-tv-youtube-poop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoppa2022">Coppa (2022</a>, p. 4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2015" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Ben (March 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/22/from-artistic-to-technological-mash-up/">"Remixing Culture And Why The Art Of The Mash-Up Matters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tech_Crunch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech Crunch">Tech Crunch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212113835/https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/22/from-artistic-to-technological-mash-up/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tech+Crunch&rft.atitle=Remixing+Culture+And+Why+The+Art+Of+The+Mash-Up+Matters&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2015%2F03%2F22%2Ffrom-artistic-to-technological-mash-up%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-punk-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-punk_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDormehl2019" class="citation news cs1">Dormehl, Luke (March 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/youtube-poop-worthy-respect/">"YouTube Poop is punk rock for the internet age, and you probably don't get it"</a>. <i>Digital Trends</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418195608/https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/youtube-poop-worthy-respect/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=YouTube+Poop+is+punk+rock+for+the+internet+age%2C+and+you+probably+don%27t+get+it&rft.date=2019-03-30&rft.aulast=Dormehl&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcool-tech%2Fyoutube-poop-worthy-respect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalelawtech.org/fair-use-remix-culture/youtube-poop-meme-as-art-community">"YouTube Poop: Memes and Community"</a>. Yale University, Law and Technology. November 3, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412222642/http://www.yalelawtech.org/fair-use-remix-culture/youtube-poop-meme-as-art-community">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YouTube+Poop%3A+Memes+and+Community&rft.pub=Yale+University%2C+Law+and+Technology&rft.date=2012-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalelawtech.org%2Ffair-use-remix-culture%2Fyoutube-poop-meme-as-art-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoppa2022">Coppa (2022</a>, p. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ferrini-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ferrini_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ferrini_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrini2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrini, Francesca (February 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akibagamers.it/28-02-2023/storia-degli-amv-anime-music-video/">"La storia degli AMV, gli Anime Music Video"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713161119/https://www.akibagamers.it/28-02-2023/storia-degli-amv-anime-music-video/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Vista la tipologia dei montaggi, possiamo ipotizzare che questo genere di video dalla comicità caotica e nonsense abbia avuto una grossa influenza sulle cosiddette YouTube Poop (abbreviate in YTP), create proprio in quel periodo. Pochi anni dopo nacquero le YTPMV, video comici con remix di musiche e scene di film, anime, videogiochi o talk-show, spesso fatti con un ottimo livello di editing e con un ritmo frenetico.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+storia+degli+AMV%2C+gli+Anime+Music+Video&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft.aulast=Ferrini&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akibagamers.it%2F28-02-2023%2Fstoria-degli-amv-anime-music-video%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statesman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statesman_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Tait, Amelia (November 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/2016/11/art-youtube-poop">"The art of the YouTube Poop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+art+of+the+YouTube+Poop&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Amelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fscience-tech%2F2016%2F11%2Fart-youtube-poop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halle_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halle_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halle_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-halle_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalle2021" class="citation book cs1">Halle, Randall (March 30, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc0fEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22i%27d+say+he%27s+hot+on+our+tail%22&pg=PT162">"Heterotactic Community Formation: YouTube Pooping"</a>. <i>Visual Alterity: Seeing Difference in Cinema</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252052590" title="Special:BookSources/9780252052590"><bdi>9780252052590</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240709063136/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oc0fEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22i%27d+say+he%27s+hot+on+our+tail%22&pg=PT162#v=onepage&q=%22i'd%20say%20he's%20hot%20on%20our%20tail%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heterotactic+Community+Formation%3A+YouTube+Pooping&rft.btitle=Visual+Alterity%3A+Seeing+Difference+in+Cinema&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2021-03-30&rft.isbn=9780252052590&rft.aulast=Halle&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOc0fEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522i%2527d%2Bsay%2Bhe%2527s%2Bhot%2Bon%2Bour%2Btail%2522%26pg%3DPT162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pingas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pingas_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pingas_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pingas_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pingas_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Feldman, Brian (February 10, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/02/how-pingas-became-a-famous-sonic-the-hedgehog-meme.html">"How Pingas Became One of Sonic the Hedgehog's Most Famous Memes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Magazine">New York Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130182616/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/02/how-pingas-became-a-famous-sonic-the-hedgehog-meme.