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W. Hamlyn&contributorRole=author&redirectFromPDP=true&context=">D. W. Hamlyn</a></span></div></shared-lib-product-authors><div _ngcontent-sc157=""><shared-lib-product-more-details _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-banner-publication"><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Edition </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">1st Edition</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">First Published </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">1957</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">eBook Published </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">22 March 2017</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Pub. Location </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">London</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Imprint </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">Routledge</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">DOI </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class=""><a _ngcontent-sc152="" id="gtm_doi_link" aria-describedby="bookTitle" target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315473291"> https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315473291 </a></span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Pages </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">130</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">eBook ISBN </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">9781315473291</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""><div _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-row"><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="display-label">Subjects </span><span _ngcontent-sc152="" class="product-ryt-detail">Behavioral Sciences, Humanities</span></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc152=""></div></div></shared-lib-product-more-details></div></div><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm"><product-accessiblity-logo _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc155=""></product-accessiblity-logo><product-accessiblity-logo _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc155=""><div _ngcontent-sc155="" class="disclaimer-container"><div _ngcontent-sc155="" data-gtm="gtm-accessibility-disclaimer" tabindex="0" role="button" class="disclaimer-title" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc155="" gtm-accessibility-disclaimer="">Accessibility Disclaimer</span><em _ngcontent-sc155="" gtm-accessibility-disclaimer="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></em></div></div></product-accessiblity-logo></div><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="citation"><span _ngcontent-sc157=""><button _ngcontent-sc157="" aria-label="Share" id="openShare" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing" class="citation-container" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc157="" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#export-share" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing" class="open-export-citation"><span _ngcontent-sc157="" class="icon-container"><img _ngcontent-sc157="" src="assets/icon/share.svg" width="100%" height="100%" alt="Share" aria-hidden="true" data-gtm="gtm-social-sharing"></span></span><div _ngcontent-sc157="" class="ctText">Share</div></button></span><span _ngcontent-sc157=""><product-get-citation _ngcontent-sc157="" _nghost-sc156=""><button _ngcontent-sc156="" data-gtm="gtm-view-citation" aria-label="Citation " id="openCitation" class="citation-container"><span _ngcontent-sc156="" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#export-citation" class="open-export-citation"><span _ngcontent-sc156="" class="icon-container"><span _ngcontent-sc156="" class="icon-citation commonIcon citation-icon"></span></span></span><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="ctText">Citation</div></button><div _ngcontent-sc156="" id="export-citation" class="modal"><div _ngcontent-sc156="" id="citation-modal-dialog" role="dialog" class="modal-dialog modal-export-citation"><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="modal-content"><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="modal-header"><h2 _ngcontent-sc156="" class="modal-title">Get Citation</h2><span _ngcontent-sc156="" data-dismiss="modal"><button _ngcontent-sc156="" id="closeCitation" aria-label="Get Citation Close" class="icon-cancel commonIcon"></button></span></div><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="modal-body"><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="citation-text-container"><span _ngcontent-sc156="" class="citationText">Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315473291</span></div><div _ngcontent-sc156="" class="copy-icon-conatiner"><span _ngcontent-sc156=""><button _ngcontent-sc156="" id="copyCitation" data-gtm="gtm-copy-citation" aria-label="Copy citation link" class="btn btn-outline clearfix"> COPY </button></span></div></div></div></div></div></product-get-citation></span></div></div></product-metadata></div></div><div class="hidden-xs"><product-accessiblity-logo _nghost-sc155=""><div _ngcontent-sc155="" class="disclaimer-container"><div _ngcontent-sc155="" data-gtm="gtm-accessibility-disclaimer" tabindex="0" role="button" class="disclaimer-title" aria-expanded="false"><span _ngcontent-sc155="" gtm-accessibility-disclaimer="">Accessibility Disclaimer</span><em _ngcontent-sc155="" gtm-accessibility-disclaimer="" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-down"></em></div></div></product-accessiblity-logo></div></div></product-metadata-wrapper></div><product-data-wrapper _ngcontent-sc179="" class="container" _nghost-sc172=""><div _ngcontent-sc172="" class="product-data-wrapper-container"><product-content-wrapper _ngcontent-sc172="" class="product-tab-content" _nghost-sc169=""><div _ngcontent-sc169=""><product-about-book _ngcontent-sc169="" id="contents" class="about-book"><div data-gtm="gtm-expand-about-product"><h2 class="abstract-text"> ABSTRACT </h2><div id="collapseContent" class="book-content"><div><p><p>Originally published in 1957, the primary aim of this study was to shed light upon the logical character of the psychology of perception. D.W. Hamlyn begins by delimiting the field of psychological inquiry into perception, then gives a detailed account of the types of explanation appropriate in the field. He maintains that these explanations have certain important peculiarities which distinguish them from other scientific inquiries. In view of the central importance of Gestalt Theory in this field an account is given of its origins, and its main features are critically discussed. The work should still be of considerable interest to both philosophers and psychologists, as well as to all those interested in the relations between the two subjects.</p></p></div></div></div></product-about-book><product-toc _ngcontent-sc169="" id="aboutBooks" class="tab-pane fade in"><div><h2 class="table-contents hidden-xs hidden-sm"> TABLE OF CONTENTS </h2><product-tree-view class="product-tree-view"><div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">1</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">10</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-8/introduction-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=b7f5f194-28fb-4e2c-b832-cf81630e711b">INTRODUCTION </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">2</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">26</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-9/explanation-psychology-perception-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=d4c6b138-b170-4964-b6f7-3476df91705a">EXPLANATION IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERCEPTION </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">3</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">11</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-10/historical-background-gestalt-psychology-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=1e95f21c-8ab8-4cc0-b116-23cde0b309d2">THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">4</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">28</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-11/gestalt-theory-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=f80e78ec-06c2-46c4-9323-23be9c6309c4">GESTALT THEORY </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">5</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">18</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-12/developments-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=5e5eb265-c1bb-4bb9-94aa-d521171622d8">FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">6</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">16</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-13/functionalism-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=e4308d5f-ae7f-41de-8f29-2f18402b9911">FUNCTIONALISM </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em _ngcontent-sc160="" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" class="icon-down btn-link"></em></button></div></shared-lib-view-abstract></div></div></div></div><div><div class="product-toc-wrapper"><div class="flex-container"><div class="chapter-title-pagenumber col-9"><h3 class="chapter-page-number"><product-chapter-page-number _nghost-sc159=""><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="chapter-number"> chapter <span _ngcontent-sc159="">7</span></span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number">|</span><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="page-number"><span _ngcontent-sc159="" class="number-color">6</span> pages</span></product-chapter-page-number></h3><h4 class="chapter-title"><a data-gtm="gtm-toc-chapter" role="link" class="chapter-navigation" href="/chapters/mono/10.4324/9781315473291-14/conclusion-hamlyn?context=ubx&refId=6b956964-4ae0-4844-9948-9e51f3085b00">CONCLUSION </a></h4><shared-lib-view-abstract viewdetailtext="Abstract" hidedetailtext="Abstract" _nghost-sc160=""><div _ngcontent-sc160="" class="view-abstract"><button _ngcontent-sc160="" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".multi-collapse" aria-controls="multi-collapse" class="viewAbstractBtn" data-gtm="gtm-view-abstract" aria-expanded="false"> Abstract <em 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D.W. Hamlyn begins by delimiting the field of psychological inquiry into perception, then gives a detailed account of the types of explanation appropriate in the field. He maintains that these explanations have certain important peculiarities which distinguish them from other scientific inquiries. In view of the central importance of Gestalt Theory in this field an account is given of its origins, and its main features are critically discussed. The work should still be of considerable interest to both philosophers and psychologists, as well as to all those interested in the relations between the two subjects.&l;/P&g;&q;,&q;publisherImprint&q;:&q;Routledge&q;,&q;publicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-27T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;copyright&q;:{&q;holder&q;:&q;Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:true,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315473291&q;,&q;bindingStyle&q;:&q;eBook - General&q;,&q;bindingStyleCode&q;:&q;EBGE&q;,&q;publicationLocation&q;:&q;London&q;,&q;formerImprints&q;:[{&q;code&q;:null,&q;description&q;:null}],&q;formatCode&q;:&q;EBK&q;,&q;format&q;:&q;e-Book&q;,&q;textType&q;:&q;Reissue&q;,&q;publisherArea&q;:&q;Behavioural Science &a; Education&q;,&q;publisherAreaCode&q;:&q;BSCIED&q;,&q;status&q;:&q;Available&q;,&q;toc&q;:&q;&l;![CDATA[&l;P&g;Editorial Preface.