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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #808000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#808000"><b>It never changes</b><br /><a href="/wiki/War" title="War"><font size="4" color="White"><b>War</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#E2D2A0;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War"><img alt="Icon war2.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/0/0f/Icon_war2.svg/100px-Icon_war2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/0/0f/Icon_war2.svg/150px-Icon_war2.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/0/0f/Icon_war2.svg/200px-Icon_war2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#808000; text-align:center;"><b>A view to kill</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#E2D2A0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_War" title="Afghanistan War">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian genocide denial</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:War&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>[A] thing for every right-minded American to be ashamed of...</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Nicholas Trist, the US diplomat who negotiated the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" class="extiw" title="wp:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>"I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>After the United States gobbled up California and half of Mexico, and we were stripped down to nothing, territorial expansion suddenly becomes a crime. It's been going on for centuries, and it will still go on.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mexican-American War</b> took place between 1846 and 1848, and was unsurprisingly a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>. It's also a strong candidate for the prestigious "Most <a href="/wiki/Bullshit" title="Bullshit">Bullshit</a> War in American History" Award, although it faces stiff competition from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">that clusterfuck in Indochina</a> (or that <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_War" title="Afghanistan War">one in Afghanistan</a>). </p><p>Shortly after the US annexation of <a href="/wiki/Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas">Texas</a>, President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk" class="extiw" title="wp:James K. Polk" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: James K. Polk">James K. Polk</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> offered to purchase Mexican land that had previously been claimed by the Texans. When the Mexicans refused, he moved US troops into the disputed area, provoking an attack which he then cited before Congress as an act of aggression. The resulting war ended with America seizing a huge tract of land from Mexico that now comprises multiple states including <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. </p><p>This war doesn't really show up in media, nor is it often discussed. It's certainly not as popular as <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>. This is unsurprising, as it isn't exactly hard to argue that the US was the bad guy. A deliberately instigated war of conquest doesn't exactly fit with America's national image. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_first_time_Texas_seceded_from_a_nation_to_preserve_slavery"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The first time Texas seceded from a nation to preserve slavery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Manifest_Destiny"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Manifest Destiny</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Nueces_Strip_dispute"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The Nueces Strip dispute</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#A_Brief_Summary_of_the_War"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">A Brief Summary of the War</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Domestic_reaction_in_the_US"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic reaction in the US</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Resolution_and_Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Resolution and Aftermath</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Territorial_changes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Territorial changes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Setting_the_stage_for_civil_war"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Setting the stage for civil war</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#More_bullshit_American_wars"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">More bullshit American wars</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_first_time_Texas_seceded_from_a_nation_to_preserve_slavery">The first time Texas seceded from a nation to preserve slavery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The first time Texas seceded from a nation to preserve slavery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Having lived in Texas as a youth and been forced to study Texas history, I thought I knew the story of its admission to the Union pretty well. But I never knew the profound importance of <a href="/wiki/Race" title="Race">race</a> to that history. In particular, I did not know that Mexico had abolished slavery and that this was a key reason for the war for Texas independence. The Texans were determined to keep their slaves and were willing to fight to the death for that right.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Bruce Bartlett, <a href="/wiki/Wingnut" title="Wingnut">wingnut</a> historian, has a <a href="/wiki/Stopped_clock" title="Stopped clock">stopped clock</a> moment<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/330px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/500px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/960px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fall of the Alamo.</div></div></div> <p>Under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, Texas was only sparsely populated; after gaining independence Mexico sought to increase the territory's non-native population in order to bring it under control.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Mexico's sparse northern population left its frontier vulnerable to raids from <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans">Native Americans</a> who stole livestock and sold it to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The Mexican government began granting American families land grants in Texas, beginning a steady stream of American migration southward.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> As an additional incentive, Mexico permitted American farmers to keep their slaves, even though Mexico itself had previously abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-texaswar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaswar-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>As the owner of a huge land grant, Stephen Austin<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[note 1]</a></sup> became one of the most influential Americans in Texas, and he defeated several political pushes to ban slavery in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> He also led an unsuccessful attempt to make Texas an autonomous state within Mexico. As the Anglo-American population of Texas swelled, the Mexican government became concerned with the stability of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> The situation became more tense after Mexico banned Texan slavery in 1829; the government hoped to contain the Anglo-American anger by restricting further immigration from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> However, in an amusing reversal, American settlers either <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration">ignored or circumvented these laws and entered Mexico anyways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Mexican general Antonio López de Santa Anna<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> overthrew the Mexican president and established himself as a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator">dictator</a>. He hoped to end the semi-independence of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-texaswar_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaswar-7">[7]</a></sup> Stephen Austin retaliated by calling his fellow Texans to begin (1835) an armed revolt.