CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hudson's Bay Company - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f9b7341e-63d9-4d91-b0f8-4fa5c6e65a11","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hudson's_Bay_Company","wgTitle":"Hudson's Bay Company","wgCurRevisionId":1259225841,"wgRevisionId":1259225841,"wgArticleId":13297,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Articles incorporating Cite DNB template","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2015","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Italian-language text","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Canadian English from February 2020", "All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Use dmy dates from March 2021","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Hudson's Bay Company","1670 establishments in England","2008 mergers and acquisitions","2012 initial public offerings","2020 mergers and acquisitions","British colonization of the Americas","Canadian brands","Canadian folklore","Chartered companies","Clothing retailers of Canada","Companies based in Brampton","Retail companies established in 1670","Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange","Economic history of Canada", "English colonization of the Americas","Fur trade","History of the Pacific Northwest","History of the Rocky Mountains","Multinational companies headquartered in Canada","Oregon Country","Private equity portfolio companies","Trading companies of England","Trading companies of Canada","Trading companies established in the 17th century","Pemmican War"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hudson's_Bay_Company","wgRelevantArticleId":13297,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q76039","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/1200px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/800px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/640px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hudson's Bay Company - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hudson_s_Bay_Company rootpage-Hudson_s_Bay_Company skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 17th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Competition_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Competition and exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_early_presence_in_present-day_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_early_presence_in_present-day_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Additional early presence in present-day United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_early_presence_in_present-day_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_presence_in_present-day_Canada_(British_Columbia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_presence_in_present-day_Canada_(British_Columbia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Early presence in present-day Canada (British Columbia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_presence_in_present-day_Canada_(British_Columbia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_monopoly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_monopoly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 End of monopoly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_monopoly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shift_to_department_stores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shift_to_department_stores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Shift to department stores </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shift_to_department_stores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Indigenous health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Latter 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquisition_and_sale_of_other_chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_and_sale_of_other_chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Acquisition and sale of other chains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_and_sale_of_other_chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zellers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zellers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Zellers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zellers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_&_Taylor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_&_Taylor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Lord & Taylor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord_&_Taylor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saks,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saks,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 Saks, Inc. </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saks,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galeria_Kaufhof/Galeria_Inno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galeria_Kaufhof/Galeria_Inno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Galeria Kaufhof/Galeria Inno </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galeria_Kaufhof/Galeria_Inno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neiman_Marcus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neiman_Marcus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.6 Neiman Marcus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neiman_Marcus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Operations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Olympic_outfitter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_outfitter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Olympic outfitter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_outfitter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Corporate governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Corporate hierarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Progression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Progression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Governors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Miscellany </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Miscellany subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Miscellany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rent_obligation_under_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rent_obligation_under_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Rent obligation under charter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rent_obligation_under_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HBC_explorers,_builders,_and_associates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HBC_explorers,_builders,_and_associates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 HBC explorers, builders, and associates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HBC_explorers,_builders,_and_associates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HBC_sternwheelers_and_steamships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HBC_sternwheelers_and_steamships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 HBC sternwheelers and steamships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HBC_sternwheelers_and_steamships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Rivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hudson's Bay Company</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudsones_Byht_T%C4%93oh" title="Hudsones Byht Tēoh – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hudsones Byht Tēoh" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="شركة خليج هدسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة خليج هدسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudzon_k%C3%B6rf%C9%99zi_%C5%9Firk%C9%99ti" title="Hudzon körfəzi şirkəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hudzon körfəzi şirkəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="هادسونز بی شیرکتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هادسونز بی شیرکتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кампанія Гудзонава заліва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кампанія Гудзонава заліва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хъдсън Бей (компания) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хъдсън Бей (компания)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companyia_de_la_Badia_de_Hudson" title="Companyia de la Badia de Hudson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Companyia de la Badia de Hudson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Dnost_Hudsonova_z%C3%A1livu" title="Společnost Hudsonova zálivu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společnost Hudsonova zálivu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmni_Bae_Hudson" title="Cwmni Bae Hudson – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cwmni Bae Hudson" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%99s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson’s Bay Company – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hudson’s Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_Hudson" title="Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compañía de la Bahía de Hudson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompanio_de_la_Hudsona_Golfo" title="Kompanio de la Hudsona Golfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kompanio de la Hudsona Golfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Badiako_Konpainia" title="Hudson Badiako Konpainia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hudson Badiako Konpainia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هادسونز بی کمپانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هادسونز بی کمپانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_de_la_Baie_d%27Hudson" title="Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudsonbaai_Kompanjy" title="Hudsonbaai Kompanjy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hudsonbaai Kompanjy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADa_da_Ba%C3%ADa_de_Hudson" title="Compañía da Baía de Hudson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compañía da Baía de Hudson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A8_%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4_%ED%9A%8C%EC%82%AC" title="허드슨 베이 회사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허드슨 베이 회사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հուդզոնի ծոցի ընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուդզոնի ծոցի ընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnia_della_Baia_di_Hudson" title="Compagnia della Baia di Hudson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Compagnia della Baia di Hudson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חברת מפרץ הדסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברת מפרץ הדסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%89%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E6%B9%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE" title="ハドソン湾会社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハドソン湾会社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%99s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson’s Bay Company – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hudson’s Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompania_Zatoki_Hudsona" title="Kompania Zatoki Hudsona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kompania Zatoki Hudsona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companhia_da_Ba%C3%ADa_de_Hudson" title="Companhia da Baía de Hudson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Companhia da Baía de Hudson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Компания Гудзонова залива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компания Гудзонова залива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5_Hudsonovho_z%C3%A1livu" title="Spoločnosť Hudsonovho zálivu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoločnosť Hudsonovho zálivu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Компанија Хадсон Беј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Компанија Хадсон Беј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%99s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson’s Bay Company – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hudson’s Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay-kompaniet" title="Hudson Bay-kompaniet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hudson Bay-kompaniet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hudson's Bay Company" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Компанія Гудзонової затоки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Компанія Гудзонової затоки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ty_Hudson%27s_Bay" title="Công ty Hudson's Bay – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công ty Hudson's Bay" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%80%8A%E6%B9%BE%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="哈德逊湾公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈德逊湾公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76039#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&oldid=1259225841" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&id=1259225841&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHudson%2527s_Bay_Company">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHudson%2527s_Bay_Company">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76039" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian retail business group and former fur trading business</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hudson's Bay (disambiguation)">Hudson's Bay (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hudson's Bay Company Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/220px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/330px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg/440px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2 May 1670; 354 years ago (2 May 1670) <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>401 Bay Street <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, M5H 2Y4<a href="#cite_note-HBCHQ-1">[1]</a></li> <li>225 <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Liberty Street (Manhattan)">Liberty Street</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, New York 10281</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard Baker</a> (governor, executive chairman and CEO)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CA$9.4 billion (2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> CA$−631 million (2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NRDC_Equity_Partners" title="NRDC Equity Partners">NRDC Equity Partners</a> (48%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellers" title="Zellers">Zellers</a></li> <li>Saks Global</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Off_5th" title="Saks Off 5th">Saks Off 5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neiman_Marcus" title="Neiman Marcus">Neiman Marcus</a> (pending acquisition)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbc.com">www.hbc.com</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76039#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson) is a Canadian <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> business group. A <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trading</a> business for much of its existence, it became the largest and oldest corporation in Canada, before evolving into a major <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> retailer, operating retail stores across both the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The company's namesake business division is <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay</a>, commonly referred to as The Bay (La Baie in French).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After incorporation by English <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1670, the company was granted a right of "sole trade and commerce" over an expansive area of land known as <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, comprising much of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_drainage_basin" title="Hudson Bay drainage basin">Hudson Bay drainage basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-charter-6">[6]</a> This right effectively gave the company a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">commercial monopoly</a> over that area. The HBC functioned as the de facto government in Rupert's Land for nearly 200 years until the HBC relinquished control of the land to Canada in 1869 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Deed_of_Surrender" title="Deed of Surrender">Deed of Surrender</a>,<a href="#cite_note-charter-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land_Act_1868" title="Rupert's Land Act 1868">Rupert's Land Act 1868</a>. At its peak, the company controlled the fur trade throughout much of the English- and later <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British-controlled North America</a>. By the mid-19th century, the company evolved into a mercantile business selling a wide variety of products from furs to fine <a href="/wiki/Homeware" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeware">homeware</a> in a small number of sales shops (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a>) across Canada.