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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="AtKGoGi0yhuGjwDb3qwynGlwQuzgKfcwo9zpooblWETm0WmWcj1axQJs2mNqJOJmaGXaUCMM1kiUQy-PKpJgQA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Physiological reports" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jaikishan Jayakumar" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/twitter-card.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/JayakumarJaikishan" /> <meta name="description" content="The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that" /> <title>(PDF) Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'a429bf4aea87fb6a647175c78fa9d3988a72ad01'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740620057000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740620057000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that terminate in these domains to address the issue whether the orientation sensitivity of these fibers could form the basis of the remarkable orientation selectivity exhibited by most cortical cells. We first performed optical imaging of intrinsic signals to obtain a map of orientation domains on the dorsal aspect of the anaesthetized cat\u0026amp;amp;#39;s area 17. After confirming using electrophysiological recordings the orientation preferences of single neurons within one or two domains in each animal, we pharmacologically silenced the cortex to leave only the afferent terminals active. The inactivation of cortical neurons was achieved by the superfusion of either kainic acid or muscimol. Responses of single geniculate afferents were then recorded b...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jaikishan Jayakumar","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JayakumarJaikishan"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-08-01","dateModified":"2021-08-01","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68466448/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"publication":"Physiological reports","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/68466448/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells"}</script><style 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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":50508483,"created_at":"2021-08-01T06:52:12.744-07:00","from_world_paper_id":171383675,"updated_at":"2024-09-23T21:06:04.830-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that terminate in these domains to address the issue whether the orientation sensitivity of these fibers could form the basis of the remarkable orientation selectivity exhibited by most cortical cells. We first performed optical imaging of intrinsic signals to obtain a map of orientation domains on the dorsal aspect of the anaesthetized cat\u0026#39;s area 17. After confirming using electrophysiological recordings the orientation preferences of single neurons within one or two domains in each animal, we pharmacologically silenced the cortex to leave only the afferent terminals active. The inactivation of cortical neurons was achieved by the superfusion of either kainic acid or muscimol. Responses of single geniculate afferents were then recorded b...","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Physiological reports"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [79681003]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":68466448,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/68466448/mini_magick20210801-11607-53t9tp.png?1627826074" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Subcortical orientation biases explain orientation selectivity of visual cortical cells</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="79681003" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JayakumarJaikishan"><img alt="Profile image of Jaikishan Jayakumar" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Jaikishan Jayakumar</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Physiological reports</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 50508483; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The primary visual cortex of carnivores and primates shows an orderly progression of domains of neurons that are selective to a particular orientation of visual stimuli such as bars and gratings. We recorded from single-thalamic afferent fibers that terminate in these domains to address the issue whether the orientation sensitivity of these fibers could form the basis of the remarkable orientation selectivity exhibited by most cortical cells. We first performed optical imaging of intrinsic signals to obtain a map of orientation domains on the dorsal aspect of the anaesthetized cat&#39;s area 17. After confirming using electrophysiological recordings the orientation preferences of single neurons within one or two domains in each animal, we pharmacologically silenced the cortex to leave only the afferent terminals active. The inactivation of cortical neurons was achieved by the superfusion of either kainic acid or muscimol. Responses of single geniculate afferents were then recorded b...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":68466448,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":68466448,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/50508483/Subcortical_orientation_biases_explain_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_cortical_cells"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="50508483" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In primary visual cortex (V1), neurons respond preferentially to bars of a particular orientation, and, in many mammals, these orientationselective cells are arranged in a semiregular, smoothly varying map across the cortical surface. Curiously, orientation maps have not been found in rodents or lagomorphs. To explore whether this lack of organization in previously studied rodents could be attributable to low visual acuity, poorly differentiated visual brain areas, or small absolute V1 size, we examined V1 organization of a larger, highly visual rodent, the gray squirrel. Using intrinsic signal optical imaging and single-cell recordings, we found no evidence of an orientation map, suggesting that formation of orientation maps depends on mechanisms not found in rodents. We did find robust orientation tuning of single cells, and this tuning was invariant to stimulus contrast. Therefore, it seems unlikely that orientation maps are important for orientation tuning or its contrast invariance in V1. In vertical electrode penetrations, we found little evidence for columnar organization of orientation-selective neurons and little evidence for local anisotropy of orientation preferences. We conclude that an orderly and columnar arrangement of functional response properties is not a universal characteristic of cortical architecture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Orientation selectivity without orientation maps in visual cortex of a highly visual