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> At this point, the only thing the rebels truly wanted was a return to Mexico's federalist government and the autonomy of Texas. The main driving impulse both then and after was to force the Mexican government to re-legalize the institution of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> </p><p>Regardless, hostilities began when Santa Anna crushed and massacred the rebel defenders of the Alamo (March 1836), creating a rallying cry for the (white) Texans and their allies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> Disagreement set in among the rebels as to what their exact goal was; their assembly in 1836 eventually decided on full independence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> The ensuing war resulted in Santa Anna's ultimate defeat at the hands of Texan general Sam Houston; Mexico had to acknowledge Texas' independence (1836).<sup id="cite_ref-texaswar_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaswar-7">[7]</a></sup> Texas won some international recognition, but later agreed (1845) to be annexed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Manifest_Destiny">Manifest Destiny</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manifest Destiny">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg/250px-Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg/375px-Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg/500px-Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3087" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_Leutze_-_Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way_-_Smithsonian.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</i>: a mural in the US Capitol.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The untransacted destiny of the American people is to subdue the continent... Divine task! immortal mission! Let us tread fast and joyfully the open trail before us! Let every American heart open wide for patriotism to glow undimmed, and confide with religious faith in the sublime and prodigious destiny of his well-loved country.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—William Gilpin<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The United States at this point also began to think seriously about acquiring California. California had also received high levels of immigration from the United States, and Santa Anna's shenanigans even resulted in an abortive attempt at a declaration of independence (June 1846) there.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> Disagreements over a potential annexation of California caused divisions in the Democratic Party leading up to the election of 1844; James Polk came out on top, favoring annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> Particularly important in his campaign rhetoric was the concept of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a>, the idea that white Americans were destined to expand across the entire North American continent. Polk most especially coveted the city of San Francisco, site of North America's largest Pacific harbor, as he wanted to turn the city into America's trade hub with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the rest of East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Nueces_Strip_dispute">The Nueces Strip dispute</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Nueces Strip dispute">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:167px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesKnoxPolk.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/JamesKnoxPolk.png/165px-JamesKnoxPolk.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/JamesKnoxPolk.png/248px-JamesKnoxPolk.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/JamesKnoxPolk.png/330px-JamesKnoxPolk.png 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="510" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesKnoxPolk.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>President Polk.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war; but if Mexico should attack our troops, the Executive could announce, "Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.," and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it. ...</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ulysses S. Grant<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even after Texas' successful war for independence, its exact border with Mexico was never fully settled. Mexico insisted that Texas' southern boundary was the Nueces river, while Texas claimed everything north of the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> This dispute was not resolved after the annexation of Texas, and the territorial claim was more or less inherited by the United States. The inhabitants of the Nueces strip, meanwhile, were largely <a href="/wiki/Native_American" title="Native American">Native Americans</a> and outlaws who weren't especially sympathetic to either party.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> President Polk, however, didn't really care much for the little strip of desert. He sent Commissioner John Slidell to negotiate over the boundary, but also gave him instructions to primarily focus on an offer to buy California for $25 million.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup> This pissed the Mexicans right off, because they had expected the Americans to offer a settlement on the whole Texas issue but instead found that the Americans intended yet more territorial expansion at Mexico's expense. Polk likely expected negotiations to fall through, and he dispatched troops into the Nueces area with the deliberate intention of provoking a response from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup> Mexico took the bait, and Polk got his war. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="A_Brief_Summary_of_the_War">A Brief Summary of the War</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: A Brief Summary of the War">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The war was pretty short and straightforward, so rather than give an in-depth run-down of the war and its battles, here's a brief summary: </p><p>As mentioned earlier, President Polk basically had American troops wandering around Texas in the hopes that Mexican forces would rashly attack. He got his wish on April 25, 1846 when a large force of Mexican cavalry attacked a small American patrol near the Texas-Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup> Polk used the attack as grounds for a declaration of war, which he got with little difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> Thus the war began in earnest. The Mexicans followed up that initial skirmish by besieging a small American fort along the Texas-Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> The Americans responded by sending their navy to blockade Mexican ports in the Pacific and Gulf of Mexico, while also sending four armies to invade Mexican territory. The American plan more or less played out thusly: </p> <ol><li>The first army, led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kearny" class="extiw" title="wp:Stephen