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South</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama,_Georgia,_and_South_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg/220px-Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg/330px-Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg/440px-Presidents_of_Memorial_Associations_from_Alabama%2C_Georgia%2C_and_South_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Presidents of local LMAs from <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Ladies' Memorial Association</b> (<b>LMA</b>) is a type of organization for women that sprang up all over the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> in the years after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Typically, these were organizations by and for women, whose goal was to raise monuments in <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate soldiers</a> honor. Their immediate goal, of providing decent burial for soldiers, was joined with the desire to commemorate the sacrifices of Southerners and to propagate the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a>. Between 1865 and 1900, these associations were a formidable force in Southern culture, establishing cemeteries and raising large monuments often in very conspicuous places, and helped unite white Southerners in an ideology at once therapeutic and political. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg/200px-Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg/300px-Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg/400px-Confederate_Memorial_at_Alabama_State_Capitol_Apr2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, Alabama</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Ladies' Memorial Association (LMA) sprang up immediately after the end of the Civil War in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>, which had suffered significantly <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">during the war</a>. Mary Dunbar Williams of Winchester organized a group of women to give proper burial to Confederate dead whose bodies were found in the countryside, and to decorate those graves annually.<sup id="cite_ref-janney39_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janney39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1865, the Winchester women appealed in newspapers for financial aid and soon money began pouring in for the Winchester cemetery. Alabamians, following an appeal by a <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a> newspaper, were significant contributors, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stonewall_Cemetery_(Winchester)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stonewall Cemetery (Winchester) (page does not exist)">Stonewall Cemetery, Winchester</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (named for <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>) was opened in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a year, according to Caroline Janney, seventy such organizations had been founded throughout the South.<sup id="cite_ref-janney39_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janney39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early cemetery was established by the LMA of <a href="/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wake County, North Carolina">Wake County, North Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of the Montgomery LMA indicates that these organizations were part of a broader movement: it built on the work of individuals and "Ladies Aid Organizations" done during the war, and was given extra impetus by the formation (by gentlemen of the city) of a historical society (toward the end of 1865) and the news from other states (<a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>) and cities (<a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma</a>) of the formation of women's associations in early 1866. After an emotional plea in the paper, "the women of Montgomery, in answer to this call, filled the sacred halls of the old Court Street Methodist Church on that beautiful Monday morning on the sixteenth day of April, eighteen-hundred and sixty-six!"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kentucky, the Cynthiana Confederate Monument Association raised the funds for designing and installing the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Monument_in_Cynthiana" title="Confederate Monument in Cynthiana">Confederate Monument in Cynthiana</a> in 1869. It was the first Confederate monument of over sixty <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_monuments_in_Kentucky" title="List of American Civil War monuments in Kentucky">American Civil War monuments in Kentucky</a>. </p><p>In Montgomery, the LMA raised $10,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Monument" title="Confederate Memorial Monument">Confederate Memorial Monument</a> on the grounds of the Alabama State Capitol, designed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Doyle" title="Alexander Doyle">Alexander Doyle</a> and erected in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monuments built by LMAs (on cemeteries) often included sculptures symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>: "the statue of the soldier is of bronze, a Confederate soldier, six foot high, 'accountred as a private of infantry, a full cartridge box, lightly filled haversack, rolled blanket, canteen and old slouch hat' that in the days gone by waved the measure of the yell of 'Johnny Reb.'--the fiercest war-cry that ever smote a foeman's ear."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens, Georgia</a>, Laura Rutherford had headed a soldier's aid society. After the end of the Civil War, she converted that into a chapter of the LMA. When she died in 1888, her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Lewis_Rutherford" title="Mildred Lewis Rutherford">Mildred Lewis Rutherford</a> became president for life of the chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evelyn_Carter_(History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South,_1904).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png/220px-Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png/330px-Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png/440px-Evelyn_Carter_%28History_of_the_confederated_memorial_associations_of_the_South%2C_1904%29.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Evelyn Carter</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1866, the Soldiers' Aid Society of <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Georgia" title="Columbus, Georgia">Columbus, Ga</a>. reorganized themselves into the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They elected Evelyn Carter as president; Margaret Ware, first Vice President; Mrs J. A. McAllister, second Vice President; Martha Patten, Treasurer and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Williams" title="Mary Ann Williams">Mary Ann Williams</a> as corresponding secretary. Mrs. Williams wrote a letter urging Southern women to come together on April 26, 1866, to decorate the graves of Confederate soldiers with flowers. The letter was printed in newspapers across the south. In <i>The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America</i>, Bellware and Gardiner showed just how widely the letter was published. The ladies responded and the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> holiday in the United States was inaugurated.