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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Business_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Business operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Business_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Street_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Street food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drive-through" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drive-through"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Drive-through</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drive-through-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Food delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Packaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposable_serviceware_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposable_serviceware_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disposable serviceware waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposable_serviceware_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="سفري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سفري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menjar_per_a_emportar" title="Menjar per a emportar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menjar per a emportar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeaway" title="Takeaway – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Takeaway" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_go" title="To go – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="To go" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comida_para_llevar" title="Comida para llevar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comida para llevar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eramateko" title="Eramateko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eramateko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بیرون‌بر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیرون‌بر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vente_%C3%A0_emporter" title="Vente à emporter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vente à emporter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biadh_ro-dheasaichte" title="Biadh ro-dheasaichte – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Biadh ro-dheasaichte" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EC%9E%A5_(%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D%EC%A0%90)" title="포장 (음식점) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포장 (음식점)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%84_%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Թեյք աութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեյք աութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanan_beli_bawa_pulang" title="Makanan beli bawa pulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makanan beli bawa pulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibo_da_asporto" title="Cibo da asporto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cibo da asporto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99" title="איסוף עצמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסוף עצמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawa_mulih" title="Gawa mulih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gawa mulih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangi%C3%A0_de_port%C3%A0_via" title="Mangià de portà via – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mangià de portà via" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88" title="テイクアウト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テイクアウト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeaway" title="Takeaway – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Takeaway" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frittebuud" title="Frittebuud – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Frittebuud" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Еда навынос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еда навынос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Take-out" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سەفەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەفەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paket_servis" title="Paket servis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paket servis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Їжа навинос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Їжа навинос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-out" title="Take-out – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Take-out" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%B3%A3" title="外賣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外賣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B8%B6" title="外帶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外帶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prepared food purchased with the intent to eat elsewhere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carryout" redirects here. For the song, see <a href="/wiki/Carry_Out" title="Carry Out">Carry Out</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Take out" and "Take away" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Take_out_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Take out (disambiguation)">Take out (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Take_away_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Take away (disambiguation)">Take away (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_chips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/142px-Fish_and_chips.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/213px-Fish_and_chips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fish_and_chips.jpg/284px-Fish_and_chips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg/142px-D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg/213px-D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg/284px-D%C3%B6ner_Kebab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4822" data-file-height="3215" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg/288px-Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg/432px-Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg/576px-Pizza_chaude_dans_boite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">döner kebab</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>take-out</b> or <b>takeout</b> (U.S., Canada, and the Philippines); <b>carry-out</b> or <b>to-go</b> (Scotland and some dialects in the U.S. and Canada);<sup id="cite_ref-takeaway_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takeaway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>takeaway</b> (UK, Australia, Lebanon, South Africa, Ireland, and occasionally in North America);<sup id="cite_ref-takeaway_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takeaway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>takeaways</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a>, New Zealand); <b>grab-n-go</b>; and <b>parcel</b> (Bangladesh, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a prepared meal or other food items, purchased at a restaurant or <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> outlet with the intent to eat elsewhere. A concept found in many ancient cultures, take-out food is common worldwide, with a number of different cuisines and dishes on offer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandeTaberna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GrandeTaberna.JPG/220px-GrandeTaberna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GrandeTaberna.JPG/330px-GrandeTaberna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/GrandeTaberna.JPG/440px-GrandeTaberna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Thermopolium in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of prepared meals to be eaten elsewhere dates back to antiquity. Market and roadside stalls selling food were common in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, archaeologists have found a number of <i><a href="/wiki/Thermopolium" title="Thermopolium">thermopolia</a></i>, service counters opening onto the street which provided food to be taken away. There is a distinct lack of formal dining and kitchen area in Pompeian homes, which may suggest that eating, or at least cooking, at home was unusual. Over 200 <i>thermopolia</i> have been found in the ruins of Pompeii.