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entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> <meta name="keywords" content="entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img 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<div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 86</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Effect of Biopesticide to Control Infestation of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on the Culantro Eryngium foetidum L.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Udomporn%20Pangnakorn">Udomporn Pangnakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sombat%20Chuenchooklin"> Sombat Chuenchooklin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of the biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.), bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens), wood vinegar and fermented organic substances from plants: (neem Azadirachta indica + citronella grass Cymbopogon nardus Rendle + bitter bush Chromolaena odorata L.) were tested on culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.). The biopesticide was carried out for reduction infestation of the major insects pest (whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)). The experimental plots were located at farmers’ farm in Tumbol Takhian Luean, Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. This study was undertaken during the drought season (lately November to May). The populations of whitefly were observed and recorded every hour up to 3 hours with insect net and yellow sticky traps after the treatments were applied. The results showed that bacteria ISR was the highest effectiveness for control whitefly infestation on culantro, the whitefly numbers on insect net were 12.5, 10.0, and 7.5 after spraying in 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr, respectively. While the whitefly on yellow sticky traps showed 15.0, 10.0, and 10.0 after spraying in 1hr, 2hr, and 3hr, respectively. Furthermore, overall the experiments showed that treatment of bacteria ISR found the average whitefly numbers only 8.06 and 11.0 on insect net and sticky tap respectively, followed by treatment of nematode found the average whitefly with 9.87 and 11.43 on the insect net and sticky tap, respectively. Therefore, the application of biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematodes, bacteria ISR, organic substances from plants and wood vinegar combined with natural enemies is the alternative method of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for against infestation of whitefly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whitefly%20%28Bemisia%20tabaci%20Gennadius%29" title="whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)">whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culantro%20%28Eryngium%20foetidum%20L.%29" title=" culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)"> culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29" title=" entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria%20ISR%20%28Pseudomonas%20fluorescens%29" title=" bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)"> bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20vinegar" title=" wood vinegar"> wood vinegar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermented%20organic%20substances" title=" fermented organic substances"> fermented organic substances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36589/effect-of-biopesticide-to-control-infestation-of-whitefly-bemisia-tabaci-gennadius-on-the-culantro-eryngium-foetidum-l" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36589.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Interaction of Steinernema Glaseri, an Entomopathogenic Nematode with a Predatory Fungus Arthrobotrys Superba on Different Nutrient Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Varsha%20Baweja">Varsha Baweja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Steinernema glaseri is known to be the most potent biocontrol agent against a number of insect pests of various orders and of diverse habitats under laboratory conditions. But in nature many micro pathogens may affect the efficacy of such entomopathogenic nematodes. Keeping this in view, the interaction of Steinernema glaseri with a predatory fungus Arthrobotrys superba was assessed on eight different nutrient media. The activity of A.superba was evaluated in terms of trap formation, conidiophore formation, and number of adhesive cells formed in the presence and absence of nematodes. The fungus failed to form any trap on any of the culture media in the absence of nematodes. However, in the presence of nematodes, the trap formation by the test fungus was increased but the number of conidiophores decreased with increase in dilution of Corn Meal Agar from 5% to 2%. Higher number of chlamydospores were observed in phenylalanine treated medium which indicates the inhibiting effect of phenylalanine on the growth of A. superba. Our results suggest that care should be taken during release of entomopathogenic nematodes in an agroecosystem for managing various insect pests in a more efficient manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Entomopathogenic%20Nematode" title="Entomopathogenic Nematode ">Entomopathogenic Nematode </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steinernema%20Glaseri" title=" Steinernema Glaseri"> Steinernema Glaseri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Predatory%20Fungus" title=" Predatory Fungus"> Predatory Fungus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthrobotrys%20Superba" title=" Arthrobotrys Superba"> Arthrobotrys Superba</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140/interaction-of-steinernema-glaseri-an-entomopathogenic-nematode-with-a-predatory-fungus-arthrobotrys-superba-on-different-nutrient-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Acute and Chronic Effect of Biopesticide on Infestation of Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on the Culantro Cultivation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Pangnakorn">U. Pangnakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Chuenchooklin"> S. Chuenchooklin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Acute and chronic effects of biopesticide from entomopathogenic nematode (<em>Steinernema thailandensis</em> n. sp.), bacteria ISR (<em>Pseudomonas fluorescens</em>), wood vinegar and fermented organic substances from plants: (neem <em>Azadirachta indica</em> + citronella grass <em>Cymbopogon nardus </em>Rendle + bitter bush <em>Chromolaena odorata </em>L<em>.</em>) were tested on culantro (<em>Eryngium foetidum</em> L.). The biopesticide was investigated for infestation reduction of the major insect pest whitefly (<em>Bemisia tabaci</em> (Gennadius)). The experimental plots were located at a farm in Nakhon Sawan Province, Thailand. This study was undertaken during the drought season (late November to May). Effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated in terms of acute and chronic effect. The populations of whitefly were observed and recorded every hour up to 3 hours with insect nets and yellow sticky traps after the treatments were applied for the acute effect. The results showed that bacteria ISR had the highest effectiveness for controlling whitefly infestation on culantro; the whitefly numbers on insect nets were 12.5, 10.0 and 7.5 after 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr, respectively while the whitefly on yellow sticky traps showed 15.0, 10.0 and 10.0 after 1 hr, 2 hr, and 3 hr, respectively. For chronic effect, the whitefly was continuously collected and recorded at weekly intervals; the result showed that treatment of bacteria ISR found the average whitefly numbers only 8.06 and 11.0 on insect nets and sticky traps respectively, followed by treatment of nematode where the average whitefly was 9.87 and 11.43 on the insect nets and sticky traps, respectively. In addition, the minor insect pests were also observed and collected. The biopesticide influenced the reduction number of minor insect pests (red spider mites, beet armyworm, short-horned grasshopper, pygmy locusts, etc.) with only a few found on the culantro cultivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=whitefly%20%28Bemisia%20tabaci%20Gennadius%29" title="whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)">whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culantro%20%28Eryngium%20foetidum%20L.%29" title=" culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)"> culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acute%20and%20chronic%20effect" title=" acute and chronic effect"> acute and chronic effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29" title=" entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)"> entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema thailandensis n. sp.)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria%20ISR%20%28Pseudomonas%20fluorescens%29" title=" bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)"> bacteria ISR (Pseudomonas fluorescens)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43237/acute-and-chronic-effect-of-biopesticide-on-infestation-of-whitefly-bemisia-tabaci-gennadius-on-the-culantro-cultivation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> Interaction of Cucurbitacin-Containing Phytonematicides and Biocontrol Agents on Cultivated Tomato Plants and Nematode Numbers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqueline%20T.