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Pingas+Became+One+of+Sonic+the+Hedgehog%27s+Most+Famous+Memes&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2F2020%2F02%2Fhow-pingas-became-a-famous-sonic-the-hedgehog-meme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenburg" class="citation news cs1">Greenburg, Zack O'Malley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2020/03/03/youtube-poop-and-the-sanic-boom-digesting-the-strangest-slice-of-googles-15b-video-business/">"YouTube Poop And The 'Sanic' Boom: Digesting The Strangest Slice Of Google's $15B Video Business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713205155/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2020/03/03/youtube-poop-and-the-sanic-boom-digesting-the-strangest-slice-of-googles-15b-video-business/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=YouTube+Poop+And+The+%27Sanic%27+Boom%3A+Digesting+The+Strangest+Slice+Of+Google%27s+%2415B+Video+Business&rft.aulast=Greenburg&rft.aufirst=Zack+O%27Malley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fzackomalleygreenburg%2F2020%2F03%2F03%2Fyoutube-poop-and-the-sanic-boom-digesting-the-strangest-slice-of-googles-15b-video-business%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-numerama-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-numerama_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numerama_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numerama_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-numerama_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numerama.com/pop-culture/602727-pilier-de-la-culture-meme-francaise-en-un-peu-plus-de-dix-ans-les-youtube-poop-ont-bien-change.html">"Grandeur et décadence du YouTube Poop, pilier de la culture mème française"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Numerama" title="Numerama">Numerama</a></i> (in French). February 2, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708155448/https://www.numerama.com/pop-culture/602727-pilier-de-la-culture-meme-francaise-en-un-peu-plus-de-dix-ans-les-youtube-poop-ont-bien-change.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numerama&rft.atitle=Grandeur+et+d%C3%A9cadence+du+YouTube+Poop%2C+pilier+de+la+culture+m%C3%A8me+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=2020-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numerama.com%2Fpop-culture%2F602727-pilier-de-la-culture-meme-francaise-en-un-peu-plus-de-dix-ans-les-youtube-poop-ont-bien-change.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demorgen-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demorgen_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Damme2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Van Damme, Tommy (November 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/994/opmerkelijk/article/detail/1737136/2013/11/08/Slow-TV-Youtube-doet-het-op-zijn-manier.dhtml">"Slow TV: Youtube doet het op zijn manier"</a>. <i>De Morgen</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111035914/http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/994/opmerkelijk/article/detail/1737136/2013/11/08/Slow-TV-Youtube-doet-het-op-zijn-manier.dhtml">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Morgen&rft.atitle=Slow+TV%3A+Youtube+doet+het+op+zijn+manier&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.aulast=Van+Damme&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demorgen.be%2Fdm%2Fnl%2F994%2Fopmerkelijk%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1737136%2F2013%2F11%2F08%2FSlow-TV-Youtube-doet-het-op-zijn-manier.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFF-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFF_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElectronic_Frontier_Foundation" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/2012_dmca_exemption_requests_Final_1.pdf">"In the matter of exemption to prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems for access control technologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912135137/https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/2012_dmca_exemption_requests_final_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 12, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+matter+of+exemption+to+prohibition+on+circumvention+of+copyright+protection+systems+for+access+control+technologies&rft.au=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Ffiles%2Ffilenode%2F2012_dmca_exemption_requests_Final_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lessig-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lessig_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessig" class="citation web cs1">Lessig, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150804164854/http://blip.tv/lessig/remix-at-computer-history-museum-1600233">"REMIX at Computer History Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blip.tv/lessig/remix-at-computer-history-museum-1600233">the original</a> on August 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REMIX+at+Computer+History+Museum&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblip.tv%2Flessig%2Fremix-at-computer-history-museum-1600233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burgFull-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burgFull_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burgFull_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgessGreenJenkinsHartley2013">Burgess et al. (2013</a>, pp. 52–53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurgessGreenJenkinsHartley2013">Burgess et al. (2013</a>, p. 53)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-randall-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-randall_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2023" class="citation news cs1">Randall, Harvey (July 13, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/the-internet-shitposted-too-close-to-the-sun-and-now-were-getting-a-spiritual-successor-to-the-most-cursed-zelda-games-of-all-time/">"The internet shitposted too close to the sun, and now we're getting a spiritual successor to the most