Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography","20230201222508","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1675290308"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;(()=>{var __webpack_modules__={507:(__unused_webpack_module,__webpack_exports__,__webpack_require__)=>{"use strict";function detectPolyfillFeatures(){const featureStatus={};return checkAndAddFeature("Promise","PROMISE"),checkAndAddFeature("Array.prototype.includes","ARRAY_INCLUDES"),checkAndAddFeature("Object.assign","OBJECT_ASSIGN"),checkAndAddFeature("Object.entries","OBJECT_ENTRIES"),featureStatus;function checkAndAddFeature(funcString,featName){try{let func=eval("self."+funcString);-1!==func.toString().indexOf("[native code]")?featureStatus[featName]=Status.NATIVE:featureStatus[featName]=Status.CHANGED}catch{featureStatus[featName]=Status.UNAVAIL}}}__webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__,{n:()=>detectPolyfillFeatures});const Status={UNAVAIL:"NotSupported",NATIVE:"Detected",CHANGED:"Modified"}},2687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Z:()=>n});const n=(0,r(2141).ky)(16)},1719:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>n});var n=0,i=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);i&&(n=+i[1])},3524:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";let n;if(r.d(t,{H:()=>i}),r(8438).il){const e=document.createElement("div");e.innerHTML="\x3c!--[if lte IE 6]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 7]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 8]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e\x3c!--[if lte IE 9]><div></div><![endif]--\x3e",n=e.getElementsByTagName("div").length}var i;i=4===n?6:3===n?7:2===n?8:1===n?9:0},5970:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Mt:()=>_,C5:()=>s,OP:()=>j,Yu:()=>g,Dg:()=>f,CX:()=>u,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>I});var n={};r.r(n),r.d(n,{agent:()=>m,match:()=>x,version:()=>y});var i=r(4580);class o{constructor(e,t){return e&&"object"==typeof e?t&&"object"==typeof t?(Object.assign(this,t),void Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;this[t]=r}))):console.error("setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties"):console.error("setting a Configurable requires an object as input")}}const a={beacon:i.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:i.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},c={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!c[e])throw new Error(`Info for ${e} was never set`);return c[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");c[e]=new o(t,a),(0,i.Qy)(e,c[e],"info")}const d={allow_bfcache:!1,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0},spa:{enabled:!0}},l={};function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]=new o(t,d),(0,i.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=function(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error(`Configuration for ${e} was never set`);return l[e]}(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const p={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},v={};function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");v[e]=new o(t,p),(0,i.Qy)(e,v[e],"loader_config")}const g=(0,i.mF)().o;var h=r(3524),w=r(9206),m=null,y=null;if(navigator.userAgent){var k=navigator.userAgent,P=k.match(/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/);P&&-1===k.indexOf("Chrome")&&-1===k.indexOf("Chromium")&&(m="Safari",y=P[1])}function x(e,t){if(!m)return!1;if(e!==m)return!1;if(!t)return!0;if(!y)return!1;for(var r=y.split("."),n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length;i++)if(n[i]!==r[i])return!1;return!0}var E=r(2141),S=r(8438);const O="NRBA_SESSION_ID";function A(){if(!S.il)return null;try{let e;return null===(e=window.sessionStorage.getItem(O))&&(e=(0,E.ky)(16),window.sessionStorage.setItem(O,e)),e}catch(e){return null}}var q=S.ZP?.XMLHttpRequest,C=q&&q.prototype;const T={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!T[e])throw new Error(`Runtime for ${e} was never set`);return T[e]}function I(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");var r;T[e]=new o(t,(r=e,{customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,features:{},loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:6===h.H?2e3:3e4,offset:(0,w.yf)(),onerror:void 0,origin:""+S.ZP?.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},sessionId:1==_(r,"privacy.cookies_enabled")?A():null,xhrWrappable:q&&C&&C.addEventListener&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),userAgent:n})),(0,i.Qy)(e,T[e],"runtime")}},8873:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{q:()=>n});const n=["1222","PROD"].filter((e=>e)).join(".")},1925:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>i});const n={agentIdentifier:""};class i{constructor(e){if("object"!