%20Madaure">Jacqueline T. Madaure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Interactive effects of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides and biocontrol agents on growth and nematode suppression on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) had not been documented. The objective of this study was to determine the interactive effects of Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, Trichoderma harzianum and Steinernema feltiae on growth of tomato plants and suppression of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. A 2x2x2 trial was conducted using tomato cv. ‘HTX’ on a field infested with Meloidogyne species. The treatments were applied at commercial rates. At 56 days after treatments, interactions were significant (P ≤ 0.05) for selected plant variables, without significant interactions on nematode variables. In conclusion, results of the current study did not support the combination of the test products for nematode suppression, except that some combinations improved plant growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20africanus" title="cucumis africanus">cucumis africanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20b" title=" cucurbitacin b"> cucurbitacin b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnobotanicals" title=" ethnobotanicals"> ethnobotanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title=" entomopathogenic nematodes"> entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20enemies" title=" natural enemies"> natural enemies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extracts" title=" plant extracts"> plant extracts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591/interaction-of-cucurbitacin-containing-phytonematicides-and-biocontrol-agents-on-cultivated-tomato-plants-and-nematode-numbers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control Woolly Apple Aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nomakholwa%20F.%20Stokwe">Nomakholwa F. Stokwe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antoinette%20P.%20Malan"> Antoinette P. Malan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Woolly apple aphid (WAA), Eriosoma lanigerum, is an important pest of apples worldwide. The aphid feeds above ground on buds and leaf axils and the roots of apple trees. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) of the two families, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, and their symbiotic bacteria have generated extensive interest as inundative applied biological control agents of insects. With the development of the resistance of WAA to chemicals, export restrictions, and the inability of parasitoids to control the aphid successfully early in the season, considering EPNs as an alternative biocontrol agent is important. Seven EPN species were tested for their pathogenicity against WAA. Laboratory bioassays identified S. yirgalemense and H. zealandica as being the most virulent against the subterranean stage of the WAA, with a mortality rate of 48% and 38%, respectively. Studies on the effect of WAA size showed that the last instar is most susceptible to infection, whereas smaller instars appear to be too small for nematode penetration and infection. Neither increasing the exposure period of the aphids nor increasing the nematode concentration affected the infection rate positively. The haemolymph of WAA showed an inhibitory effect on the development of the symbiotic bacteria, preventing the completion of the nematode’s life cycle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apples" title="apples">apples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title=" entomopathogenic nematodes"> entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=woolly%20apple%20aphid" title=" woolly apple aphid"> woolly apple aphid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71455/potential-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes-to-control-woolly-apple-aphid-eriosoma-lanigerum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Sublethal Effects of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Fungus against the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Curculionidae: Coleoptera)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Manzoor">M. Manzoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20N.%20%20Ahmad"> J. N. Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20Giblin%20Davis"> R. M. Giblin Davis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Javed"> N. Javed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Haider"> M. S. Haider</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The invasive Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus [Olivier] (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive palm pests in the world. Synthetic pesticides are environmentally hazardous pest control strategies being used in the past with emerging need of eco-friendly biological approaches including microbial entomopathogens for RPW management. The sublethal effects of a single entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Beauveria bassiana (WG-11) (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) and two entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Nematoda: Rhabditida) were evaluated in various combinations against laboratory-reared 3rd, 5th and 8th instar larvae of RPW in laboratory assays. Individual and combined effects of both entomopathogens (EP) were observed after the pre-application of B. bassiana fungus at 1-2-week intervals. A number of parameters were measured after the application of sub-lethal doses of EPF such as diet consumption, development, frass production, mortality, and weight gain. Combined treatments were tested for additive and synergistic effects. Synergism was more frequently observed in B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae combined treatments than in B. bassiana and H. bacteriophora combinations. Early instar larvae of RPW were more susceptible than older instars. Synergistic effects were observed in the 3rd and 5th instars exposed to B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae at 0, 7 and 14-day intervals. Whereas, in 8th instar larvae, the synergistic effect was observed only in B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae treatments after 0 and 7 days intervals. EPN treatments decreased pupation, egg hatching and emergence of adults. Lethal effects of nematodes were also observed in all growth stages of R. ferrugineus. Reduced larval weight, increased larval, pre-pupal and pupal duration, reduced adult weight and life span were observed. Sub-lethal concentrations of both entomopathogens induced variations in the different developmental stages and reduced food consumption, frass production, growth, and weight gain. So, on the basis of results, it is concluded that synthetic pesticides should be replaced with environmentally friendly sustainable biopesticides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20bacteriophora" title="H. bacteriophora">H. bacteriophora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20carpocapsae" title=" S. carpocapsae"> S. carpocapsae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20bassiana" title=" B. bassiana"> B. bassiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108739/sublethal-effects-of-entomopathogenic-nematodes-and-fungus-against-the-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-curculionidae-coleoptera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108739.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Application of Metarhizium anisopliae against Meloidogyne javanica in Soil Amended with Oak Debris</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Abdollahi">Mohammad Abdollahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tomato (<em>Lycopersicon esculentum</em> Mill.) is one of the most popular, widely grown and the second most important vegetable crop, after potatoes. Nematodes have been identified as one of the major pests affecting tomato production throughout the world. The most destructive nematodes are the genus <em>Meloidogyne</em>. Most widespread and devastating species of this genus are <em>M. incognita</em>, <em>M. javanica</em>, and <em>M. arenaria</em>. These species can cause complete crop loss under adverse growing conditions. There are several potential methods for management of the root knot nematodes. Although the chemicals are widely used against the phytonematodes, because of hazardous effects of these compounds on non-target organisms and on the environment, there is a need to develop other control strategies. Nowadays, non-chemical measures are widely used to control the plant parasitic nematodes. Biocontrol of phytonematodes is an important method among environment-friendly measures of nematode management. There are some soil-inhabiting fungi that have biocontrol potential on phytonematodes, which can be used in nematode management program. The fungus <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em>, originally is an entomopathogenic bioagent. Biocontrol potential of this fungus on some phytonematodes has been reported earlier. Recently, use of organic soil amendments as well as the use of bioagents is under special attention in sustainable agriculture. This research aimed to reduce the pesticide use in control of root-knot nematode, <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> in tomato. The effects of <em>M. anisopliae</em> IMI 330189 and different levels of oak tree debris on <em>M. javanica </em>were determined. The combination effect of the fungus as well as the different rates of soil amendments was determined. Pots were filled with steam pasteurized soil mixture and the six leaf tomato seedlings were inoculated with 3000 second stage larvae of <em>M. javanica</em>/kg of soil. After eight weeks, plant growth parameters and nematode reproduction factors were compared. Based on the results of our experiment, combination of <em>M. anisopliae</em> IMI 330189 and oak debris caused more than 90% reduction in reproduction factor of nematode, at the rates of 100 and 150 g/kg soil (P ≤ 0.05). As compared to control, the reduction in number of galls was 76%. It was 86% for nematode reproduction factor, showing the significance of combined effect of both tested agents. Our results showed that plant debris can increase the biological activity of the tested bioagent. It was also proved that there was no adverse effect of oak debris, which potentially has antimicrobial activity, on antagonistic power of applied bioagent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematode%20management" title=" nematode management"> nematode management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20soil" title=" organic soil"> organic soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Quercus%20branti" title=" Quercus branti"> Quercus branti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root%20knot%20nematode" title=" root knot nematode"> root knot nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20amendment" title=" soil amendment"> soil amendment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82033/application-of-metarhizium-anisopliae-against-meloidogyne-javanica-in-soil-amended-with-oak-debris" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">173</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Influence of Cucurbitacin-Containing Phytonematicides on Nematode Biocontrol Agent: Trichoderma harzianum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacqueline%20T.