<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Heritage-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a> These shops were the first step towards the department stores the company owns today.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(businessman)" title="Jerry Zucker (businessman)">Jerry Zucker</a>, an American businessman, bought HBC for US$1.1 billion. In 2008, HBC was acquired by <a href="/wiki/NRDC_Equity_Partners" title="NRDC Equity Partners">NRDC Equity Partners</a>, which also owned the upmarket American department store <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2008-19-11">[11]</a> From 2008 to 2012, the HBC was run through a holding company of NRDC, <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Trading_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Trading Company">Hudson's Bay Trading Company</a>, which was dissolved in early 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson's_Bay_Trading_Company_dissolved-12">[12]</a> HBC's U.S. headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, New York City,<a href="#cite_note-HBCHQ-1">[1]</a> while its Canadian headquarters are in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HBCHQ-1">[1]</a> The company spun off most of its European operations by August 2019 and its remaining stores there, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, were sold by the end of 2019. Until March 2020, the company was listed on the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> under the symbol "HBC.TO" until <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard Baker</a> and a group of shareholders took the company private.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-13">[13]</a> HBC is, as of 2022,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit">[update]</a> the majority owner of eCommerce companies <a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a><a href="#cite_note-Quartz:Saks_is_turning_its_back-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saks_Off_5th" title="Saks Off 5th">Saks Off 5th</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WWD:Saks_Off_5th_Splits-15">[15]</a> both established as separate operating companies in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-WWD:Saks_Off_5th_Splits-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg:Saks_Off_5th_will_become-16">[16]</a> HBC wholly owns SFA, the entity that operates Saks Fifth Avenue's physical locations;<a href="#cite_note-CNBC:Saks_Fifth_Ave_owner_spins-17">[17]</a> O5, the operating company for Saks Off 5th stores;<a href="#cite_note-RetailDive:With_$200M-18">[18]</a> The Bay, an eCommerce marketplace and Hudson's Bay, the operating company for Hudson's Bay's <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick-and-mortar</a> stores.<a href="#cite_note-RetailDive:With_$200M-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-CTV_News:_Hudson's_Bay_splitting-19">[19]</a> In July 2024, HBC announced that it would acquire the <a href="/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Group" title="Neiman Marcus Group">Neiman Marcus Group</a> for US$2.65 billion and fold it into the new flagship entity Saks Fifth Avenue Global.<a href="#cite_note-SaksToAcquireNeimanMarcus-20">[20]</a> HBC owns or controls approximately 3.7 million square metres (40 million square feet) of gross leasable real estate<a href="#cite_note-PYMNTS-21">[21]</a> through its real estate and investment arm, HBC Properties and Investments, established in October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Retail_Insider:Hudson's_Bay_Company_announces-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Hive:Hudson's_Bay_Launches-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 17th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruperts_land.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ruperts_land.svg/220px-Ruperts_land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ruperts_land.svg/330px-Ruperts_land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Ruperts_land.svg/440px-Ruperts_land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="1263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, an area that encompasses the drainage basin of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></figcaption></figure> For much of the 17th century, the French colonists in North America, based in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, operated a de facto <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> in the North American <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a> traders, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Esprit_Radisson" title="Pierre-Esprit Radisson">Pierre-Esprit Radisson</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dard_des_Groseilliers" title="Médard des Groseilliers">Médard des Groseilliers</a> (Médard de Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers), Radisson's brother-in-law, learned from the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> that the best fur country lay north and west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a>, and that there was a "frozen sea" still further north.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_64-24">[24]</a> Assuming this was Hudson Bay, they sought French backing for a plan to set up a trading post on the Bay in order to reduce the cost of moving furs overland. According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Peter C. Newman</a>, "concerned that exploration of the Hudson Bay route might shift the focus of the fur trade away from the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, the French governor", <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Voyer_d%27Argenson,_Vicomte_de_Mouzay" title="Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson, Vicomte de Mouzay">Marquis d'Argenson</a> (in office 1658–61), "refused to grant the <a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">coureurs des bois</a> permission to scout the distant territory".<a href="#cite_note-Newman_64-24">[24]</a> Despite this refusal, in 1659 Radisson and Groseilliers set out for the upper Great Lakes basin. A year later they returned to Montreal with premium furs, evidence of the potential of the Hudson Bay region. Subsequently, they were arrested by French authorities for trading without a licence and fined, and their furs were confiscated by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Radisson-25">[25]</a> Determined to establish trade in the Hudson Bay area, Radisson and Groseilliers approached a group of English colonial merchants in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> to help finance their explorations. The Bostonians agreed on the plan's merits, but their speculative voyage in 1663 failed when their ship ran into <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">pack ice</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a>. Boston-based English commissioner <a href="/wiki/George_Cartwright_(trader)" title="George Cartwright (trader)">Colonel George Cartwright</a> learned of the expedition and brought the two to England to raise financing.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_64-24">[24]</a> Radisson and Groseilliers arrived in London in 1665 at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a>. Eventually, the two met and gained the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert</a>. Prince Rupert introduced the two to his cousin, the reigning king – <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman198565-26">[26]</a> In 1668 the English expedition acquired two ships, the <a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_(1650_ship)" title="Nonsuch (1650 ship)">Nonsuch</a> and the Eaglet, to explore possible trade into Hudson Bay. Groseilliers sailed on the Nonsuch, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Gillam" title="Zachariah Gillam">Zachariah Gillam</a>, while the Eaglet was commanded by Captain William Stannard and accompanied by Radisson. On 5 June 1668, both ships left port at <a href="/wiki/Deptford" title="Deptford">Deptford</a>, England, but the Eaglet was forced to turn back off the coast of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Radisson-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195836,_38,_42-27">[27]</a> The Nonsuch continued to <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>, the southern portion of Hudson Bay, where its explorers founded, in 1668, the first fort on Hudson Bay, Charles Fort<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rupert_River" title="Rupert River">Rupert River</a>. It later became known as "Rupert House", and developed as the community of present-day <a href="/wiki/Waskaganish" title="Waskaganish">Waskaganish</a>, Quebec. Both the <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">fort</a> and the river were named after the sponsor of the expedition, Prince Rupert of the Rhine, one of the major investors and soon to become the new company's first governor. After a successful trading expedition over the winter of 1668–69, Nonsuch returned to England on 9 October 1669 with the first cargo of fur resulting from trade in Hudson Bay.<a href="#cite_note-Radisson-25">[25]</a> The bulk of the fur – worth £1,233 – was sold to Thomas Glover, one of London's most prominent furriers. This and subsequent purchases by Glover proved the viability of the fur trade in Hudson Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42-29">[29]</a> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Hudson's Bay Company Act 1689</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281689-1694%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for confirming to the Governor and Company trading to Hudson's Bay, their Privileges and Trade.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2_Will._%26_Mar." class="mw-redirect" title="2 Will. & Mar.">2 Will. & Mar.</a> c. 15</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1690</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs,_in_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs%2C_in_London.png/220px-In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs%2C_in_London.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs%2C_in_London.png/330px-In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs%2C_in_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/In_1671_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_sold_its_first_furs%2C_in_London.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the first sale of Hudson's Bay fur at <a href="/wiki/Garraway%27s_Coffee_House" title="Garraway's Coffee House">Garraway's Coffee House</a> in London, 1671</figcaption></figure> A royal charter from King Charles II incorporated "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England, trading into Hudson's Bay" on 2 May 1670.<a href="#cite_note-charter-6">[6]</a> The charter granted the company a monopoly over the region drained by all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay in northern parts of present-day Canada, taking possession on behalf of England. The area was named "<a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>"<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> after Prince Rupert,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> the first governor of the company appointed by the King. This drainage basin of Hudson Bay spans 3,861,400 square kilometres (1,490,900 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-atlas-32">[32]</a> comprising over one-third of the area of modern-day Canada, and stretches into the present-day north-central <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The specific boundaries remained unknown at the time. Rupert's Land would eventually become Canada's largest land <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rupert%27s_Land_and_North-Western_Territory_transfer" title="Timeline of Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory transfer">"purchase"</a> in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The HBC established six posts between 1668 and 1717. Rupert House<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> (1668, southeast), <a href="/wiki/Moose_Factory" title="Moose Factory">Moose Factory</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> (1673, south) and Fort Albany,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Ontario (1679, west) were erected on James Bay; three other posts were established on the western shore of Hudson Bay proper: <a href="/wiki/New_Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="New Severn">New Severn</a> (1685),<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a> (1684), and <a href="/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba" title="Churchill, Manitoba">Fort Churchill</a> (1717). Inland posts <a href="/wiki/Asleep_by_the_frozen_sea" title="Asleep by the frozen sea">were not built</a> until 1774. After 1774, York Factory became the main post because of its convenient access to the vast interior waterway-systems of the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River" title="Saskatchewan River">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red</a> rivers. Originally called "factories" because the <a href="/wiki/Factor_(agent)" title="Factor (agent)">"factor"</a>, i.e., a person acting as a mercantile agent, did business from there, these posts operated in the manner of the Dutch fur-trading operations in <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>. By adoption of the Standard of Trade in the 18th century, the HBC ensured consistent pricing throughout Rupert's Land. A means of exchange arose based on the "<a href="/wiki/Made_Beaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Made Beaver">Made Beaver</a>" (MB); a prime pelt, worn for a year and ready for processing: "the prices of all trade goods were set in values of Made Beaver (MB) with other animal pelts, such as squirrel, otter and moose quoted in their MB (made beaver) equivalents. For example, two otter pelts might equal 1 MB".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg/170px-Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg/255px-Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg/340px-Indians_at_a_Hudson_Bay_Company_trading_post.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Trading at an HBC trading post</figcaption></figure> During the fall and winter, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> men and European <a href="/wiki/Fur_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trapping">fur trappers</a> accomplished the vast majority of the animal trapping and pelt preparation. They travelled by <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a> and on foot to the forts to sell their pelts. In exchange they typically received popular trade-goods such as knives, kettles, beads, needles, and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Hudson's Bay point blanket</a>. The arrival of the First Nations trappers was one of the high points of the year, met with pomp and circumstance. The highlight was very formal, an almost ritualized "Trading Ceremony" between the Chief Trader and the Captain of the aboriginal contingent who traded on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> During the initial years of the fur trade, prices for items varied from post to post.