mammal","attachmentId":81538839,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72725682/Orientation_selectivity_without_orientation_maps_in_visual_cortex_of_a_highly_visual_mammal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72725682/Orientation_selectivity_without_orientation_maps_in_visual_cortex_of_a_highly_visual_mammal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="50508477" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50508477/Role_of_feedforward_geniculate_inputs_in_the_generation_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_cats_primary_visual_cortex">Role of feedforward geniculate inputs in the generation of orientation selectivity in the cat's primary visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="79681003" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JayakumarJaikishan">Jaikishan Jayakumar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Physiology, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Non technical summary Neurones of the mammalian primary visual cortex have the remarkable property of being selective for the orientation of visual contours. It has been controversial whether this selectivity arises purely from mechanisms within the cortex itself, from the special way afferents from the thalamus project to the cortex or from the sharpening of a bias for orientation that already exists in the retina and the thalamus. Our experiments support the last of these three hypotheses. We used a special protocol to study both inhibitory and excitatory interactions within the cortex as well as in the thalamus and we find that the orientation selectivity may depend upon multiple mechanisms-including the thalamic biases for orientation and intracortical inhibition and excitation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Role of feedforward geniculate inputs in the generation of orientation selectivity in the cat's primary visual cortex","attachmentId":68466441,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/50508477/Role_of_feedforward_geniculate_inputs_in_the_generation_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_cats_primary_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/50508477/Role_of_feedforward_geniculate_inputs_in_the_generation_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_cats_primary_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="24817332" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex">Laminar processing of stimulus orientation in cat visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33183788" href="https://upc-pe.academia.edu/LuismiguelMaceraMartinez">Luis miguel Macera Martinez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Physiology, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Laminar processing of stimulus orientation in cat visual cortex","attachmentId":45143436,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24817332/Laminar_processing_of_stimulus_orientation_in_cat_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="18904251" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18904251/Supranormal_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_neurons_in_orientation_restricted_animals">Supranormal orientation selectivity of visual neurons in orientation-restricted animals.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39167273" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/KotaSasaki">Kota Sasaki</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39172068" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/DaisukeKato">Daisuke Kato</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39417167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToshikiTani">Toshiki Tani</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39601497" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TakayukiNakazono">Takayuki Nakazono</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39028639" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/IzumiOhzawa">Izumi Ohzawa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Altered sensory experience in early life often leads to remarkable adaptations so that humans and animals can make the best use of the available information in a particular environment. By restricting visual input to a limited range of orientations in young animals, this investigation shows that stimulus selectivity, e.g., the sharpness of tuning of single neurons in the primary visual cortex, is modified to match a particular environment. Specifically, neurons tuned to an experienced orientation in orientation-restricted animals show sharper orientation tuning than neurons in normal animals, whereas the opposite was true for neurons tuned to non-experienced orientations. This sharpened tuning appears to be due to elongated receptive fields. Our results demonstrate that restricted sensory experiences can sculpt the supranormal functions of single neurons tailored for a particular environment. The above findings, in addition to the minimal population response to orientations close to the experienced one, agree with the predictions of a sparse coding hypothesis in which information is represented efficiently by a small number of activated neurons. This suggests that early brain areas adopt an efficient strategy for coding information even when animals are raised in a severely limited visual environment where sensory inputs have an unnatural statistical structure.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Supranormal orientation selectivity of visual neurons in orientation-restricted animals.","attachmentId":40320711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18904251/Supranormal_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_neurons_in_orientation_restricted_animals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18904251/Supranormal_orientation_selectivity_of_visual_neurons_in_orientation_restricted_animals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="67139656" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67139656/Relation_of_cortical_cell_orientation_selectivity_to_alignment_of_receptive_fields_of_the_geniculocortical_afferents_that_arborize_within_a_single_orientation_column_in_ferret_visual_cortex">Relation of cortical cell orientation selectivity to alignment of receptive fields of the geniculocortical afferents that arborize within a single orientation column in ferret visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211275945" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelStryker1">Michael Stryker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 1991</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neurons in the primary visual cortex of higher mammals are arranged in columns, and the neurons in each column respond best to light-dark borders of particular orientations. The basis of cortical cell orientation selectivity is not known. One possible mechanism would be for cortical cells to receive input from several lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons with receptive fields that are aligned in the visual field (Hubel and Wiesel, 1962). We have investigated the relationship between the arrangement of the receptive fields of geniculocortical afferents and the orientation preferences of cortical cells in the orientation columns to which the afferents provide visual input. Radial microelectrode penetrations were made into primary visual cortex of anesthetized adult sable ferrets. Cortical cells were recorded throughout the depth of the cortex, and their orientation preferences were determined. Cortical cell responses were then eliminated by superfusion of the cortex with either ka...