%20Madaure">Jacqueline T. Madaure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20W.%20Mashela"> Phatu W. Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides consistently suppress root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematode population densities. However, the impact of these products on nematode biocontrol agents is not documented. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on growth of Trichoderma harzianum under in vitro conditions. The two phytonematicides were separately prepared to concentrations of 3% and used in poison plate assays. After exposure at different times from 0 to 72 h, there was 100% mycelial growth of T. harzianum. In conclusion, at the recommended concentrations of phytonematicides used in managing nematode population densities, there was no evidence of suppressive effects on growth of T. harzianum by the two phytonematicides. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=botanicals" title="botanicals">botanicals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crude%20extracts" title=" crude extracts"> crude extracts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20africanus" title=" cucumis africanus"> cucumis africanus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucumis%20myriocarpus" title=" cucumis myriocarpus"> cucumis myriocarpus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20a" title=" cucurbitacin a"> cucurbitacin a</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cucurbitacin%20b" title=" cucurbitacin b"> cucurbitacin b</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnomedicinal%20plants" title=" ethnomedicinal plants"> ethnomedicinal plants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72590/influence-of-cucurbitacin-containing-phytonematicides-on-nematode-biocontrol-agent-trichoderma-harzianum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Control of the Pest Bemisia tabaci With the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana in a Geothermal Greenhouse in Southern Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Besma%20Hamrouni%20Assadi">Besma Hamrouni Assadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Sadok%20Belkadhi"> Mohamed Sadok Belkadhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a cosmopolitan insect that causes serious damage to greenhouse crops. It is increasingly recognized that the use of biological control means such as entomopathogenic fungi presents a sustainable solution to integrated pest management programs. In order to reduce the use of chemical pesticides, Beauveria bassiana strain R444 was tested against eggs and second, third and fourth instar larvae of B. tabaci in a geothermal tomato greenhouse in southern Tunisia. This entomopathogenic fungus was compared to a chemical pesticide Imidacloprid and an untreated control. We found significant mortality of individuals caused by B. bassiana comparable to that caused by the chemical pesticide. After four weeks of follow-up, this fungus causes a mortality of eggs and larvae of B. tabaci that exceeds 60%. It shows that the use of entomopathogenic fungi can help reduce the use of pesticides to control B. tabaci on geothermal crops. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20fungi" title="entomopathogenic fungi">entomopathogenic fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bemisia%20tabaci" title=" Bemisia tabaci"> Bemisia tabaci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geothermal%20greenhouse" title=" geothermal greenhouse"> geothermal greenhouse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20pest%20management%20programs" title=" integrated pest management programs"> integrated pest management programs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157560/control-of-the-pest-bemisia-tabaci-with-the-entomopathogenic-fungus-beauveria-bassiana-in-a-geothermal-greenhouse-in-southern-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Efficacy of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens as a Possible Entomopathogenic Agent</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fouzia%20Qamar">Fouzia Qamar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahida%20Hasnain"> Shahida Hasnain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible role of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a possible insect biocontrol agent. Pests selected for the present challenge were adult males of Periplaneta americana and last instar larvae of Pieris brassicae and Spodoptera litura. Different ranges of bacterial doses were selected and tested to score the mortalities of the insects after 24 hours, for the lethal dose estimation studies. Mode of application for the inoculation of the bacteria, was the microinjection technique. The evaluation of the possible entomopathogenic carrying attribute of bacterial Ti plasmid, led to the conclusion that the loss of plasmid was associated with the loss of virulence against target insects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agrobacterium%20tumefaciens" title="agrobacterium tumefaciens">agrobacterium tumefaciens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxicity%20assessment" title=" toxicity assessment"> toxicity assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biopesticidal%20attribute" title=" biopesticidal attribute"> biopesticidal attribute</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20agent" title=" entomopathogenic agent"> entomopathogenic agent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17439/efficacy-of-agrobacterium-tumefaciens-as-a-possible-entomopathogenic-agent" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Applied Free Living Nematode as Bioindicator to Assess Environmental Impact of Dam Construction in Ba Lai Estuary, Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngo%20Xuan%20Quang">Ngo Xuan Quang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tran%20Thanh%20Thai"> Tran Thanh Thai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ann%20Vanreusel"> Ann Vanreusel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Ba Lai dam construction was created in 2000 in the Ba Lai estuarine river, Ben Tre province, Vietnam to prevent marine water infiltration, drainage and de-acidification, and to build a reservoir of freshwater for land reclamation in the Ba Lai tributary. However, this dam is considered as an environmental failure for the originally connected estuarine and river ecosystem, especially to bad effect to benthic fauna distribution. This research aims to study applying free living nematode communities’ distribution in disturbance of dam construction as bioindicator to detect environmental impact. Nematode samples were collected together measuring physical–chemical environmental parameters such as chlorophyll, CPE, coliform, nutrient, grain size, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, temperature in three stations within three replicates. Results showed that free living nematode communities at the dam construction was significantly low densities, low diversity (Hurlbert’s index, Hill diversity indices) and very low maturity index in comparison with two remaining stations. Strong correlation of nematode feeding types and communities’ structure was found in relation with sediment grain size and nutrient enrichment such nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and pigment concentration. Moreover, greatly negative link between nematode maturity index with nutrient parameters can serve as warning organic pollution of the Ba Lai river due to dam construction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ba%20Lai" title="Ba Lai">Ba Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dam%20impact" title=" dam impact"> dam impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematode" title=" nematode"> nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment "> environment </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36991/applied-free-living-nematode-as-bioindicator-to-assess-environmental-impact-of-dam-construction-in-ba-lai-estuary-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36991.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">353</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Monitoring of Potato Rot Nematode (Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945) in Southern Georgia Nematode Fauna Diversity of Rhizosphere</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Tskitishvili">E. Tskitishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Jgenti"> L. Jgenti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Eliava"> I. Eliava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Tskitishvili"> T. Tskitishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Bagathuria"> N. Bagathuria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gigolashvili"> M. Gigolashvili </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The nematode fauna of 20 agrocenosis (soil, tuber of potato, green parts of plant, roots) was studied in four regions in South Georgia (Akhaltsikhe, Aspindza, Akhalkalaki, Ninotsminda). In all, there were registered 173 forms of free-living and Phyto-parasitic nematodes, including 132 forms which were specified according to their species. A few exemplars of potato root nematode (Ditylenchus destructor) were identified in soil samples taken in Ninotsminda, Akhalkalaki and Aspinda stations, i.e. invasion is weak. Based on our data, potato Ditylenchus was not found in any of the researched tubers, while based on the data of previous years the most of tubers were infested. The cysts of 'golden nematodes' were not found during inspection of material for detection of Globoderosis <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ditylenchus" title="ditylenchus">ditylenchus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monitoring" title=" monitoring"> monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematoda" title=" nematoda"> nematoda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potato" title=" potato"> potato</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29630/monitoring-of-potato-rot-nematode-ditylenchus-destructor-thorne-1945-in-southern-georgia-nematode-fauna-diversity-of-rhizosphere" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> Post-Application