&a;nbsp; 1. Introduction &a;nbsp;2. Explanation in the Psychology of Perception&a;nbsp; 3. The Historical Background of Gestalt Psychology &a;nbsp;4. Gestalt Theory&a;nbsp; 5. Further Developments&a;nbsp; 6. Functionalism &a;nbsp;7. 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Conceptual Issues in Psychology XX19&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-PSYISSUES-XX19&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;}],&q;permissions&q;:[{&q;name&q;:&q;rfm&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;CTMRFM&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Ready For Market&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;sales&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null},{&q;name&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Institutional, retail and Atypon&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;access&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null}],&q;audience&q;:[{&q;code&q;:&q;RPG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Postgraduate&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RPR&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Professional&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RUG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Undergraduate&q;}],&q;chapter&q;:{&q;pageStart&q;:&q;11&q;,&q;pageEnd&q;:&q;20&q;,&q;label&q;:&q;1&q;,&q;license&q;:null,&q;fundingGroups&q;:null,&q;groupOfCompany&q;:&q;OBB&q;,&q;podSuitable&q;:false,&q;subtitle&q;:null,&q;description&q;:null,&q;publisherImprint&q;:&q;Routledge&q;,&q;publicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-27T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;copyright&q;:{&q;holder&q;:&q;Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;TH E layman often receives the claim of the psycho-logist to be concerned with the subject of perception with surprise, if not with scepticism. This is \npartly, no doubt, due to the fact th a t he has in his \nmind certain stereotyped ideas about what the psychologist is and is not; there is a popular confusion, for \nexample, between the psychologist and the psychotherapist. I suspect, however, th a t there are other \ngrounds for the popular scepticism with regard to the \npsychologist and the subject of perception. Is not the \npsychologist concerned with the ways in which the \nmind works? And surely perception cannot be one of \nthe ways in which the mind works? I t is sometimes \nsuggested th a t the investigation of the problems of \nperception is the province of the physiologist who is \nconcerned with the workings of our sense-organs and \ntheir stimulation by stimuli from without. For the \nbasic conditions under which perception takes place \nare th a t there should be sense-organs and th a t they \nshould be stimulated. Philosophers down the ages, too, \nhave been concerned with perception. Their theories \nhave not appeared to be like those of the physiologist \n(although Descartes and Locke, for example, felt it&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;necessary to mention what they called ‘animal spirits’ \nand the working of the nerves). In general philosophers \nhave asked what we perceive; whether we are justified \nin saying th a t we perceive things or something else \ninstead, such as sensations or sense-data, which are the \nmeans of our getting to know about things. Sometimes \nthe physiologist’s story has been regarded as relevant \nhere; it has for instance been claimed th a t because, \nultimately, all perception occurs when our sense-organs \nare stimulated, we cannot really be said to perceive \nthe objects which are the source of the stimulation, but \nonly the sensations which are caused by this stimulation. Clearly it is the task of the philosopher to sort out \nand evaluate such conclusions as this. B ut where is \nthere room here for the psychologist?&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). INTRODUCTION. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 11-20). 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Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;IN the first chapter I referred to the general condi-tions which may have to be noted in relation to \nperception. As opposed to these general conditions \nthere may be particular conditions of our perceiving \nthings in a particular way. B ut here difficulties begin \nto arise by reason of the fact th a t the ways in which \nwe may perceive something can be divided into two \nclasses-the right ways and the wrong ways. Indeed, \none way of perceiving something-the right waymay be distinguished from all others. I t is clear th a t \nwe can, in principle, always say something about the \nways in which we may perceive things wrongly, for \nthis is just to say something about the conditions under&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;which illusions come into being. For example, in the \nlight of the Muller-Lyer illusion (Figure 1) we can say \nth a t two lines of equal length look of different length \n(or, in other words, we see them as of different length) \nwhen, for example, they are furnished with arrowheads, as in the diagram. That is to say th a t we can \nstate what precise factors may make them look different from their normal or correct length (I shall \nrefer to such a case as Case (a)). On the other hand, if \n(Case (b)) we are asked under what conditions lines of \nequal length look of equal length, the only possible \nanswer must be ‘Under any conditions except those \nwhich tend to make them look different5, and this is \nonly another way, a negative way, of saying ‘Under \nnormal conditions’. Indeed, to talk of lines of equal \nlength looking of equal length a t all is odd, for we \nusually use such words as ‘looks’, ‘appears’ and ‘seems’ \nin order to make a contrast with what is actually the \ncase. Here no such contrast is being made. This helps \nto explain why the answer to our question is either \n‘Under normal conditions’ or ‘Under any conditions \nexcept those which tend to make them look different’. \nSuch answers tell us little, but this is appropriate \nwhere the question also can be viewed as logically improper. The answers serve to point out th a t we are \nconcerned with the normal case, not the abnormal, so \nth a t talle of how the lines look is out of place. Rather \nwe should be concerned with what they are actually \nlike. Thus the question which is appropriate to the \nabnormal case is no longer appropriate to the normal.