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Relation of cortical cell orientation selectivity to alignment of receptive fields of the geniculocortical afferents that arborize within a single orientation column in ferret visual cortex","attachmentId":78069894,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67139656/Relation_of_cortical_cell_orientation_selectivity_to_alignment_of_receptive_fields_of_the_geniculocortical_afferents_that_arborize_within_a_single_orientation_column_in_ferret_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67139656/Relation_of_cortical_cell_orientation_selectivity_to_alignment_of_receptive_fields_of_the_geniculocortical_afferents_that_arborize_within_a_single_orientation_column_in_ferret_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="10041721" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10041721/Optically_imaged_maps_of_orientation_preference_in_primary_visual_cortex_of_cats_and_ferrets">Optically imaged maps of orientation preference in primary visual cortex of cats and ferrets</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24453293" href="https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/ChenchalSubraveti">Chenchal R Subraveti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1997</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Feature maps in the cerebral cortex constitute orderly representations of response features created within the cortex; an example is the mapping of orientation-selective neurons in visual cortex. We have compared the properties of orientation maps in area 17 of cats and ferrets, obtained by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Orientation maps in both species contain a quasi-periodic distribution of iso-orientation domains that are organized into a lattice of pinwheels. However, the spatial density of orientation domains and of pinwheels in ferret area 17 is nearly twice that in cat area 17. The ferret map also contains more discontinuities, or fractures, where orientation changes abruptly. The size of orientation domains scales with interdomain spacing, so that the ratio of the two is approximately the same in both species. Consistent with this finding, the orientation tuning width of individual pixels is similar in the two. The magnitude of orientation preference, however, is much lower in ferret compared to cat. The greater incidence of fractures in ferret appears to be due to proportionately greater overlap between domains of different orientations, particularly along fracture lines that link pinwheel centers. We hypothesize that a key determinant of orientation maps, the relationship between orientation domain size and spacing, expresses an anatomical link between sizes of thalamocortical arbors and horizontal intracortical connections in area 17.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Optically imaged maps of orientation preference in primary visual cortex of cats and ferrets","attachmentId":36172309,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10041721/Optically_imaged_maps_of_orientation_preference_in_primary_visual_cortex_of_cats_and_ferrets","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10041721/Optically_imaged_maps_of_orientation_preference_in_primary_visual_cortex_of_cats_and_ferrets"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="16706827" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16706827/Population_receptive_fields_of_ON_and_OFF_thalamic_inputs_to_an_orientation_column_in_visual_cortex">Population receptive fields of ON and OFF thalamic inputs to an orientation column in visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36097984" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HarveySwadlow">Harvey Swadlow</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Neuroscience, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The primary visual cortex of primates and carnivores is organized into columns of neurons with similar preferences for stimulus orientation, but the developmental origin and function of this organization are still matters of debate. We found that the orientation preference of a cortical column is closely related to the population receptive field of its ON and OFF thalamic inputs. The receptive field scatter from the thalamic inputs was more limited than previously thought and matched the average receptive field size of neurons at the input layers of cortex. Moreover, the thalamic population receptive field (calculated as ON -OFF average) had separate ON and OFF subregions, similar to cortical neurons in layer 4, and provided an accurate prediction of the preferred orientation of the column. These results support developmental models of orientation maps that are based on the receptive field arrangement of ON and OFF visual inputs to cortex.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Population receptive fields of ON and OFF thalamic inputs to an orientation column in visual cortex","attachmentId":39131254,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16706827/Population_receptive_fields_of_ON_and_OFF_thalamic_inputs_to_an_orientation_column_in_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16706827/Population_receptive_fields_of_ON_and_OFF_thalamic_inputs_to_an_orientation_column_in_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="115260730" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115260730/Effects_of_stimulus_spatial_frequency_size_and_luminance_contrast_on_orientation_tuning_of_neurons_in_the_dorsal_lateral_geniculate_nucleus_of_cat">Effects of stimulus spatial frequency, size, and luminance contrast on orientation tuning of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cat</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2396086" href="https://osaka-u.academia.edu/SatoshiShimegi">Satoshi Shimegi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuroscience Research, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is generally thought that orientation selectivity first appears in the primary visual cortex (V1), whereas neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), an input source for V1, are thought to be insensitive to stimulus orientation. Here we show that increasing both the spatial frequency and size of the grating stimuli beyond their respective optimal values strongly enhance the orientation tuning of LGN neurons. The resulting orientation tuning was clearly contrast-invariant. Furthermore, blocking intrathalamic inhibition by iontophoretically administering ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor antagonists, such as bicuculline and GABAzine, slightly but significantly weakened the contrast invariance. Our results suggest that orientation tuning in the LGN is caused by an elliptical classical receptive field and orientation-tuned surround suppression, and that its contrast invariance is ensured by local GABA A inhibition. This contrastinvariant orientation tuning in LGN neurons may contribute to the contrast-invariant orientation tuning seen in V1 neurons.