Effects of Selected Management Strategies to the Citrus Nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) Population Densities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20William%20Mashela">Phatu William Mashela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pontsho%20Edmund%20Tseke"> Pontsho Edmund Tseke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kgabo%20Martha%20Pofu"> Kgabo Martha Pofu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> ‘Inconsistent results’ in nematode suppression post-application of botanical-based products created credibility concerns. Relative to untreated control, sampling for nematodes post-application of botanical-based products suggested significant increases in nematode population densities. ‘Inconsistent results’ were confirmed in Tylenchulus semipenetrans on Citrus jambhiri seedlings when sampling was carried out at 120 days post-application of a granular Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide. The objective of this study was to determine post-application effects of untreated control, Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide and aldicarb to T. semipenetrans population densities on C. jambhiri seedlings. Two hundred and ten seedlings were each inoculated with 10000 T. semipenetrans eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) in plastic pots containing 2700 ml growing mixture. A week after inoculation, seedlings were equally split and subjected to once-off treatment of 2 g aldicarb, 2 g Nemarioc-AG phytonematicide and untreated control. Five seedlings from each group were randomly placed on greenhouse benches to serve as a sampling block, with a total of 14 blocks. The entire block was sampled weekly and assessed for final nematode population density (Pf). After the final assessment, post-regression of untreated Pf to increasing sampling intervals exhibited positive quadratic relations, with the model explaining 90% associations, with optimum Pf of 13804 eggs and J2 at six weeks post-application. In contrast, treated Pf and increasing sampling interval exhibited negative quadratic relations, with the model explaining 95% and 92% associations in phytonematicide and aldicarb, respectively. In the phytonematicide, Pf was 974 eggs and J2, whereas that in aldicarb was 2205 eggs and J2 at six weeks. In conclusion, temporal cyclic nematode population growth provided an empirically-based explanation of ‘inconsistent results’ in nematode suppression post-application of the two nematode management strategies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematode%20management" title="nematode management">nematode management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residual%20effect" title=" residual effect"> residual effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slow%20decline%20of%20citrus" title=" slow decline of citrus"> slow decline of citrus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20citrus%20nematode" title=" the citrus nematode"> the citrus nematode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72582/post-application-effects-of-selected-management-strategies-to-the-citrus-nematode-tylenchulus-semipenetrans-population-densities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">73</span> Test of Biological Control against Brachytrupes Megacephalus Lefèbre, 1827 (Orthoptera, Gryllinae) by Using Entomopathogenic Fungi</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Lakhdari">W. Lakhdari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Doumendji-Mitich"> B. Doumendji-Mitich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Dahliz"> A. Dahliz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Doumendji"> S. Doumendji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Bouchikh"> Y. Bouchikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M%27lik"> R. M'lik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Hammi"> H. Hammi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Soud"> A. Soud </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work was done in order to fight against Brachytrupes megacephalus, a major pest in the Algerian oasis and promote one aspect of biological control against it. He wears a hand on the isolation and identification of indigenous fungi on imagos of this insect harvested in the station of INRAA Touggourt and secondly, the study of the pathogenicity of these strains fungal on this orthoptère adults. The results obtained showed the presence of six different species of entomopathogenic fungi, it is: Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp, Beauveria bassiana, Penicillium sp, Metharizium anisopliae and Aspergillus Niger. The pathogenicity test using fungi Beauveria bassiana strains and Metharizium anisopliae. On adult of B. megacephalus highlights the effectiveness of these strains of predatory adults, with a mortality rate approaching 100% after 11 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brachytrupes%20megacephalus" title=" brachytrupes megacephalus"> brachytrupes megacephalus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20fungi" title=" entomopathogenic fungi"> entomopathogenic fungi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southeastern%20Algeria" title=" Southeastern Algeria"> Southeastern Algeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14245/test-of-biological-control-against-brachytrupes-megacephalus-lefebre-1827-orthoptera-gryllinae-by-using-entomopathogenic-fungi" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14245.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">72</span> Characteristics of Meiofaunal Communities in Intertidal Habitats Along Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fundime%20Miri">Fundime Miri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emanuela%20Sulaj"> Emanuela Sulaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Benthic ecosystems constitute important ecological habitats, providing fundamental services for spawning, foraging, and sheltering aquatic organisms. Benthic faunal communities are characterized by a large biological diversity, supported by a great physical variety of benthic habitats. Until late, the study of meiobenthic communities in Albania has been neglectedthus excluding an important component of benthos. The present study aims to bring characteristics of distribution pattern of meiofaunal communities with further focus on nematode genus-based diversity from different intertidal habitats along Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast. The investigation area is extended from Shkodra to Vlora District, including six sandy sampling sites in beaches and areas near river estuaries. Sediment samples were collected manually in low intertidal zone by using a cylindrical corer, with an internal diameter of 5 cm. The richness onmeiofaunalmajor taxon level did not show any significant change between different sampling sites compare to significant changes in nematode diversity at genus level, with distinct nematode assemblages per sampling sites and presence of exclusive genera. All meiofaunal communities under study were dominated by nematodes. Further assessment of functional diversity on nematode assemblages exhibited changes as well on trophic groups and life strategies due to diverse feeding behaviors and c-p values of nematode genera. This study emphasize the need for lower level taxonomic identification of meiofaunal organisms and extending of ecological assessments on trophic diversity and life strategies to understanding functional consequences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benthos" title="benthos">benthos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meiofauna" title=" meiofauna"> meiofauna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematode%20genus-based%20diversity" title=" nematode genus-based diversity"> nematode genus-based diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20diversity" title=" functional diversity"> functional diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intertidal" title=" intertidal"> intertidal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=albanian%20adriatic%20coast" title=" albanian adriatic coast"> albanian adriatic coast</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144773/characteristics-of-meiofaunal-communities-in-intertidal-habitats-along-albanian-adriatic-sea-coast" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">71</span> Cordyceps and Related Fungi from Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sami%20Michael%20Ayodele">Sami Michael Ayodele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cordyceps are members of the fungi family Cordycepitaceae which are formally in Clavicipitaceae. They parasitize the larvae and adults of different susceptible arthropods. They are highly priced and have been reported to be highly medicinal. Cordyceps have been used for centuries in traditional medicine in China and other Asian countries. Survey studies were carried out to determine the presence of Cordyceps and another entomopathogenic fungal floral in North Central Nigeria for two consecutive years. Thirty samples were collected, twenty-eight were identified, and two were unidentified. Most identified species belong to Ophiocordyceps species (20samples), Cordyceps species (4samples) and Isaria species (4samples). The species identified were: Cordyceps pseudomilitaris, Cordyceps tuberculata, Cordyceps cylindrical, Ophiocordyceps nutans, O. criminals, O. oxycephala, O. kniphofioides and Isaria sinclairii. The morphological and microscopic features of the collected and identified species were similar to those reported in other countries. This is the first official report on the presence of Cordyceps species in Nigeria. Further collections from different ecological regions of Nigeria will show the richness of the floral diversity of these entomopathogenic and medicinal mushrooms in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cordyceps" title="cordyceps">cordyceps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic" title=" entomopathogenic"> entomopathogenic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal" title=" medicinal"> medicinal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=North%20Central" title=" North Central"> North Central</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166551/cordyceps-and-related-fungi-from-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">70</span> Biocontrol