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes its name from the Ladies Memorial Associations that organized the observances. Two years later, on May 5, 1868, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a>, Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a> (GAR), commanded all posts across the country to decorate Union graves with flowers on May 30. Thereafter, the April holiday became known as <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a>. The May 30 holiday was commonly known as both Decoration Day and Memorial Day. The GAR officially adopted the name Memorial Day at their 1882 encampment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because they were women's organizations, and since women were generally considered to be non-political beings, Southerners soon saw the benefit of these organizations, which were able to propagate the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a> without being treasonous to the US government. Women in the LMAs, according to Janney, "expand[ed] on two trends that had developed during the war: the creation of an organized womanhood among southern white women and a sense of white southern solidarity among ex-Confederates."<sup id="cite_ref-janney40_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janney40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LMAs, along with other women's organizations, also aided in the care for and repatriation of Confederate veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement for which they provided the first impetus is referred to as the "Confederate Memorial movement".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of these organizations was helped by what was perceived as a lack of respect on the US government's part for Southern dead. Starting in 1866, scouts were sent out from the North to retrieve Union soldiers' bodies for burial in <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Cemetery">United States National Cemetery</a>, from which Confederate soldiers were excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities soon followed Winchester's example and many chapters are still active, such as in Montgomery (founded 1866<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg, Virginia</a> (1870<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In May 1900, the different memorial associations of all the Southern states had their first national meeting, in <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, where officers for a national organization were chosen. Their historian, Margaret Cary Green Davis, outlined the goals of the association thusly: </p> <blockquote><p>To future generations of the people of the South and to the sons and daughters of the women of the Confederacy, who first banded themselves together in memorial work, may this Confederation carry its messages and legacy of devotion to the memory of a Cause and the heroes who fought for it, the Deathless Dead of the Southern Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_importance">Cultural importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_City_Park,_Memorial_Association_festival,_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg/330px-Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="330" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg/495px-Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg/660px-Central_City_Park%2C_Memorial_Association_festival%2C_circa_1877_-_DPLA_-_e06d785183ffccfcac69c8fade34ac1a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A Ladies Memorial Association festival in Central City Park, Macon, Georgia c. 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>While LMAs provided an opportunity for Southern white women to express their dedication to the Lost Cause and at the same time allowed those women to organize in ways did not threaten the male establishment,<sup id="cite_ref-janney40_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janney40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they also helped resurrect Southern masculinity, according to LeeAnn Whites: the men who had been forced to give up the traditional Southern male prerogatives of "slaveownership and regional dominance" could now "reconstruct" and "valorize themselves by honoring the greater sacrifice of the Confederate Dead."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, their function was therapeutic in respect to the psychological trauma suffered as a result of the Confederacy's loss; at the same time, while "ostensibly apolitical", they acted on public policy by "advancing and refining the Confederate tradition and reinforcing the political and social hierarchy they believed in. ... these women accomplished what their overtly political men could not. Remaining above the political fray yet skillfully navigating difficult political situations, they repeatedly gained state support in establishing their version of history as the official public memory."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promotion of public commemoration and the establishment of a Confederate memory by organizations such as the LMAs took place in a world in which the now-public presence of African Americans caused great anxiety, suggesting, according to some scholars, a "more purposeful strategy of racism".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much credit is usually given to the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> (UDC) for "transform[ing] military defeat into a political and cultural victory, where states' rights and white supremacy remained intact", authors such as Janney have argued that LMAs did so long before the UDC was founded in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Monument">Confederate Monument</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-janney39-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janney39_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-janney39_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past</i>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mthebroncemetery.org/stonewall.html">"Mount Hebron Cemetery – Winchester, Virginia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mount+Hebron+Cemetery+%E2%80%93+Winchester%2C+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mthebroncemetery.org%2Fstonewall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past</i>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishir, <i>Monuments to the Lost Cause</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cory, <i>The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery, Alabama</i>, pp. 25–47; quote on p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNapier2009" class="citation web cs1">Napier, Cameron Freeman (4 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2123">"Ladies Memorial Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Alabama" title="Encyclopedia of Alabama">Encyclopedia of Alabama</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladies+Memorial+Association&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.date=2009-05-04&rft.aulast=Napier&rft.aufirst=Cameron+Freeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-2123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Confederated_Southern_Memorial_Association" title="Confederated Southern Memorial Association">Confederated Southern Memorial Association</a>, <i>History of the Confederate Memorial Associations</i>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Case, <i>Georgia Women</i>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBFCAAAAIAAJ">"History of Confederated Memorial Associations of the South p. 123"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. 