Kearny" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Stephen Kearny">Stephen Kearny</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> marched into what is now <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and occupied it. While there, he set up a government and laws, and put down some rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> Eventually he marched through <a href="/wiki/Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and into southern <a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a>, which his army occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup></li> <li>The second force, a smaller army led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fremont" class="extiw" title="wp:John C. Fremont" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: John C. Fremont">John C. Fremont</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> happened to be scouting around northern <a href="/wiki/Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah">Utah</a>/<a href="/wiki/California" class="mw-redirect" title="California">California</a> when it got word that the war had begun. The army proceeded to march to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California where it linked up with naval forces.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> American settlers launched a "bear flag revolt" similar to what had happened in Texas oh so recently, and helped overthrow the Mexican government in California.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> The US forces, consisting of naval troops under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" class="extiw" title="wp:Robert F. Stockton" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> the Bear Flag rebels, and the small armies led by Fremont and Kearny, made a separate peace treaty with the local Mexican forces<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> and occupied the region.</li> <li>The third force, led by <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, attacked and drove back the Mexican forces in southern Texas and launched an invasion of northern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> The army probably should've been defeated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Buena Vista" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</span></a>;<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> however, even though it was winning, the significantly larger Mexican army was starving and exhausted, and with rumors of a rebellion breaking out elsewhere, it chose to simply leave.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> The Americans of course claimed victory, as one does, and Taylor was suddenly a war hero.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[note 2]</a></sup> The army proceeded to occupy a large swath of northeastern Mexico.</li> <li>The fourth and largest army, led by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" class="extiw" title="wp:Winfield Scott" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</span></a>,<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> was sent to Mexico by sea and conducted the U.S.'s largest amphibious assault until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> when it landed near the important Mexican port city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz" class="extiw" title="wp:Veracruz" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Veracruz">Veracruz</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> The army subsequently besieged and captured the city, after which Scott's force marched west toward Mexico City. Not far from Veracuz at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle of Cerro Gordo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Scott's army decisively defeated that Mexican army<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[note 3]</a></sup> that had walked away from the battle at Buena Vista, leaving Mexico City unprotected.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a></sup> Scott's army occupied the capital after a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" class="extiw" title="wp:Battle for Mexico City" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Battle for Mexico City">handful of short, lopsided battles</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a></sup> Like Taylor, Scott was suddenly a war hero.</li></ol> <p>With large portions of Mexico under American occupation, and the Mexican capital having just fallen, the fighting largely ended. The Mexicans were forced to sue for peace after only about a year and a half of getting their asses kicked. On February 2nd, 1848, about four months after the fall of Mexico City, the peace treaty was signed and the war was officially over. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Domestic_reaction_in_the_US">Domestic reaction in the US</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Domestic reaction in the US">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/250px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/500px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1966" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>American citizens read about their military invading a foreign country. It's amazing how many times this caption could be reused.</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:197px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg/250px-Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg/330px-Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg/390px-Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="540" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Abraham_Lincoln1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Representative-elect Lincoln.</div></div></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>"Allow the President to invade a neighboring nation whenever he shall deem it necessary to repel an invasion, and you allow him to do so whenever he may choose to say he deems it necessary for such purpose, and you allow him to make war at pleasure. Study to see if you can fix any limit to his power in this respect, after having given him so much as you propose.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The abolitionists in the North saw the Mexican-American War for what it really was: a cynical attempt by Polk to expand the US on false pretenses. Whig and Liberty Party members were convinced that Polk was conspiring to make whatever territory he got from Mexico into new slave states in order to expand the political power of <a href="/wiki/The_South" title="The South">The South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></sup> Abraham Lincoln, a freshman Whig in the House of Representatives, was a highly vocal opponent of the war. He famously challenged Polk's claim that "American blood has been shed on American soil" by demanding that Polk "show me the <i>spot</i> where American blood was shed" while introducing eight resolutions questioning the war's constitutionality.<sup id="cite_ref-lincmex_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincmex-43">[40]</a></sup> Lincoln's unpatriotic stance on the war was unpopular with his <a href="/wiki/Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> constituents; he was given the nickname "Spotty Lincoln," called a disgrace, and finally declined to run for office.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></sup> Abraham Lincoln, the first <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a> president, is to this day a popular figure in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-lincmex_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincmex-43">[40]</a></sup> </p><p>In 1846, amidst the ongoing war, President Polk proposed an appropriation measure that would allocate $2 million to purchase any land that Mexico might happen to suddenly offer on sale.