Effectiveness of Indigenous Trichoderma Species against Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici on Tomato </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajji%20Lobna">Hajji Lobna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chattaoui%20Mayssa"> Chattaoui Mayssa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Regaieg%20Hajer"> Regaieg Hajer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%27Hamdi-Boughalleb%20Naima"> M'Hamdi-Boughalleb Naima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhouma%20Ali"> Rhouma Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Horrigue-Raouani%20Najet"> Horrigue-Raouani Najet</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, three local isolates of <em>Trichoderma</em> (Tr1: <em>T. viride</em>, Tr2: <em>T. harzianum</em> and Tr3: <em>T. asperellum</em>) were isolated and evaluated for their biocontrol effectiveness under <em>in vitro</em> conditions and in greenhouse. <em>In vitro</em> bioassay revealed a biopotential control against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em> and <em>Meloidogyne javanica </em>(RKN) separately. All species of <em>Trichoderma</em> exhibited biocontrol performance and (Tr1) <em>Trichoderma viride</em> was the most efficient. In fact, growth rate inhibition of <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em> (FORL) was reached 75.5% with Tr1. Parasitism rate of root-knot nematode was 60% for juveniles and 75% for eggs with the same one. Pots experiment results showed that Tr1 and Tr2, compared to chemical treatment, enhanced the plant growth and exhibited better antagonism against root-knot nematode and root-rot fungi separated or combined. All <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates revealed a bioprotection potential against <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> f. sp. <em>radicis lycopersici</em>. When pathogen fungi inoculated alone, Fusarium wilt index and browning vascular rate were reduced significantly with Tr1 (0.91, 2.38%) and Tr2 (1.5, 5.5%), respectively. In the case of combined infection with Fusarium and nematode, the same isolate of <em>Trichoderma</em> Tr1 and Tr2 decreased Fusarium wilt index at 1.1 and 0.83 and reduced the browning vascular rate at 6.5% and 6%, respectively. Similarly, the isolate Tr1 and Tr2 caused maximum inhibition of nematode multiplication. Multiplication rate was declined at 4% with both isolates either tomato infected by nematode separately or concomitantly with Fusarium. The chemical treatment was moderate in activity against <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> and <em>Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. </em><em>radicis lycopersici</em> alone and combined. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trichoderma%20spp." title="trichoderma spp.">trichoderma spp.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne%20javanica" title=" meloidogyne javanica"> meloidogyne javanica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fusarium%20oxysporum%20f.sp.radicis%20lycopersici" title=" Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici"> Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.radicis lycopersici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocontrol" title=" biocontrol"> biocontrol</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50717/biocontrol-effectiveness-of-indigenous-trichoderma-species-against-meloidogyne-javanica-and-fusarium-oxysporum-f-sp-radicis-lycopersici-on-tomato" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">278</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">69</span> Meiobenthic Diversity off Pudimadaka, Bay of Bengal, East Coast of India with Special Reference to Free-Living Marine Nematodes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Annapurna">C. Annapurna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20M.%20Srinivasa"> Rao M. Srinivasa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhanu%20C.%20H.%20Vijaya"> Bhanu C. H. Vijaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sivalakshmi"> M. Sivalakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rao%20P.%20V.%20Surya"> Rao P. V. Surya </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A study on the community structure of meiobenthic fauna was undertaken during three cruises (June 2008, October 2008 and March 2009). Ten stations at depth between 10 and 40 m off Pudimadaka in Visakhapatnam (Lat.17º29′12″N and Long. 83º00′09″), East coast of India were investigated. Ninety species representing 3 major (meiofaunal) taxa namely foraminifera (2), copepoda (9), nematoda (58) and polychaeta (21) were encountered. Overall, meiofaunal (mean) abundance ranged from 2 individuals to 63 ind. 10cm-² with an average of 24.3 ind.10cm-2. The meiobenthic biomass varied between 0.135 to 0.48 mg.10cm-2 with an average 0.27 ± 0.12. On the whole, nematodes constituted 73.62% of the meiofauna in terms of numerical abundance. Shannon –Wiener index values were 2.053 ± 0.64 (June, 2008), 2.477 ± 0.177 (October 2008) and 2.2815±0.24 (March 2009). Multivariate analyses were used to define the most important taxon in nematode assemblages. Three nematode associations could be recognized off Pudimadaka coast, namely Laimella longicaudata, Euchromodora vulgaris and Sabatieria elongata assemblage (June, 2008); Catanema sp. and Leptosomatum sp. assemblage (October 2008) assemblage; Sabatieria sp. and Setosabatieria sp. assemblage (March 2009). Canonical correspondence analysis showed that temperature, organic matter, silt and mean particle diameter were important in controlling nematode community structure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meiofauna" title="meiofauna">meiofauna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20nematode" title=" marine nematode"> marine nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiversity" title=" biodiversity"> biodiversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20structure" title=" community structure"> community structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36370/meiobenthic-diversity-off-pudimadaka-bay-of-bengal-east-coast-of-india-with-special-reference-to-free-living-marine-nematodes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">68</span> Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana Against Red Palm Weevil, (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Mamoon-Ur-Rashid">Muhammad Mamoon-Ur-Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gul%20Rehman"> Gul Rehman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Entomopathogenic fungi are considered effective bio-control agents for the management of a range of insect pests including red palm weevil. The research studies were conducted under laboratory and field conditions against 5th and 6th instars larvae and adults of [Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)] at the faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan (KPK) Pakistan. The 5th instar larvae were used under field conditions whereas, the 6th instar larvae and newly emerged adults were used under lab conditions. Conidial suspensions were used at five different concentrations of 1×10⁴, 1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷ and 1×10⁸, conidia per ml. The data were recorded on the mortality, total larval duration, weight of larvae, pre-pupal and pupal durations, percent pupal formation, pupal weight, percent adult emergence, and adult longevity (♂ and ♀) of red palm weevil. The B. bassiana had varying degrees of pathogenicity against different developmental stages of red palm weevil. The maximum larval duration (113.40 days) was noted when 5th instar larvae were treated with the maximum concentration (1 × 10⁸) of B. bassiana, whereas; the minimum total larval duration of 87.20 days was recorded on the lowest concentration (1 × 10⁴) of B. bassiana. The maximum pre-pual and pupal durations were noted at the maximum concentration. The maximum life span of adult male and females were noted at the lowest concentration, whereas; the minimum values were noted at the maximum concentration. The earliest mortality of red palm weevil was observed 1-day after treatment at higher concentrations of 1 × 10⁷ and 1 × 10⁸, whereas; it was recorded 3 and 4 days after treatment at lower concentrations of 1 × 10⁵ and 1 × 10⁴. At 10 days after treatment, the entomopathogenic fungus caused > 80% cumulative mortality of 5th and 6th instar larvae and adult weevils at the maximum concentrations which were more than double than those recorded at the lowest concentration. Overall, the 5th instar larvae of red palm weevils were most susceptible to the fungus compared to the 6th instar larvae and adult weevils. Based on current findings, it is suggested that entomopathogenic fungi could be used for the safer management of red palm weevil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematodes" title="entomopathogenic nematodes">entomopathogenic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=red%20palm%20weevil" title=" red palm weevil"> red palm weevil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-lethal%20effects" title=" sub-lethal effects"> sub-lethal effects</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161016/pathogenicity-of-entomopathogenic-fungi-beauveria-bassiana-against-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161016.