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of stimulus spatial frequency, size, and luminance contrast on orientation tuning of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of cat","attachmentId":111839306,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115260730/Effects_of_stimulus_spatial_frequency_size_and_luminance_contrast_on_orientation_tuning_of_neurons_in_the_dorsal_lateral_geniculate_nucleus_of_cat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115260730/Effects_of_stimulus_spatial_frequency_size_and_luminance_contrast_on_orientation_tuning_of_neurons_in_the_dorsal_lateral_geniculate_nucleus_of_cat"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="24445375" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24445375/Dynamics_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_and_the_importance_of_cortical_inhibition">Dynamics of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex and the importance of cortical inhibition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47337995" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHawken">Michael Hawken</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47123872" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DarioRingach">Dario Ringach</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Neuron, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To test theories of orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex (V1), we have done experiments to measure the dynamics of orientation tuning of single neurons in the V1 cortex of macaque monkeys. Based on our dynamics results, we propose that a V1 cell&#39;s orientation selectivity is generated mainly by both tuned enhancement and global suppression. Enhancement near the preferred orientation is probably caused by feed-forward input from LGN (plus amplification by cortical-cortical interaction). Global suppression could be supplied by cortical inhibition. Additionally, in about 1/3 of V1 neurons (usually the most sharply tuned) there is tuned suppression, centered near the cell&#39;s preferred orientation but broader than tuned enhancement. These mechanisms also can explain important features of steady-state selectivity in the V1 neuron population. Furthermore, similar neuronal mechanisms may be used generally throughout the cerebral cortex.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of orientation selectivity in the primary visual cortex and the importance of cortical inhibition","attachmentId":44776467,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24445375/Dynamics_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_and_the_importance_of_cortical_inhibition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24445375/Dynamics_of_orientation_selectivity_in_the_primary_visual_cortex_and_the_importance_of_cortical_inhibition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="97263952" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97263952/Influence_of_experience_on_orientation_maps_in_cat_visual_cortex">Influence of experience on orientation maps in cat visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="258424785" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PetraStawinski">Petra Stawinski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Influence of experience on orientation maps in cat visual cortex","attachmentId":98933821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97263952/Influence_of_experience_on_orientation_maps_in_cat_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97263952/Influence_of_experience_on_orientation_maps_in_cat_visual_cortex"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":68466448,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":68466448,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_68466448" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="69778719" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69778719/Mechanisms_of_Direction_Selectivity_in_Cat_Primary_Visual_Cortex_as_Revealed_by_Visual_Adaptation">Mechanisms of Direction Selectivity in Cat Primary Visual Cortex as Revealed by Visual Adaptation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="68230481" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ilampl">ilan lampl</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Neurophysiology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mechanisms of Direction Selectivity in Cat Primary Visual Cortex as Revealed by Visual Adaptation","attachmentId":79743590,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69778719/Mechanisms_of_Direction_Selectivity_in_Cat_Primary_Visual_Cortex_as_Revealed_by_Visual_Adaptation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69778719/Mechanisms_of_Direction_Selectivity_in_Cat_Primary_Visual_Cortex_as_Revealed_by_Visual_Adaptation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="100501296" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100501296/Are_neurons_in_cat_posteromedial_lateral_suprasylvian_visual_cortex_orientation_sensitive_Tests_with_bars_and_gratings">Are neurons in cat posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual cortex orientation sensitive? 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Tests with bars and gratings","attachmentId":101307914,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100501296/Are_neurons_in_cat_posteromedial_lateral_suprasylvian_visual_cortex_orientation_sensitive_Tests_with_bars_and_gratings","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100501296/Are_neurons_in_cat_posteromedial_lateral_suprasylvian_visual_cortex_orientation_sensitive_Tests_with_bars_and_gratings"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="69070789" 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behavior","attachmentId":79309463,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69070789/Visual_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_discrimination_a_comparison_of_single_neurons_and_behavior","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69070789/Visual_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_discrimination_a_comparison_of_single_neurons_and_behavior"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13959923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title 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href="https://www.academia.edu/9759735/Modification_of_direction_selectivity_of_neurons_in_the_visual_cortex_of_kittens">Modification of direction selectivity of neurons