=typeof e)return console.error("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,n),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(n).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}}},2071:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ee:()=>s});var n=r(4580),i=r(9010),o=r(9599),a="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var s;function u(){}function d(){return new u}function l(){(s.backlog.api||s.backlog.feature)&&(s.aborted=!0,s.backlog={})}c.ee?s=c.ee:(s=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},_={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:g,emit:v,get:w,listeners:h,context:p,buffer:m,abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:y,debugId:r,backlog:t&&t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return _;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof u?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,a,d):d()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!s.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),u=h(e),d=u.length,l=0;l<d;l++)u[l].apply(a,r);var f=k()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([_,e,r,a]),a}}function b(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function g(e,t){var r=n[e];if(r)for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function w(t){return f[t]=f[t]||e(_,t)}function m(e,t){var r=k();_.aborted||(0,o.D)(e,(function(e,n){t=t||"feature",c[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))}function y(e){return!!k()[c[e]]}function k(){return _.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=s)},3195:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(2071).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4539:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(3195);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3585:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>c,iz:()=>s,m$:()=>a});var n=r(8438),i=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){i=!0}});n.ZP?.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),n.ZP?.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(e){}function a(e){return i?{passive:!0,capture:!!e}:!!e}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r))}},2141:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>i,ky:()=>o});var n=r(8438);function i(){var e=null,t=0,r=n.ZP?.crypto||n.ZP?.msCrypto;function i(){return e?15&e[t++]:16*Math.random()|0}r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,a="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",c="",s=0;s<a.length;s++)c+="x"===(o=a[s])?i().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&i()|8).toString(16):o;return c}function o(e){var t=null,r=0,n=self.crypto||self.msCrypto;n&&n.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(t=n.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],o=0;o<e;o++)i.push(a().toString(16));return i.join("");function a(){return t?15&t[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}}},9206:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{nb:()=>s,os:()=>u,yf:()=>c,zO:()=>a});var n=r(1209),i=(new Date).getTime(),o=i;function a(){return n.G&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-o}function c(){return i}function s(e){o=e}function u(){return o}},1209:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G:()=>n});const n=void 0!==r(8438).ZP?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart},745:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{s:()=>s,v:()=>u});var n=r(7036),i=r(1719),o=r(9206),a=r(1209),c=r(8438);let s=!0;function u(e){var t=function(){if(i.I&&i.I<9)return;if(a.G)return s=!1,c.ZP?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart}();t&&((0,n.B)(e,"starttime",t),(0,o.nb)(t))}},7036:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{B:()=>o,L:()=>a});var n=r(9206),i={};function o(e,t,r){void 0===r&&(r=(0,n.zO)()+(0,n.os)()),i[e]=i[e]||{},i[e][t]=r}function a(e,t,r,n){const o=e.sharedContext.agentIdentifier;var a=i[o]?.[r],c=i[o]?.[n];void 0!==a&&void 0!==c&&e.store("measures",t,{value:c-a})}},8547:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>i});var n=r(8438);const i={isFileProtocol:function(){let e=Boolean("file:"===(0,n.lW)()?.location?.protocol);e&&(i.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);return e},supportabilityMetricSent:!1}},9011:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{K:()=>o});var n=r(5970);const i=["ajax","jserrors","metrics","page_action","page_view_event","page_view_timing","session_trace","spa"];function o(e){const t={};return i.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0!==(0,n.OP)(t).disabled&&!