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The early coastal factory model of the English contrasted with the system of the French, who established an extensive system of inland posts at native villages and sent traders to live among the tribes of the region, learning their languages and often forming alliances through marriages with indigenous women. In March 1686 the French sent a <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition_(1686)" title="Hudson Bay expedition (1686)">raiding party</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Troyes,_Chevalier_de_Troyes" title="Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes">Chevalier des Troyes</a> more than 1,300 km (810 mi) to capture the HBC posts along James Bay. The French appointed <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a>, who had shown great heroism during the raids, as commander of the company's captured posts. In 1687 an English attempt to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Albany" title="Battle of Fort Albany">resettle Fort Albany</a> failed due to strategic deceptions by d'Iberville. After 1688 England and France <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">were officially at war</a>, and the conflict played out in North America as well. D'Iberville raided Fort Severn in 1690 but did not attempt to raid the well-defended local headquarters at York Factory. In 1693 the HBC <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Albany_(1693)" title="Battle of Fort Albany (1693)">recovered Fort Albany</a>; d'Iberville <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_York_Factory" title="Capture of York Factory">captured York Factory</a> in 1694, but the company recovered it the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Company_of_Adventurers-41">[41]</a>: 151–158  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg/170px-La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg/255px-La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg/340px-La_prise_fort_Bourbon_dans_la_baie_d%27Hudson_en_1694_par_les_Fran%C3%A7ais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_York_Factory" title="Capture of York Factory">capture of York Factory</a> by French forces in 1694</figcaption></figure> In 1697, d'Iberville again commanded a French naval raid on York Factory. On the way to the fort he defeated three ships of the Royal Navy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hudson%27s_Bay" title="Battle of Hudson's Bay">Battle of Hudson's Bay</a> (5 September 1697), the largest naval battle in the history of the North American Arctic. D'Iberville's depleted French force captured York Factory by laying siege to the fort and pretending to be a much larger army. The French retained all of the outposts except Fort Albany until 1713. A small French and Indian force attacked Fort Albany again <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Albany_(1709)" title="Battle of Fort Albany (1709)">in 1709</a> during <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> but was unsuccessful. The economic consequences of the French possession of these posts for the company were significant; the HBC did not pay any dividends for more than 20 years. See <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_conflicts_on_Hudson_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay">Anglo-French conflicts on Hudson Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Company_of_Adventurers-41">[41]</a>: 160–164  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> With the ending of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> in 1697, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in 1713 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, France had made substantial concessions. Among the treaty's many provisions, it required France to relinquish all claims to Great Britain on the Hudson Bay, which again became a British possession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1985352-42">[42]</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> had been established following the union of Scotland and England in 1707). After the treaty, the HBC built <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Fort" title="Prince of Wales Fort">Prince of Wales Fort</a>, a stone <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star fort</a> at the mouth of the nearby <a href="/wiki/Churchill_River_(Hudson_Bay)" title="Churchill River (Hudson Bay)">Churchill River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Company_of_Adventurers-41">[41]</a>: 202–206 In 1782, during the <a href="/wiki/Naval_operations_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, a French squadron under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse</a> <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition" title="Hudson Bay expedition">captured and demolished</a> York Factory and Prince of Wales Fort in support of the American rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Company_of_Adventurers-41">[41]</a>: 366–371  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg/170px-A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg/255px-A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg/340px-A_Canadian_Squaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of an Indigenous woman wearing a <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Hudson's Bay point blanket</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1850</figcaption></figure> In its trade with native peoples, Hudson's Bay Company exchanged wool blankets, called Hudson's Bay point blankets, for the beaver pelts trapped by aboriginal hunters. By 1700, point blankets accounted for more than 60 percent of the trade.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a> stripes (a.k.a. points) woven into the blankets identified its finished size. A long-held misconception is that the number of stripes was related to its value in beaver pelts.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> A parallel may be drawn between the HBC's control over Rupert's Land with the trade monopoly and government functions enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> over India during roughly the same period. The HBC invested £10,000 in the East India Company in 1732, which it viewed as a major competitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42,_491-45">[45]</a> Hudson's Bay Company's first inland trading post was established by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hearne" title="Samuel Hearne">Samuel Hearne</a> in 1774 with <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_House,_Saskatchewan" title="Cumberland House, Saskatchewan">Cumberland House, Saskatchewan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DNB_Hearne-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearne-47">[47]</a> Conversely, a number of inland HBC "houses" pre-date the construction of Cumberland House, in 1774. Henley House, established in 1743, inland from Hudson Bay, at the confluence of the Albany and Kabinakagami Rivers, was dependent on Albany River – Fort Albany for lines of communication, was not "finished" until 1768.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Next, the inland houses of Split Lake and Nelson Houses were established between 1740 and 1760. These were dependent on York River – York Factory and Churchill River, respectively. Although not inland, Richmond Fort was established in 1749. This was on an island within Hudson Bay. It was titled a "New Discovery" in 1749, and by 1750 was titled Richmond Gulf. The name was changed to Richmond Fort and given the abbreviation RF from 1756 to 1759, it served mainly as a trade goods and provisions storage location.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Additional inland posts were Capusco River and Chickney Creek, both circa 1750. Likewise, Brunswick (1776), New Brunswick (1777), Gloucester (1777), Upper Hudson (ca. 1778), Lower Hudson (1779), Rupert, and Wapiscogami Houses were established in the decade of the 1770s.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> These post-date Cumberland House, yet speak to the expanding inland incursion of the HBC in the last quarter of the 18th century. Minor posts also during this time period include Mesackamy/Mesagami Lake (1777), Sturgeon Lake (1778), Beaver Lake Posts.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In 1779, other traders founded the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (NWC) in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> as a seasonal partnership to provide more capital and to continue competing with the HBC. It became operative for the outfit of 1780 and was the first <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a> in Canada and possibly North America. The agreement lasted one year. A second agreement established in 1780 had a three-year term. The company became a permanent entity in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1985354-57">[57]</a> By 1784, the NWC had begun to make serious inroads into the HBC's profits.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/220px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/330px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg/440px-The_Fight_at_Seven_Oaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a>, a violent confrontation between HBC and the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></figcaption></figure> The North West Company (NWC) was the main rival in the fur trade. The competition led to the small <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a> in 1816. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> on 19 June 1816 was the climax of the long dispute.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1821, the North West Company of Montreal and Hudson's Bay Company were forcibly merged by intervention of the British government to put an end to often-violent competition. 175 posts, 68 of them the HBC's, were reduced to 52 for efficiency and because many were redundant as a result of the rivalry and were inherently unprofitable.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Their combined territory was extended by a licence to the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a>, which reached to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> in the north and, with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Department">Columbia Department</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the west. The NWC's regional headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort George</a> (Fort Astoria) was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> by 1825 on the north bank of the Columbia River; it became the HBC base of operations on the Pacific Slope.<a href="#cite_note-Caesars_of_the_Wilderness-61">[61]</a>: 369–370  Before the merger, the employees of the HBC, unlike those of the North West Company, did not participate in its profits. After the merger, with all operations under the management of <a href="/wiki/George_Simpson_(administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Simpson (administrator)">Sir George Simpson</a> (1826–60), the company had a corps of commissioned officers: 25 chief factors and 28 chief traders, who shared in the company's profits during the monopoly years. Its trade covered 7,770,000 km2 (3,000,000 sq mi), and it had 1,500 contract employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1957[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOscZfLNOQkCpgPA8_8–23]-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg/440px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_currency_to_fur_traders_1820_Fort_York_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>Currency issued by the Hudson's Bay Company, 1820</figcaption></figure> Between 1820 and 1870, the HBC issued its own <a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">paper money</a>. The notes, denominated in sterling, were printed in London and issued at York Factory for circulation primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Competition_and_exploration">Competition and exploration</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Competition and exploration">edit</a>]</div> Although the HBC maintained a monopoly on the fur trade during the early to mid-19th century, there was competition from James Sinclair and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McDermot" title="Andrew McDermot">Andrew McDermot</a> (Dermott), independent traders in the Red River Colony. They shipped furs by the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Trails" title="Red River Trails">Red River Trails</a> to <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kittson" title="Norman Kittson">Norman Kittson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith195760–72-64">[64]</a> a buyer in the United States. In addition, Americans controlled the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_fur_trade" title="Maritime fur trade">maritime fur trade</a> on the Northwest Coast until the 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Throughout the 1820s and the 1830s, the HBC controlled nearly all trading operations in the Pacific Northwest region and was based at its headquarters at Fort Vancouver, on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Although claims to the region were by agreement in abeyance, commercial operating rights were nominally shared by the United States and Britain through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Anglo-American Convention of 1818</a>, but company policy, enforced via Chief Factor <a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a> of the company's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>, was to discourage U.S. settlement of the territory. The company's effective monopoly on trade virtually forbade any settlement in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Caesars_of_the_Wilderness-61">[61]</a>: 370  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_early_presence_in_present-day_United_States">Additional early presence in present-day United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional early presence in present-day United States">edit</a>]</div> Over and above the NWC Fort George headquarters site, the HBC carried on the early presence in the region of the NWC when it merged in 1821 with noteworthy sites: <a href="/wiki/Spokane_House" title="Spokane House">Spokane House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Okanogan" title="Fort Okanogan">Fort Okanogan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nez_Perc%C3%A9s" title="Fort Nez Percés">Fort Nez Percés</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Colville" title="Fort Colville">Fort Colville</a> located further North on the Columbia River replaced Spokane House in 1825. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Umpqua" title="Fort Umpqua">Fort Umpqua</a> was established in 1832 in present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_River" title="Willamette River">Willamette River</a> had been explored up toward its headwaters by mainly the NWC. Nisqually House was built during the same year to establish a presence further North on Puget Sound in present-day State of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (State)">Washington</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nisqually" title="Fort Nisqually">Fort Nisqually</a> a few years later closer to present-day Canadian sites. The HBC established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a> in 1834 (in present-day southwestern Idaho) to compete with the American <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a>, 483 km (300 mi) to the east. In 1837, it purchased Fort Hall, also along the route of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>. The outpost director displayed the abandoned wagons of discouraged settlers to those seeking to move west along the trail.<a href="#cite_note-Mackie-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg/220px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg/330px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg/440px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_express_canoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>HBC officials in an express canoe crossing a lake, 1825</figcaption></figure> HBC trappers were also deeply involved in the early exploration and development of <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a>. Company trapping brigades were sent south from Fort Vancouver, along what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_Trail" title="Siskiyou Trail">Siskiyou Trail</a>, into Northern California as far south as the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, where the company operated a trading post at <a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>). The southern-most camp of the company was <a href="/wiki/French_Camp,_California#History" title="French Camp, California">French Camp</a>, east of San Francisco in the Central Valley adjacent to the future site of the city of <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a>. These trapping brigades in Northern California faced serious risks, and were often the first to explore relatively uncharted territory. They included the lesser known <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden" title="Peter Skene Ogden">Peter Skene Ogden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Black" title="Samuel Black">Samuel Black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The HBC also operated a store in what were then known as the Sandwich Islands (now the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>), engaging in merchant shipping to the islands between 1828 and 1859.