in the visual cortex of kittens</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23477059" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/felixtretter">felix tretter</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Brain Research, 1975</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modification of direction selectivity of neurons in the visual cortex of kittens","attachmentId":47656160,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9759735/Modification_of_direction_selectivity_of_neurons_in_the_visual_cortex_of_kittens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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large rodent agouti</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62219847" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SergioAndr%C3%A9sConde">Sergio Andrés Conde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">iScience, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatial clustering of orientation preference in primary visual cortex of the large rodent agouti","attachmentId":85076883,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77815293/Spatial_clustering_of_orientation_preference_in_primary_visual_cortex_of_the_large_rodent_agouti","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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data-author-id="176926829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianWimborne">Brian Wimborne</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Progress in Neurobiology, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The nature and origin of orientation specificity in neurons of the visual pathways","attachmentId":99861997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98539427/The_nature_and_origin_of_orientation_specificity_in_neurons_of_the_visual_pathways","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://univaq.academia.edu/SilviaBisti">Silvia Bisti</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Physiology, 1982</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Correlation between the preferred orientation and spatial frequency of neurones in visual areas 17 and 18 of the cat","attachmentId":42421951,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21706883/Correlation_between_the_preferred_orientation_and_spatial_frequency_of_neurones_in_visual_areas_17_and_18_of_the_cat","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ds2-5-body-xs">Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New perspectives on the mechanisms for orientation selectivity","attachmentId":66783032,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47888971/New_perspectives_on_the_mechanisms_for_orientation_selectivity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47888971/New_perspectives_on_the_mechanisms_for_orientation_selectivity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/57637208/Response_characteristics_of_the_cells_of_cortical_area_21a_of_the_cat_with_special_reference_to_orientation_specificity">Response characteristics of the cells of cortical area 21a of the cat with special reference to orientation specificity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="176926829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrianWimborne">Brian Wimborne</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of physiology, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Response characteristics of the cells of cortical area 21a of the cat with special reference to orientation 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class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67139424/Development_of_orientation_preference_maps_in_ferret_primary_visual_cortex">Development of orientation preference maps in ferret primary visual cortex</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211275945" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelStryker1">Michael Stryker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of …, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of orientation preference maps in ferret primary visual 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href="https://www.academia.edu/13617178/Plasticity_of_orientation_preference_maps_in_the_visual_cortex_of_adult_cats">Plasticity of orientation preference maps in the visual cortex of adult cats</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32786885" href="https://constructor.academia.edu/BenGodde">Ben Godde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plasticity of orientation preference maps in the visual cortex of adult cats","attachmentId":45150419,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13617178/Plasticity_of_orientation_preference_maps_in_the_visual_cortex_of_adult_cats","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211275945" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelStryker1">Michael Stryker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Neuroscience, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of Orientation Preference Maps in Area 18 of Kitten Visual Cortex","attachmentId":78069950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67139446/Development_of_Orientation_Preference_Maps_in_Area_18_of_Kitten_Visual_Cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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lampl</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature neuroscience, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dynamics of the orientation-tuned membrane potential response in cat primary visual cortex","attachmentId":79743671,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69778751/Dynamics_of_the_orientation_tuned_membrane_potential_response_in_cat_primary_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69778751/Dynamics_of_the_orientation_tuned_membrane_potential_response_in_cat_primary_visual_cortex"><span 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Rauschecker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Experimental Brain Research, 1981</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Restriction of visual experience to a single orientation affects the organization of orientation columns in cat visual cortex","attachmentId":88885627,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83591532/Restriction_of_visual_experience_to_a_single_orientation_affects_the_organization_of_orientation_columns_in_cat_visual_cortex","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67139605/Development_of_orientation_selectivity_in_ferret_visual_cortex_and_effects_of_deprivation">Development of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex and effects of deprivation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211275945" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelStryker1">Michael Stryker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 1993</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development of orientation selectivity in ferret visual cortex and effects of 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