<sup id="cite_ref-wilmotp_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilmotp-45">[42]</a></sup> This was Polk's first public admission that there might be more to the Mexican-American War than his national defense story. However, Northern Democratic Representative David Wilmot foiled the plan by offering an amendment on the bill which would permanently forbid slavery in any land ceded to the United States by Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a></sup> The Wilmot Proviso, as it was called, was supported by an unusual bipartisan coalition of <a href="/wiki/Abolition" title="Abolition">abolitionist</a> Whigs and Northern Democrats who still resented Polk for gaining the presidential nomination over <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and wanted to fuck him over.<sup id="cite_ref-wilmotp_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilmotp-45">[42]</a></sup> Although Wilmot's amendment sank in the Southerner-dominated Senate, it was a sign of the increasing strength of the abolitionist movement. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolution_and_Aftermath">Resolution and Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resolution and Aftermath">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_nebel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mexico_nebel.jpg/250px-Mexico_nebel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mexico_nebel.jpg/500px-Mexico_nebel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="652" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_nebel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>American soldiers enter Mexico City.</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Territorial_changes">Territorial changes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Territorial changes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>In the Mexican War itself, in case you don't know it, we appropriated 60 percent of the land area of Mexico as it was then defined through the Spanish Conquest. So we increased the size of the United States by 40 percent and reduced Mexico by 60 percent.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Henry Jaffa, American Civil War historian<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heavily outmatched, and with many of its major cities occupied, Mexico had no choice but to agree to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the war. Mexico ceded the present-day states of California, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah">Utah</a>, most of New Mexico, Arizona and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and parts of Texas, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> in exchange for $15 million, less than half of what Polk had originally offered.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a></sup> The fact that the US actually paid (a relative pittance) for the territory led the Whig-run <i>National Intelligencer</i> to <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcasm">sarcastically</a> declare, "we take nothing by conquest.... Thank God."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a></sup> To lessen the blow on Mexico even further, the US government promised in the treaty to <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="American Indian Genocide">wipe out the Comanche and Apache tribes</a>, who had been attacking northern Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a></sup> Uh, that was nice of them? Of course, even though killing Indians was the US's favorite pastime, even then they squirmed out of that obligation during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" class="extiw" title="wp:Gadsden Purchase" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Setting_the_stage_for_civil_war">Setting the stage for civil war</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Setting the stage for civil war">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Ulysses S. Grant<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the major military figures of the American Civil War got their first taste of the action as junior officers in the Mexican war.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a></sup> Ulysses S. Grant, George B. McClellan, William T. Sherman, George Meade, and Ambrose Burnside were among those on the Union side who served in Mexico. Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, James Longstreet, Joseph E. Johnston, Braxton Bragg, Sterling Price, and the future <a href="/wiki/Confederate" title="Confederate">Confederate</a> President Jefferson Davis represented the South. </p><p>The bitter partisan conflict over the war also led to the rise of Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a> and greatly exacerbated national tensions over slavery. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_South" title="Lost Cause of the South">Lost Cause of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="More_bullshit_American_wars">More bullshit American wars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: More bullshit American wars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._conquest_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. conquest of Hawaii">U.S. conquest of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_War" title="Afghanistan War">Afghanistan War</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For whom the capital of Texas is named</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor would use his war hero status to win the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" class="extiw" title="wp:1848 United States presidential election" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 1848 United States presidential election">1848 U.S. presidential election</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Which was personally led by the Mexican president, General <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" class="extiw" title="wp:Antonio López de Santa Anna" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2708880">/* Errors processing stylesheet [[:Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css]] (rev 2708880): • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 44 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 50 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 55 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽background⧼/code⧽ at line 64 character 14. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 96 character 9. • Invalid or unsupported value for property ⧼code⧽color⧼/code⧽ at line 100 character 9. • Invalid media query at line 138 character 8. */ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Lions_of_the_West/HYnnnRrTEhQC?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Lions of the West: Heroes and Villains of the Westward Expansion</i></a>. North Carolina: Algonquin Books. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61620-189-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61620-189-0"><bdi>978-1-61620-189-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lions+of+the+West%3A+Heroes+and+Villains+of+the+Westward+Expansion&rft.place=North+Carolina&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-61620-189-0&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLions_of_the_West%2FHYnnnRrTEhQC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Frationalwiki.org%3AMexican-American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://izquotes.com/quote/hermann-g%C3%B6ring/after-the-united-states-gobbled-up-california-and-half-of-mexico-and-we-were-stripped-down-to-232777">Hermann Göring Quote</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War">Mexican-American War</a> Wikiquote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedro Santoni, "U.S.