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">92</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">67</span> Evaluation of Nematicidal Action of Some Botanicals on Plant-Parasitic Nematode</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yakshita%20Awasthi"> Yakshita Awasthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepika"> Deepika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lovleen%20Jha"> Lovleen Jha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Archna%20Kumar"> Archna Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From the back of centuries, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) have been recognized as a major threat to agriculturalists globally. It causes 21.3% global food loss annually. The utilization of harmful chemical pesticides to minimize the nematode population may cause acute and delayed health hazards and harmful impacts on human health. In recent years, a variety of plants have been evaluated for their nematicidal properties and efficacy in the management of plant-parasitic nematodes. Several Phyto-nematicides are available, but most of them are incapable of sustainable management of PPN, especially Meloidogyne spp. Thus, there is a great need for a new eco-friendly, highly efficient, sustainable control measure for this nematode species. Keeping all these facts and after reviewing the literature, aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus, Tagetes erecta, and Azadirachta indica were prepared by adding distilled water (1 g sample mixed with 10ml of water). In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacious nature of targeted botanicals against PPN Meloidogyne spp. The mortality status of PPN was recorded by counting the live and dead individuals after applying 100μl of selected extract. The impact was observed at different time durations, i.e., 24h and 48h. The result showed that the highest 100% mortality was at 48h in all three extracts. Thus, these extracts, with the addition of a suitable shelf-life enhancer, may be exploited in different nematode control programs as an economical, sustainable measure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne" title="Meloidogyne">Meloidogyne</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cymbopogon%20citratus" title=" Cymbopogon citratus"> Cymbopogon citratus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tagetes%20erecta" title=" Tagetes erecta"> Tagetes erecta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azadirachta%20indica" title=" Azadirachta indica"> Azadirachta indica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nematicidal" title=" nematicidal"> nematicidal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149073/evaluation-of-nematicidal-action-of-some-botanicals-on-plant-parasitic-nematode" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">66</span> Entomopathogenic Bacteria as Biological Control Agents: Review Paper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tadesse%20Kebede%20Dabsu">Tadesse Kebede Dabsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Insect pest is one the major limiting factor for sustainable food production. To overtake insect pest problem, since Second World War, producers have used excessive insecticide for insect pest management. However, in the era of 21st Century, the excessive use of insecticide caused insect resistant, insecticide bioaccumulation, insecticide hazard to environment, human health problem, and the like. Due to these problems, research efforts have been focused on the development of environmental free sustainable insect pest management method. To minimize all above mentioned risk utilizing of biological control such as entomopathogenicmicroorganism include bacteria, virus, fungus, and their productsare the best option for suppress insect population below certain density level. The objective of this review was to review the updated available studies and recent developments on the entomopathogenic bacteria (EPB) as biological control of insect pest and challenge of using them for control of insect pest. EPB’s mechanisms of insecticidal activities, type, taxonomy, and history are included in this paper body. EPB has been successfully used for the suppression of populations of insect pests. Controlling of harmful insect by entomopathogenic bacteria is an effective, low bioaccumulation in environment and food, very specific, reduce resistance risk in insect pest, economically and sustainable method of major insect pest management method. Identified and reported as potential major common type of entomopathogenic bacteria include Bacillus thuringiensis, Photorhabdus sp., Xenorhabdus spp.Walbachiaspp, Actinomycetesspp.etc. These bacteria being enter into insect body through natural opening or by vector release toxin protein inside of insect and disrupt the cell’s content cause natural mortality under natural condition. As per reported by different scientists, insect orders like Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Dipterahave been successful controlled by entomopathogenic bacteria. As per coming across in different scientific research journals, much of the work was emphasised on Bacillus thuringiensisbsp. Therefore, for commercial production like Bacillus thuringiensi, detail research should be done on other bacteria species. The efficacy and practical application of EPB are restricted to some crops and greenhouse area, but their field application at farmers’ level very less. So still much work needs to be done to the practical application of the EPB at widely application. Their efficacy, pathogenicity, and host range test should be tested under environmental condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insect%20pest" title="insect pest">insect pest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20bacteria" title=" entomopathogenic bacteria"> entomopathogenic bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title=" biological control"> biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent" title=" agent"> agent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145140/entomopathogenic-bacteria-as-biological-control-agents-review-paper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145140.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">65</span> Effects of Green Walnut Husk and Olive Pomace Extracts on Growth of Tomato Plants and Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasemin%20Kavdir">Yasemin Kavdir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugur%20Gozel"> Ugur Gozel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine the nematicidal activity of green walnut husk (GWH) and olive pomace (OP) extracts against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Aqueous extracts of GWH and OP were mixed with sandy loam soil at the rates of 0, 6,12,18,24, 60 and 120 ml kg-1. All pots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times under controlled atmosphere conditions. Tomato seedlings were grown in sterilized soil then they were transplanted to pots. Inoculation was done by pouring the 20 ml suspension including 1000 M. incognita juvenile pot-1 into 3 cm deep hole made around the base of the plant root. Tomato root and shoot growth and nematode populations have been determined. In general, both GWH and OP extracts resulted in better growth parameters compared to the control plants. However, GWH extract was the most effective in improving growth parameters. Applications of 24 ml kg-1 OP extract enhanced plant growth compared to other OP treatments while 60 ml kg-1 application rate had the lowest nematode number and root galling. In this study, applications of GWH and OP extracts reduced the number of Meloidogyne incognita and root galling compared to control soils. Additionally GWH and OP extracts can be used safely for tomato growth. It could be concluded that OP and GWH extracts used as organic amendments showed promising nematicidal activity in the control of M. incognita. This research was supported by TUBİTAK Grant Number 214O422. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20pomace" title="olive pomace">olive pomace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20walnut%20husk" title=" green walnut husk"> green walnut husk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meloidogyne%20incognita" title=" Meloidogyne incognita"> Meloidogyne incognita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title=" extract"> extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74902/effects-of-green-walnut-husk-and-olive-pomace-extracts-on-growth-of-tomato-plants-and-root-knot-nematode-meloidogyne-incognita" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Field Application of Trichoderma Harzianum for Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes in Summer Tomatoes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baharullah%20Khattak">Baharullah Khattak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saifullah"> Saifullah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To study the efficacy of the selected Trichoderma isolates, field trials were conducted in the root-knot nematode-infested areas of Dargai and Swat, Pakistan. Four isolates of T. harzianum viz, Th-1, Th-2, Th-9 and Th-15 were tested against root knot nematodes on summer tomatoes under field conditions. The T. harzianum isolates, grown on wheat grains substrate, were applied @ 8 g plant-1, either alone or in different combinations. Root weight of tomato plants was reduced Th-9 as compared to 26.37 g in untreated control. Isolate Th-1 was found to enhance shoot and root lengths to the maximum levels of 78.76 cm and 19.59 cm, respectively. Tomato shoot weight was significantly increased (65.36g) in Th-1-treated plots as compared to 49.66 g in control. Maximum (156) number of flowers plant-1 and highest (48.18%) fruit set plant-1 was observed in Th-1 treated plots, while there were 87 flowers and 35.50% fruit set in the untreated control. Maximum fruit weight (70.97 g) plant-1 and highest (17.99 t ha-1) marketable yield were recorded in the treatments where T. harzianum isolate Th-1 was used, in comparison to 51.33 g tomato fruit weight and 9.90 t ha-1 yield was noted in the control plots. It was observed that T. harzianum isolates significantly reduced the nematode populations. The fungus enhanced plant growth and yield in all the treated plots. Jabban isolate (Th-1) was found as the most effective in nematode suppression followed by Shamozai (Th-9) isolate. It was concluded from the present findings that T. harzianum has a potential bio control capability against root-knot nematodes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trichoderma%20harzianum" title=" Trichoderma harzianum"> Trichoderma harzianum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=root-knot%20nematode" title=" root-knot nematode"> root-knot nematode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meloidogyne" title=" meloidogyne"> meloidogyne</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22204/field-application-of-trichoderma-harzianum-for-biological-control-of-root-knot-nematodes-in-summer-tomatoes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Histological Changes in the Culex pipiens Mosquito Larvae Treated by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20Sahir-%20Halouane">Fatma Sahir- Halouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Hamid"> Sonia Hamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farida%20Tihar-Benzina"> Farida Tihar-Benzina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatiha%20Bouhlali"> Fatiha Bouhlali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Souad%20Lourchane"> Souad Lourchane</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Culicidae are biting insects, the most harmful to people, they are almost all bloodsuckers, and they are responsible of the spread of many important diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and elephantiasis. Entomopathogenic microorganisms occupy an important place among the alternative methods of fighting against pests insect. The fungus Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic agent naturally present in the ecosystems. It offers a very interesting potential for controlling populations of mosquitoes. This study aimed to show the histological changes that occured in Culex pipiens larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana. The 4th instar larvae were infected with B. bassiana in 10-7 spore/ml dilution, the histological section was studied showing that the fungi infected all the body parts specially Cuticle, Epiderms, fat bodies and midgut. After then the insect have a white appearance and covered with a thick coat of hyphea. The obtained results show that the application of Beauveria bassiana on cuticle of the fourth stage larvae of Culex pipiens was dependent of an apparent disturbance on the structure of the cuticle or there has been the degeneration of its different parts, infection of the fungus does not stop at the body walls. Therefore, it affects even the Adipose tissue, epidermal cells and intestine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Culex%20pipiens" title="Culex pipiens">Culex pipiens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beauveria%20bassiana" title=" Beauveria bassiana"> Beauveria bassiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histological%20changes" title=" histological changes"> histological changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cuticle" title=" cuticle"> cuticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intestine%20and%20adipose%20tissue" title=" intestine and adipose tissue "> intestine and adipose tissue </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12650/histological-changes-in-the-culex-pipiens-mosquito-larvae-treated-by-the-entomopathogenic-fungus-beauveria-bassiana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> Evaluation of the Predatory Mites' Manner against Root-Knot Nematode Using Water Agar Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelrady%20K.%20Nasr">Abdelrady K. Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezzat%20M.%20A.%20Noweer"> Ezzat M. A. Noweer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20M.%20Ramadan"> Mahmoud M. Ramadan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes attacking large numbers of vegetable and fruit plants in Egypt. Moreover, the soil predatory mites (Protogamasellopsisdenticus (Nasr), Gaeolaelaps longus (Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr) and Cosmolaelapskeni(Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr) are one of the excellent agents for biocontrol, this study was designed to evaluate the predation of the root-knot nematode (M. incognita) using water agar technique. The water agar medium was used as an experimental medium to rear both the mentioned mites and egg masses; these media allowed observe the development and predacious manner. The present study revealed that the predatory mites successfully developed and reproduced their egg masses. The mean life cycle of the tested mites P. denticus, G. longus, and C.keni were 10.33, 12.00, and 9.77 days, respectively. The mean total life span of the female of P. denticus, G. longus, and C. keni on egg-mases of M. incognita were obtained 63.44, 77.55 and 70.11 days, respectively, and the mean total fecundity of predatory mites, P. denticus, G.longus, and C. keni on egg-mases nematode were observed 62.66, 31.61 and 11.83 eggs, respectively. The mean total number of eggs laid by female P. denticus was significantly higher than other predatory mites, G. longus and C. keni. According to the obtained results, the tested predacious mites can be applied to combat the spreading of M. incognita in the agriculture field as a safe and effective biological control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20control" title="biological control">biological control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant-parasitic%20nematodes" title=" plant-parasitic nematodes"> plant-parasitic nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predaceous%20mites" title=" predaceous mites"> predaceous mites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20agar" title=" water agar"> water agar</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174142/evaluation-of-the-predatory-mites-manner-against-root-knot-nematode-using-water-agar-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174142.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Rhizosphere Microbiome Involvement in the Natural Suppression of Soybean Cyst Nematode in Disease Suppressive Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Imran%20Hamid">M. Imran Hamid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muzammil%20Hussain"> Muzammil Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunpeng%20Wu"> Yunpeng Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meichun%20Xiang"> Meichun Xiang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xingzhong%20Liu"> Xingzhong Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rhizosphere microbiome elucidate multiple functioning in the soil suppressiveness against plant pathogens. Soybean rhizosphere microbial communities may involve in the natural suppression of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) populations in disease suppressive soils. To explore these ecological mechanisms of microbes, a long term monoculture suppressive soil were taken into account for further investigation to test the disease suppressive ability by using different treatments. The designed treatments are as, i) suppressive soil (S), ii) conducive soil (C), iii) conducive soil mixed with 10% (w/w) suppressive soil (CS), iv) suppressive soil treated at 80°C for 1 hr (S80), and v) suppressive soil treated with formalin (SF). By using an ultra-high-throughput sequencing approach, we identified the key bacterial and fungal taxa involved in SCN suppression. The Phylum-level investigation of bacteria revealed that Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria in the rhizosphere soil of soybean seedlings were more abundant in the suppressive soil than in the conducive soil. The phylum-level analysis of fungi in rhizosphere soil indicated that relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher in suppressive soil than in the conducive soil, where Basidiomycota was more abundant. Transferring suppressive soil to conducive soil increased the population of Ascomycota in the conducive soil by lowering the populations of Basidiomycota. The genera, such as, Pochonia, Purpureocillium, Fusarium, Stachybotrys that have been well documented as bio-control agents of plant nematodes were far more in the disease suppressive soils. Our results suggested that the plants engage a subset of functional microbial groups in the rhizosphere for initial defense upon nematode attack and protect the plant roots later on by nematodes to response for suppression of SCN in disease-suppressive soils. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disease%20suppressive%20soil" title="disease suppressive soil">disease suppressive soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-throughput%20sequencing" title=" high-throughput sequencing"> high-throughput sequencing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizosphere%20microbiome" title=" rhizosphere microbiome"> rhizosphere microbiome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soybean%20cyst%20nematode" title=" soybean cyst nematode"> soybean cyst nematode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95784/rhizosphere-microbiome-involvement-in-the-natural-suppression-of-soybean-cyst-nematode-in-disease-suppressive-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Effect of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum on the Haemolymph of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Zohra%20Bissaad">Fatima Zohra Bissaad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Bounaceur"> Farid Bounaceur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassima%20Behidj"> Nassima Behidj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadjiba%20Chebouti"> Nadjiba Chebouti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20Halouane"> Fatma Halouane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahia%20Doumandji-Mitiche"> Bahia Doumandji-Mitiche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effect of <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> and <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em> var. <em>acridum</em> on the 5<sup>th </sup>instar nymphs of <em>Schistocerca gregaria</em> was studied in the laboratory. Infection by these both entomopathogenic fungi caused reduction in the hemolymph total protein. The average amounts of total proteins were 2.3, 2.07, 2.09 µg/100 ml of haemolymph in the control and <em>M. anisopliae </em>var. <em>acridum</em>, and <em>B. bassiana</em> based-treatments, respectively. Three types of haemocytes were recognized and identified as prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes and granulocytes. The treatment caused significant reduction in the total haemocyte count and in each haemocyte type on the 9<sup>th</sup> day after its application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beauveria%20bassiana" title="Beauveria bassiana">Beauveria bassiana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haemolymph%20picture" title=" haemolymph picture"> haemolymph picture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haemolymph%20protein" title=" haemolymph protein"> haemolymph protein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Metarhizium%20anisopliae%20var.