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Extending the presence it had built in present-day British Columbia northern coast, the HBC reached by 1838 as far North as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stikine" title="Fort Stikine">Fort Stikine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Panhandle">Alaska Panhandle</a> by present-day <a href="/wiki/Wrangell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrangell">Wrangell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/RAC-HBC_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="RAC-HBC agreement">RAC-HBC agreement</a> (1839) with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_American_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian American Company">Russian American Company</a> (RAC) provided for such a continuing presence in exchange for the HBC to supply the Russian coastal sites with agricultural products. The <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_Agricultural_Company" title="Puget Sound Agricultural Company">Puget Sound Agricultural Company</a> subsidiary was created to supply grain, dairy, livestock and manufactured goods out of Fort Vancouver, Fort Nisqually, <a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowlitz Farm">Fort Cowlitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a> in present-day southern British Columbia. The company's stranglehold on the region was broken by the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail#Great_Migration_of_1843" title="Oregon Trail">first successful large wagon train to reach Oregon in 1843</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Whitman" title="Marcus Whitman">Marcus Whitman</a>. In the years that followed, thousands of emigrants poured into the <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Valley" title="Willamette Valley">Willamette Valley</a> of Oregon. In 1846, the United States acquired full authority south of the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a>; the most settled areas of the Oregon Country were south of the Columbia River in what is now Oregon. McLoughlin, who had once turned away would-be settlers when he was company director, then welcomed them from his general store at <a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a>. He later became known as the "Father of Oregon".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_presence_in_present-day_Canada_(British_Columbia)">Early presence in present-day Canada (British Columbia)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early presence in present-day Canada (British Columbia)">edit</a>]</div> The HBC also carried on the early presence in the region of the NWC in present-day central and northern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> with noteworthy sites: <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_British_Columbia" title="Alexandria, British Columbia">Fort Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort d'Épinette (Fort St. John)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._James" title="Fort St. James">Fort St. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George (British Columbia)">Fort George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Fort Shuswap (Fort Kamloops)</a>. Since the 1818 Treaty settled the 49th degree parallel border only as far as the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, the HBC was looking for a site further West in case the parallel border would become further extended at the end of the 10 years joint occupancy term. By 1824, the HBC was commissioning an expedition to travel from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Astoria" title="Fort Astoria">Fort George</a> regional headquarter on the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a>. The three boats 40some crew led by the <a href="/wiki/James_McMillan_(fur_trader)" title="James McMillan (fur trader)">James McMillan</a> were first to officially ever make it to <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> from the continent, to reach its northern end into <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Bay" title="Boundary Bay">Boundary Bay</a> and to bypass the mouth of the Fraser. They shortcut through two mainland rivers and a portage in order to finally reach the lower Fraser. Friendly tribes were identified along with subsistence farming land suitable for sustaining a trading post. The first <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a> was subsequently built (1827), establishing an early settlers long lasting presence in current day southern British Columbia. The fur trade in a wet climate turned out to be marginal and quickly evolved into a salmon trade site with abundant supply in the vicinity. The HBC stretched its presence North on the coastline with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Simpson_(Columbia_Department)" title="Fort Simpson (Columbia Department)">Fort Simpson</a> (1831) on the <a href="/wiki/Nass_River" title="Nass River">Nass River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_McLoughlin" title="Fort McLoughlin">Fort McLoughlin</a> (1833) and the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_(steamship)" title="Beaver (steamship)">Beaver</a> (1836), the first steamship to ever roam the Pacific Northwest for resupplying its coastline sites. The HBC was securing a trading monopoly on the coastline keeping away independent American traders: "By 1837, American competition on the North West Coast was effectively over".<a href="#cite_note-Mackie-67">[67]</a>: 126  The HBC gained more control of the fur trade with both the coastline and inland tribes to access the fur rich <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia district</a> in current day northern British Columbia: "monopoly control of the coastal fur trade allowed the HBC to impose a uniform tariff on both sides of the Coast Mountains".<a href="#cite_note-Mackie-67">[67]</a>: 133  By 1843, under pressure from the Americans to withdraw further North with the looming <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> border negotiation finalized in 1846, and strong of its coastal presence on the northern coast, HBC built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Victoria_(British_Columbia)" title="Fort Victoria (British Columbia)">Fort Victoria</a> at the southern end of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> in southern BC. A well sheltered ocean port with agricultural potential in the vicinity would allow the new regional headquarter to further develop the trade on salmon, timber and cranberries. Trade via the Hawaiian post was also increasing. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Rupert" title="Fort Rupert">Fort Rupert</a> (1849) at the northern end of the island would open up access to coal fields. On the continent mainland, <a href="/wiki/Hope,_British_Columbia" title="Hope, British Columbia">Fort Hope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale,_British_Columbia" title="Yale, British Columbia">Fort Yale</a> (1848) were built to extend the HBC presence on the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> as far as navigable. Brigades would link a rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a> (1840) on the Lower Fraser to <a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Fort Kamloops</a> by 1850 and the rest of the transportation network to <a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia district</a> fur returns. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_monopoly">End of monopoly</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End of monopoly">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_(1865)_(2211818555).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg/220px-A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg/330px-A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg/440px-A_Section_of_a_General_Map_of_the_Routes_in_British_North_America_Explored_by_the_Expedition_Under_Captain_Palliser_%281865%29_%282211818555%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11541" data-file-height="7523" /></a><figcaption>A section of a map showing the routes explored during the <a href="/wiki/Palliser_expedition" title="Palliser expedition">Palliser expedition</a></figcaption></figure> The Guillaume Sayer trial in 1849 contributed to the end of the HBC monopoly. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Sayer" title="Guillaume Sayer">Guillaume Sayer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> trapper and trader, was accused of illegal trading in furs. The Court of <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a> brought Sayer to trial, before a jury of HBC officials and supporters. During the trial, a crowd of armed Métis men led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel_Sr." title="Louis Riel Sr.">Louis Riel Sr.</a> gathered outside the courtroom. Although Sayer was found guilty of illegal trade, having evaded the HBC monopoly, Judge <a href="/wiki/Adam_Thom" title="Adam Thom">Adam Thom</a> did not levy a fine or punishment. Some accounts attributed that to the intimidating armed crowd gathered outside the courthouse. With the cry, "Le commerce est libre! Le commerce est libre!" ("Trade is free! Trade is free!"), the Métis loosened the HBC's previous control of the courts, which had enforced their monopoly on the settlers of Red River.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another factor was the findings of the <a href="/wiki/Palliser_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliser Expedition">Palliser Expedition</a> of 1857 to 1860, led by Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Palliser" title="John Palliser">John Palliser</a>. He surveyed the area of the prairies and wilderness from Lake Superior to the southern passes of the Rocky Mountains. Although he recommended against settlement of the region, the report sparked a debate. It ended the myth publicized by Hudson's Bay Company: that the Canadian West was unfit for agricultural settlement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1863, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Financial_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Financial Society (page does not exist)">International Financial Society</a> bought controlling interest in the HBC, signalling a shift in the company's outlook: most of the new shareholders were less interested in the fur trade than in real estate speculation and economic development in the West. The Society floated £2 million in public shares on non-ceded land held ostensibly by the Hudson's Bay Company as an asset and leveraged this asset for collateral for these funds. These funds allowed the Society the financial means to weather the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1866" title="Panic of 1866">financial collapse of 1866</a> which destroyed many competitors and invest in railways in North America.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png/220px-Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png/330px-Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png/440px-Canada_provinces_1867-1870.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> in 1870, prior to HBC ceding <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> to Canada</figcaption></figure> In 1869, after rejecting the American government offer of CA$10 million,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> the company approved the return of Rupert's Land to Britain. The government gave it to Canada and loaned the new country the £300,000 required to compensate HBC for its losses.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> HBC also received one-twentieth of the fertile areas to be opened for settlement and retained title to the lands on which it had built trading establishments.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The deal, known as the <a href="/wiki/Deed_of_Surrender" title="Deed of Surrender">Deed of Surrender</a>, came into force the following year. The resulting territory, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Territories">North-West Territories</a>, was brought under Canadian jurisdiction under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land_Act_1868" title="Rupert's Land Act 1868">Rupert's Land Act 1868</a>, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Deed enabled the admission of the fifth province, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> on 15 July 1870, the same day that the deed itself came into force.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> During the 19th century the Hudson's Bay Company went through great changes in response to such factors as growth of population and new settlements in part of its territory, and ongoing pressure from Britain. It seemed unlikely that it would continue to control the future of the West.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shift_to_department_stores">Shift to department stores</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shift to department stores">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay (department store)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg/220px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg/330px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg/440px-Hudsons_Bay_Company_on_Cordova_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">HBC store</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890s</figcaption></figure> The iconic department store today evolved from trading posts at the start of the 19th century, when they began to see demand for general merchandise grow rapidly. HBC soon expanded into the interior and set-up posts along river settlements that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>. In 1857, the first sales shop was established in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley" title="Fort Langley">Fort Langley</a>. This was followed by other sales shops in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Fort Victoria</a> (1859), Winnipeg (1881), Calgary (1884), <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> (1887), <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia" title="Vernon, British Columbia">Vernon</a> (1887), Edmonton (1890), <a href="/wiki/Yorkton" title="Yorkton">Yorkton</a> (1898), and <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_British_Columbia" title="Nelson, British Columbia">Nelson</a> (1902). The first of the grand "original six" department stores was built in Calgary in 1913. The other department stores that followed were in Edmonton, Vancouver, Victoria, <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a>, and Winnipeg.<a href="#cite_note-:1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The First World War interrupted a major remodelling and restoration of retail trade shops planned in 1912. Following the war, the company revitalized its fur-trade and real-estate activities, and diversified its operations by venturing into the oil business.<a href="#cite_note-HBC_Heritage-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the company briefly operated in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Siberian far east</a>, even obtaining an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet government</a> until departing in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The company co-founded <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Oil_and_Gas_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company">Hudson's Bay Oil and Gas Company</a> (HBOG) in 1926 with <a href="/wiki/Marland_Oil_Company" title="Marland Oil Company">Marland Oil Company</a> (which merged with <a href="/wiki/Conoco" title="Conoco">Conoco</a> in 1929). Although the company diversified into a number of areas, its department store business is the only remaining part of the company's operations, in the form of department stores under the Hudson's Bay brand.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> The company also established new trading posts in the Canadian Arctic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_health">Indigenous health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indigenous health">edit</a>]</div> The medical scientist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> was travelling in the Arctic in 1927 when he realized that crew or passengers on board the HBC paddle wheeler <a href="/wiki/Distributor_(HBC_vessel)" title="Distributor (HBC vessel)">Distributor</a> were responsible for spreading the influenza virus down the <a href="/wiki/Slave_River" title="Slave River">Slave River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>. Less than a decade after <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">the 1918 global flu pandemic</a>, a similar virus spread territory-wide over the summer and autumn, devastating the aboriginal population of the north.<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Returning from the trip, Banting gave an interview in Montreal with a <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a> reporter under the agreement that his statements on HBC would remain off the record.<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a> The newspaper nonetheless published the conversation, which rapidly reached a wide audience across Europe and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a> Banting was angry at the leak, having promised the Department of the Interior not to make any statements to the press prior to clearing them.<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a> The article noted that Banting had given the journalist C. R. Greenaway repeated instances of how the fox fur trade always favoured the company: "For over $100,000 of fox skins, he estimated that the Eskimos had not received $5,000 worth of goods."