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cities of medieval Europe, a number of street vendors sold take-out food. In medieval London, street vendors sold hot meat <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">sheep's feet</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, while in Paris roasted <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squab_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squab (food)">squab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tarts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flan_(pie)" title="Flan (pie)">flans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheeses</a> and eggs were available. A large strata of society would have purchased food from these vendors, but they were especially popular amongst the urban poor, who would have lacked kitchen facilities in which to prepare their own food.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these vendors often had a bad reputation, often being in trouble with <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> authorities reprimanding them for selling infected meat or reheated food. The cooks of <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> often defended themselves in court against selling such things as "<a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">pokky</a> pies" and "stynkyng mackerelles".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 10th and 11th century <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, citizens of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> were able to buy pastries such as <i><a href="/wiki/Yuebing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuebing">yuebing</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Congyoubing" class="mw-redirect" title="Congyoubing">congyoubing</a></i> to take away. By the early 13th century, the two most successful such shops in Kaifeng had "upwards of fifty ovens".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A traveling Florentine reported in the late 14th century that in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, people carried picnic cloths made of <a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(material)" title="Rawhide (material)">rawhide</a> to spread on the streets and eat their meals of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritter" title="Fritter">fritters</a> that they had purchased from street vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Snodgrass_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Snodgrass-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, many crossroads saw vendors selling "fragrant bites of hot meat", including chicken and lamb that had been <a href="/wiki/Spit_roast" class="mw-redirect" title="Spit roast">spit roasted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> marketplaces had vendors that sold beverages such as <i><a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">atole</a></i> ("a <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> dough"), almost 50 types of <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a> (with ingredients that ranged from the meat of <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(meat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey (meat)">turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a>, and fish, fruit, eggs, and maize flowers),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as insects and stews.<sup id="cite_ref-google4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Spanish colonization of Peru and importation of European food stocks including <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> and livestock, most commoners continued primarily to eat their traditional diets, but did add grilled beef hearts sold by street vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Lima's 19th century street vendors such as "Erasmo, the 'negro' sango vendor" and Na Aguedita are still remembered today.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/220px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/330px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg/440px-Frankfurter_stand_LOC_det.4a13502.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6864" data-file-height="3619" /></a><figcaption>Street food vendors in early 20th century New York City.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="American colonial period">American colonial period</a>, street vendors sold "pepper pot soup" (tripe) "oysters, roasted corn ears, fruit and sweets," with oysters being a low-priced commodity until the 1910s when <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> caused prices to rise.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1707, after previous restrictions that had limited their operating hours, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City#Street_food" title="Cuisine of New York City">street food vendors</a> had been banned in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many women of African descent made their living selling street foods in America in the 18th and 19th centuries; with products ranging from fruit, cakes and nuts in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, to coffee, biscuits, pralines and other sweets in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, street food vendors in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> sold gingerbread-nuts, cream mixed with corn, and bacon and other meat fried on tops of ceramic vessels with hot coals inside.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> saw an increase in the availability of take-out food. By the early 20th Century, <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> was considered an "established institution" in Britain. The <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> was introduced to America around this time. The diets of industrial workers were often poor, and these meals provided an "important component" to their nutrition.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, local businesses and cooperatives, had begun to supply workers in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> (now Mumbai) with <a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">tiffin</a> boxes by the end of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> led to many restaurants closing their indoor dining spaces and only offering take-out.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_operation">Business operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_and_chip_shop,_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg/220px-Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg/330px-Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg/440px-Fish_and_chip_shop%2C_Cromer_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2579721.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Customers queueing for takeaway at a <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chip_shop" title="Fish and chip shop">fish and chip shop</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <p>Take-out food can be purchased from restaurants that also provide sit-down <a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">table service</a> or from establishments specialising in food to be taken away.<sup id="cite_ref-Mason_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing a take-out service saves operators the cost of cutlery, crockery and pay for servers and hosts; it also allows many customers to be served quickly, without restricting sales by remaining to eat their food.