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,`${e}.enabled`)}(r,e)})),t}},8025:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(2071);class i{constructor(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:[];this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.externalFeatures=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9010:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},8438:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ZP:()=>a,il:()=>n,lW:()=>c,v6:()=>i});const n=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof window&&window.document),i=Boolean("undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator);let o=(()=>{if(n)return window;if(i){if("undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return globalThis;if(self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope)return self}throw new Error("New Relic browser agent shutting down due to error: Unable to locate global scope. This is possibly due to code redefining browser global variables like `self` and `window`.")})();const a=o;function c(){return o}},9599:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t){var r=[],i="",o=0;for(i in e)n.call(e,i)&&(r[o]=t(i,e[i]),o+=1);return r}},248:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$c:()=>s,Ng:()=>u,RR:()=>c});var n=r(5970),i=r(1925),o=r(8547),a={regex:/^file:\/\/(.*)/,replacement:"file://OBFUSCATED"};class c extends i.w{constructor(e){super(e)}shouldObfuscate(){return s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier).length>0}obfuscateString(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return e;for(var t=s(this.sharedContext.agentIdentifier),r=e,n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n].regex,o=t[n].replacement||"*";r=r.replace(i,o)}return r}}function s(e){var t=[],r=(0,n.Mt)(e,"obfuscate")||[];return t=t.concat(r),o.T.isFileProtocol()&&t.push(a),t}function u(e){for(var t=!1,r=!1,n=0;n<e.length;n++){"regex"in e[n]?"string"!=typeof e[n].regex&&e[n].regex.constructor!==RegExp&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "regex" value with an invalid type (must be a string or RegExp)'),r=!0):(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule was detected missing a "regex" value.'),r=!0);var i=e[n].replacement;i&&"string"!=typeof i&&(console&&console.warn&&console.warn('An obfuscation replacement rule contains a "replacement" value with an invalid type (must be a string)'),t=!0)}return!t&&!r}},4580:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>s,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>c});var n=r(9206),i=r(8438);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i.ZP?.NREUM||(i.ZP.NREUM={}),void 0===i.ZP?.newrelic&&(i.ZP.newrelic=i.ZP.NREUM),i.ZP.NREUM}function c(){let e=a();if(!e.o){var t=self,r=t.XMLHttpRequest;e.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:t.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:r,REQ:t.Request,EV:t.Event,PR:t.Promise,MO:t.MutationObserver,FETCH:t.fetch}}return e}function s(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},c=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(c).length||(c.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.zO)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...c,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),c(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},584:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i,e:()=>o});var n=r(3585);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1];return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",r);function r(){if(t){if("hidden"!=document.visibilityState)return;e()}e(document.visibilityState)}}function o(){return"hidden"===document.visibilityState?-1:1/0}},8539:e=>{e.exports=function(e,t,r){t||(t=0),void 0===r&&(r=e?e.length:0);for(var n=-1,i=r-t||0,o=Array(i<0?0:i);++n<i;)o[n]=e[t+n];return o}}},__webpack_module_cache__={},inProgress,dataWebpackPrefix;function __webpack_require__(e){var t=__webpack_module_cache__[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var r=__webpack_module_cache__[e]={exports:{}};return __webpack_modules__[e](r,r.exports,__webpack_require__),r.exports}__webpack_require__.m=__webpack_modules__,__webpack_require__.n=e=>{var t=e&&e.__esModule?()=>e.default:()=>e;return __webpack_require__.d(t,{a:t}),t},__webpack_require__.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)__webpack_require__.o(t,r)&&!__webpack_require__.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},__webpack_require__.f={},__webpack_require__.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(__webpack_require__.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(__webpack_require__.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),__webpack_require__.u=e=>e+"."+__webpack_require__.h().slice(0,8)+"-1222.js",__webpack_require__.h=()=>"95d4308d836c4fa71ea6",__webpack_require__.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),inProgress={},dataWebpackPrefix="NRBA:",__webpack_require__.l=(e,t,r,n)=>{if(inProgress[e])inProgress[e].push(t);else{var i,o;if(void 0!