<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a> He traced this treatment to health, consistent with reports made in previous years by RCMP officers, suggesting that "the result was a diet of 'flour, <a href="/wiki/Hard_tack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard tack">sea-biscuits</a>, tea and tobacco,' with the skins that once were used for clothing traded merely for 'cheap whiteman's goods.'"<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a> The HBC fur trade commissioner called Banting's remarks "false and slanderous", and a month later, the governor and general manager met Banting at the <a href="/wiki/The_Omni_King_Edward_Hotel" title="The Omni King Edward Hotel">King Edward Hotel</a> to demand a retraction.<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a> Banting stated that the reporter had betrayed his confidence, but did not retract his statement and reaffirmed that HBC was responsible for the death of indigenous residents by supplying the wrong kind of food and introducing diseases into the Arctic.<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a> As <a href="/wiki/A._Y._Jackson" title="A. Y. Jackson">A. Y. Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a> painter with whom Banting was travelling, noted in his memoir that since neither the governor nor the general manager had been to the Arctic, the meeting ended with them asking Banting's advice on what HBC ought to do: "He gave them some good advice and later he received a card at Christmas with the Governor's best wishes."<a href="#cite_note-:42-79">[79]</a> Banting maintained this position in his report to the Department of the Interior:<a href="#cite_note-:52-81">[81]</a><blockquote>He noted that "infant mortality was high because of the undernourishment of the mother before birth"; that "white man's food leads to decay of native teeth"; that "tuberculosis has commenced. Saw several cases at Godhavn, Etah, Port Burwell, Arctic Bay"; that "an epidemic resembling influenza killed a considerable proportion of population at Port Burwell"; and that "the gravest danger faces the Eskimo in his transfer from a race-long hunter to a dependent trapper. White flour, sea-biscuits, tea and tobacco do not provide sufficient fuel to warm and nourish him". Furthermore, he discouraged the establishment of an Arctic hospital. The "proposed hospital at Pangnirtung would be a waste of money, as it could be reached by only a few natives". Banting's report contrasted starkly with the bland descriptions provided by the ship's physician, F. H. Stringer.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_20th_century">Latter 20th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Latter 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Henry_Morgan,_Montreal,_Canad%C3%A1,_2017-08-11,_DD_43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg/220px-Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg/330px-Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg/440px-Edificio_Henry_Morgan%2C_Montreal%2C_Canad%C3%A1%2C_2017-08-11%2C_DD_43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6620" data-file-height="5195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Montreal_Downtown" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson's Bay Montreal Downtown">Hudson's Bay Montreal Downtown</a>. Originally the flagship store for <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s" title="Morgan's">Morgan's</a>, the department store chain was acquired by HBC in 1960.</figcaption></figure> In 1960, the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s" title="Morgan's">Morgan's</a> allowing it to expand into Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton, and Ottawa. In 1965, HBC rebranded its department stores as The Bay.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Morgan's logo was changed to match the new visual identity. By 1972 the last of the former Morgan's stores had been rebranded to Bay stores.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> HBOG also expanded during the 1960s, as it began shipping Canadian crude through a new link to the Glacier pipeline and on to the refinery in Billings, Montana. The company became the sixth-largest Canadian oil producer in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 1970, on the company's 300th anniversary, as a result of punishing new British tax laws, the company relocated to Canada, and was rechartered as a Canadian business corporation under Canadian law,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Head Office functions were transferred from London to Winnipeg. By 1974, as the company expanded into eastern Canada, head office functions were moved to Toronto. In 1972, the company acquired the four-store <a href="/wiki/Shop-Rite_(Canada)" title="Shop-Rite (Canada)">Shop-Rite</a> chain of <a href="/wiki/Catalog_merchant" title="Catalog merchant">catalogue stores</a>. The chain was quickly expanded to 65 stores in Ontario, but closed in 1982 due to declining sales.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In these stores, little merchandise was displayed; customers made their selections from catalogues, and staff would retrieve the merchandise from storerooms. The HBC also acquired <a href="/wiki/Freimans" title="Freimans">Freimans</a> department stores in Ottawa and converted them to The Bay.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 1973, HBOG acquired a 35 per cent stake in Siebens Oil and Gas, and, in 1979, it divested that interest. In 1980, it bought a controlling interest in Roxy Petroleum. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg/220px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg/330px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg/440px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Queen_Street_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Bay_Queen_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bay Queen Street">The Bay Queen Street</a> in Toronto. It was formerly the flagship store for <a href="/wiki/Simpsons_(department_store)" title="Simpsons (department store)">Simpson's</a> before HBC converted it to Hudson Bay in 1991.</figcaption></figure> In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Zellers" title="Zellers">Zellers</a> discount store chain made a bid to acquire the HBC, but the HBC turned the tables and acquired Zellers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Also in 1978, <a href="/wiki/Simpsons_(department_store)" title="Simpsons (department store)">Simpson's</a> department stores were acquired by Hudson's Bay Company, and were converted to Bay stores in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> (The related chain Simpsons-Sears was not acquired by the Bay, but became <a href="/wiki/Sears_Canada" title="Sears Canada">Sears Canada</a> in 1978.) In 1991, Simpsons disappeared, when the last Simpsons store was converted to the Bay banner.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1979, Canadian billionaire <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Thomson,_2nd_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet">Kenneth Thomson</a> won control of the company in a battle with <a href="/wiki/George_Weston_Limited" title="George Weston Limited">George Weston Limited</a>, and acquired a 75 per cent stake for $400 million.<a href="#cite_note-CanEncycl_HBC-91">[91]</a> Thomson sold the company's oil and gas business, financial services, distillery, and other interests for approximately $550 million, transforming the company into a leaner, more focused operation. In the 1980s, sales and oil prices slipped, while debt from acquisitions piled up which led to Hudson's Bay Company selling its 10.1 per cent stake in HBOG to <a href="/wiki/Dome_Petroleum" title="Dome Petroleum">Dome Petroleum</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia-92">[92]</a> In 1997, the Thomson family sold the last of its remaining shares.<a href="#cite_note-CanEncycl_HBC-91">[91]</a> Hudson's Bay Company reversed a formidable debt problem in 1987, by shedding non-strategic assets such as its wholesale division and getting completely out of the oil and gas business. HBC also sold its Canadian fur-auction business to Hudson's Bay Fur Sales Canada (now <a href="/wiki/North_American_Fur_Auctions" title="North American Fur Auctions">North American Fur Auctions</a>). The Northern Stores Division was sold that same year to a group of investors and employees, which adopted <a href="/wiki/The_North_West_Company" title="The North West Company">The North West Company</a> name three years later.<a href="#cite_note-HBC.com_HBC_Heritage-93">[93]</a> The HBC acquired <a href="/wiki/Towers_Department_Stores" title="Towers Department Stores">Towers Department Stores</a> in 1990, combining them with the Zellers chain, and <a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s" title="Woodward's">Woodward's</a> stores in 1993, converting them into Bay or Zellers stores. <a href="/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kmart (United States)">Kmart Canada</a> was acquired in 1998 and merged with Zellers.<a href="#cite_note-HBC.com_HBC_Heritage-93">[93]</a> In 1991, the Bay agreed to stop retailing <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> in response to complaints from people opposed to killing animals for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-94">[94]</a> In 1997, the Bay reopened its fur salons to meet the demand of consumers.<a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In December 2003, Maple Leaf Heritage Investments, a <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>-based company created to acquire shares of Hudson's Bay Company, announced that it was considering making an offer to acquire all or some of the common shares of Hudson's Bay Company.<a href="#cite_note-Privco-95">[95]</a> Maple Leaf Heritage Investments is a subsidiary of B-Bay Inc. Its CEO and chairman is American businesswoman <a href="/wiki/Anita_Zucker" title="Anita Zucker">Anita Zucker</a>, widow of <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(businessman)" title="Jerry Zucker (businessman)">Jerry Zucker</a>. Zucker had previously been the head of the Polymer Group, which acquired another Canadian institution, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Textile" title="Dominion Textile">Dominion Textile</a>. It had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Department_Stores" title="International Association of Department Stores">International Association of Department Stores</a> from 2001 to 2005.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On 26 January 2006, the HBC's board agreed to a bid from Jerry Zucker. The South Carolina billionaire financier was a longtime HBC minority shareholder. In a 9 March 2006 press release,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> the HBC announced that Zucker would replace <a href="/wiki/Yves_Fortier_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Fortier (lawyer)">Yves Fortier</a> as governor and <a href="/wiki/George_Heller" title="George Heller">George Heller</a> as CEO, becoming the first US citizen to lead the company. After Jerry Zucker's death, the board named his widow, Anita Zucker, as HBC Governor and HBC Deputy-Governor Rob Johnston as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-Privco-95">[95]</a> On 16 July 2008, the company was sold to <a href="/wiki/NRDC_Equity_Partners" title="NRDC Equity Partners">NRDC Equity Partners</a> for just over $1.1 billion,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> a private equity firm based in <a href="/wiki/Purchase,_New_York" title="Purchase, New York">Purchase, New York</a>, which already owned <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a>, the oldest department store in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-GT-DEX-2008-19-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Canadian and U.S. holdings were transferred to NRDC Equity Partners' holding company, <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Trading_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Trading Company">Hudson's Bay Trading Company</a>, as of late 2008.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_(emblem).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg/220px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg/330px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg/440px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_%28emblem%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>HBC's coat of arms logo (used from 2009 to 2013)<a href="#cite_note-Coat_of_Arms-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 2012, the HBC announced a $1.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO); Baker planned to use the IPO to allow Canadian ownership to return to the company, and to help pay off debts with other partners. Additionally, the company also announced that it would re-brand The Bay department store chain as "Hudson's Bay".<a href="#cite_note-gandm-ipo-102">[102]</a> The new Hudson's Bay brand was launched in March 2013, incorporating a new logo with an updated rendition of the classic Hudson's Bay Company <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, designed to be modern and better reflect the company's heritage. Following the IPO, HBC had also introduced a new corporate logo of its own (reviving a <a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">wordmark</a> from the original <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company">HBC flag</a>), but the new logo was not intended to be a consumer-facing brand.<a href="#cite_note-gandm-hbcnewlogo-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-name_change-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In January 2016, HBC announced it would expand deeper into digital space with the acquisition of an <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">online</a> flash sales site, the <a href="/wiki/Gilt_Groupe" title="Gilt Groupe">Gilt Groupe</a>, for US$250 million.<a href="#cite_note-:8-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-107">[107]</a> HBC also announced its expansion into the Netherlands in May 2016 with the takeover of 20 former <a href="/wiki/Vroom_%26_Dreesmann" title="Vroom & Dreesmann">Vroom & Dreesmann</a> (V&D) sites by 2017. V&D, a historic Dutch department store chain, had gone <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a> and shut down in early 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:9-108">[108]</a> As of November 2017, the company also expanded retail operations into Europe, including five Saks Off Fifth stores in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-financialpost.com-109">[109]</a> On 1 April 2018, HBC disclosed that more than five million credit and debit cards used for in-store purchases had been recently breached by hackers. The compromised credit card transactions took place at Saks Fifth Avenue, Saks Off 5th, and Lord & Taylor stores. The hack had been discovered by Gemini Advisory, which called the breach "amongst the biggest and most damaging to ever hit retail companies".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A July 2019 hack of <a href="/wiki/Capital_One" title="Capital One">Capital One</a>, which provides HBC Mastercards, did not affect the HBC credit cards or card applications, according to HBC.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In June 2019, a consortium including chairman <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_Group" title="Rhône Group">Rhône Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeWork" title="WeWork">WeWork</a>, Hanover Investments (Luxembourg) and Abrams Capital Management announced that it wanted to take the company private.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The group then owned just over 50 per cent of HBC shares. In mid-August, the consortium said that it owned 57 per cent of the HBC shares. By 19 August 2019, however, Canadian investment firm <a href="/wiki/Newton_Glassman" title="Newton Glassman">Catalyst Capital Group Inc.</a> said it had acquired enough shares to block the plan. A U.S. company, Land & Buildings Investment Management, the owner of over 6 per cent of the shares, had also criticized the Baker plan.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In March 2020, Baker and a group of shareholders were successful in taking the company private.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-13">[13]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saks_Off_Fifth" class="mw-redirect" title="Saks Off Fifth">Saks Off Fifth</a>, HBC sold <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Kaufhof" title="Galeria Kaufhof">Galeria Kaufhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Inno" title="Galeria Inno">Galeria Inno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilt_Groupe" title="Gilt Groupe">Gilt Groupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> by August 2019. In June 2018, HBC announced it would sell Gilt Groupe to online fashion store Rue La La for an undisclosed sum. In June, 2019 HBC announced its intent to sell the last 49.99 percent of Galeria Kaufhof shares it held to Austrian firm <a href="/wiki/Signa_Holding" title="Signa Holding">Signa Holding</a>. In August, 2019 Lord & Taylor was sold to <a href="/wiki/Le_Tote" title="Le Tote">Le Tote</a> for $75 million.