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_food">Street food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Street food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_market_food_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/220px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/330px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Thai_market_food_01.jpg/440px-Thai_market_food_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>A market stall in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> selling take-out food</figcaption></figure> <p>Although once popular in Europe and America,<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> declined in popularity in the 20th century. In part, this can be attributed to a combination of the proliferation of specialized takeaway restaurants and legislation relating to health and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vendors selling street food are still common in parts of Asia, Africa and the Middle East,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the annual turnover of street food vendors in Bangladesh and Thailand being described as particularly important to the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drive-through">Drive-through</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Drive-through"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, many restaurants and take-out establishments offer <a href="/wiki/Drive-through" title="Drive-through">drive-through</a> or <i>drive-thru</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outlets that allow customers to order, pay for, and receive food without leaving their cars. The idea was pioneered in 1931 in a California <a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">fast food</a> restaurant, <i>Pig Stand Number 21</i>. By 1988, 51% of <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> turnover was being generated by <a href="/wiki/Drive-through" title="Drive-through">drive-throughs</a>, with 31% of all US take-out turnover being generated by them by 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_delivery">Food delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg/220px-Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg/330px-Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg/440px-Deliveroo_driver_on_a_motorbike_in_Manchester.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deliveroo" title="Deliveroo">Deliveroo</a> driver in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>Some take-out businesses offer prepared food for delivery, which usually involves contacting a local restaurant by telephone or online. In countries including Australia, Canada, India, Brazil, Japan, much of the European Union and the United States, food can be ordered online from a menu, then picked up by the customer or delivered by the restaurant or a third party delivery service.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry has kept pace with technological developments since the 1980s, beginning with the rise of the personal computer and continuing with the rise of mobile devices and <a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">online delivery applications</a>. Specialized computer software for food delivery helps determine the most efficient routes for carriers, track order and delivery times, manage calls and orders with <a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of Sale">PoS</a> software, and other functions. Since 2008 <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> tracking technology has been used for real-time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg/220px-Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg/330px-Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg/440px-Pizza_delivery_moped_HongKong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A branded <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Pizza_Hut" title="Pizza Hut">Pizza Hut</a> pizza delivery in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A restaurant can either maintain its own delivery personnel or use third parties who contract with restaurants to not only deliver food orders but also assist in marketing and providing order-taking technology. The field has seen rapid growth since the late 2000s with the spread of the smart phones and apps enabling customers to order from their mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddon_&_Jargon,_WSJ_3/9/2019_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddon_&_Jargon,_WSJ_3/9/2019-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024 it was reported, that food delivery companies in the Unite States and Europe had amassed more than $20bn in combined operating losses. The <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deliveroo" title="Deliveroo">Deliveroo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Just_Eat_Takeaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Eat Takeaway">Just Eat Takeaway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delivery_Hero" title="Delivery Hero">Delivery Hero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DoorDash" title="DoorDash">DoorDash</a> were therefore trading below the value that was delivered during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FT_Opinion_Lex_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_Opinion_Lex-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some businesses offer a guarantee to deliver within a predetermined period of time, with late deliveries not charged for.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a> had a commercial campaign in the 1980s and early 1990s for its <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a> service which promised "30 minutes or it's free". This was discontinued in the United States in 1993 due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurried delivery drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></div> <p>Take-out food is packaged in paper, <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a>, plastic, or <a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">foam food containers</a>. One common container is the <a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">oyster pail</a>, a folded, waxed or plastic coated, paperboard container. The oyster pail was quickly adopted, especially in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, for "Chinese takeout".<sup id="cite_ref-FCC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, old newspapers were traditionally used for wrapping fish and chips until this was banned for health reasons in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people are nostalgic for this traditional wrapping; some modern fish and chip shops wrap their food in faux-newspaper, food-safe paper printed to look like a newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corrugated fiberboard and foam containers are to some extent self-<a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulating</a>, and can be used for other foods. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bags</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">insulated shipping containers</a> keep food hot (or cold) more effectively for longer. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> containers are also popular for take-out packaging due to their low cost. <a href="/wiki/Expanded_polystyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded polystyrene">Expanded polystyrene</a> is often used for hot drinks containers and food trays because it is lightweight and heat-insulating.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All types of container can be produced with supplier information and design to create a <a href="/wiki/Brand_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand identity">brand identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pizza served in a cardboard box."><img alt="Pizza served in a cardboard box." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg/246px-Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg/369px-Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg/492px-Dominos_Pizza_NL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pizza served in a cardboard box.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oysterpail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boiled rice served in an oyster pail."><img alt="Boiled rice served in an oyster pail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oysterpail.jpg/270px-Oysterpail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oysterpail.jpg/404px-Oysterpail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Oysterpail.jpg/539px-Oysterpail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boiled rice served in an <a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">oyster pail</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaf-wrapped rice dish (nasi kuning)"><img alt="Leaf-wrapped rice dish (nasi kuning)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG/240px-Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG/360px-Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG/480px-Take-out_nasi_kuning.