1904<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=History+of+Confederated+Memorial+Associations+of+the+South+p.+123&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBFCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellware2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellware, Daniel (2014). <i>Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692292259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692292259"><bdi>978-0692292259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+of+the+Memorial+Day+Holiday+in+America&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0692292259&rft.aulast=Bellware&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6BZCAAAAIAAJ">"Robert Beath, The Grand Army blue-book containing the rules and regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic and decisions and opinions thereon... Philadelphia: Grand Army of the Republic, 1884, p. 118"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. 1884<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Robert+Beath%2C+The+Grand+Army+blue-book+containing+the+rules+and+regulations+of+the+Grand+Army+of+the+Republic+and+decisions+and+opinions+thereon...+Philadelphia%3A+Grand+Army+of+the+Republic%2C+1884%2C+p.+118&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6BZCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janney40-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-janney40_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-janney40_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past</i>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past</i>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whites, <i>The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender</i>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past</i>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202192651/http://theladiesmemorialassociationofmontgomery.com/">"The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery"</a>. The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theladiesmemorialassociationofmontgomery.com/">the original</a> on 2 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ladies%27+Memorial+Association+of+Montgomery&rft.pub=The+Ladies%27+Memorial+Association+of+Montgomery&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheladiesmemorialassociationofmontgomery.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cemetery.communitypoint.org/">"Ladies' Memorial Association and the Fredericksburg Confederate Cemetery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladies%27+Memorial+Association+and+the+Fredericksburg+Confederate+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcemetery.communitypoint.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confederated Southern Memorial Association, <i>History of the Confederate Memorial Associations</i>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whites, <i>The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender</i>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bishir, <i>Monuments to the Lost Cause</i>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, <i>Reconstructions</i>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janney, <i>"The Right to Love and to Mourn"</i>, p. 184.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishir2003" class="citation book cs1">Bishir, Catherine W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFzzUvCTkpkC&pg=PA3">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Strong Force of Ladies': Women, Politics, and Confederate Memorial Associations in Nineteenth-Century Raleigh"</a>. In Cynthia Mills, Pamela Hemenway Simpson (ed.). <i>Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory</i>. U of Tennessee P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781572332720" title="Special:BookSources/9781572332720"><bdi>9781572332720</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A+Strong+Force+of+Ladies%27%3A+Women%2C+Politics%2C+and+Confederate+Memorial+Associations+in+Nineteenth-Century+Raleigh&rft.btitle=Monuments+to+the+Lost+Cause%3A+Women%2C+Art%2C+and+the+Landscapes+of+Southern+Memory&rft.pub=U+of+Tennessee+P&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781572332720&rft.aulast=Bishir&rft.aufirst=Catherine+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFzzUvCTkpkC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Thomas J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gel9E1O1wWIC&pg=PT225">"Civil War Remembrance as Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States</i>. Oxford UP. pp. 206–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195175950" title="Special:BookSources/9780195175950"><bdi>9780195175950</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+War+Remembrance+as+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=Reconstructions%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Postbellum+United+States&rft.pages=206-20&rft.pub=Oxford+UP&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195175950&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGel9E1O1wWIC%26pg%3DPT225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCase2009" class="citation book cs1">Case, Sarah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqU2PsmlYpMC&q=%22Mildred+Lewis+Rutherford%22&pg=PA272">"Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928) The redefinition of New South White Womanhood"</a>. In Ann Short Chirhart & Betty Wood (ed.). <i>Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times</i>. Athens, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. pp. 272–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0820339009" title="Special:BookSources/978-0820339009"><bdi>978-0820339009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mildred+Lewis+Rutherford+%281851%E2%80%931928%29+The+redefinition+of+New+South+White+Womanhood&rft.btitle=Georgia+Women%3A+Their+Lives+and+Times&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=272-296&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0820339009&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqU2PsmlYpMC%26q%3D%2522Mildred%2BLewis%2BRutherford%2522%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory1902" class="citation book cs1">Cory, Marylou Armstrong (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ladiesmemorialas00cory"><i>The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery, Alabama: its origin and organization, 1860–1870</i></a>. Alabama Printing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ladies%27+Memorial+Association+of+Montgomery%2C+Alabama%3A+its+origin+and+organization%2C+1860%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Alabama+Printing+Co.