==r)for(var a=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),c=0;c<a.length;c++){var s=a[c];if(s.getAttribute("src")==e||s.getAttribute("data-webpack")==dataWebpackPrefix+r){i=s;break}}i||(o=!0,(i=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",i.timeout=120,__webpack_require__.nc&&i.setAttribute("nonce",__webpack_require__.nc),i.setAttribute("data-webpack",dataWebpackPrefix+r),i.src=e),inProgress[e]=[t];var u=(t,r)=>{i.onerror=i.onload=null,clearTimeout(d);var n=inProgress[e];if(delete inProgress[e],i.parentNode&&i.parentNode.removeChild(i),n&&n.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},d=setTimeout(u.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:i}),12e4);i.onerror=u.bind(null,i.onerror),i.onload=u.bind(null,i.onload),o&&document.head.appendChild(i)}},__webpack_require__.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},__webpack_require__.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={783:0,519:0};__webpack_require__.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=__webpack_require__.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var i=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=i);var o=__webpack_require__.p+__webpack_require__.u(t),a=new Error;__webpack_require__.l(o,(r=>{if(__webpack_require__.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var i=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),o=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;a.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+i+": "+o+")",a.name="ChunkLoadError",a.type=i,a.request=o,n[1](a)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,i,[o,a,c]=r,s=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in a)__webpack_require__.o(a,n)&&(__webpack_require__.m[n]=a[n]);if(c)c(__webpack_require__)}for(t&&t(r);s<o.length;s++)i=o[s],__webpack_require__.o(e,i)&&e[i]&&e[i][0](),e[i]=0},r=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})();var __webpack_exports__={};(()=>{"use strict";__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);var e=__webpack_require__(507),t=__webpack_require__(2687),r=__webpack_require__(3585);function n(e){if(!document||"complete"===document.readyState)return e()||!0}function i(e){n(e)||(0,r.bP)("load",e)}function o(e){n(e)||(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}var a=__webpack_require__(8438),c=__webpack_require__(2071);let s=0;function u(e){(async()=>{if(!s++)try{const{aggregator:t}=await __webpack_require__.e(859).then(__webpack_require__.bind(__webpack_require__,7859));await t(e)}catch(e){console.error("Failed to successfully load all aggregators. Aborting...\n",e),c.ee.abort()}})()}var d=__webpack_require__(8539),l=__webpack_require__.n(d),f=__webpack_require__(4580),_=__webpack_require__(5970),p=__webpack_require__(3195),v=__webpack_require__(9599),b=__webpack_require__(9206);let g=!1;var h=__webpack_require__(7036),w=__webpack_require__(745),m=__webpack_require__(8025);class y extends m.W{constructor(e){super(e),a.il&&((0,w.v)(e),(0,h.B)(e,"firstbyte",(0,b.yf)()),i((()=>this.measureWindowLoaded())),o((()=>this.measureDomContentLoaded())))}measureWindowLoaded(){var e=(0,b.zO)();(0,h.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"onload",e+(0,b.os)()),(0,p.p)("timing",["load",e],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}measureDomContentLoaded(){(0,h.B)(this.agentIdentifier,"domContent",(0,b.zO)()+(0,b.os)())}}var k=__webpack_require__(584);class P extends m.W{constructor(e){var t;if(super(e),t=this,this.isEnabled()&&a.il){if(this.pageHiddenTime=(0,k.e)(),this.performanceObserver,this.lcpPerformanceObserver,this.clsPerformanceObserver,this.fiRecorded=!1,"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){this.performanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.perfObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.performanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(e){}this.lcpPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.lcpObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.lcpPerformanceObserver.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(e){}this.clsPerformanceObserver=new PerformanceObserver((function(){return t.clsObserver(...arguments)}));try{this.clsPerformanceObserver.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(e){}}this.fiRecorded=!1;["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"].forEach((e=>{(0,r.iz)(e,(function(){return t.captureInteraction(...arguments)}))})),(0,k.N)((()=>{this.pageHiddenTime=(0,b.zO)(),(0,p.p)("docHidden",[this.pageHiddenTime],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}),!0),(0,r.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,p.p)("winPagehide",[(0,b.zO)()],void 0,void 0,this.ee)))}}isEnabled(){return!1!==(0,_.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"page_view_timing.enabled")}perfObserver(e,t){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{"first-paint"===e.name?