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaf-wrapped rice dish (<a href="/wiki/Nasi_kuning" title="Nasi kuning">nasi kuning</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paper-wrapped food carrying McDonald's food; including Chicken McNuggets, fries, burger, and drink"><img alt="Paper-wrapped food carrying McDonald's food; including Chicken McNuggets, fries, burger, and drink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg/270px-McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg/405px-McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg/540px-McDonald%27s_Meal_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paper-wrapped food carrying <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> food; including <a href="/wiki/Chicken_McNuggets" title="Chicken McNuggets">Chicken McNuggets</a>, fries, burger, and drink</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Take-out food in Thailand is often packaged in plastic bags"><img alt="Take-out food in Thailand is often packaged in plastic bags" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG/216px-Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG/324px-Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG/432px-Thai_Soup_Take-away.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Take-out food in Thailand is often packaged in plastic bags</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co,._Ltd._01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orizume bento"><img alt="Orizume bento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg/180px-Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg/270px-Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg/360px-Orizume_bent%C5%8D_SETSUGEKKA_served_by_Ningyocho_Imahan_Co%2C._Ltd._01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orizume <a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">bento</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_tiffin_lunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiffin carrier or dabba"><img alt="Tiffin carrier or dabba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_tiffin_lunch.jpg/240px-First_tiffin_lunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_tiffin_lunch.jpg/360px-First_tiffin_lunch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/First_tiffin_lunch.jpg/480px-First_tiffin_lunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tiffin_carrier" title="Tiffin carrier">Tiffin carrier</a> or dabba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese restaurant counter in a Northside Chicago neighborhood"><img alt="Chinese restaurant counter in a Northside Chicago neighborhood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg/240px-Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg/360px-Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg/480px-Chinese_restaurant_counter_Northside_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chinese restaurant counter in a Northside Chicago neighborhood</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposable_serviceware_waste">Disposable serviceware waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disposable serviceware waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/170px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/255px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg/340px-Wegwerf-Esst%C3%A4bchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Disposable chopsticks in a university cafeteria trash bin in Japan.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a> of fast food and take-out food is necessary for the customer but involves a significant amount of material that ends up in landfills, recycling, composting, or litter.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foam containers for fast-food were the target of environmentalists in the U.S. and were largely replaced with paper wrappers among large restaurant chains.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> began taking action to reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Disposable_tableware" title="Disposable tableware">disposable tableware</a> at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tons of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tons of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies, and hospitals. The ban was expected to eliminate 2,600 metric tons of waste yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, laws banning the use of disposable food and drink containers at large-scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in <a href="/wiki/Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich, Germany">Munich, Germany</a> since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (Christmas market, Auer-Dult Faire, Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation to offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, which attracts millions of people,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China, by virtue of the size of its population and the surging popularity of food delivery apps, such as Meituan and Ele.me, faces significant challenges disposing of or recycling takeout food <a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">packaging waste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhong_and_Zhang,_NYT_5/28/2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhong_and_Zhang,_NYT_5/28/2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2018 study published in <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</i>, for the first half of 2017, Chinese consumers ordered 4.6 billion takeout meals, generating "significant environmental concerns". The study's authors estimated that packaging waste from food delivery grew from 20,000 metric tons in 2015 to 1.5 million metric tons in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Song_et_al,_2017_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song_et_al,_2017-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Meituan" title="Meituan">Meituan</a> reported making over 6.4 billion food deliveries, up from 4 billion a year earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because takeout and delivery meals in China include <a href="/wiki/Disposable_product" title="Disposable product">single-use</a> chopsticks, which are made from wood or bamboo, the growth in food delivery also has an impact on China's forests.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China produces about 80 billion pairs of single-use <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a> yearly, the equivalent of 20 million 20-year-old trees.<sup id="cite_ref-Gates,_3/11/2019_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates,_3/11/2019-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 45 percent are made from trees – mainly cottonwood, birch, and spruce, the remainder being made from bamboo. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by an estimated 1.4 billion people. In 2013 in Japan, one pair of disposable chopsticks cost US$0.02. One pair of reusable chopsticks cost $1.17, and each pair could be used 130 times. A cost of $1.17 per pair divided by 130 uses comes to $0.009 (0.9¢) per use, less than half the cost of disposable. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (August 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condiment_sachet" class="mw-redirect" title="Condiment sachet">Condiment sachet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leftovers" title="Leftovers">Leftovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a>, a type of paper container from America that later became used with Chinese American cuisine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">Pizza delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-takeaway-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-takeaway_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-takeaway_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/takeaway">"takeaway noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes"</a>. <i>Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+at+OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com&rft.atitle=takeaway+noun+-+Definition%2C+pictures%2C+pronunciation+and+usage+notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftakeaway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acorn.nationalinterest.in/2007/09/09/sunday-levity-paradise-secured/">"Sunday Levity: Paradise Secured"</a>. The Acorn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2008</span>. <q>But we're only here for a take-away (or <b>parcel</b>, in local parlance).