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The remaining stores in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were sold by the end of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> By early September 2019, it was clear that HBC was streamlining its operations, with the sales of <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Kaufhof" title="Galeria Kaufhof">Galeria Kaufhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Inno" title="Galeria Inno">Galeria Inno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilt_Groupe" title="Gilt Groupe">Gilt Groupe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> as the most recent steps. A feature article by <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a> mentioned that CEO <a href="/wiki/Helena_Foulkes" title="Helena Foulkes">Helena Foulkes</a>, recruited in 2018, "had helped improve the bottom line at Hudson's Bay". She was selling assets "to put the company on more solid financial footing" and could then focus on Saks Fifth Avenue and the Bay. On the other hand, Bloomberg suggested that millennial shoppers prefer to make purchases online, or direct from various brands' own stores, and that HBC "has yet to offer something they can't find somewhere else and risks drifting into irrelevance".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In February 2020, shareholders of the company voted in favour of a plan to become a private company at a special meeting of shareholders. Under the plan of arrangement, the company will be owned by a group of continuing shareholders led by HBC governor and executive chairman Richard Baker.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Effective 3 March 2020, the company was delisted from the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard A. Baker</a> replacing Foulkes as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2023, Hudson's Bay officially stopped selling animal fur products.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_and_sale_of_other_chains">Acquisition and sale of other chains</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Acquisition and sale of other chains">edit</a>]</div> From 2004 to 2008, the HBC owned and operated a small chain of off-price stores called <a href="/wiki/Designer_Depot" title="Designer Depot">Designer Depot</a>. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Winners" title="Winners">Winners</a> and <a href="/wiki/HomeSense" title="HomeSense">HomeSense</a> retail format, Designer Depot did not meet sales expectations, and its nine stores were sold.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Another HBC chain, <a href="/wiki/Fields_(department_store)" title="Fields (department store)">Fields</a>, was sold to a private firm in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Established in 1950, Fields was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Zellers" title="Zellers">Zellers</a> in 1976. When Zellers was acquired by HBC in 1978, Fields became part of the HBC portfolio.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In early 2019, HBC announced that all 37 <a href="/wiki/Home_Outfitters" title="Home Outfitters">Home Outfitters</a> stores would be phased out by year end.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In early 2017, the Hudson's Bay Company made an overture to <a href="/wiki/Macy%27s" title="Macy's">Macy's</a> for a potential takeover of the U.S. department store chain. Later, HBC also considered a purchase of <a href="/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Group" title="Neiman Marcus Group">Neiman Marcus Group</a> Inc. It did not proceed with either deal.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On March 16, 2022, it was announced that HBC and <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Partners" title="Sycamore Partners">Sycamore Partners</a> were preparing bids to buy <a href="/wiki/Kohl%27s" title="Kohl's">Kohl's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zellers">Zellers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zellers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg/220px-A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg/330px-A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg/440px-A_re-opened_Zellers_store_at_Bells_Corners_in_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zellers" title="Zellers">Zellers</a> discount department store operating in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> in 2014</figcaption></figure> In September 2011, the HBC announced that it would sell the majority of the Zellers leases for $1.825 billion to the U.S.-based retailer <a href="/wiki/Target_Corporation" title="Target Corporation">Target Corporation</a> and shutter all of their remaining locations by early 2013.<a href="#cite_note-target-reuters-130">[130]</a> Target used the acquisition of this real estate as a means to enable its entry in the Canadian market. HBC used some of the proceeds to pay down debt and to invest in growing its Hudson's Bay and Lord & Taylor banners. In January 2013, it was confirmed that three Zellers locations, re-purposed as discount department stores for The Bay and Home Outfitters, would remain open.<a href="#cite_note-three_Zellers_stores-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-gandm-ipo-102">[102]</a> The Target Canada chain folded in 2015; the leases were subsequently returned to landlords or re-sold to other retailers.<a href="#cite_note-cbc-targetauction-134">[134]</a> Zellers was still owned by HBC as two remaining stores following the sale of its lease portfolio to <a href="/wiki/Target_Canada" title="Target Canada">Target Canada</a> in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-three_Zellers_stores-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-HBC_store_locator-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Surrey_Now-136">[136]</a> By September 2019, the re-purposed Toronto and Ottawa Zellers locations were still operating as discount department stores. In August 2022, the Hudson's Bay Company announced it would be reviving the Zellers brand through online shopping and physical locations in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lord_&_Taylor">Lord & Taylor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lord & Taylor">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset,_NY_37_(51206727602).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg/220px-Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg/330px-Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg/440px-Lord_%26_Taylor_Manhasset%2C_NY_37_%2851206727602%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York" title="Manhasset, New York">Manhasset, New York</a></figcaption></figure> On 24 January 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a> reported that Richard Baker (owner of NDRC and governor of Hudson's Bay Company) had dissolved <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Trading_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Trading Company">Hudson's Bay Trading Company</a> and that the HBC would now also operate the <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> chain. At the time, the company was run by president <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Brooks" title="Bonnie Brooks">Bonnie Brooks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Baker remained governor and CEO of the business, and Donald Watros stayed on as chief operating officer.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson's_Bay_Trading_Company_dissolved-12">[12]</a> In 2018, HBC in a joint venture sold the building that housed its flagship <a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> store on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to <a href="/wiki/WeWork" title="WeWork">WeWork</a> Property Advisors for $850 million. WeWork was set to occupy the uppermost floors of the building, with the rest of the building remaining a flagship space for Lord & Taylor.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The deal also included the use of floors of certain HBC-owned department stores in New York, Toronto, Vancouver and Germany as WeWork's shared office workspaces.<a href="#cite_note-financialpost.com-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In August 2019, HBC announced that it would sell their Lord & Taylor business to <a href="/wiki/Le_Tote" title="Le Tote">Le Tote</a> Inc., which was to pay CA$99.5 million in cash when the deal closes (probably before year end 2019) and an additional CA$33.2 million two years later. HBC was to get a 25 per cent equity stake in Le Tote.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The buyer would retain the stores' inventory, with an estimated value of CA$284.2 million. The deal, expected to close before year end, required HBC to pay the stores' rent for at least three years, leading one news report to describe it as "Not a clean exit". The liability to HBC for the rents was estimated at CA$77 million cash per year.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saks,_Inc.">Saks, Inc.</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Saks, Inc.">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg/220px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg/330px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg/440px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_Mar_2021_60.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_flagship_store" title="Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store">Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a> is a chain owned by HBC since 2013.</figcaption></figure> On 29 July 2013, Hudson's Bay Company announced that it would buy <a href="/wiki/Saks,_Inc." title="Saks, Inc.">Saks, Inc.</a>, operator of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a> brand, for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2.9 billion, or $16 per share.<a href="#cite_note-:3-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The merger was completed on 3 November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:4-148">[148]</a> The company also stated that as a result of the purchase, Canadian consumers would see Saks stores arriving in their country soon.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> After the purchase was finalized, HBC had a net loss of $124.2 million in the 2013 3Q due to the cost of the purchase and promotions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galeria_Kaufhof/Galeria_Inno">Galeria Kaufhof/Galeria Inno</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Galeria Kaufhof/Galeria Inno">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_(4022-24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg/220px-Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg/330px-Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg/440px-Galeria_Kaufhof_K%C3%B6ln_%284022-24%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Kaufhof" title="Galeria Kaufhof">Galeria Kaufhof</a> in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Köln</a>. The chain was owned by HBC from 2015 to 2019.</figcaption></figure> HBC had acquired the German department store chain Galeria Kaufhof and its Belgian subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Inno" title="Galeria Inno">Galeria Inno</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Metro_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Group">Metro Group</a> in September 2015 for US$3.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:5-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-153">[153]</a> On 1 November 2017, HBC received an unsolicited offer from Austrian firm <a href="/wiki/Signa_Holding" title="Signa Holding">Signa Holding</a> for Kaufhof and other real estate.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> An unnamed source told <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a> that the value of the offer was approximately 3 billion euros.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This information on the offer was also reiterated in a press release by activist shareholder Land & Buildings Investment Management, which urged HBC to accept the offer; the company replied that the offer was incomplete and did not provide indication of financing for the deal.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In late 2018, Galeria Kaufhof and <a href="/wiki/Karstadt" title="Karstadt">Karstadt</a> merged as part of a spin off.<a href="#cite_note-merger-157">[157]</a> HBC announced its intent to sell the last 49.99 percent of Galeria Kaufhof and Galeria Inno shares it held to Austrian firm <a href="/wiki/Signa_Holding" title="Signa Holding">Signa Holding</a> in June 2019. The sale of the real estate in Germany had gained US$1.5 billion (€1 billion) for HBC.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> At that time, HBC still had a retail operation in the Netherlands, using the Vroom & Dreesmann locations it had purchased in 2017. On 31 August 2019, the company announced that all 15 of those stores would be sold by year end.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neiman_Marcus">Neiman Marcus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neiman Marcus">edit</a>]</div> On July 4, 2024, Hudson's Bay Company announced it would acquire <a href="/wiki/Neiman_Marcus_Group" title="Neiman Marcus Group">Neiman Marcus Group</a> for $2.65 billion, concluding years of negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> The HBC is diversified into joint ventures and other types of business products. The HBC has credit card, mortgage, and personal insurance branches. These other products and services are joint partnerships with other corporations. The HBC also has an <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Rewards" title="Hudson's Bay Rewards">HBC Rewards</a> program, where Rewards points can be redeemed in house. The HBC is involved in community and charity activities. The HBC Rewards Community Program raises funds for community causes. The HBC Foundation is a charity agency involved in social issues and service. The HBC used to sponsor the annual HBC Run for Canada, a series of public-participation runs and walks held across the country on Canada Day to raise funds for Canadian athletes. The company discontinued this event in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_outfitter">Olympic outfitter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Olympic outfitter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg/170px-Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg/255px-Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg/340px-Alexandre_Bilodeau_with_gold_medal_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2588" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Bilodeau" title="Alexandre Bilodeau">Alexandre Bilodeau</a>, a winter Olympian for Canada, wearing HBC apparel made officially for the Canadian Olympic team</figcaption></figure> The HBC was the official outfitter of clothing for members of the Canadian Olympic team in 1936, 1960, 1964, 1968, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016. The sponsorship has been renewed through 2020. Since the late 2000s, HBC has used its status as the official Canadian Olympics team outfitter to gain global exposure, as part of a turnaround plan that included shedding under-performing brands and luring new high-end brands.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> On 2 March 2005, the company was announced as the new clothing outfitter for the Canadian Olympic team, in a $100 million deal, providing apparel for the 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 Games, having outbid the existing Canadian Olympic wear-supplier, <a href="/wiki/Roots_Canada" title="Roots Canada">Roots Canada</a>, which had supplied Canada's Olympic teams from 1998 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The Canadian Olympic collection is sold through Hudson's Bay (and Zellers until 2013 when the Zellers leases were sold to <a href="/wiki/Target_Canada" title="Target Canada">Target Canada</a>). HBC's <a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> uniforms and toques received a mixed reception for their multicoloured stripes (green, red, yellow, blue) which seemed to be not-so-subtle advertising for HBC rather than representing the Canadian Olympic team's traditional colours of red and white (with black as a secondary), in contrast to well-received Root's 1998 collection with its trendy red <a href="/wiki/Letter_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter jacket">letter jackets</a> and Poor Boy caps. HBC produced 80 per cent to 90 per cent of their Olympic clothes in China which was criticized, as Roots ensured that the Olympic clothes were made in Canada using Canadian material.