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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Planting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preprocessing_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preprocessing_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Preprocessing and storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preprocessing_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects on the environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects on the environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mitigations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Direct consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flour-based_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flour-based_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flour-based foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flour-based_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alcohol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcohol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Alcohol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcohol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_feed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_feed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Animal feed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_feed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nutrition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whole-grain_and_processed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whole-grain_and_processed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Whole-grain and processed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whole-grain_and_processed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amino_acid_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amino_acid_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Amino acid balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amino_acid_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_major_cereals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_major_cereals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Comparison of major cereals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_major_cereals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_and_trade_commodities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_and_trade_commodities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Production and trade commodities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_and_trade_commodities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production and trade commodities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_and_trade_commodities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cereal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graan" title="Graan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Graan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getreide" title="Getreide – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Getreide" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%85%E1%88%8D" title="እህል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እህል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn" title="Corn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Corn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8" title="محصول حبوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محصول حبوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerial" title="Cerial – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cerial" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiptu" title="Yiptu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Yiptu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%27it%C4%A9r%C3%A3" title="Hu'itĩrã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hu'itĩrã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99nli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Dənli bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dənli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="খাদ্যশস্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাদ্যশস্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3%CD%98-kok_chia%CC%8Dh-mi%CC%8Dh" title="Ngó͘-kok chia̍h-mi̍h – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngó͘-kok chia̍h-mi̍h" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Иген культуралары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иген культуралары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Збожжавыя культуры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Збожжавыя культуры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Збожжа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Збожжа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зърнено-житни култури – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зърнено-житни култури" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droad" title="Droad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Droad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲུ་རིགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲུ་རིགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDitarice" title="Žitarice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žitarice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed" title="Ed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таряан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Таряан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пĕрчĕлле культурăсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрчĕлле культурăсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obilniny" title="Obilniny – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obilniny" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawn" title="Grawn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grawn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahu" title="Kahu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kahu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getreide" title="Getreide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Getreide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teravili" title="Teravili – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teravili" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Δημητριακά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημητριακά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82_(%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Сюрот (тикшеть) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Сюрот (тикшеть)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealo" title="Cerealo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cerealo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zereal" title="Zereal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zereal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="غلات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غلات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaaj" title="Anaaj – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Anaaj" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9ale" title="Céréale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Céréale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4t" title="Nôt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nôt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A1nbharr" title="Gránbharr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gránbharr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80" title="穀 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="穀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EB%A5%98" title="곡류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곡류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siril" title="Siril – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Siril" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հացահատիկային բույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հացահատիկային բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="खाद्यान्न – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खाद्यान्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDitarice" title="Žitarice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žitarice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerealo" title="Cerealo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cerealo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkp%E1%BB%A5r%E1%BB%A5_%E1%BB%8Dka_m%C3%A0_obu_%E1%BB%8Dk%C3%A0_%E1%BB%8Dk%C3%A0" title="Mkpụrụ ọka mà obu ọkà ọkà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mkpụrụ ọka mà obu ọkà ọkà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereal" title="Sereal – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sereal" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serealia" title="Serealia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serealia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereali" title="Cereali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cereali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דגנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9r%C3%A9alia" title="Séréalia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Séréalia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಧಾನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧಾನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარცვლეული კულტურები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარცვლეული კულტურები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zb%C3%B2z%C3%A9" title="Zbòzé – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zbòzé" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дәнді дақылдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәнді дақылдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greunvos" title="Greunvos – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Greunvos" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafaka" title="Nafaka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nafaka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9r%C3%A9al" title="Séréal – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Séréal" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan" title="Dan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дан эгиндери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дан эгиндери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blava" title="Blava – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Blava" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Къама – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Къама" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumentum" title="Frumentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frumentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%C4%ABba" title="Labība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Labība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javai" title="Javai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Javai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaore" title="Kaore – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaore" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A1ng%C3%B3" title="Losángó – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Losángó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gurni" title="gurni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gurni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cere%C3%A0i" title="Cereài – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cereài" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabona" title="Gabona – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gabona" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Жито – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жито" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voamadinika" title="Voamadinika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voamadinika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD" title="സിറിയൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിറിയൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="धान्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धान्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8" title="حبوب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حبوب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijirin" title="Bijirin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bijirin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereal" title="Sereal – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sereal" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%83" title="Амуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B6%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="နှံစားပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှံစားပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila" title="Sila – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sila" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graan" title="Graan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graon" title="Graon – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Graon" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF" title="बुलि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुलि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%89%A9" title="穀物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="穀物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3-%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Буьртиг-йалта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Буьртиг-йалта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurn" title="Kurn – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kurn" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn" title="Korn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Korn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereala" title="Cereala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cereala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_ekinlari" title="Don ekinlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Don ekinlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਅਨਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%92_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="دانے دار فصلاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دانے دار فصلاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereal" title="Sereal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sereal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koorn" title="Koorn – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koorn" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbo%C5%BCa" title="Zboża – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zboża" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereale" title="Cereale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cereale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwi" title="Riwi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Riwi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Зерновые культуры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зерновые культуры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Бурдук үүнээйилэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бурдук үүнээйилэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drithi" title="Drithi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drithi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciriali" title="Ciriali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciriali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cereal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obilniny" title="Obilniny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obilniny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDito" title="Žito – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Žito" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AE%DA%B5" title="دەخڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەخڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Житарице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Житарице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDitarice" title="Žitarice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Žitarice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilja" title="Vilja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vilja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4desslag" title="Sädesslag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sädesslag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkak" title="Angkak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Angkak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தானியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தானியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imendi" title="Imendi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Imendi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бөртекле культуралар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөртекле культуралар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఆహారధాన్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆహారధాన్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A" title="ธัญพืช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธัญพืช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tah%C4%B1l" title="Tahıl – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tahıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Зернові культури – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зернові культури" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%DB%81" title="غلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serea%C5%82i" title="Sereałi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sereałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vill%C3%A4nkul%27turad" title="Villänkul'turad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Villänkul'turad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2y_l%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="Cây lương thực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cây lương thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinr%C3%AAye_d%27_awousse" title="Dinrêye d' awousse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dinrêye d' awousse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groan" title="Groan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Groan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugas" title="Lugas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lugas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E7%89%A9" title="谷物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="谷物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="תבואה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תבואה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%89%A9" title="穀物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="穀物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tene" title="Tene – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tene" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jav%C4%81" title="Javā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Javā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E7%89%A9" title="谷物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="谷物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grass that has edible grain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cereal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cereal (disambiguation)">Cereal (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Serial_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Serial (disambiguation)">Serial (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grain</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Cereal#Merge_Grain" title="Talk:Cereal">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since February 2025.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/300px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/450px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg/600px-Unload_wheat_by_the_combine_Claas_Lexion_584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">Harvesting</a> a cereal with a <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> accompanied by a tractor and trailer.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/300px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/450px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg/600px-Les_Plantes_Cultivades._Cereals._Imatge_119.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Cereal <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>: (top) <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a><br />(middle) <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a><br />(bottom) <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cereal</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grass</a> cultivated for its edible <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>. Cereals are the world's largest crops, and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>. Edible grains from other plant families, such as <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a>. Most cereals are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>, producing one crop from each planting, though rice is sometimes grown as a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>. Winter varieties are hardy enough to be planted in the autumn, becoming dormant in the winter, and harvested in spring or early summer; spring varieties are planted in spring and harvested in late summer. The term cereal is derived from the name of the Roman goddess of grain crops and fertility, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a>. </p><p>Cereals were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> around 8,000 years ago. Wheat and barley were domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>; rice was domesticated in East Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and millet were domesticated in West Africa. Maize was domesticated by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> in southern Mexico about 9,000 years ago. In the 20th century, cereal productivity was greatly increased by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>. This increase in production has accompanied a <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">growing international trade</a>, with some countries producing large portions of the cereal supply for other countries. </p><p>Cereals provide food eaten directly as <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, usually cooked, or they are ground to <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a> and made into <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and other products. Cereals have a high <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> content, enabling them to be fermented into alcoholic drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. Cereal farming has a substantial <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">environmental impact</a>, and is often produced in high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monocultures</a>. The environmental harms can be mitigated by <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable practices</a> which reduce the impact on soil and improve biodiversity, such as <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/220px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/330px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg/440px-Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Threshing of grain in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Wheat, barley, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a> were gathered and eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>. Cereal grains 19,000 years old have been found at the <a href="/wiki/Ohalo_II" title="Ohalo II">Ohalo II</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, with charred remnants of wild wheat and barley.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the same period, farmers in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> began to <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">farm rice</a> and millet, using human-made floods and <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">fires</a> as part of their cultivation regimen.