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). EXPLANATION IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERCEPTION. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 21-46). 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Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;GESTALT Theory, as is obvious from its polemics, constituted a reaction, and it is, in consequence, \nnecessary to see what it was reacting against. I t was, \nin fact, one of several reactions against the Sensationalist and Associationist theories of the nineteenth \ncentury, but these in turn had a further source in the \nBritish Empiricists, Locke, Berkeley and Hume. \nThese philosophers tended to present their epistemological theories of perception in psychological dress, \nw ithout being aware of the need for a distinction between epistemology and psychology. Fundamentally \nthey were concerned with the justification of, and \ngrounds for claims to perceptual knowledge, but their \ntheories involved an apparatus of psychological te rminology of which modern empiricists have done much \nto rid themselves. Epistemology is concerned with \nclaims to knowledge in general and deals with such \nquestions as whether we can be said to have knowledge \na t all. I t thus involves inquiry into the concept of \n‘knowledge’. Traditionally, however, it has been associated with a metaphysics which entails th a t we&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;cannot be said to know anything unless something, \nsome piece of knowledge, is ‘given5 to us, in such a way \nth a t we can be free from doubt or possibility of error \nwith regard to it. Empiricists, like Hume, have always \nsought for the ‘given5 in sensation, whilst Rationalists \nhave looked to reason to provide it. That which is \n‘given5 is supposed to provide a basis for claims to \nknowledge in general. Psychology, on the other hand, \nis not concerned with the justification of such claims to \nknowledge; in the sphere of perception it can be concerned only with the causes or conditions of our perceiving things in certain ways.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 47-57). 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Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;I HAVE already indicated th a t Koffka claims to give one simple answer to the question ‘Why do \nthings look as they do?5 without making any distinctions about the conditions under which the question \nmay be asked. Because there are two such conditions \nin general, one when the expectation is th a t the thing \nwill be seen correctly and it is not, and the other when \nthe expectation is th a t the thing will be seen incorrectly and it is not, and because the types of explanation required in these cases are different, one would \nexpect Gestalt Theory to be an amalgam of two quite \ndifferent things. Moreover, when the question ‘Why \ndoes X look as it does?5 is asked when there is no \nexpectation to the contrary, it is no longer to be considered as a request for a scientific explanation, but \nsomething which has more to do with epistemology. \nThis means th a t we must expect another strand, a \nphilosophical one, in Gestalt Theory. I shall try to \nshow th a t this is in fact the case.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). GESTALT THEORY. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 58-85). 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Conceptual Issues in Psychology XX19&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-PSYISSUES-XX19&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;}],&q;permissions&q;:[{&q;name&q;:&q;rfm&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;CTMRFM&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Ready For Market&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;sales&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null},{&q;name&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Institutional, retail and Atypon&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;access&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null}],&q;audience&q;:[{&q;code&q;:&q;RPG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Postgraduate&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RPR&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Professional&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RUG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Undergraduate&q;}],&q;chapter&q;:{&q;pageStart&q;:&q;86&q;,&q;pageEnd&q;:&q;103&q;,&q;label&q;:&q;5&q;,&q;license&q;:null,&q;fundingGroups&q;:null,&q;groupOfCompany&q;:&q;OBB&q;,&q;podSuitable&q;:false,&q;subtitle&q;:null,&q;description&q;:null,&q;publisherImprint&q;:&q;Routledge&q;,&q;publicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-27T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;copyright&q;:{&q;holder&q;:&q;Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;In his main work Michotte has attem pted to study \nthe impressions which we have of causality, and to \nthis he