(0,p.p)("timing",["fp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,void 0,this.ee):"first-contentful-paint"===e.name&&(0,p.p)("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(e.startTime)],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}))}lcpObserver(e,t){var r=e.getEntries();if(r.length>0){var n=r[r.length-1];if(this.pageHiddenTime<n.startTime)return;var i=[n],o=this.addConnectionAttributes({});o&&i.push(o),(0,p.p)("lcp",i,void 0,void 0,this.ee)}}clsObserver(e){e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{e.hadRecentInput||(0,p.p)("cls",[e],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}))}addConnectionAttributes(e){var t=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;if(t)return t.type&&(e["net-type"]=t.type),t.effectiveType&&(e["net-etype"]=t.effectiveType),t.rtt&&(e["net-rtt"]=t.rtt),t.downlink&&(e["net-dlink"]=t.downlink),e}captureInteraction(e){if(e instanceof _.Yu.EV&&!this.fiRecorded){var t=Math.round(e.timeStamp),r={type:e.type};this.addConnectionAttributes(r),t<=(0,b.zO)()?r.fid=(0,b.zO)()-t:t>(0,b.os)()&&t<=Date.now()?(t-=(0,b.os)(),r.fid=(0,b.zO)()-t):t=(0,b.zO)(),this.fiRecorded=!0,(0,p.p)("timing",["fi",t,r],void 0,void 0,this.ee)}}}var x=__webpack_require__(4539),E="React",S="Angular",O="AngularJS",A="Backbone",q="Ember",C="Vue",T="Meteor",j="Zepto",I="Jquery";function R(){if(!a.il)return[];var e=[];try{(function(){try{if(window.React||window.ReactDOM||window.ReactRedux)return!0;if(document.querySelector("[data-reactroot], [data-reactid]"))return!0;for(var e=document.querySelectorAll("body > div"),t=0;t<e.length;t++)if(Object.keys(e[t]).indexOf("_reactRootContainer")>=0)return!0;return!1}catch(e){return!1}})()&&e.push(E),function(){try{return!!window.angular||(!!document.querySelector(".ng-binding, [ng-app], [data-ng-app], [ng-controller], [data-ng-controller], [ng-repeat], [data-ng-repeat]")||!!document.querySelector('script[src*="angular.js"], script[src*="angular.min.js"]'))}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(O),function(){try{return!!(window.hasOwnProperty("ng")&&window.ng.hasOwnProperty("coreTokens")&&window.ng.coreTokens.hasOwnProperty("NgZone"))||!!document.querySelectorAll("[ng-version]").length}catch(e){return!1}}()&&e.push(S),window.Backbone&&e.push(A),window.Ember&&e.push(q),window.Vue&&e.push(C),window.Meteor&&e.push(T),window.Zepto&&e.push(j),window.jQuery&&e.push(I)}catch(e){}return e}var N=__webpack_require__(8547),M=__webpack_require__(248),Z=__webpack_require__(8873);const B=Boolean(a.ZP?.Worker),D=Boolean(a.ZP?.SharedWorker),W=Boolean(a.ZP?.navigator?.serviceWorker);let F,z,G;class L extends m.W{constructor(e){var t;let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};super(e),t=this,this.PfFeatStatusEnum=r,this.singleChecks(),this.eachSessionChecks(),(0,x.X)("record-supportability",(function(){return t.recordSupportability(...arguments)}),void 0,this.ee),(0,x.X)("record-custom",(function(){return t.recordCustom(...arguments)}),void 0,this.ee)}recordSupportability(e,t){var r=["sm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,p.p)("storeMetric",r,null,void 0,this.ee),r}recordCustom(e,t){var r=["cm",e,{name:e},t];return(0,p.p)("storeEventMetrics",r,null,void 0,this.ee),r}singleChecks(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Version/${Z.q}/Detected`);const{loaderType:e}=(0,_.OP)(this.agentIdentifier);e&&this.recordSupportability(`Generic/LoaderType/${e}/Detected`),a.il&&o((()=>{R().forEach((e=>{this.recordSupportability("Framework/"+e+"/Detected")}))})),N.T.isFileProtocol()&&(this.recordSupportability("Generic/FileProtocol/Detected"),N.T.supportabilityMetricSent=!0);const t=(0,M.$c)(this.agentIdentifier);t.length>0&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Detected"),t.length>0&&!(0,M.Ng)(t)&&this.recordSupportability("Generic/Obfuscate/Invalid"),a.il&&this.reportPolyfillsNeeded(),function(e){if(!F){if(B){F=Worker;try{a.ZP.Worker=r(F,"Dedicated")}catch(e){o(e,"Dedicated")}if(D){z=SharedWorker;try{a.ZP.SharedWorker=r(z,"Shared")}catch(e){o(e,"Shared")}}else n("Shared");if(W){G=navigator.serviceWorker.register;try{a.ZP.navigator.serviceWorker.register=(t=G,function(){for(var e=arguments.length,r=new Array(e),n=0;n<e;n++)r[n]=arguments[n];return i("Service",r[1]?.type),t.apply(navigator.serviceWorker,r)})}catch(e){o(e,"Service")}}else n("Service");var t;return}n("All")}function r(e,t){return new Proxy(e,{construct:(e,r)=>(i(t,r[1]?.type),new e(...r))})}function n(t){a.v6||e(`Workers/${t}/Unavailable`)}function i(t,r){e("module"===r?`Workers/${t}/Module`:`Workers/${t}/Classic`)}function o(t,r){e(`Workers/${r}/SM/Unsupported`),console.warn(`NR Agent: Unable to capture ${r} workers.