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioners</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, fish, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">ashes</a>, appears to have begun early, and developed independently in areas of the world including <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>, and Eastern Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FertMan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FertMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_founder_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic founder crops">Cereals that became</a> modern barley and wheat were <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> some 8,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-Purugganan_Fuller_2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purugganan_Fuller_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millets and rice were domesticated in East Asia, while <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> and other millets were domesticated in sub-Saharan West Africa, primarily as feed for livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> arose from a single domestication in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> about 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Mat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_harvester,_Trier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg/330px-Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg/500px-Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg/960px-Roman_harvester%2C_Trier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Roman harvesting machine</figcaption></figure> <p>In these agricultural regions, religion was often shaped by the divinity associated with the grain and harvests. In the Mesopotamian creation myth, an era of civilization is inaugurated by the grain goddess <a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a> presided over agriculture, grain crops, fertility, and motherhood;<sup id="cite_ref-Room_1990_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Room_1990-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term cereal is derived from Latin <i>cerealis</i>, "of grain", originally meaning "of [the goddess] Ceres".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several gods of antiquity combined agriculture and war: the Hittite <a href="/wiki/Sun_goddess_of_Arinna" title="Sun goddess of Arinna">Sun goddess of Arinna</a>, the Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a> and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhom-bread_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhom-bread-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complex <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> arose where cereal agriculture created a surplus, allowing for part of the harvest to be appropriated from farmers, allowing power to be concentrated in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayshar_Moav_Pascali_2022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayshar_Moav_Pascali_2022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjab_Monsoon_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Punjab_Monsoon_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Rice fields</a> in India. <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">India's participation in the Green Revolution</a> helped resolve <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food shortages</a> in the mid-twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the second half of the 20th century, there was a significant increase in the production of high-yield cereal crops worldwide, especially wheat and rice, due to the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, a technological change funded by development organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOGreenRevolution_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOGreenRevolution-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strategies developed by the Green Revolution included mechanized tilling, <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>, nitrogen fertilizers, and breeding of new strains of seeds. These innovations focused on fending off starvation and increasing yield-per-plant, and were very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but paid less attention to nutritional quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modern high-yield cereal crops tend to have <a href="/wiki/Protein_quality" title="Protein quality">low-quality proteins</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a> deficiencies, are high in <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and lack balanced <a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">essential fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a> and other quality factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So-called <a href="/wiki/Ancient_grains" title="Ancient grains">ancient grains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_plant" title="Heirloom plant">heirloom varieties</a> have seen an increase in popularity with the <a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">"organic" movements</a> of the early 21st century, but there is a tradeoff in yield-per-plant, putting pressure on resource-poor areas as <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">food crops</a> are replaced with <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/220px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/330px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg/440px-Triticum_aestivum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>Structure of a cereal, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. A: Plant; B ripe ear of grains; 1 <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelet</a> before flowering; 2 the same, flowering and spread, enlarged; 3 flowers with <a href="/wiki/Glume" title="Glume">glumes</a>; 4 <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> 5 <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>; 6 and 7 ovaries with juice scales; 8 and 9 parts of the scar; 10 fruit husks; 11–14 grains, natural size and enlarged.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals are grasses, in the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> family, that produce edible <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>. A cereal grain is botanically a <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Seed_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed coat">seed coat</a> is fused with the <a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Juliano_Tuaño_2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juliano_Tuaño_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20185_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20185-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasses have <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> that are hollow except at the <a href="/wiki/Nodes_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodes (botany)">nodes</a> and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath. The leaf grows from the base of the blade, an adaptation that protects the growing meristem from grazing animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowers are usually <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and mainly <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophilous</a> or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the best-known cereals are maize, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, wheat, barley, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, oat, rye and <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20182–3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20182–3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other grains are colloquially called cereals, even though they are not grasses; these <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a> include <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers201868–69_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers201868–69-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All cereal crops are cultivated in a similar way. Most are <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a>, so after sowing they are harvested just once.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is rice, which although usually treated as an annual can survive as a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, producing a <a href="/wiki/Ratoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratoon">ratoon</a> crop.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_rice_plant-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cereals adapted to a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">triticale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, are called cool-season cereals. Those preferring a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, are called warm-season cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20183–4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20183–4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Best_for_grazing_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Best_for_grazing-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cool-season cereals, especially rye, followed by barley, are hardy; they grow best in fairly cool weather, and stop growing, depending on variety, when the temperature goes above around 30 °C or 85 °F. Warm-season cereals, in contrast, require hot weather and cannot tolerate frost.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cool-season cereals can be grown in highlands in the tropics, where they sometimes deliver several crops in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planting">Planting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Planting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg/250px-Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg/330px-Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg/500px-Green_rice_sheaves_planted_in_a_paddy_field_with_long_shadows_at_golden_hour_in_Don_Det_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Newly planted <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In the tropics, warm-season cereals can be grown at any time of the year. In temperate zones, these cereals can only be grown when there is no frost. Most cereals are planted in <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tilled soils</a>, which reduces weeds and breaks up the surface of a field. Most cereals need regular water in the early part of their life cycle. Rice is commonly grown in flooded fields,<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_water_mgmt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_water_mgmt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some strains are grown on dry land.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other warm climate cereals, such as sorghum, are adapted to arid conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Cool-season cereals are grown mainly in temperate zones. These cereals often have both winter varieties for autumn sowing, winter dormancy, and early summer harvesting, and spring varieties planted in spring and harvested in late summer. Winter varieties have the advantage of using water when it is plentiful, and permitting a second crop after the early harvest. They flower only in spring as they require <a href="/wiki/Vernalization" title="Vernalization">vernalization</a>, exposure to cold for a specific period, fixed genetically. Spring crops grow when it is warmer but less rainy, so they may need irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheat_scab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wheat_scab.jpg/250px-Wheat_scab.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wheat_scab.jpg/330px-Wheat_scab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_graminearum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusarium graminearum">Fusarium graminearum</a></i> damages many cereals, here <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, where it causes wheat scab (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereal strains are bred for consistency and resilience to the local environmental conditions. The greatest constraints on <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">yield</a> are <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cereal_pests_and_diseases" title="Lists of cereal pests and diseases">plant diseases</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Rust_(fungus)" title="Rust (fungus)">rusts</a> (mostly the <i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia" title="Puccinia">Puccinia</a></i> spp.) and <a href="/wiki/Powdery_mildew" title="Powdery mildew">powdery mildews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marienlyst_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marienlyst-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fusarium head blight, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_graminearum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusarium graminearum">Fusarium graminearum</a></i>, is a significant limitation on a wide variety of cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-Disaster_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disaster-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pressures include <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cereal_pests_and_diseases" title="Lists of cereal pests and diseases">pest insects</a> and wildlife like rodents and deer.