&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=Marylou+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fladiesmemorialas00cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanney2006" class="citation book cs1">Janney, Caroline E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMjlRM5MbFkC&pg=PA184">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Right to Love and to Mourn': The Origins of Virginia's Ladies Memorial Associations, 1865–1867"</a>. In Edward L. Ayers (ed.). <i>Crucible of the Civil War: Virginia from Secession to Commemoration</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gary W. Gallagher</a>, Andrew J. Torget. U of Virginia P. pp. 165–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813925523" title="Special:BookSources/9780813925523"><bdi>9780813925523</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Right+to+Love+and+to+Mourn%27%3A+The+Origins+of+Virginia%27s+Ladies+Memorial+Associations%2C+1865%E2%80%931867&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+the+Civil+War%3A+Virginia+from+Secession+to+Commemoration&rft.pages=165-88&rft.pub=U+of+Virginia+P&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780813925523&rft.aulast=Janney&rft.aufirst=Caroline+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMjlRM5MbFkC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanney2008" class="citation book cs1">Janney, Caroline E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P4AOGGLcfy8C&pg=PA39"><i>Burying the Dead But Not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause</i></a>. U of North Carolina P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807831762" title="Special:BookSources/9780807831762"><bdi>9780807831762</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burying+the+Dead+But+Not+the+Past%3A+Ladies%27+Memorial+Associations+and+the+Lost+Cause&rft.pub=U+of+North+Carolina+P&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780807831762&rft.aulast=Janney&rft.aufirst=Caroline+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP4AOGGLcfy8C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfederated_Southern_Memorial_Association1904" class="citation book cs1">Confederated Southern Memorial Association (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBFCAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South ...</i></a> The Graham Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Confederated+Memorial+Associations+of+the+South+...&rft.pub=The+Graham+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Confederated+Southern+Memorial+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBFCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhites2000" class="citation book cs1">Whites, LeeAnn (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-I3vQK7NSgC"><i>The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890</i></a>. U of Georgia P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820322094" title="Special:BookSources/9780820322094"><bdi>9780820322094</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+as+a+Crisis+in+Gender%3A+Augusta%2C+Georgia%2C+1860%E2%80%931890&rft.pub=U+of+Georgia+P&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780820322094&rft.aulast=Whites&rft.aufirst=LeeAnn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-I3vQK7NSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellware,_DanielRichard_Gardiner2014" class="citation book cs1">Bellware, Daniel; Richard Gardiner (2014). <i>The Genesis of the Memorial Holiday In America</i>. Columbus State University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692292259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692292259"><bdi>978-0692292259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Memorial+Holiday+In+America&rft.pub=Columbus+State+University&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0692292259&rft.au=Bellware%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Richard+Gardiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadies%27+Memorial+Association" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Ladies_Memorial_Associations">"Ladies Memorial Associations"</a> on the Encyclopedia of Virginia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-2123">"Ladies Memorial Association"</a> on the Encyclopedia of Alabama</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Template:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Template talk:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woman%27s_club_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woman's club movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women&#039;s_clubs_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_club_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's club movement">Women's clubs</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman%27s_League" title="American Woman's League">American Woman's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Daughters_of_Early_American_Witches" title="Associated Daughters of Early American Witches">Associated Daughters of Early American Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southern_Women_for_the_Prevention_of_Lynching" title="Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching">Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_Colonial_Dames_XVII_Century" title="National Society Colonial Dames XVII Century">Colonial Dames XVII Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Dames_of_America" title="Colonial Dames of America">Colonial Dames of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_Daughters_of_the_American_Colonists" title="National Society Daughters of the American Colonists">Daughters of the American Colonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Daughters of the Cincinnati">Daughters of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Improved_Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks_of_the_World" title="Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World">Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs">General Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_League" title="Junior League">Junior League</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ladies' Memorial Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Colored_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association of Colored Women">National Association of Colored Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">National Council of Jewish Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_the_Colonial_Dames_of_America" title="National Society of the Colonial Dames of America">National Society of the Colonial Dames of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_New_England_Women" title="National Society of New England Women">National Society of New England Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley_Club" title="Phillis Wheatley Club">Phillis Wheatley Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Isabella_Association" title="Queen Isabella Association">Queen Isabella Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_United_States_Daughters_of_1812" title="National Society of United States Daughters of 1812">United States Daughters of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Order_of_Tents" title="United Order of Tents">United Order of Tents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Republican_Club" title="Women's National Republican Club">Women's National Republican Club </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Joint_Congressional_Committee" title="Women's Joint Congressional Committee">Women's Joint Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Trade_Union_League" title="Women's Trade Union League">Women's Trade Union League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YWCA" title="YWCA">Young Women's