`,t)}}(this.recordSupportability.bind(this))}reportPolyfillsNeeded(){this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/Promise/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.PROMISE}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ArrayIncludes/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.ARRAY_INCLUDES}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectAssign/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ASSIGN}`),this.recordSupportability(`Generic/Polyfill/ObjectEntries/${this.PfFeatStatusEnum.OBJECT_ENTRIES}`)}eachSessionChecks(){a.il&&(0,r.bP)("pageshow",(e=>{e.persisted&&this.recordCustom("Custom/BFCache/PageRestored")}))}}var U=__webpack_require__(9011);const $=(0,e.n)(),H="lite";try{!function(e){if(g)return;const r=(0,f.gG)();a.v6&&(r.info.jsAttributes={...r.info.jsAttributes,isWorker:!0});try{(0,_.CX)(t.Z,r.info),(0,_.Dg)(t.Z,r.init),(0,_.GE)(t.Z,r.loader_config),(0,_.sU)(t.Z,{loaderType:e}),function(e){var t=(0,f.fP)(),r=c.ee.get(e),n=r.get("tracer"),i="api-",o=i+"ixn-";function a(){}(0,v.D)(["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],(function(e,r){t[r]=u(i,r,!0,"api")})),t.addPageAction=u(i,"addPageAction",!0),t.setCurrentRouteName=u(i,"routeName",!0),t.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,_.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/http://custom.transaction")+t,u(i,"setPageViewName",!0,"api")()},t.setCustomAttribute=function(t,r){const n=(0,_.C5)(e);return(0,_.CX)(e,{...n,jsAttributes:{...n.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),u(i,"setCustomAttribute",!0,"api")()},t.interaction=function(){return(new a).get()};var s=a.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var i={},a=this,c="function"==typeof t;return(0,p.p)(o+"tracer",[(0,b.zO)(),e,i],a,void 0,r),function(){if(n.emit((c?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,b.zO)(),a,c],i),c)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw n.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],i),e}finally{n.emit("fn-end",[(0,b.zO)()],i)}}}};function u(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,p.p)("record-supportability",["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,void 0,r),(0,p.p)(e+t,[(0,b.zO)()].concat(l()(arguments)),n?null:this,i,r),n?void 0:this}}(0,v.D)("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),(function(e,t){s[t]=u(o,t)})),t.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,p.p)("record-supportability",["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,void 0,r),(0,p.p)("err",[e,(0,b.zO)(),!1,t],void 0,void 0,r)}}(t.Z),g=!0}catch(e){}}(H);const e=(0,U.K)(t.Z);e.page_view_event&&new y(t.Z),e.page_view_timing&&new P(t.Z),e.metrics&&new L(t.Z,$),function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:1e3;t?setTimeout((()=>u(e)),r):a.il?i((()=>u(e))):u(e)}(H)}catch(e){a.ZP?.newrelic?.ee?.abort&&a.ZP.newrelic.ee.abort()}})(),window.NRBA=__webpack_exports__})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-66610693-3"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-66610693-3", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension6":"organization","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("config", "UA-33523145-1", {"groups":"default","anonymize_ip":true,"page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_path","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false,"custom_map":{"dimension2":"node_title","dimension3":"node_id","dimension6":"organization","dimension7":"content_type"}});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie","node_id":"446086","organization":"\u003Ca href=\u0022\/nist-organizations\/nist-headquarters\/laboratory-programs\/physical-measurement-laboratory\u0022 hreflang=\u0022en\u0022\u003EPhysical Measurement Laboratory\u003C\/a\u003E,","content_type":"Basic page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/node/446086"/> <meta name="description" content=""/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content=""/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2009-08-14T15:06-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2009-08-14T15:06-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2016-09-26T15:38-04:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie"/> <meta property="og:description" content=""/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2009-08-14T15:06-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2016-09-26T15:38-04:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2016-09-26T15:38:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie | NIST", "description": "\u003Cp\u003E \n \u003Cfigure class=\u0022align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image\u0022 data-lightbox=\u0022https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_280\u0026lt;/body\u0026gt;\u0026lt;/html\u0026gt;\u0022\u003E\u003C/figure\u003E\u003C/p\u003E", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True" }, "datePublished": "2009-08-14T15:06-04:00", "dateModified": "2016-09-26T15:38-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="page"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <link rel="prev" href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-1"/> <link rel="up" href="/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies"/> <link rel="next" href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-0"/> <title>Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6hZQHyso1BdM3wkKYS6pASIT8XgzD_EDj_wnZVp8nEs.