-Mexican War" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLay, Brian (Feb 2007), "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War," The American Historical Review, Vol. 112, No. 2, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesús F. de la Teja, "Texas Secession" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-texaswar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-texaswar_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-texaswar_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-texaswar_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Texas-Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> <i>Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stephen-Austin">Stephen Austin</a> <i>Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lack, Paul D. (1992). <i>The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-497-1. p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson, J.R. (2000). <i>The Alamo Story: From Early History to Current Conflicts</i>. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN 1-55622-678-0. p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baptist, Edward (2014). <i>The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism</i>. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04966-0. p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" class="extiw" title="wp:Antonio López de Santa Anna" rel="nofollow">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, Robert S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1112&context=blrlj">"Forget the Alamo: Race Courses as a Struggle over History and Collective Memory."</a> <i>Berkeley La Raza Law Journal</i> 13.Article 1 (2015). Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-the-battle-of-the-alamo-2136256">15 Facts About the Battle of the Alamo</a> Minster, Christopher. <i>ThoughtCo</i>, January 25, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Randy; Olson, James S. (2001). A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory. The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-83544-4. p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101162219/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02">Republic of Texas</a> Texas State Historical Association, archived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Gilpin">William Gilpin</a> Wikiquote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-annexation-of-california-from-mexico.html">The Annexation of California from Mexico</a> Study.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark R. Cheathem; Terry Corps (2016). Historical Dictionary of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 139. ISBN 9781442273207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-20-1-a-president-polk-and-the-taking-of-the-west.html">President Polk and the Taking of the West</a> Constitutional Rights Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/1011/4.html"><i>Personal Memoirs</i></a> Chapter IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lafronterafluida.com/nueces-strip/">Nueces Strip</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Teague, Wells (2000). <i>Calling Texas Home: A Lively Look at What It Means to Be a Texan.</i> Council Oak Books. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9781885171382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/john_slidell.html">Commissioner John Slidell</a> PBS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/jp_jp_and_the_mexican_war.html">James K. Polk and the U.S. Mexican War: A Policy Appraisal</a> A Conversation With David M. Pletcher, Indiana University. PBS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/thornton-affair-1846/">The Thornton Affair — The First Bloodshed of the Mexican-American War</a>, <i>American History Central</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Votes_for_War_against_Mexico.htm">The Senate Votes for War against Mexico</a>, <i>The U.S. Senate</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/paal/learn/historyculture/siegeofforttexas.htm">Fort Texas / Fort Brown</a>, <i>National Park Service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legendsofamerica.com/taos-new-mexico-revolt/">Taos, New Mexico Revolt</a>, <i>Legends of America</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legendsofamerica.com/stephen-kearney/">Stephen Kearny – Father of the U.S. Cavalry</a>, <i>Legends of America</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2016/2/3/20581683/this-week-in-history-john-c-fremont-is-court-martialed-for-mutiny">This week in history: John C. Frémont is court-martialed for mutiny</a>, <i>Deseret Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/bear-flag-revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a>, <i>History.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi06a.php">Capitulation of Cahuenga</a>, <i>Los Angeles Almanac</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/grant-taylor/">Zachary Taylor</a>, <i>PBS</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://landmarkevents.org/battle-of-buena-vista-february-1847/">Battle of Buena Vista, February 1847</a>, <i>Landmark Events</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcivilwar.com/2017/04/18/mexican-american-war-170th-battle-of-cerro-gordo/">Mexican-American War 170th: Battle of Cerro Gordo</a>, <i>Emerging Civil War</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/scott-captures-mexico-city">General Winfield Scott captures Mexico City</a>, <i>History.com</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/07/abraham-lincolns-warning-about-presidents-and-war/259767/">Abraham Lincoln's Warning About Presidents and War</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Mexican_War">Mexican War</a> Ohio History Central.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lincmex-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lincmex_43-0">40.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lincmex_43-1">40.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-mexico-loved-lincoln-180962258/">Why Abraham Lincoln Was Revered in Mexico</a> <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/liho/learn/historyculture/congressman.htm">Congressman Lincoln 1847-1849</a> National Park Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilmotp-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wilmotp_45-0">42.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-wilmotp_45-1">42.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/wilmot-proviso">The Wilmot Proviso</a> American Battlefield Trust</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Wilmot-Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> <i>Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.org/events/transcript.asp?id=9#04">The Real Abraham Lincoln</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Bronwyn. U.S.-Mexican War. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8160-4932-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinntak8.html">"We take nothing by conquest, thank God."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp#art11">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848</a> Avalon Project</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLay, Brian (2008). <i>War of a thousand deserts: Indian raids and the U.S.-Mexican War.</i> New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> Wikiquote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/generals-who-served-mexican-american-war-2136198">10 Civil War Generals Who Served in the Mexican-American War</a> <i>ThoughtCo</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&oldid=2667477">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican-American_War&oldid=2667477</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War" title="Category:War">War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bronze-level_articles" title="Category:Bronze-level articles">Bronze-level 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