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+Levity%3A+Paradise+Secured&rft.pub=The+Acorn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facorn.nationalinterest.in%2F2007%2F09%2F09%2Fsunday-levity-paradise-secured%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew F., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9/page/580"><i>The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9/page/580">580</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195307962" title="Special:BookSources/9780195307962"><bdi>9780195307962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Food+and+Drink&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=580&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780195307962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000unse_e9i9%2Fpage%2F580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss_AdamsonSegan2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiss Adamson, Melitta; Segan, Francine, eds. (October 30, 2008). <i>Entertaining from Ancient Rome to the Super Bowl: An Encyclopedia</i>. CT, USA: Greenwood Press. pp. 252–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313086892" title="Special:BookSources/9780313086892"><bdi>9780313086892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entertaining+from+Ancient+Rome+to+the+Super+Bowl%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=CT%2C+USA&rft.pages=252-253&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.isbn=9780313086892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisGrigsby2007" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen; Grigsby, Bryon L., eds. (2007). <i>Misconceptions about the Middle Ages</i>. London, UK: Routledge. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135986674" title="Special:BookSources/9781135986674"><bdi>9781135986674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Misconceptions+about+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781135986674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper-Bill2005" class="citation book cs1">Harper-Bill, Christopher, ed. (2005). <i>Medieval East Anglia</i>. Sussex, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831518" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831518"><bdi>9781843831518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+East+Anglia&rft.place=Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843831518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredman_Cernea2005" class="citation book cs1">Fredman Cernea, Ruth, ed. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatlatkehamant0000unse/page/181"><i>The Great Latke-Hamantash Debate</i></a></span>. London, UK: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatlatkehamant0000unse/page/181">181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226100234" title="Special:BookSources/9780226100234"><bdi>9780226100234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Latke-Hamantash+Debate&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780226100234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatlatkehamant0000unse%2Fpage%2F181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Snodgrass-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Snodgrass_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Snodgrass_-2004" class="citation book cs1">Mary Snodgrass - (September 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7IhN7lempUC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PA966"><i>Encyclopedia of Kitchen History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203319178" title="Special:BookSources/9780203319178"><bdi>9780203319178</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Kitchen+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.isbn=9780203319178&rft.au=Mary+Snodgrass+-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7IhN7lempUC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2B%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Snodgrass2004" class="citation book cs1">Mary Snodgrass (September 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7IhN7lempUC&q=street+food+history&pg=PA966"><i>Encyclopedia of Kitchen History</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203319178" title="Special:BookSources/9780203319178"><bdi>9780203319178</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Kitchen+History&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.isbn=9780203319178&rft.au=Mary+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7IhN7lempUC%26q%3Dstreet%2Bfood%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Evans2001" class="citation book cs1">Susan Evans (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vY8Cb3Vc7LMC&q=aztec+%22street+food%22&pg=PA276"><i>Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815308874" title="Special:BookSources/9780815308874"><bdi>9780815308874</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Ancient+Mexico+and+Central+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780815308874&rft.au=Susan+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvY8Cb3Vc7LMC%26q%3Daztec%2B%2522street%2Bfood%2522%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google4_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong_Towell_Long,_Luis_Alberto_Vargas2005" class="citation book cs1">Long Towell Long, Luis Alberto Vargas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyppownpnUQC&q=aztec+%22street+food%22&pg=PA124"><i>Food Culture In Mexico</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313324314" title="Special:BookSources/9780313324314"><bdi>9780313324314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+In+Mexico&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780313324314&rft.au=Long+Towell+Long%2C+Luis+Alberto+Vargas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyppownpnUQC%26q%3Daztec%2B%2522street%2Bfood%2522%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Pilcher2005" class="citation book cs1">J. Pilcher (December 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcwgxnOBXwMC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PA23"><i>Food In World History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203970058" title="Special:BookSources/9780203970058"><bdi>9780203970058</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+In+World+History&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft.isbn=9780203970058&rft.au=J.+Pilcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcwgxnOBXwMC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2B%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Albala2011" class="citation book cs1">Ken Albala (May 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&q=%22street+food%22&pg=RA3-PA226"><i>Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia</i></a>. Boo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313376269" title="Special:BookSources/9780313376269"><bdi>9780313376269</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Cultures+of+the+World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Boo&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.isbn=9780313376269&rft.au=Ken+Albala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTo6c_PJWRgC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%26pg%3DRA3-PA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Leonard_Turner2008" class="citation book cs1">Katherine Leonard Turner (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f01RpO0QsDQC&q=%22street+food%22+century&pg=PA214"><i>Good Food for Little Money: Food and Cooking Among Urban Working-class ...</i></a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549754237" title="Special:BookSources/9780549754237"><bdi>9780549754237</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Food+for+Little+Money%3A+Food+and+Cooking+Among+Urban+Working-class+...&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549754237&rft.au=Katherine+Leonard+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df01RpO0QsDQC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtemis_P._Simopoulos2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Simopoulos" title="Artemis Simopoulos">Artemis P. Simopoulos</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQgwVl22fXkC&q=street+food+history&pg=PA25"><i>Street Foods</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805569279" title="Special:BookSources/9783805569279"><bdi>9783805569279</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+Foods&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9783805569279&rft.au=Artemis+P.+Simopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQgwVl22fXkC%26q%3Dstreet%2Bfood%2Bhistory%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBower2008" class="citation book cs1">Bower, Anne L. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gF8NCxGHyMMC&q=%22street+food%22+&pg=PA71"><i>African American Foodways: Explorations of History and Culture -</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252076305" title="Special:BookSources/9780252076305"><bdi>9780252076305</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+American+Foodways%3A+Explorations+of+History+and+Culture+-&rft.date=2008-12&rft.isbn=9780252076305&rft.aulast=Bower&rft.aufirst=Anne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgF8NCxGHyMMC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%2B%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Harlan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FrWgDRkS90EC&q=%22street+food%22&pg=PA118"><i>Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery 1991: Public Eating : Proceedings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907325475" title="Special:BookSources/9780907325475"><bdi>9780907325475</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Symposium+on+Food+and+Cookery+1991%3A+Public+Eating+%3A+Proceedings&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780907325475&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFrWgDRkS90EC%26q%3D%2522street%2Bfood%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbottle2004" class="citation book cs1">Harbottle, Lynn (2004). <i>Food for Health, Food for Wealth: Ethnic and Gender Identities in British Iranian Community</i>. New York, USA: Berghahn Books. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571816344" title="Special:BookSources/9781571816344"><bdi>9781571816344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+for+Health%2C+Food+for+Wealth%3A+Ethnic+and+Gender+Identities+in+British+Iranian+Community&rft.place=New+York%2C+USA&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781571816344&rft.aulast=Harbottle&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoncaglia2013" class="citation book cs1">Roncaglia, Sara (2013). <i>Feeding the City: Work and Food Culture of the Mumbai Dabbawalas</i>. London, UK: Open Book Publishers. pp. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909254008" title="Special:BookSources/9781909254008"><bdi>9781909254008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+City%3A+Work+and+Food+Culture+of+the+Mumbai+Dabbawalas&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Open+Book+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781909254008&rft.aulast=Roncaglia&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaim2020" class="citation news cs1">Daim, Nuradzimmah (March 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2020/03/575400/restaurants-fast-food-outlets-prepare-restricted-movement-order">"Restaurants, fast food outlets prepare for restricted movement order"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Restaurants%2C+fast+food+outlets+prepare+for+restricted+movement+order&rft.date=2020-03-17&rft.aulast=Daim&rft.aufirst=Nuradzimmah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2020%2F03%2F575400%2Frestaurants-fast-food-outlets-prepare-restricted-movement-order&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2020" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Alexander (May 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soyacincau.com/2020/05/03/mcdonalds-malaysia-will-not-open-for-dine-in-customers-on-4th-may/">"McDonald's Malaysia will not open for dine-in customers on 4th May"</a>. <i>SoyaCincau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CT, USA: Greenwood Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313327988" title="Special:BookSources/9780313327988"><bdi>9780313327988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Culture+in+Great+Britain&rft.place=CT%2C+USA&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780313327988&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoughGough2008" class="citation book cs1">Gough, B; Gough, J (2008). <i>FCS Hospitality Services L3</i>. 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Research Foundation (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/149">Taiwan's Plastics Ban.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611051123/http://www.rachel.org/?q=en/node/149">Archived</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China Post. June 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapost.com.tw/print/111477.htm">EPA to ban disposable cups from June 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realbeer.com/news/articles/news-000283.php">"Realbeer.com: Beer News: Oktoberfest visitors set records"</a>. realbeer.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realbeer.com%3A+Beer+News%3A+Oktoberfest+visitors+set+records&rft.pub=realbeer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realbeer.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fnews-000283.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-Waste EU. (undated). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prewaste.eu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=255&Itemid=94">Ban on disposable food and drink containers at events in Munich, Germany (Pre-waste factsheet 99)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhong_and_Zhang,_NYT_5/28/2019-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhong_and_Zhang,_NYT_5/28/2019_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhongZhang2019" class="citation news cs1">Zhong, Raymond; Zhang, Carolyn (May 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/28/technology/china-food-delivery-trash.html">"Food Delivery Apps Are Drowning China in Plastic"</a>. The New York Times Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The astronomical growth of food delivery apps in China is flooding the country</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Food+Delivery+Apps+Are+Drowning+China+in+Plastic&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F28%2Ftechnology%2Fchina-food-delivery-trash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Song_et_al,_2017-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Song_et_al,_2017_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSongZhangDuanXu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Song, Guanghan; Zhang, Hui; Duan, Huabo; Xu, Ming (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/packaging-waste-from-food-delivery-in-china-s-mega-cities-FWSKD1p1mK?">"Packaging Waste from Food Delivery in China's Megacities"</a>. <i>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</i>. <b>130</b>: 227–228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018RCR...130..226S">2018RCR...130..226S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.12.007">10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.12.007</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resources%2C+Conservation+and+Recycling&rft.atitle=Packaging+Waste+from+Food+Delivery+in+China%27s+Megacities&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=227-228&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2017.12.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018RCR...130..226S&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Guanghan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hui&rft.au=Duan%2C+Huabo&rft.au=Xu%2C+Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepdyve.com%2Flp%2Felsevier%2Fpackaging-waste-from-food-delivery-in-china-s-mega-cities-FWSKD1p1mK%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meituan.todayir.com/attachment/2019041121050100033461369_en.pdf">2018 company report</a> from <a href="/wiki/Meituan" title="Meituan">Meituan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604223553/http://meituan.todayir.com/attachment/2019041121050100033461369_en.pdf">Archived</a> June 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuo2013" class="citation news cs1">Luo, Chris (March 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1188299/chinas-80-billion-disposable-chopsticks-burden-forests">"China's 80 billion disposable chopsticks a 'burden' on forests"</a>. SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST PUBLISHERS LTD. South China Morning Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China%27s+80+billion+disposable+chopsticks+a+%27burden%27+on+forests&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1188299%2Fchinas-80-billion-disposable-chopsticks-burden-forests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates,_3/11/2019-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gates,_3/11/2019_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2013" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Sara (March 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/chopstick-china-forests_n_2853033">"Disposable Chopstick Demand Is Killing China's Forests As Annual Production Reaches 80 Billion"</a>. <i>HuffPost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost.com&rft.atitle=Disposable+Chopstick+Demand+Is+Killing+China%27s+Forests+As+Annual+Production+Reaches+80+Billion&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fchopstick-china-forests_n_2853033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/24/disposable-chopsticks-strip-asian-forests/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0">Disposable Chopsticks Strip Asian Forests</a>. By <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Rachel Nuwer</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 24, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ecopedia. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecopedia.com/environment/how-wooden-chopsticks-are-killing-nature/">How Wooden Chopsticks Are Killing Nature</a>. By Alastair Shaw.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Take-out&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Take-out_food" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Take-out food">Take-out food</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Take-out" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Take-out">Take-out</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/takeout" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:takeout">takeout</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carry-out" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:carry-out">carry-out</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/take-away" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:take-away">take-away</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Videos</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/IfFE9e9xuNc">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904203118/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfFE9e9xuNc&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfFE9e9xuNc">"How Takeout Took Over America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. September 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Takeout+Took+Over+America&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIfFE9e9xuNc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATake-out" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fast_food" title="Template:Fast food"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fast_food" title="Template talk:Fast food"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fast_food" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fast food"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fast_food" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food" title="Junk food">Junk food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Take-out</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drive-through" title="Drive-through">Drive-through</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Points of sale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fast_food_restaurant_chains" title="List of fast food restaurant chains">Fast food restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_booth" title="Food booth">Food booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_cart" title="Food cart">Food cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_court" title="Food court">Food court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Select dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_sandwich" title="Breakfast sandwich">Breakfast sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast_sausage" title="Breakfast sausage">Breakfast sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wing" title="Buffalo wing">Buffalo wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheeseburger" title="Cheeseburger">Cheeseburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken fingers">Chicken fingers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chicken_nugget" title="Chicken nugget">Chicken nuggets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_toast" title="French toast">French toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">Fried chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grilled_cheese" title="Grilled cheese">Grilled cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyro_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyro (food)">Gyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_pretzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot pretzel">Hot pretzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Ice cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese" title="Macaroni and cheese">Macaroni and cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_ring" title="Onion ring">Onion rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_and_jelly_sandwich" title="Peanut butter and jelly sandwich">Peanut butter and jelly sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti" title="Spaghetti">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">Taco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle" title="Waffle">Waffles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fast_food" title="Criticism of fast food">Criticism of fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food_advertising" title="Fast food advertising">Fast food advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">Food desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/16px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/24px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/32px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meals_navbox" title="Template talk:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meals_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meals navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_breakfast" title="Second breakfast">Second breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevenses" title="Elevenses">Elevenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunch" title="Brunch">Brunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">Lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_(meal)" title="Tea (meal)">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merienda" title="Merienda">Merienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supper" title="Supper">Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_yeh" title="Siu yeh">Siu yeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components<br />and <a href="/wiki/Course_(food)" title="Course (food)">courses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">Apéritif and digestif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">Hors d'oeuvre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amuse-bouche" title="Amuse-bouche">Amuse-bouche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">Soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e" title="Entrée">Entrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_course" title="Main course">Main course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">Salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_dish" title="Side dish">Side dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entremets" class="mw-redirect" title="Entremets">Entremets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">Dessert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoury_(dish)" title="Savoury (dish)">Savoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_replacement" title="Meal replacement">Meal replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snack" title="Snack">Snack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foodservice#Table_service" title="Foodservice">Table service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffet" title="Buffet">Buffet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt_sushi" title="Conveyor belt sushi">Conveyor belt sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dish_(food)" title="Dish (food)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_food" title="Finger food">Finger food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-course_dinner" title="Full-course