Christian Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Alabama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%27s_Colored_Women%27s_Club" title="Alabama's Colored Women's Club">Alabama's Colored Women's Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Alaska</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage_Woman%27s_Club" title="Anchorage Woman's Club">Anchorage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Grande Woman's Club">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale_Woman%27s_Club" title="Glendale Woman's Club">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Mesa" title="Woman's Club of Mesa">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willcox_Women%27s_Club" title="Willcox Women's Club">Willcox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">California</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_City_Club" title="Berkeley City Club">Berkeley City Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Women%27s_Club" title="Beverly Hills Women's Club">Beverly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Women%27s_Club" title="College Women's Club">College Women's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Improvement_Club_(Corona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's Improvement Club (Corona)">Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebell_Society" title="Ebell Society">Ebell Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebell_of_Los_Angeles" title="Ebell of Los Angeles">Ebell of LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisca_Club" title="Francisca Club">Francisca Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Women%27s_Press_Club" title="Hollywood Women's Press Club">Hollywood Women's Press Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_Woman%27s_Club" title="La Jolla Woman's Club">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Lincoln" title="Woman's Club of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Nurses%27_Club" title="Los Angeles Nurses' Club">LA Nurses' Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Club_(San_Francisco)" title="Metropolitan Club (San Francisco)">Metropolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Woman%27s_Club" title="San Pedro Woman's Club">San Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfandel_Club" title="Wilfandel Club">Wilfandel Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Club_(Milford,_Delaware)" title="New Century Club (Milford, Delaware)">Milford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Children%27s_Theatre" title="Delaware Children's Theatre">Wilmington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Florida</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bradenton_Woman%27s_Club" title="Bradenton Woman's Club">Bradenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Woman%27s_Club" title="Davie Woman's Club">Davie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Woman%27s_Club" title="Fort Lauderdale Woman's Club">Fort Lauderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Women%27s_Club" title="Miami Women's Club">Miami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Neighborhood_Union" title="Atlanta Neighborhood Union">Atlanta Neighborhood Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Woman%27s_Club" title="Atlanta Woman's Club">Atlanta Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_Woman%27s_Club" title="Dawson Woman's Club">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demorest_Women%27s_Club" title="Demorest Women's Club">Demorest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennille_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennille Woman's Club">Tennille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hawaii</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Hawaii" title="Daughters of Hawaii">Daughters of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Illinois</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Northern_District_Association_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs">Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Woman%27s_Club" title="Chicago Woman's Club">Chicago Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_of_Chicago" title="Fortnightly of Chicago">Fortnightly of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_Woman%27s_Club" title="Frederick Douglass Woman's Club">Frederick Douglass Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arts_Club_of_Chicago" title="Three Arts Club of Chicago">Three Arts Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Indiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes_Fortnightly_Club" title="Vincennes Fortnightly Club">Vincennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Iowa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_Women%27s_Club" title="Des Moines Women's Club">Des Moines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Kansas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topeka_Council_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs_Building" title="Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building">Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Topeka" title="Woman's Club of Topeka">Woman's Club of Topeka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Kentucky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs">Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Louisiana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_Club_of_New_Orleans" title="Era Club of New Orleans">Era Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Literary_Club_of_Baltimore" title="Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore">Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="Maryland Woman Suffrage Association">Maryland Woman Suffrage Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilton_Club" title="Chilton Club">Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_College_Club_of_Boston" title="The College Club of Boston">College Club of Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_Female_Religious_and_Moral_Society" title="Colored Female Religious and Moral Society">Colored Female Religious and Moral Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Woman%27s_Press_Association" title="New England Woman's Press Association">New England Woman's Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Women%27s_Club" title="New England Women's Club">New England Women's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Era_Club" title="Woman's Era Club">Woman's Era Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Morning_Club" title="Saturday Morning Club">Saturday Morning Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Michigan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Library_Association_of_Kalamazoo" title="Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo">Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Minnesota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Women%27s_City_Club" title="Saint Paul Women's City Club">Saint Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs">Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Montana</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_Park_Women%27s_Club" title="Glacier Park Women's Club">East Glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Nevada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Club_(Reno,_Nevada)" title="20th Century Club (Reno, Nevada)">20th Century Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmia_Club" title="Kalmia