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> HBC's apparel for the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> held in Vancouver proved to be extremely successful, in part because Canada was the host country and their athletes had a record medal haul. The "Red Mittens" (red-and-white mittens featuring a large maple leaf) that were sold for CA$10, with one-third of the proceeds going to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Committee" title="Canadian Olympic Committee">Canadian Olympic Committee</a>, proved very popular, as were the "Canada" hoodies.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The HBC's <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> apparel was also controversial due to a knitted, machine-made sweater that looked like a <a href="/wiki/Cowichan_knitting" title="Cowichan knitting">Cowichan sweater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> After a meeting between HBC representatives and <a href="/wiki/Cowichan_Tribes" title="Cowichan Tribes">Cowichan Tribes</a>, a compromise was made between the parties; knitters would have an opportunity to sell their sweaters at the downtown Vancouver HBC store, alongside the HBC imitations.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG/220px-Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG/330px-Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG/440px-Vancouver_2010_red_mittens_HBC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Red mittens sold by HBC for the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a> in Vancouver</figcaption></figure> Lord <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Sebastian Coe</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/London_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games" title="London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games">2012 London Olympic Games Organizing Committee</a>, who attended the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">Vancouver Olympics</a>, noted that the Canadians were passionate in embracing the Games with their "Canada" hoodies and their red mittens (of which 2.6 million pairs sold that year).<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> HBC has continued to produce these red mittens for subsequent Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> In 2021, it was announced that beginning with the <a href="/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics" title="2022 Winter Olympics">2022 Winter Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lululemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lululemon">Lululemon</a> would replace the HBC as Canada's Olympic outfitter. <a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson's Bay Company Archives">Hudson's Bay Company Archives</a></div> The legacy of the HBC has been maintained in part by the detailed record-keeping and archiving of material by the company. Before 1974, the records of the HBC were kept in the London office headquarters. The HBC opened an archives department to researchers in 1931. In 1974, Hudson's Bay Company Archives (HBCA) were transferred from London and placed on deposit with the Manitoba archives in Winnipeg. The company granted public access to the collection the following year.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> On 27 January 1994, the company's archives were formally donated to the Archives of Manitoba.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> At the time of the donation, the appraised value of the records was nearly $60 million. A foundation, Hudson's Bay Company History Foundation funded through the tax savings resulting from the donation, was established to support the operations of the HBC Archive as a division of the Archives of Manitoba, along with other activities and programs.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> More than two kilometres (1.2 mi) of filed documents and hundreds of microfilm reels are now stored in a special climate-controlled vault in the Manitoba Archives Building.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2007, Hudson's Bay Company Archives became part of the United Nations "<a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Programme</a>" project, under <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The records covered the HBC history from the founding of the company in 1670. The records contained business transactions, medical records, personal journals of officials, inventories, company reports, etc.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Corporate governance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HBC-coa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HBC-coa.JPG/220px-HBC-coa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HBC-coa.JPG/330px-HBC-coa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/HBC-coa.JPG/440px-HBC-coa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Achievement_(heraldry)" title="Achievement (heraldry)">Heraldic achievement</a> of Hudson's Bay Company:<a href="#cite_note-Coat_of_Arms-101">[101]</a> Argent, a cross gules between four <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a> passant <a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">proper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">Crest</a>: On a <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap of Maintenance">chapeau gules turned up ermine</a> a fox sejant proper. <a href="/wiki/Supporter_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporter (heraldry)">Supporters</a>: Two bucks proper. Latin <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">Motto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: pro pelle cutem, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'skin for leather'<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> apparently a play on <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>, 2:4: Pellem pro pelle<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> "skin for skin".<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_(1682-1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg/200px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg/300px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg/400px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281682-1707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Company's flag from 1682 to 1707</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_(1707-1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg/200px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg/300px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg/400px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag_%281707-1801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Company's flag from 1707 to 1801</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/200px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/300px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/400px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company">Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company</a> from 1801 to 1965</div></div></div></div></div> As of January 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit">[update]</a>, the members of the board of directors of Hudson's Bay Company are:<a href="#cite_note-BofD-183">[183]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard A. Baker</a></li> <li>Robert C. Baker</li> <li>Eric Gross</li> <li>Steven Langman</li> <li>David G. Leith</li> <li>William L. Mack</li> <li>Lee S. Neibart</li> <li>Denise Pickett</li> <li>Wayne Pommen</li> <li>Earl Rotman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Rubel" title="Matthew Rubel">Matthew Rubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Wong" title="Andrea Wong">Andrea Wong</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_hierarchy">Corporate hierarchy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Corporate hierarchy">edit</a>]</div> In the 18th and 19th centuries, Hudson's Bay Company operated with a very rigid employee hierarchy. This hierarchy essentially broke down into two levels; the officers and the servants. Comprising the officers were the factors, masters and chief traders, clerks and surgeons. The servants were the tradesmen, boatmen, and labourers. The officers essentially ran the fur trading posts. They had many duties which included supervising the workers in their trade posts, valuing the furs, and keeping trade and post records. In 1821, when Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company merged, the hierarchy became even stricter and the lines between officers and servants became virtually impossible to cross. Officers in charge of individual trading posts had much responsibility because they were directly in charge of enforcing the policies made by the governor and committee (the board) of the company. One of these policies was the price of particular furs and trade goods. These prices were called the Official and Comparative Standards. Made-Beaver, the quality measurement of the pelt, was the means of exchange used by Hudson's Bay Company to define the Official and Comparative Standards. Because the governor was stationed in London, England, they needed to have reliable officers managing the trade posts halfway around the world. Because the fur trade was a very dynamic market, HBC needed to have some form of flexibility when dealing with prices and traders. Price fluctuation was deferred to the officers in charge of the trade posts, and the head office recorded any difference between the company's standard and that set by the individual officers. Overplus, or any excess revenue gained by officers, was strictly documented to insure that it was not being pocketed and taken from the company. This strict yet flexible hierarchy exemplifies how Hudson's Bay Company was able to be so successful while still having its central management and trade posts located so far apart.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Judd-185">[185]</a> <dl><dt>Hierarchichal order pre-1821<a href="#cite_note-Judd-185">[185]</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" width="50"># </th> <th align="center" width="360">Job Title </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> OFFICERS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Chief Factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Second [Factor] </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Master [of a trading station] </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Sloopmaster Surgeon </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Writer </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Apprentice </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td> SERVANTS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Tradesman Steersman </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Canoeman Bowsman </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Middleman </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Labourer </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Hierarchical order 1821–1871<a href="#cite_note-Judd-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></dt></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" width="50"># </th> <th align="center" width="260">Job Title </th> <th align="left" width="180">Pay per year </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">COMMISSIONED OFFICERS </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Governor of Rupert's Land</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance Pay</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Chief Factor</td> <td>Two shares </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Chief Trader</td> <td>One share </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">GENTLEMEN </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Clerk</td> <td>£75–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Apprenticed Clerk</td> <td>£25–27 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">NON-GENTLEMEN </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Postmaster</td> <td>£40–75 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Guide Interpreter Sloopmaster</td> <td>£30–45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Apprentice postmaster</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">SERVANTS </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Tradesman Steersman Boatman Bowsman Middleman Labourer</td> <td>£16–40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progression">Progression</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Progression">edit</a>]</div> In the 19th century, career progression for officers, together referred to as the Commissioned Gentlemen, was to enter the company as a fur trader. Typically, they were men who had the capital to invest in starting up their trading. They sought to be promoted to the rank of Chief Trader. A Chief Trader would be in charge of an individual post and was entitled to one share of the company's profits. Chief Factors sat in council with the Governors and were the heads of districts. They were entitled to two shares of the company's profits or losses. The average income of a Chief Trader was £360 and that of a Chief Factor was £720.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governors">Governors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governors">edit</a>]</div> Chronological list of governors of the Hudson's Bay Company:<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ol><li>1670–82  <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince Rupert of the Rhine">Prince Rupert of the Rhine</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>1683–85  <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James Stuart, Duke of York</a> – resigned as governor to become James II, King of England.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>1685–92  <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li> <li>1692–96  Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Evance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Evance (page does not exist)">Stephen Evance</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></li> <li>1696–1700  Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Trumbull" title="William Trumbull">William Trumbull</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></li> <li>1700–12  Sir Stephen Evance</li> <li>1712–43  Sir <a href="/wiki/Bibye_Lake" title="Bibye Lake">Bibye Lake</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></li> <li>1744–46  Benjamin Pitt<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li>1746–50  Thomas Knapp<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li>1750–60  <a href="/wiki/Lake_baronets" title="Lake baronets">Sir Atwell Lake</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li>1760–70  <a href="/wiki/William_Baker_(British_politician)" title="William Baker (British politician)">Sir William Baker</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li>1770–82  Sir Bibye Lake Jr.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li>1782–99  Samuel Wegg<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li>1799–1807  Sir James Winter Lake<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>1807–12  William Mainwaring<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li>1812–22  Joseph Berens<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li>1822–52  <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pelly,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Pelly, 1st Baronet">Sir John Henry Pelly</a> in 1826, Simpson becomes governor of the Canadian region.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a></li> <li>1852–56  <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wedderburn_Colvile" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Wedderburn Colvile">Andrew Wedderburn Colvile</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li> <li>1856–58  <a href="/wiki/John_Shepherd_(governor_and_chairman)" title="John Shepherd (governor and chairman)">John Shepherd</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li>1858–63  <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hulse_Berens" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Hulse Berens">Henry Hulse Berens</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li>1863–68  Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Walker_Head,_8th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Walker Head, 8th Baronet">Edmund Walker Head</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li>1868–69  <a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley</a></li> <li>1869–74  Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Stafford Henry Northcote</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li>1874–80  <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Joachim Goschen</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li>1880–89  <a href="/wiki/Eden_Colvile" title="Eden Colvile">Eden Colvile</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li>1889–1914  <a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Alexander Smith</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li>1914–15  <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Skinner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Skinner, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Skinner</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li>1916–25  <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kindersley,_1st_Baron_Kindersley" title="Robert Kindersley, 1st Baron Kindersley">Sir Robert Molesworth Kindersley</a></li> <li>1925–31  Charles Vincent Sale</li> <li>1931–52  Sir <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Ashley_Cooper" title="Patrick Ashley Cooper">Patrick Ashley Cooper</a> – first governor to visit HBC operations in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li>1952–65  <a href="/wiki/Tony_Keswick" title="Tony Keswick">William "Tony" Keswick</a></li> <li>1965–70  <a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Derick Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li>1970–82  George T. Richardson</li> <li>1982–94  Donald S. McGiverin</li> <li>1994–97  David E. Mitchell</li> <li>1997–2006  <a href="/wiki/Yves_Fortier_(lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Fortier (lawyer)">L. Yves Fortier</a></li> <li>2006–08  <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Zucker_(businessman)" title="Jerry Zucker (businessman)">Jerry Zucker</a></li> <li>2008  <a href="/wiki/Anita_Zucker" title="Anita Zucker">Anita Zucker</a> – first female governor.