cursed Zelda games of all time"</a>. <i>PC Gamer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713180209/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-internet-shitposted-too-close-to-the-sun-and-now-were-getting-a-spiritual-successor-to-the-most-cursed-zelda-games-of-all-time/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=The+internet+shitposted+too+close+to+the+sun%2C+and+now+we%27re+getting+a+spiritual+successor+to+the+most+cursed+Zelda+games+of+all+time&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fthe-internet-shitposted-too-close-to-the-sun-and-now-were-getting-a-spiritual-successor-to-the-most-cursed-zelda-games-of-all-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2017">Moran (2017</a>, p. 25)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonohoo2023" class="citation news cs1">Donohoo, Timothy (April 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/hotel-mario-worst-game-cdi-nintendo/">"Super Mario's Worst Game Will Never Be Rereleased by Nintendo"</a>. <i>CBR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713173051/https://www.cbr.com/hotel-mario-worst-game-cdi-nintendo/">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBR&rft.atitle=Super+Mario%27s+Worst+Game+Will+Never+Be+Rereleased+by+Nintendo&rft.date=2023-04-05&rft.aulast=Donohoo&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2Fhotel-mario-worst-game-cdi-nintendo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2017">Moran (2017</a>, p. 31)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/videos/james-marsden-takes-the-ultimate-sonic-quiz">"James Marsden Takes the Ultimate Sonic Quiz"</a>. <i>IGN</i>. February 7, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713174744/https://www.ign.com/videos/james-marsden-takes-the-ultimate-sonic-quiz">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=James+Marsden+Takes+the+Ultimate+Sonic+Quiz&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Fvideos%2Fjames-marsden-takes-the-ultimate-sonic-quiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCvetkovski2013" class="citation book cs1">Cvetkovski, Trajce (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7Bd0BTfmN4C&q=%22youtube+poop&pg=PT175"><i>Copyright and Popular Media: Liberal Villains and Technological Change</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137172372" title="Special:BookSources/9781137172372"><bdi>9781137172372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803124727/https://books.google.com/books?id=i7Bd0BTfmN4C&pg=PT175&dq=%22youtube+poop">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+and+Popular+Media%3A+Liberal+Villains+and+Technological+Change&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137172372&rft.aulast=Cvetkovski&rft.aufirst=Trajce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7Bd0BTfmN4C%26q%3D%2522youtube%2Bpoop%26pg%3DPT175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111116029">"The Copyright and Rights in Performances (Quotation and Parody) Regulations 2014"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127181904/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2014/9780111116029">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Copyright+and+Rights+in+Performances+%28Quotation+and+Parody%29+Regulations+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukdsi%2F2014%2F9780111116029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29408121">"Parody copyright laws set to come into effect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. October 20, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917183332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-29408121">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Parody+copyright+laws+set+to+come+into+effect&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-29408121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessGreenJenkinsHartley2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Burgess" title="Jean Burgess">Burgess, Jean</a>; Green, Joshua; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jenkins" title="Henry Jenkins">Jenkins, Henry</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Hartley_(academic)" title="John Hartley (academic)">Hartley, John</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NsWtPHNl88C"><i>YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745675350" title="Special:BookSources/9780745675350"><bdi>9780745675350</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303125741/https://books.google.com/books?id=0NsWtPHNl88C">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=YouTube%3A+Online+Video+and+Participatory+Culture&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780745675350&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Green%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Henry&rft.au=Hartley%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NsWtPHNl88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppa2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Coppa" title="Francesca Coppa">Coppa, Francesca</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.10069132.6">"Introduction: Vidding and the Rise of Remix Culture"</a>. <i>Vidding</i>. A History. University of Michigan Press: 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.10069132">10.3998/mpub.10069132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03852-7"><bdi>978-0-472-03852-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.10069132">10.3998/mpub.10069132</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vidding&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Vidding+and+the+Rise+of+Remix+Culture&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.10069132%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.10069132&rft.isbn=978-0-472-03852-7&rft.aulast=Coppa&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.10069132.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2017" class="citation journal cs1">Moran, Ruth Alexandra (April 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/iscc.8.1.21_1">"Concepts of the database in contemporary media practice"</a>. <i>Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 21–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fiscc.8.1.21_1">10.1386/iscc.8.1.21_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interactions%3A+Studies+in+Communication+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Concepts+of+the+database+in+contemporary+media+practice&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-34&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1386%2Fiscc.8.1.21_1&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintellectdiscover.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1386%2Fiscc.8.1.21_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYouTube+poop" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="YouTube" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:YouTube_navbox" title="Template talk:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="YouTube" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (parent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyor_Cohen" title="Lyor Cohen">Lyor Cohen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a> (founder & CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Daniels" title="Susanne Daniels">Susanne Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kyncl" title="Robert Kyncl">Robert Kyncl</a> (CBO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_Manber" title="Udi Manber">Udi Manber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Pan" title="Yu Pan">Yu Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-subscribed YouTube channels">Most-subscribed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-viewed YouTube channels">Most-viewed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_network" title="Multi-channel network">Multi-channel network</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multi-channel_networks" title="List of multi-channel networks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube (channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">Original channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br />videos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_video" title="Apology video">Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber" title="Beauty YouTuber">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookTube" title="BookTube">BookTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BreadTube" title="BreadTube">BreadTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_My_Life" title="Draw My Life">Draw My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Play" title="Let's Play">Let's Play</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PewDiePie_vs_T-Series" title="PewDiePie vs T-Series">PewDiePie vs T-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_girl" title="Reply girl">Reply girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudyTube" title="StudyTube">StudyTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">Viral video</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">YouTube poop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record" title="YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed YouTube videos">Most-viewed videos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Arabic_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Arabic music videos on YouTube">Arabic music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_French_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed French music videos on YouTube">French music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Indian_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos">Indian videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Pakistani_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos">Pakistani videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-liked YouTube videos">Most-liked videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">Most-disliked videos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of YouTube">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship by YouTube">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">Copyright issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_moderation" title="YouTube moderation">Moderation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_suspensions" title="YouTube suspensions">Channel suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Korean backdoor advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">Premium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">original programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_VR" title="YouTube VR">VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_Clash" title="Creator Clash">Creator Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs_Logan_Paul" title="KSI vs Logan Paul">KSI vs Logan Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs._Logan_Paul_II" title="KSI vs. Logan Paul II">rematch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">Music Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2013 YouTube Music Awards">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2015 YouTube Music Awards">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sauce" title="Open Sauce">Open Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playlist_Live" title="Playlist Live">Playlist Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_Awesome" title="Project for Awesome">Project for Awesome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_in_the_City" title="Social in the City">Social in the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamy_Awards" title="Streamy Awards">Streamy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Symphony_No._1" title="Internet Symphony No. 1">Internet Symphony No. 1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothership_(composition)" title="Mothership (composition)"><i>Mothership</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubecon" title="Tubecon">Tubecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidCon" title="VidCon">VidCon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_YouTube" title="Censorship of YouTube">Censorship of YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">YouTube Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_in_education" title="YouTube in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_YouTube_downloaders" title="Comparison of YouTube downloaders">YouTube downloaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Instant" title="YouTube Instant">YouTube Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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