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_gD8QmGaNfUQuThtjB-S0EwEOZZNJP1QfUU1bDdLHbMU.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_h014k13aNG5kxmc3i31BCnMD2Gr39UKWutWZuQuCXMo.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_NjDDNWX3gT9AQim3Wat6xpK9XSySncGi6dMPubV7CJQ.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230201222508cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_MOpSnrn4whigAOkLNpHJlMwL4Z8blDw1OoyiUvqKS_U.css"/> <script src="/web/20230201222508js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-446086"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/director/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top-full"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--341061 nist-section-header--menu nist-section-header--interior"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h2><a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div> <div class="nist-block nist-block--book-nav"> <div class="display-none tablet-lg:display-block"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-9ee696ccd4d3aee29a94fac850464dec11d68233fab2673bc5360808e3988f94"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-field-shared-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards" hreflang="en"><img src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_400/public/images/pml/general/curie/tour_1.jpg?itok=bxtttqig" width="400" height="400" alt="Marie Curie in Pittsburgh" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion usa-sidenav--book"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/445711" hreflang="en">Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="book-1"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="book-1" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1913-us-curie-standard" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/444826" hreflang="en">1913: The U.S. Curie Standard</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1921-marie-curie-visits-us" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446041" hreflang="en">1921: Marie Curie visits the U.S.</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1927-nbs-gold-leaf-electroscope" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446046" hreflang="en">1927: NBS gold leaf electroscope</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1929-marie-curie-visits-hoover-white-house" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446051" hreflang="en">1929: Marie Curie visits the Hoover White House</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1937-nbs-honigschmid-standard" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/426746" hreflang="en">1937: NBS Hönigschmid standard</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1940s-nbs-radon-measurements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446056" hreflang="en">1940s: NBS radon measurements</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/1950s-calorimetric-comparisons-national-ra-standards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446061" hreflang="en">1950s: Calorimetric comparisons of national Ra standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/present-status-national-standards" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/439511" hreflang="en">Present: Status of national standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/decay-schema" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446111" hreflang="en">Decay Schema</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/modern-nist-certificate" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446076" hreflang="en">Modern NIST Certificate</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/modern-radon-222-gas-handling-facility" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/429181" hreflang="en">Modern radon-222 gas handling facility</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies" class="usa-current" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446081" hreflang="en">Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards, Biographies</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="book-1-12"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="book-1-12" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-1" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446096" hreflang="en">Biography of Leon F. Curtiss</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" class="usa-current is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446086" hreflang="en">Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-0" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446091" hreflang="en">Biography of Noah Ernest