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In conventional agriculture, some farmers will apply <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicides</a> or pesticides </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Annual cereals die when they have come to seed, and dry up. Harvesting begins once the plants and seeds are dry enough. Harvesting in mechanized agricultural systems is by <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>, a machine which drives across the field in a single pass in which it cuts the stalks and then <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnows</a> the grain.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional agricultural systems, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a>, harvesting may be by hand, using tools such as <a href="/wiki/Scythe" title="Scythe">scythes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grain_cradle" title="Grain cradle">grain cradles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leftover parts of the plant can be allowed to decompose, or collected as <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>; this can be used for animal bedding, mulch, and a growing medium for mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used in crafts such as building with <a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">cob</a> or <a href="/wiki/Straw-bale_construction" title="Straw-bale construction">straw-bale construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_Thomson_Maskell_2020_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_Thomson_Maskell_2020-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice-combine-harvester,_Katori-city,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A small-scale rice combine harvester in Japan"><img alt="A small-scale rice combine harvester in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/330px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/500px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/960px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A small-scale rice <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> in Japan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preprocessing_and_storage">Preprocessing and storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preprocessing and storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If cereals are not completely dry when harvested, such as when the weather is rainy, the stored grain will be spoilt by <a href="/wiki/Mould" class="mw-redirect" title="Mould">mould</a> fungi such as <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_2016_pp._364–375_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley_2016_pp._364–375-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be prevented by drying it artificially. It may then be stored in a <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silo</a>, to be sold later. Grain stores need to be constructed to protect the grain from damage by pests such as seed-eating birds and <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peeling maize in Zambia"><img alt="Peeling maize in Zambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg/330px-Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg/500px-Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg/960px-Woman_from_small_village_peeling_corn_-_Zambia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peeling <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 263.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_elevators_on_a_farm_in_Israel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grain elevators on a farm in Israel"><img alt="Grain elevators on a farm in Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Grain_elevators_on_a_farm_in_Israel_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Grain_elevators_on_a_farm_in_Israel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Grain_elevators_on_a_farm_in_Israel_%28cropped%29.jpg/960px-Grain_elevators_on_a_farm_in_Israel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">Grain elevators</a> on a farm in Israel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg/220px-Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg/330px-Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg/440px-Mexican_woman_maize_tortillas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>An indigenous Mexican woman prepares maize <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>When the cereal is ready to be distributed, it is sold to a manufacturing facility that first removes the outer layers of the grain for subsequent <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">milling for flour</a> or other processing steps, to produce foods such as flour, <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pearl_barley" title="Pearl barley">pearl barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Papageorgiou_Skendi_2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papageorgiou_Skendi_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In developing countries, processing may be traditional, in artisanal workshops, as with <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortilla production</a> in Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-Astier_Odenthal_Patricio_Orozco-Ramírez_2019_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astier_Odenthal_Patricio_Orozco-Ramírez_2019-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most cereals can be processed in a variety of ways. <a href="/wiki/Rice#Processing" title="Rice">Rice processing</a>, for instance, can create whole-grain or polished rice, or rice flour. Removal of the germ increases the longevity of grain in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some grains can be <a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">malted</a>, a process of activating enzymes in the seed to cause sprouting that turns the complex starches into sugars before drying.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sugars can be extracted for industrial uses and further processing, such as for making <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">industrial alcohol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_1938_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_1938-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cfr5.22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfr5.22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">rice wine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Borrell_2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borrell_2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sold <a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">directly as a sugar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_1978_pp._560–586_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs_1978_pp._560–586-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">industrial processes</a> developed around chemically altering the grain, to be used for other processes. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> can be altered to produce food additives, such as <a href="/wiki/Corn_starch" title="Corn starch">corn starch</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">high-fructose corn syrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_the_environment">Effects on the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects on the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts">Impacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact of agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg/220px-Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg/330px-Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg/440px-Harvesting_Cycle_2_Thinopyrum_intermedium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="1765" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting <a href="/wiki/Kernza" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernza">kernza</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> cereal developed in the 21st century. Because it grows back every year, farmers no longer have to till the soil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereal production has a substantial impact on the environment. <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">Tillage</a> can lead to <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> and increased runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-Takken_Govers_Jetten_2001_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takken_Govers_Jetten_2001-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irrigation consumes large quantities of water; its extraction from lakes, rivers, or <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> may have <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">multiple environmental effects</a>, such as lowering the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> and cause salination of aquifers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist_2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundquist_2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a> production contributes to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its use can lead to pollution and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> of waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-Werner_2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werner_2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arable farming uses large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">releasing greenhouse gases</a> which contribute to global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pesticide usage can cause harm to wildlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">to bees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigations">Mitigations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mitigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern,_SD_(21480483232).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg/250px-Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg/330px-Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg/500px-Great_Soil_Structure_in_Stehly_Crop_Field_in_Eastern%2C_SD_%2821480483232%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Excellent soil structure in land in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> with <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> of maize, soybeans, and wheat accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a>. The main crop has been harvested but the roots of the cover crop are still visible in autumn.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the impacts of growing cereals can be mitigated by changing production practices. Tillage can be reduced by <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">no-till farming</a>, such as by direct drilling of cereal seeds, or by developing and planting <a href="/wiki/Perennial_crop" title="Perennial crop">perennial crop</a> varieties so that annual tilling is not required. Rice can be grown as a <a href="/wiki/Ratooning" title="Ratooning">ratoon</a> crop;<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_rice_plant-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other researchers are exploring perennial cool-season cereals, such as <a href="/wiki/Kernza" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernza">kernza</a>, being developed in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan_2021_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan_2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fertilizer and pesticide usage may be reduced in some <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultures</a>, growing several crops in a single field at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil fuel-based <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">nitrogen fertilizer</a> usage can be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a> cereals with <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> which <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fix nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_Carlsson_Hauggaard-Nielsen_2020_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen_Carlsson_Hauggaard-Nielsen_2020-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenhouse gas emissions may be cut further by more efficient irrigation or by water harvesting methods like <a href="/wiki/Contour_trenching" title="Contour trenching">contour trenching</a> that reduce the need for irrigation, and by breeding new crop varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_consumption">Direct consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Direct consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cereals such as rice require little preparation before human consumption. For example, to make plain <a href="/wiki/Cooked_rice" title="Cooked rice">cooked rice</a>, raw <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">milled rice</a> is washed and boiled.