dinner">Full-course dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platter_(dinner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platter (dinner)">Platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod%C3%ADzio" title="Rodízio">Rodízio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Service à la française">Service à la française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_%C3%A0_la_russe" title="Service à la russe">Service à la russe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_service" title="Silver service">Silver service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_plates" title="Small plates">Small plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_reservation" title="Table reservation">Table reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_fresco_dining" class="mw-redirect" title="Al fresco dining">Al fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eating_utensils" title="List of eating utensils">Eating utensils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_presentation" title="Food presentation">Food presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnish_(cooking)" title="Garnish (cooking)">Garnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyotaimori" title="Nyotaimori">Nyotaimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_mont%C3%A9e" title="Pièce montée">Pièce montée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serving_size" title="Serving size">Serving size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_setting" title="Table setting">Table setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">Tablecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">Tableware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dining</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">Table manners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eating_utensil_etiquette" title="Eating utensil etiquette">Eating utensil etiquette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toast_(honor)" title="Toast (honor)">Toast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_staff" title="Waiting staff">Waiting staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju_(food)" title="Anju (food)">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipasto" title="Antipasto">Antipasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicchetti" title="Cicchetti">Cicchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_table_d%27h%C3%B4te" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean table d'hôte">Korean table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastarkh%C4%81n" title="Dastarkhān">Dastarkhān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">Dim sum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yum_cha" title="Yum cha">Yum cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fika_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fika (Sweden)">Fika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sakana" title="Sakana">Sakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiseki" title="Kaiseki">Kaiseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_and_three" title="Meat and three">Meat and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">Meze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okazuya" title="Okazuya">Okazuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_lunch" title="Plate lunch">Plate lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_pu_platter" title="Pu pu platter">Pu pu platter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_three" title="Rice and three">Rice and three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhya">Sadhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas" title="Tapas">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">Thali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">Tiffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakuski" title="Zakuski">Zakuski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento" title="Bento">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Convenience food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">Dosirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiben" title="Ekiben">Ekiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_rations" title="Emergency rations">Emergency rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_meal" title="Frozen meal">Frozen meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_breakfast" title="Instant breakfast">Instant breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABbako" title="Jūbako">Jūbako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninja diet">Ninja diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_lunch" title="Packed lunch">Packed lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Take-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menu" title="Menu">Menus</a> and<br />meal deals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte" title="À la carte">À la carte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-plate_special" title="Blue-plate special">Blue-plate special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_meal" title="Combination meal">Combination meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_lunch" title="Free lunch">Free lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_refill" title="Free refill">Free refill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kids%27_meal" title="Kids' meal">Kids' meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_meal" title="School meal">School meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_meal" title="Suspended meal">Suspended meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_d%27h%C3%B4te" title="Table d'hôte">Table d'hôte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasting_menu" title="Tasting menu">Tasting menu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Degustation" title="Degustation">Degustation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_meal" title="Value meal">Value meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_menu" title="Value menu">Value menu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communal_meal" title="Communal meal">Communal meals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">Banquet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_banquet" title="State banquet">State banquet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercium" title="Commercium">Commercium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_in" title="Dining in">Dining in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">Potluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittning" title="Sittning">Sittning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supra_(feast)" title="Supra (feast)">Supra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableround" title="Tableround">Tableround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_party" title="Tea party">Tea party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">food delivery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Online food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_restaurant" title="Virtual restaurant">Virtual restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places to eat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafeteria" title="Cafeteria">Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_truck" title="Food truck">Food truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inn" title="Inn">Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic_table" title="Picnic table">Picnic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">Soup kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">Street food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traiteur_(culinary_profession)" title="Traiteur (culinary profession)">Traiteur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_(profession)" title="Cook (profession)">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">Chef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating" title="Eating">Eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_food_and_beverage_topics" title="Lists of food and beverage topics">Lists of food and beverage topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_food_preparation" title="Outline of food preparation">Outline of food preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumeria" 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