%20acridum" title=" Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum"> Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schistocerca%20gregaria" title=" Schistocerca gregaria"> Schistocerca gregaria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16594/effect-of-two-entomopathogenic-fungi-beauveria-bassiana-and-metarhizium-anisopliae-var-acridum-on-the-haemolymph-of-the-desert-locust-schistocerca-gregaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">479</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Resistance to the South African Root-Knot Nematode Population Densities in Artemisia annua: An Anti-Malaria Ethnomedicinal Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kgabo%20Pofu">Kgabo Pofu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hintsa%20Araya"> Hintsa Araya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dean%20Oelofse"> Dean Oelofse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonja%20Venter"> Sonja Venter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Du%20Plooy"> Christian Du Plooy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phatu%20Mashela"> Phatu Mashela</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nematode resistance to the tropical root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes is one of the most preferred nematode management strategies in development of smallholder resource-poor farming systems. Due to its pharmacological and ethnomedicinal applications, Artemisia annua is one of the underutilised crops that have attracted attention of policy-makers in rural agrarian development in South Africa. However, the successful introduction of this crop in smallholder resource-poor farming systems could be upset by the widespread aggressive Meloidogyne species, which have limited management options. The objective of this study therefore was to determine the degree of nematode resistance to the South African M. incognita and M. javanica population densities on A. annua seedlings. Uniform three-week-old seedlings in pots containing pasteurised growing medium under greenhouse conditions were inoculated using a series of eggs and second-stage juveniles of two Meloidogyne species in separate trials. At 56 days after inoculation, treatments were highly significant on reproductive factor (RF) for M. incognita and M. javanica on A. annua, contributing 87 and 89% in total treatment variation of the variables, respectively. At all levels of inoculation, RF values for M. incognita (0.17-0.79) and M. javanica (0.02-0.29) were below unity, without any noticeable root galls. Infection of A. annua by both Meloidogyne species had no significant effects on growth variables. In conclusion, A. annua seedlings are resistant to the South African M. incognita and M. javanica population densities and could therefore be explored further for use in smallholder resource-poor farming systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethnomedicial%20plants" title="ethnomedicial plants">ethnomedicial plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=medicinal%20plants" title=" medicinal plants"> medicinal plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underutilised%20crops" title=" underutilised crops"> underutilised crops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20parasitic%20nematodes" title=" plant parasitic nematodes"> plant parasitic nematodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72643/resistance-to-the-south-african-root-knot-nematode-population-densities-in-artemisia-annua-an-anti-malaria-ethnomedicinal-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72643.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">300</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> The Prevalence of Citrus Specific Nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb 1913 on the Coast of the Black Sea in Georgia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.Tskitisvili">E.Tskitisvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Jgenti"> L. Jgenti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Eliava"> I. Eliava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Tskitishvili"> T. Tskitishvili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Bagathuria"> N. Bagathuria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gigolashvili"> M. Gigolashvili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fight against dangerous nematode diseases that have world economic importance requires accurate data about the prevalence of these pests. In the point of view of the International Convention on Biological Diversity, the identification of the plant invasion causing dangerous pathogen in the early stages of invasion on new territory is the most important part of the program, which aims to monitor the Bio-Agro Coenosis and Bio-Control. Citrus nematode-specific belongs to the pathogen species, which can cause epiphytotics particularly for large areas and cause irreparable damage to citrus plantations. This paper provides a brief tour of the spread of citrus nematodes on the Black Sea coast (Adjara and Abkhazia). Also the bio-ecological monitoring data to detect the potential sources of invasion for evaluating the current conditions of the citrus nematodes prevalence. Through 2006-2010, the material was gained by structural monitoring system during the citrus vegetation period on tangerines, lemon and oranges from nine points of the study area. Mature forms of Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 were observed in almost all of the samples of the root system, the peak of larvae was observed in late spring and outumn. 92 forms of nematode has been detected in the rhizosphere belonging to 8 Orders: Areolaimida, Dorylaimida, Enoplida, Mononchida, Tylenshida, Monshysterida, Rhabditida, Aphelenchida, 23 families and 40 genera. 75 forms are identified as species. It is estimated the number of nematodes fauna and ecological groups. To detect possible sources of invasion we obtained additional materials in 2013-2014 from citrus plantations planted in 2011, where is planted tangerine trees introduced from Spain and Japan. The fauna of rhizosphere is identified and Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913 is not detected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Citrus%20nematodes" title="Citrus nematodes">Citrus nematodes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioecological%20monitoring" title=" bioecological monitoring"> bioecological monitoring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epiphytotics" title=" epiphytotics "> epiphytotics </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10079/the-prevalence-of-citrus-specific-nematode-tylenchulus-semipenetrans-cobb-1913-on-the-coast-of-the-black-sea-in-georgia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Optimization of Culture Conditions of Paecilomyces tenuipes, Entomopathogenic Fungi Inoculated into the Silkworm Larva, Bombyx mori</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunghee%20Nam">Sunghee Nam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Entomopathogenic fungi is a Cordyceps species that is isolated from dead silkworm and cicada. Fungi on cicadas were described in old Chinese medicinal books and from ancient times, vegetable wasps and plant worms were widely known to have active substance and have been studied for pharmacological use. Among many fungi belonging to the genus Cordyceps, Cordyceps sinensis have been demonstrated to yield natural products possessing various biological activities and many bioactive components. Generally, It is commonly used to replenish the kidney and soothe the lung, and for the treatment of fatigue. Due to their commercial and economic importance, the demand for Cordyceps has been rapidly increased. However, a supply of Cordyceps specimen could not meet the increasing demand because of their sole dependence on field collection and habitat destruction. Because it is difficult to obtain many insect hosts in nature and the edibility of host insect needs to be verified in a pharmacological aspect. Recently, this setback was overcome that P. tenuipes was able to be cultivated in a large scale using silkworm as host. Pharmacological effects of P. tenuipes cultured on silkworm such as strengthening immune function, anti-fatigue, anti-tumor activity and controlling liver etc. have been proved. They are widely commercialized. In this study, we attempted to establish a method for stable growth inhibition of P. tenuipes on silkworm hosts and an optimal condition for synnemata formation. To determine optimum culturing conditions, temperature and light conditions were varied. The length and number of synnemata was highest at 25℃ temperature and 100~300 lux illumination. On an average, the synnemata of wild P. tenuipes measures 70 ㎜ in length and 20 in number; those of the cultured strain were relatively shorter and more in number. The number of synnemata may have increased as a result of inoculating the host with highly concentrated conidia, while the length may have decreased due to limited nutrition per individual. It is not able that changes in light illumination cause morphological variations in the synnemata. However, regulation of only light and temperature could not produce stromata like perithecia, asci, and ascospores. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20of%20culture%20conditions%20of%20paecilomyces%20tenuipes" title="optimization of culture conditions of paecilomyces tenuipes">optimization of culture conditions of paecilomyces tenuipes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20fungi%20optimization%20of%20culture%20conditions%20of%20paecilomyces%20tenuipes" title=" entomopathogenic fungi optimization of culture conditions of paecilomyces tenuipes"> entomopathogenic fungi optimization of culture conditions of paecilomyces tenuipes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20fungi%20silkworm%20larva" title=" entomopathogenic fungi silkworm larva"> entomopathogenic fungi silkworm larva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bombyx%20mori" title=" bombyx mori"> bombyx mori</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35995/optimization-of-culture-conditions-of-paecilomyces-tenuipes-entomopathogenic-fungi-inoculated-into-the-silkworm-larva-bombyx-mori" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35995.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entomopathogenic%20nematode%20%28Steinernema%20thailandensis%20n.%20sp.%29&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account 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