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foods such as <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014642–643_Porridge_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014642–643_Porridge-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Muesli" title="Muesli">muesli</a> may be made largely of whole cereals, especially oats, whereas commercial <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Granola" title="Granola">granola</a> may be highly processed and combined with sugars, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oils</a>, and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flour-based_foods">Flour-based foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flour-based foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_grains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/220px-Various_grains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/330px-Various_grains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/440px-Various_grains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Various cereals and their products</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals can be <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">ground</a> to make flour. <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Wheat flour</a> is the main ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaclavik_Christian_2008_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaclavik_Christian_2008-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAO_Wheat_for_bread_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_Wheat_for_bread-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize flour has been important in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> since ancient times, with foods such as Mexican <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014516–517_Mexico_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014516–517_Mexico-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rye flour is a constituent of bread in central and northern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Medieval_Rye_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medieval_Rye-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> is common in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014682_Rice_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014682_Rice-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cereal grain consists of starchy <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">germ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>. Wholemeal flour contains all of these; white flour is without some or all of the germ or bran.<sup id="cite_ref-Better_Health_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Better_Health-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014315–316_Flour_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014315–316_Flour-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcohol">Alcohol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alcohol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Ethanol fermentation</a></div> <p>Because cereals have a high starch content, they are often used to make <a href="/wiki/Industrial_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial alcohol">industrial alcohol</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_1938_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs_1938-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermentation</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> is produced by <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> and fermenting <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, mainly from cereal grains—most commonly <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malted</a> barley.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth_2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth_2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wines</a> such as Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a> are brewed in Asia;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014701_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2014701-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fermented rice and honey wine was made in China some 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Borrell_2009_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borrell_2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Animal feed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">Animal feed</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickens_feeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chickens_feeding.jpg/220px-Chickens_feeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chickens_feeding.jpg/330px-Chickens_feeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chickens_feeding.jpg/440px-Chickens_feeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Chickens eating cereal-rich <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">feed</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals and their related byproducts such as <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> are routinely <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">fed to farm animals</a>. Common cereals as animal food include maize, barley, wheat, and oats. Moist grains may be treated chemically or made into <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>; mechanically flattened or crimped, and kept in airtight storage until used; or stored dry with a moisture content of less than 14%.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercially, grains are often combined with other materials and formed into feed pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_van_Vliet_van_der_Poel_1998_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_van_Vliet_van_der_Poel_1998-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whole-grain_and_processed">Whole-grain and processed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Whole-grain and processed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg/220px-Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg/330px-Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg/440px-Home_made_whole_grain_bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7276" data-file-height="4523" /></a><figcaption>Whole grains as used in this bread have more of the original seed, making them more nutritious but more prone to spoilage in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">whole grains</a>, cereals provide <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>. When processed by the removal of the bran and germ, all that remains is the starchy endosperm.<sup id="cite_ref-Better_Health_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Better_Health-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>, cereals constitute a majority of daily sustenance. In <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial, primarily in the form of refined and processed grains.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amino_acid_balance">Amino acid balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Amino acid balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Complete_protein" title="Complete protein">Complete protein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_combining" title="Protein combining">Protein combining</a></div> <p>Some cereals are deficient in the essential amino acid <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a>, obliging vegetarian cultures to combine their diet of cereal grains with <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> to obtain a balanced diet. Many legumes, however, are deficient in the essential amino acid <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, which grains contain. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Protein_combining" title="Protein combining">a combination</a> of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians. Such combinations include <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">dal</a> (lentils) with rice by <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a> with <a href="/wiki/Corn_tortilla" title="Corn tortilla">maize tortillas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a> with rice, and <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter" title="Peanut butter">peanut butter</a> with wholegrain wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-vogel301_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogel301-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">feeding animals</a>, the amount of <a href="/wiki/Crude_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude protein">crude protein</a> measured in grains is expressed as grain crude protein concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_major_cereals">Comparison of major cereals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison of major cereals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nutritional values for some major cereals<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Per 45g serving </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorgh.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Energy </td> <td>kcal </td> <td>159 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>175 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>152 </td> <td>148 </td> <td>153 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a> </td> <td>g </td> <td>5.6 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>7.6 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipid</a> </td> <td>g </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a> </td> <td>g </td> <td>33 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Fibre</a> </td> <td>g </td> <td>7.8 </td> <td>3.3 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>4.8 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>15 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.3 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>60 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>74 </td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>119 </td> <td>108 </td> <td>128 </td> <td>235 </td> <td>140 </td> <td>149 </td> <td>130 </td> <td>229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>203 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>88 </td> <td>193 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>163 </td> <td>194 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>5 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>1.8 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>1.2 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>0.19 </td> <td>0.34 </td> <td>0.24 </td> <td>0.14 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>0.13 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B3" title="Vitamin B3">Niacin (B3)</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.4 </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.7 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B6)</a> </td> <td>mg </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>0.2 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">Folic acid (B9)</a> </td> <td>mcg </td> <td>9 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>19 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_trade_commodities">Production and trade commodities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Production and trade commodities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack,_2023-08-06_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg/250px-Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg/500px-Starokostiantyniv_Grain_Elevator_after_Russian_missile_attack%2C_2023-08-06_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption>A grain elevator on fire in Ukraine, 2023. The Russian invasion of Ukraine disrupted its wheat exports and the global <a href="/wiki/Cereal_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal trade">cereal trade</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals constitute the world's largest commodities by tonnage, whether measured by production<sup id="cite_ref-IDRC_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDRC-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by international trade. Several major producers of cereals dominate the market.