has added further work on our impressions of \npurpose, reality and substantiality (for details of \nwhich see Vernon, op. cit., Chapter 9). In his work he \nhas stood out in opposition to philosophers like Hume, \nwho denied th a t we have any impressions of causality \nand asserted th a t the necessity which we attribute to \ncausal connections is due to an idea in the mind which \naccompanies certain features of the events which we \ntake as cause and effect-notably their constant conjunction. Michotte interprets this as saying th a t we \nhave no immediate impression of causality, but he \ntakes the word ‘impression’ to be used in its ordinary \nsense and not in Hume’s more technical sense. Because \nHume used psychological terms there is some excuse&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;for thinking th a t he was talking psychology, but I \nthink th a t it is truer to say th a t he was attem pting to \nprovide an analysis of our notion of ‘cause5. Hume’s \nthesis is compatible with the thesis th a t in some sense \nof the word ‘impression5, we do have an impression of \ncausality, bu t the main purpose of his investigation \nwas not to pursue phenomenology; he was not primarily concerned with how things appear to us. \nWhen, however, Michotte says th a t our impressions of \ncausality are immediate, he implies th a t there is no \nquestion of learning th a t the phenomena are causally \nconnected. This seems to conflict with Hume’s demand \nfor constant conjunction, and indeed with our ordinary \nbeliefs on the m atter. Michotte’s position, then, is th a t \nunder conditions which he has investigated we see one \nthing as causing effects in another, and in this we \nmake no interpretations and no use in any way of \npast experience. For the perception is direct and \nimmediate.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 86-103). 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Conceptual Issues in Psychology XX19&q;,&q;identifiers&q;:{&q;collectionId&q;:&q;HSS-PSYISSUES-XX19&q;},&q;subType&q;:&q;Sales Collection&q;}],&q;permissions&q;:[{&q;name&q;:&q;rfm&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;CTMRFM&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Ready For Market&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;sales&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null},{&q;name&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;code&q;:&q;EBRALL&q;,&q;text&q;:&q;Institutional, retail and Atypon&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;access&q;,&q;description&q;:null,&q;validTo&q;:null,&q;validFrom&q;:null}],&q;audience&q;:[{&q;code&q;:&q;RPG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Postgraduate&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RPR&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Professional&q;},{&q;code&q;:&q;RUG&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Undergraduate&q;}],&q;chapter&q;:{&q;pageStart&q;:&q;104&q;,&q;pageEnd&q;:&q;119&q;,&q;label&q;:&q;6&q;,&q;license&q;:null,&q;fundingGroups&q;:null,&q;groupOfCompany&q;:&q;OBB&q;,&q;podSuitable&q;:false,&q;subtitle&q;:null,&q;description&q;:null,&q;publisherImprint&q;:&q;Routledge&q;,&q;publicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-27T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;copyright&q;:{&q;holder&q;:&q;Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;,&q;year&q;:1957,&q;statement&q;:&q;© 1957 Routledge &a; Kegan Paul Ltd&q;},&q;edition&q;:1,&q;doiRegistrationStatus&q;:false,&q;firstPublishedYear&q;:&q;1957&q;,&q;plannedPublicationDate&q;:&q;2017-03-22T00:00:00.000Z&q;,&q;inLanguage&q;:&q;eng&q;,&q;abstracts&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;xml&q;,&q;position&q;:0,&q;caption&q;:null,&q;transcript&q;:null,&q;textType&q;:&q;first-paragraph&q;,&q;value&q;:&q;&l;p&g;I HAVE entitled this chapter ‘Functionalism’, not because I think th a t all those psychologists whom I \nwish to discuss would be willing to answer to th a t title, \nbut because I think th a t it is a convenient way of indicating what is common to them. (Koffka once claimed \nth a t Gestalt Psychology had something in common \nwith functionalism (see Ellis, op. cit., page 377), but \nthis is not so in the sense in which I shall use the \nterm.) The psychologists so far considered have tended \nto treat perception as a more or less passive affair. \nThose whom I wish to consider now are more inclined \nto treat it as a mental function, and thus take a more \nactive view of it. They have also tended to stress the \nrole played by learning in the determination of what \nwe see. Indeed, within the general movement, there has \nbeen an emphasis upon the heterogeneity of the factors determining how we see things, including reference \nto the part played by needs and motives. Psychoanalysis has had its influence here in forming what has \nbeen called the ‘new look’ approach to perception. I t is \nonly necessary to mention the work carried out by \nBruner and others in this respect (see, for example, \nBlake and Ramsey, op. cit., and Vernon, op. cit.,&l;/p&g;&l;p&g;Chapter 10). Those whom I have selected for consideration (and I might, perhaps, have selected others) \nare theoretically interesting, and reveal also the philosophical dangers involved in this approach to perception, in which it is considered that in perceiving we are \ndoing something. Such a view, as I hope to show, \ncovers an im portant tru th , but it is also liable to lead \nto paradox. In general, functionalism can be considered as a reaction against Gestalt Theory.&l;/p&g;&q;}],&q;citation&q;:&q;Hamlyn, D.W. (1957). FUNCTIONALISM. The Psychology of Perception: A Philosophical Examination of Gestalt Theory and Derivative Theories of Perception (pp. 104-119). 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