Dorsey</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-2" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/436306" hreflang="en">Biography of Wilfrid Basil Mann</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-acknowledgements" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/429176" hreflang="en">Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards, Acknowledgements</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-bibliography" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/446101" hreflang="en">Marie Curie and the NBS Radium Standards, Bibliography</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie</h1> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude class="nist-block nist-social__wrapper"> <h2 class="nist-social__title">Share</h2> <div class="social-media-sharing"> <div class="nist-social__wrapper--share"> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" title="Facebook" class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-gray"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography&source=https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" title="Linkedin" class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-gray"> <span>Linkedin</span> </a> </div> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography&status=https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" title="Twitter" class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-gray"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> </div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/mailto:/?subject=NIST.gov&body=Check out this site https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" title="Email" class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-gray"> <span>Email</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p> <figure class="align-right nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/pml/general/curie/curie_1.jpg?itok=hUGU-XFf" data-media-id="219621"><img alt="Marie Sklodowska Curie" height="220" loading="lazy" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/220_x_220_limit/public/images/pml/general/curie/curie_1.jpg?itok=xQngYg_C" typeof="foaf:Image" width="145"><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure>She was born November 7, 1867 in Poland. When she died on July 4, 1934, she was perhaps the best known woman in the world. Her co-discovery with her husband Pierre Curie of the radioactive elements radium and polonium represents one of the best known stories in modern science for which they were recognized in 1901 with the Nobel Prize in Physics. After the sudden accidental death of Pierre Curie, Marie Curie managed to raise her two small daughters (Irène, who was herself awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, and Eve who became an accomplished author) and continue an active career in experimental radioactivity measurements. In this account we concentrate on her connections to the national radium standards of the United States. More details on the life of this extraordinary scientist are given in "Madame Curie," the 1937 book by Eve Curie.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-italic font-sans-2xs"> Created August 14, 2009, Updated September 26, 2016 </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="book-label-445711" class="nist-booknav"> <ul> <li class="nist-booknav__item nist-booknav__item--prev"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-1" rel="prev" title="Go to previous page" class="nist-booknav__link"><b>‹</b> Biography of Leon F. Curtiss</a> </li> <li class="nist-booknav__item nist-booknav__item--next"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies-0" rel="next" title="Go to next page" class="nist-booknav__link">Biography of Noah Ernest Dorsey <b>›</b></a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230201222508im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/pml/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards/marie-curie-and-nbs-radium-standards-biographies/biography" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/446086","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"UA-66610693-3","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip","trackDomainMode":1},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230201222508js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_DNL6VrEuHPrL959oUExCzGY3A7BXQIMYib7aZLaICi4.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201222508js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230201222508js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_I5IWSeqRYycw3j_gdVkF6ueB4cEAlcZLwKvBpngM6BU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFnFGRhVWVWoNVgUHaHpaWkcXWFVaBks9LFtdUGJaAEB6WQ1NEw1YVVBGHltBUFMU","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":540,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Biography of Marie Sklodowska Curie | NIST