Club">Kalmia Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Morristown" title="Woman's Club of Morristown">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reckless_Estate" title="Anthony Reckless Estate">Red Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Rutherford" title="Woman's Club of Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Upper_Montclair" title="Woman's Club of Upper Montclair">Upper Montclair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo_Woman%27s_Club" title="Alamogordo Woman's Club">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrizozo_Woman%27s_Club" title="Carrizozo Woman's Club">Carrizozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Improvement_Association_of_Las_Cruces" title="Woman's Improvement Association of Las Cruces">Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City_Woman%27s_Club" title="Silver City Woman's Club">Silver City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs">Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Woman%27s_Club" title="Brooklyn Woman's Club">Brooklyn Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_Club" title="Colony Club">Colony Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_(New_York_City)" title="Cosmopolitan Club (New York City)">Cosmopolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Suffrage_League_(Brooklyn)" title="Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)">Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newswomen%27s_Club_of_New_York" title="Newswomen's Club of New York">Newswomen's Club of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorosis" title="Sorosis">Sorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_City_Club_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's City Club of New York">Women's City Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Woman%27s_Club" title="Charlotte Woman's Club">Charlotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Ohio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Women%27s_Club" title="Dayton Women's Club">Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Oklahoma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_for_Oklahoma_and_Indian_Territories" title="Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories">Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Oregon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashland_Women%27s_Civic_Improvement_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashland Women's Civic Improvement Club">Ashland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Oregon Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">Colored Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee_Woman%27s_Club" title="Dundee Woman's Club">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Club_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Town Club (Portland, Oregon)">Town Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_Club_of_Philadelphia" title="Cosmopolitan Club of Philadelphia">Cosmopolitan Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plastic_Club" title="The Plastic Club">Plastic Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs_of_South_Carolina" title="General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina">General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Federation_of_Colored_Women%27s_Clubs" title="South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs">South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Tennessee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Nineteenth_Century_Club" title="The Nineteenth Century Club">19th Century Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Woman%27s_Club_(Clarksville,_Tennessee)" title="Country Woman's Club (Clarksville, Tennessee)">Country Woman's Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossoli_Circle" title="Ossoli Circle">Ossoli Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" title="Daughters of the Republic of Texas">Daughters of the Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Association_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Texas Association of Women's Clubs">Texas Association of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Rights_Association" title="Texas Equal Rights Association">Texas Equal Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="Texas Equal Suffrage Association">Texas Equal Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Federation_of_Women%27s_Clubs" title="Texas Federation of Women's Clubs">Texas Federation of Women's Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Equal_Suffrage_Association" title="Dallas Equal Suffrage Association">Dallas Equal Suffrage Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_El_Paso" title="Woman's Club of El Paso">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Club_of_Fort_Worth" title="The Woman's Club of Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights_Woman%27s_Club" title="Houston Heights Woman's Club">Houston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Club_(Dallas)" title="Lyceum Club (Dallas)">Lyceum Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_San_Antonio" title="Woman's Club of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Utah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Utah_Pioneers" title="Daughters of Utah Pioneers">Daughters of Utah Pioneers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Washington</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland_Woman%27s_Club" title="Kirkland Woman's Club">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longview_Women%27s_Clubhouse" title="Longview Women's Clubhouse">Longview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Club_of_Olympia" title="Woman's Club of Olympia">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_University_Club_of_Seattle" title="Women's University Club of Seattle">University Club of Seattle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Wisconsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wauwatosa_Woman%27s_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Wauwatosa Woman's Club">Wauwatosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Wyoming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casper_Women%27s_Club_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Casper Women's Club House">Casper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Washington D.C.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulgrave_Club" title="Sulgrave Club">Sulgrave Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_City_Club_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Women's City Club of Washington, D.C.">Women's City Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman%27s_Era" title="The Woman's Era">The Woman's Era</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_National_Conference_of_the_Colored_Women_of_America" title="First National Conference of the Colored Women of America">First National Conference of the Colored Women of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of women's clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_clubs" title="List of women's clubs">List of women's clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&oldid=1257964314">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ladies%27_Memorial_Association&oldid=1257964314</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: 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