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2023_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2023-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the scale of the trade, some countries have become reliant on imports, thus cereals <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">pricing</a> or availability can have outsized impacts on countries with a food trade imbalance and thus <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a>, as well as other compounding production and supply factors leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2007–2008 financial crises</a>, created rapid inflation of grain prices during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WFSFAO_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFSFAO-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other disruptions, such as climate change or war related changes to supply or transportation can create further food insecurity; for example the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022 disrupted Ukrainian and Russian wheat supplies causing a <a href="/wiki/World_food_crises_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="World food crises (2022–present)">global food price crisis in 2022</a> that affected countries heavily dependent on wheat flour.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cereal_production" title="List of countries by cereal production">List of countries by cereal production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopie-Battage_du_teff_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Threshing <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>, Ethiopia, 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals are the world's largest crops by tonnage of grain produced.<sup id="cite_ref-IDRC_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDRC-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three cereals, maize, wheat, and rice, together accounted for 89% of all cereal production worldwide in 2012, and 43% of the global supply of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-prodstat_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prodstat-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the production of oats and rye has drastically fallen from their 1960s levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie-2013_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-2013-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other cereals not included in the U.N.'s <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> statistics include <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a>, which is grown in small amounts in North America, and <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>, an ancient grain that is a staple in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teff is grown in sub-Saharan Africa as a grass primarily for feeding horses. It is high in fiber and protein. Its flour is often used to make <a href="/wiki/Injera" title="Injera">injera</a>. It can be eaten as a warm breakfast cereal like <a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">farina</a> with a chocolate or nutty flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 718.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 716.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_Of_Cereals_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of cereals worldwide, by country in 2021"><img alt="Production of cereals worldwide, by country in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg/1075px-Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="717" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg/1612px-Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg/2149px-Production_Of_Cereals_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of cereals worldwide, by country in 2021</div> </li> </ul> <p>The table shows the annual production of cereals in 1961, 1980, 2000, 2010, and 2019/2020.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritchie-2013_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritchie-2013-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Grain </th> <th colspan="5" nowrap="">Worldwide production <p>(millions of metric tons) </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>1961 </th> <th>1980 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2019/20 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn) </td> <td>205 </td> <td>397 </td> <td>592 </td> <td>852 </td> <td>1,148 </td> <td>A staple food of people in the Americas, Africa, and of <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> worldwide; often called corn in North America, Australia, and New Zealand. A large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production is in milled terms. </td> <td>285 </td> <td>397 </td> <td>599 </td> <td>697 </td> <td>755 </td> <td>The primary cereal of tropical and some temperate regions. <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a> in most of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, other parts of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and some other Portuguese-descended cultures, parts of Africa (even more before the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a>), most of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. Largely overridden by <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a> (a dicot tree) during the South Pacific's part of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a> </td> <td>222 </td> <td>440 </td> <td>585 </td> <td>641 </td> <td>768 </td> <td>The primary cereal of temperate regions. It has a worldwide consumption but it is a staple food of North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil and much of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a>-based meat substitutes are important in the Far East (albeit less than <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>) and are said to resemble meat texture more than others.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a> </td> <td>72 </td> <td>157 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>123 </td> <td>159 </td> <td>Grown for <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> on land too poor or too cold for wheat.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sorghum" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sorghum">Sorghum</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>58 </td> <td>Important staple food in Asia and Africa and popular worldwide for livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>A group of similar cereals that form an important staple food in Asia and Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>Popular worldwide as a breakfast food, such as in <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>, and livestock feed.<sup id="cite_ref-WGC_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGC-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a> of wheat and rye, grown similarly to rye.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>Important in cold climates. Rye grain is used for <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_bread" title="Rye bread">bread</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_beer" title="Rye beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crispbread" title="Crispbread">crispbread</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">whiskeys</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodkas</a>, and animal <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a> </td> <td>0.18 </td> <td>0.15 </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>0.56 </td> <td>— </td> <td>Several varieties are grown as food crops in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Wrigley-2016_92-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Grain trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Bulk_carrier_arriving_in_port_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk grain</a> ship, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Cereals are the most traded <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> by quantity in 2021, with wheat, maize, and rice the main cereals involved. The Americas and Europe are the largest exporters, and Asia is the largest importer.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2023_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2023-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest exporter of maize is the US, while India is the largest exporter of rice. China is the largest importer of maize and of rice. Many other countries trade cereals, both as exporters and as importers.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2023_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2023-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cereals are <a href="/wiki/Futures_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Futures trading">traded as futures</a> on world <a href="/wiki/Commodity_market" title="Commodity market">commodity markets</a>, helping to mitigate the risks of changes in price for example, if harvests fail.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkin_2024_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkin_2024-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 613.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 611.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Traded_Cereals,_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_(Quantities,_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main traded cereals, top import, export in 2021"><img alt="Main traded cereals, top import, export in 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg/917px-Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="612" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg/1375px-Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg/1833px-Main_Traded_Cereals%2C_Top_Importers_And_Exporters_%28Quantities%2C_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main traded cereals, top import, export in 2021</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_price_crisis" title="Food price crisis">Food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_quality" title="Food quality">Food quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-harvest_losses_(grains)" title="Post-harvest losses (grains)">Post-harvest losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">Pulse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1961 is the earliest year for which <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> statistics are available.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The weight given is for paddy rice</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cereal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBahn2012" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2012). <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice</i> (6th ed.). Thames & Hudson. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28976-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28976-1"><bdi>978-0-500-28976-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Theories%2C+Methods%2C+and+Practice&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28976-1&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatGeo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatGeo_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414142437/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/">"The Development of Agriculture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/development-of-agriculture/">the original</a> on 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fdevelopment-of-agriculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHancock2012" class="citation book cs1">Hancock, James F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_O9ZnFRNngC&pg=PA119"><i>Plant evolution and the origin of crop species</i></a> (3rd ed.). CABI. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-801-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-801-7"><bdi>978-1-84593-801-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504223635/https://books.google.com/books?id=j_O9ZnFRNngC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+evolution+and+the+origin+of+crop+species&rft.pages=119&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-801-7&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_O9ZnFRNngC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FertMan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FertMan_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUN_Industrial_Development_Organization,_International_Fertilizer_Development_Center1998" class="citation book cs1">UN Industrial Development Organization, <a href="/wiki/International_Fertilizer_Development_Center" title="International Fertilizer Development Center">International Fertilizer Development Center</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPkoOU4BvEsC&pg=PA44"><i>The Fertilizer Manual</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_and_Business_Media_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science and Business Media LLC">Springer Science and Business Media LLC</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-5032-3"><bdi>978-0-7923-5032-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504221511/https://books.google.com/books?id=qPkoOU4BvEsC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fertilizer+Manual&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science+and+Business+Media+LLC&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5032-3&rft.au=UN+Industrial+Development+Organization%2C+International+Fertilizer+Development+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPkoOU4BvEsC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purugganan_Fuller_2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purugganan_Fuller_2009_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuruggananFuller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (1 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorian-Fuller/publication/24003450_Purugganan_MD_Fuller_DQ_The_nature_of_selection_during_plant_domestication_Nature_457_843-848/links/0912f508156a26ca22000000/Purugganan-MD-Fuller-DQ-The-nature-of-selection-during-plant-domestication-Nature-457-843-848.pdf">"The nature of selection during plant domestication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7231): <span class="nowrap">843–</span>848. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..843P">2009Natur.457..843P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07895">10.1038/nature07895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19212403">19212403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205216444">205216444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+selection+during+plant+domestication&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=7231&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E843-%3C%2Fspan%3E848&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205216444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.457..843P&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07895&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19212403&rft.aulast=Purugganan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FDorian-Fuller%2Fpublication%2F24003450_Purugganan_MD_Fuller_DQ_The_nature_of_selection_during_plant_domestication_Nature_457_843-848%2Flinks%2F0912f508156a26ca22000000%2FPurugganan-MD-Fuller-DQ-The-nature-of-selection-during-plant-domestication-Nature-457-843-848.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenryKettlewell1996" class="citation book cs1">Henry, R.J.; Kettlewell, P.S. (1996). <i>Cereal Grain Quality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-4009-1513-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-4009-1513-8"><bdi>978-9-4009-1513-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cereal+Grain+Quality&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9-4009-1513-8&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft.au=Kettlewell%2C+P.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mat-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mat_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsuokaVigourouxGoodmanSanchez_G.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905">"A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>99</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">6080–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.6080M">2002PNAS...99.6080M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.052125199">10.1073/pnas.052125199</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905">122905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11983901">11983901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+single+domestication+for+maize+shown+by+multilocus+microsatellite+genotyping&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6080-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11983901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.052125199&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...99.6080M&rft.aulast=Matsuoka&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Vigouroux%2C+Y.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Sanchez+G.%2C+J.&rft.au=Buckler%2C+E.&rft.au=Doebley%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC122905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStandage2009" class="citation book cs1">Standage, Tom (2009). <i>An Edible History of Humanity</i>. New York: Walker & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782391654" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782391654"><bdi>978-1782391654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Edible+History+of+Humanity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1782391654&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrrangel.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/2/14228848/edible_history.pdf">(pdf)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Room_1990-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Room_1990_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoom1990" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1990). <i>Who's Who in Classical Mythology</i>. NTC Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X"><bdi>0-8442-5469-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Classical+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=NTC+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8442-5469-X&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cereal">"cereal (n.)"</a>. <i>Etymonline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline&rft.atitle=cereal+%28n.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcereal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhom-bread-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jhom-bread_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jhom.com/topics/bread/hebrew.html">"JHOM - Bread - Hebrew"</a>. <i>www.jhom.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026063247/https://www.jhom.com/topics/bread/hebrew.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jhom.com&rft.atitle=JHOM+-+Bread+-+Hebrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhom.com%2Ftopics%2Fbread%2Fhebrew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayshar_Moav_Pascali_2022-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayshar_Moav_Pascali_2022_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaysharMoavPascali2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mayshar, Joram; Moav, Omer; Pascali, Luigi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/718372#:~:text=The%20conventional%20theory%20about%20the,elites%20and%2C%20eventually%2C%20states.">"The Origin of the State: Land Productivity or Appropriability?"</a>. <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>130</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1091–</span>1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F718372">10.1086/718372</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F57736">10230/57736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244818703">244818703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417220207/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/718372#:~:text=The%20conventional%20theory%20about%20the,elites%20and%2C%20eventually%2C%20states">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+State%3A+Land+Productivity+or+Appropriability%3F&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1091-%3C%2Fspan%3E1144&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F57736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244818703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F718372&rft.aulast=Mayshar&rft.aufirst=Joram&rft.au=Moav%2C+Omer&rft.au=Pascali%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F718372%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520conventional%2520theory%2520about%2520the%2Celites%2520and%252C%2520eventually%252C%2520states.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumarWilliams2009" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Manoj; Williams, Matthias (29 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-punjab-idUSTRE80T00U20120130">"Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Punjab%2C+bread+basket+of+India%2C+hungers+for+change&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Manoj&rft.au=Williams%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-india-election-punjab-idUSTRE80T00U20120130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_Government_of_Punjab2004" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Punjab,_India" title="Government of Punjab, India">The Government of Punjab</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_pun04.pdf">Human Development Report 2004, Punjab</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073911/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_pun04.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2004%2C+Punjab&rft.date=2004&rft.au=The+Government+of+Punjab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanningcommission.nic.in%2Fplans%2Fstateplan%2Fsdr_pdf%2Fshdr_pun04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span> Section: "The Green Revolution", pp. 17–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOGreenRevolution-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAOGreenRevolution_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w2612e/w2612e06a.htm">"Lessons from the green revolution: towards a new green revolution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518074944/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/w2612e/w2612e06a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>The green revolution was a technology package comprising material components of improved high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of two staple cereals (rice or "wheat"), irrigation or controlled "water" supply and improved moisture utilization, fertilizers and pesticides and associated management skills.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+the+green+revolution%3A+towards+a+new+green+revolution&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F003%2Fw2612e%2Fw2612e06a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sands_Morris_Dratz_Pilgeram_2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSandsMorrisDratzPilgeram2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sands, David C.; Morris, Cindy E.; Dratz, Edward A.; Pilgeram, Alice L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137">"Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant-based foods"</a>. <i>Plant Science</i>. <b>177</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlnSc.177..377S">2009PlnSc.177..377S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2009.07.011">10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866137">2866137</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20467463">20467463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Elevating+optimal+human+nutrition+to+a+central+goal+of+plant+breeding+and+production+of+plant-based+foods&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E389&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2866137%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20467463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2009.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PlnSc.177..377S&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Morris%2C+Cindy+E.&rft.au=Dratz%2C+Edward+A.&rft.au=Pilgeram%2C+Alice+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2866137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/did-quinoa-get-too-popular-for-its-own-good.htm">"Did Quinoa Get Too Popular for Its Own Good?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></i>. 5 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421022945/https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/did-quinoa-get-too-popular-for-its-own-good.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=Did+Quinoa+Get+Too+Popular+for+Its+Own+Good%3F&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecipes.howstuffworks.com%2Fdid-quinoa-get-too-popular-for-its-own-good.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juliano_Tuaño_2019-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juliano_Tuaño_2019_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJulianoTuaño2019" class="citation book cs1">Juliano, Bienvenido O.; Tuaño, Arvin Paul P. (2019). "Gross structure and composition of the rice grain". <i>Rice</i>. Elsevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-811508-4.00002-2">10.1016/b978-0-12-811508-4.00002-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811508-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811508-4"><bdi>978-0-12-811508-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gross+structure+and+composition+of+the+rice+grain&rft.btitle=Rice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-811508-4.00002-2&rft.isbn=978-0-12-811508-4&rft.aulast=Juliano&rft.aufirst=Bienvenido+O.&rft.au=Tua%C3%B1o%2C+Arvin+Paul+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20185-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20185_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018">Rosentrater & Evers 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaytonRenvoise1986" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, W.D.; Renvoise, S.A. (1986). <i>Genera Graminum: Grasses of the world</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900347754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900347754"><bdi>978-1900347754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+Graminum%3A+Grasses+of+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1900347754&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft.au=Renvoise%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSBI13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSBI13_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopeGray2009" class="citation book cs1">Cope, T.; Gray, A. (2009). <i>Grasses of the British Isles</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland">Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901158420" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901158420"><bdi>978-0901158420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Botanical+Society+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0901158420&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Gray%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Insect Pollination of Grasses". <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Entomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Entomology">Australian Journal of Entomology</a></i>. <b>3</b>: 74. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x">10.1111/j.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Insect+Pollination+of+Grasses&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20182–3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20182–3_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018">Rosentrater & Evers 2018</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers201868–69-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers201868–69_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018">Rosentrater & Evers 2018</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-2019-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-2019_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrSutton2019" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Skylar; Sutton, Mason (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IePEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Technology of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds</i></a>. Edtech. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781839472619" title="Special:BookSources/9781839472619"><bdi>9781839472619</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220830133456/https://books.google.com/books?id=IePEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+of+Cereals%2C+Pulses+and+Oilseeds&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Edtech&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781839472619&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Skylar&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIePEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_rice_plant-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106224427/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm">"The Rice Plant and How it Grows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Rice+Plant+and+How+it+Grows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2FriceIPM%2FIPM_Information%2FPestEcologyBasics%2FCropGrowthAndPestDamage%2FRicePlantHowItGrows%2FThe_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20183–4-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosentraterEvers20183–4_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018">Rosentrater & Evers 2018</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Best_for_grazing-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Best_for_grazing_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculture.com/livestock/cattle/best-crops-for-grazing">"Best Crops for Grazing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Successful_Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Successful Farming">Successful Farming</a></i>. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126032757/https://www.agriculture.com/livestock/cattle/best-crops-for-grazing">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Successful+Farming&rft.atitle=Best+Crops+for+Grazing&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.com%2Flivestock%2Fcattle%2Fbest-crops-for-grazing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_water_mgmt-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_water_mgmt_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management">"Water Management"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cereals"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2023-2032_08801ab7-en"><i>OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2023-2032</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAOSTAT+%28Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+Statistics+Division%29&rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&rft.au=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGC-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WGC_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-101/types-of-oats">"Types of Oats"</a>. Whole Grains Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150629041311/http://wholegrainscouncil.org/whole-grains-101/types-of-oats">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+Oats&rft.pub=Whole+Grains+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwholegrainscouncil.org%2Fwhole-grains-101%2Ftypes-of-oats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkin_2024-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkin_2024_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtkin2024" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Michael (2024). "6. 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Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_Food_and_Agriculture_-_Statistical_Yearbook_2023.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023</i></a>, FAO, FAO.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014). "Mexico". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food">The Oxford Companion to Food</a></i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosentrater, Kurt August; Evers, Anthony D. (2018). <i>Kent's Technology of Cereals: An Introduction for Students of Food Science and Agriculture</i> (5th ed.). Duxford, England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100532-3"><bdi>978-0-08-100532-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004672994">1004672994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kent%27s+Technology+of+Cereals%3A+An+Introduction+for+Students+of+Food+Science+and+Agriculture&rft.place=Duxford%2C+England&rft.edition=5th&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004672994&rft.isbn=978-0-08-100532-3&rft.aulast=Rosentrater&rft.aufirst=Kurt+August&rft.au=Evers%2C+Anthony+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACereal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a 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title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)96" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_in_the_Romantic_Era" title="Vegetarianism in the Romantic Era">Romantic Era</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheremshanka,_Altai_Republic" title="Cheremshanka, Altai Republic">Cheremshanka, Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana" title="Palitana">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_(Tennessee)" title="The Farm (Tennessee)">The Farm (Tennessee)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food<br />and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Burgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Groups</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_festivals" title="List of vegetarian and vegan festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Resource_Group" title="Vegetarian Resource Group">Vegetarian Resource Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Obstbau-Siedlung" title="Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung">Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_fast" title="Friday fast">Friday fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a></i> (2003–2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Magazines</a><br />and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan Journal">Vegan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Magazine" title="The Vegetarian Magazine">The Vegetarian Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Books</a><br />and reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acetaria:_A_Discourse_of_Sallets" title="Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets">Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Cookery" title="Primitive Cookery">Primitive Cookery</a></i> (1767)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a></i> (1802)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a></i> (1813)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a></i> (1814)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a></i> (1835)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apsley_Cookery_Book" title="The Apsley Cookery Book">The Apsley Cookery Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a></i> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth%27s_Gone_Raw" title="Elizabeth's Gone Raw">Elizabeth's Gone Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:People_in_veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:People in veganism and vegetarianism">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFHenryKettlewell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensenCarlssonHauggaard-Nielsen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulianoTuaño2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumarWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLustgarten2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuokaVigourouxGoodmanSanchez_G.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaysharMoavPascali2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbowRosenzweigBarioniBenton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMundell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNabuursMrabetAbu_HatabBustamante\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECDFood_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapageorgiouSkendi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiZhangXu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeña\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuruggananFuller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenfrewBahn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchieRoser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosentraterEvers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandsMorrisDratzPilgeram2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingletonLoricaHtweStuart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundquist2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakkenGoversJettenNachtergaele2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Government_of_Punjab2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasvan_Vlietvan_der_Poel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_Industrial_Development_Organization,_International_Fertilizer_Development_Center1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaclavikChristian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeulenDinesh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerThomsonMaskell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrigleyCorkeSeetharamanFaubion2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cereals\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Merge from\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vegetarianism\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7885d66c88-vkzk6","timestamp":"20250331030104","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cereal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cereal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12117","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12117","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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