</li> <li>2008–present  <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Baker_(businessman)" title="Richard A. Baker (businessman)">Richard Baker</a></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Miscellany">Miscellany</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Miscellany">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rent_obligation_under_charter">Rent obligation under charter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rent obligation under charter">edit</a>]</div> Under the charter establishing Hudson's Bay Company, the company was required to give two <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> skins and two black <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> pelts to the English king, then Charles II, or his heirs, whenever the monarch visited Rupert's Land. The exact text from the 1670 Charter reads:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...Yielding and paying yearly to us and our heirs and successors for the same two Elks and two Black beavers whensoever and as often as We, our heirs and successors shall happen to enter into the said Countries, Territories and Regions hereby granted.<a href="#cite_note-charter-6">[6]</a></blockquote> The ceremony was first conducted with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> (the future Edward VIII) in 1927, then with King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in 1939, and last with his daughter, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1959 and 1970. On the last such visit, the pelts were given in the form of two live beavers, which the Queen donated to the Winnipeg Zoo in <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_Park" title="Assiniboine Park">Assiniboine Park</a>. However, when the company permanently moved its headquarters to Canada, the Charter was amended to remove the rent obligation. Each of the four "rent ceremonies" took place in or around Winnipeg.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HBC_explorers,_builders,_and_associates">HBC explorers, builders, and associates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: HBC explorers, builders, and associates">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Knight_(explorer)" title="James Knight (explorer)">James Knight</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1640 – c. 1721) was a director of Hudson's Bay Company and an explorer who died in an expedition to the Northwest Passage.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kelsey" title="Henry Kelsey">Henry Kelsey</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1667 – 1 November 1724), a.k.a. the Boy Kelsey, was an English fur trader, explorer, and sailor who played an important role in establishing Hudson's Bay Company in Canada. In 1690, Henry Kelsey embarked on a 2-year exploration journey that made him the first white man to see buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanadelthur" title="Thanadelthur">Thanadelthur</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1697 – 5 February 1717) was a woman of the Chipewyan nation who was a guide and interpreter for Hudson's Bay Company.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hearne" title="Samuel Hearne">Samuel Hearne</a> (1745–92) was an English explorer, fur-trader, author, and naturalist. In 1774, Hearne built Cumberland House for the Hudson's Bay Company, its first interior trading post and the first permanent settlement in present Saskatchewan.<a href="#cite_note-DNB_Hearne-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearne-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a> (30 April 1770 – 10 February 1857) was a British-Canadian fur trader that worked for both the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Trading Company. He is best known for his extensive explorations and map-making activities. He mapped almost half of North America between the 46th and 60th parallels, from the St.Lawrence and Great Lakes all the way to the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk">Thomas Douglas, Lord Selkirk</a> (20 June 1771 – 8 April 1820) was a Scottish peer. He was a Scottish philanthropist who, as HBC's majority shareholder, arranged to purchase land at Red River to establish a colony for dispossessed Scottish immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gunn" title="Isobel Gunn">Isobel Gunn</a> or Isabella Gunn (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780 – 7 November 1861), also known as John Fubbister or Mary Fubbister, was a Scottish labourer employed by Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), noted for having passed herself as a man, thereby becoming the first European woman to travel to Rupert's Land, now part of Western Canada.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Simpson_(administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Simpson (administrator)">George Simpson</a> (1787 – 7 September 1860) was the Canadian governor of Hudson's Bay Company during the period of its greatest power, a period which began in 1821 following the company's merger with the North West Trading Company.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean_(explorer)" title="John McLean (explorer)">John McLean</a> (c. 1799 – 8 September 1890), a Scoto-Canadian trapper and trader who successfully crossed the entire <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>, opening up an overland route between <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Smith, Labrador">Fort Smith</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Melville" title="Lake Melville">Lake Melville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Chimo">Fort Chimo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a>; first European to discover <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Falls" title="Churchill Falls">Churchill Falls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_River_(Atlantic)" title="Churchill River (Atlantic)">Churchill River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal</a> (6 August 1820 – 21 January 1914), at various times Chief Factor of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> district, Commissioner of the Montreal district, and President of the Council of the Northern Department, who pacified <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a> of 1870, thus enabling the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> from the HBC to the fledgling government of Canada. Later, he became Governor of the HBC.<a href="#cite_note-martin-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Dr. John Rae</a> (Inuktitut Aglooka ᐊᒡᓘᑲ English: "long strider") (30 September 1813 – 22 July 1893) was a Scottish doctor who explored Northern Canada, surveyed parts of the Northwest Passage and reported the fate of the Franklin Expedition.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Keswick" title="William Keswick">William Keswick</a> (15 April 1834 – 9 March 1912) and grandson <a href="/wiki/Keswick_family#Sir_William_Johnstone_"Tony"_Keswick_(1903–1990)" title="Keswick family">Sir William Johnstone Keswick</a> (1903–90) served at HBC; the former as a director and later as governor from 1952 to 1965. The Keswick family are the Scottish business dynasty that controls <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Jardine_Matheson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardine Matheson">Jardine Matheson</a>, one of the original British trading houses or Hongs in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HBC_sternwheelers_and_steamships">HBC sternwheelers and steamships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: HBC sternwheelers and steamships">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_vessels" title="Hudson's Bay Company vessels">Hudson's Bay Company vessels</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_(steamship)" title="Beaver (steamship)">Beaver</a> (1835–74)</li> <li>Otter (1852–95)<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Northup" title="Anson Northup">Anson Northup</a> (1859–60)<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li>Caledonia (1891–98) – She ran aground on rocks at Port Simpson during a storm and her hull was destroyed. Her engines were put into the Caledonia 2</li> <li>Caledonia (2) (1898–1909) – Her machinery was from the Caledonia 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(sternwheeler)" title="Mount Royal (sternwheeler)">Mount Royal</a> (1902–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_(sidewheeler)" title="Princess Louise (sidewheeler)">Princess Louise</a> (1878–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_(sternwheeler)" title="Strathcona (sternwheeler)">Strathcona</a> (1900)</li> <li>Port Simpson (1907–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelton_(sternwheeler)" title="Hazelton (sternwheeler)">Hazelton</a> (1907–12)</li> <li>Distributor (1920–48)<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivals">Rivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rivals">edit</a>]</div> The HBC is the only European trading company to have survived. It outlived all its rivals.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years</th> <th>Company</th> <th>Fate </th></tr> <tr> <td>1551–1917</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a></td> <td>Taken over by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and now operates as charity. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1581–1825</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></td> <td>Dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600–1874</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">Honourable East India Company</a></td> <td>Dissolved </td></tr> <tr> <td>1602–1800</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></td> <td>Went bankrupt and assets taken over by Dutch government </td></tr> <tr> <td>1621–1791</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></td> <td>Bought by the Dutch government </td></tr> <tr> <td>1672–1752</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a></td> <td>Replaced by the <a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a>, which folded in 1821. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1711–1850s</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></td> <td>Abolished by bankruptcy and the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1779–1821</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a></td> <td>Merged with the HBC </td></tr> <tr> <td>1799–1867</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></td> <td>Folded with the sale of <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> to the U.S. and commercial assets in North America sold to Hutchinson, Kohl & Company (now as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Commercial_Company" title="Alaska Commercial Company">Alaska Commercial Company</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1808–1842</td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">American Fur Company</a></td> <td>Folded </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_hat" title="Beaver hat">Beaver hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_(2016_TV_series)" title="Frontier (2016 TV series)">Frontier (2016 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Outfitters" title="Home Outfitters">Home Outfitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_vessels" title="Hudson's Bay Company vessels">Hudson's Bay Company vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Hudson's Bay point blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_tokens" title="Hudson's Bay tokens">Hudson's Bay tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas (governor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_department_stores_by_country#Canada" title="List of department stores by country">List of department stores by country § Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_trading_posts" title="List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts">List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trading_companies" title="List of trading companies">List of trading companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_the_Far_Fur_Country" title="The Romance of the Far Fur Country">The Romance of the Far Fur Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HBCHQ-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HBCHQ_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBCHQ_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBCHQ_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbc.com/contact-us/">"HBC Corporate Headquarters"</a>. Hudson’s Bay Company. Retrieved 4 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HBC+Corporate+Headquarters&rft.pub=Hudson%E2%80%99s+Bay+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbc.com%2Fcontact-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030075055/http://www3.hbc.com/hbc/about-us/">"Our Company"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hbc.com/hbc/about-us/">the original</a> on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Company&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hbc.com%2Fhbc%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526134335/http://www.stockmanngroup.com/en/news-releases/-/stock/showDisclosure/93093/STOCKMANN%27S%20CEO%20HANNU%20PENTTIL%C3%84%20APPOINTED%20AS%20PRESIDENT%20OF%20THE%20INTERNATIONAL%20DEPARTMENT%20STORE%20ORGANIZA">"News releases – www.stockmanngroup.com"</a>. www.stockmanngroup.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockmanngroup.com/en/news-releases/-/stock/showDisclosure/93093/STOCKMANN%2527S%20CEO%20HANNU%20PENTTIL%25C3%2584%20APPOINTED%20AS%20PRESIDENT%20OF%20THE%20INTERNATIONAL%20DEPARTMENT%20STORE%20ORGANIZA">the original</a> on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stockmanngroup.com&rft.atitle=News+releases+%E2%80%93+www.stockmanngroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockmanngroup.com%2Fen%2Fnews-releases%2F-%2Fstock%2FshowDisclosure%2F93093%2FSTOCKMANN%252527S%2520CEO%2520HANNU%2520PENTTIL%2525C3%252584%2520APPOINTED%2520AS%2520PRESIDENT%2520OF%2520THE%2520INTERNATIONAL%2520DEPARTMENT%2520STORE%2520ORGANIZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Pat (24 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228010215/http://www.canadianaconnection.com/cca/hudsonbayco.htm">"Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. Canadiana Connection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadianaconnection.com/cca/hudsonbayco.htm">the original</a> on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.pub=Canadiana+Connection&rft.date=2009-10-24&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadianaconnection.com%2Fcca%2Fhudsonbayco.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Hollie (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2013/03/06/the-bay-gets-a-new-logo-for-first-time-in-almost-50-years/">"The Bay gets a new logo for first time in almost 50 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=The+Bay+gets+a+new+logo+for+first+time+in+almost+50+years&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F06%2Fthe-bay-gets-a-new-logo-for-first-time-in-almost-50-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-charter-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charter_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-charter_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100328/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/collections/archival/charter/charter">"The Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/collections/archival/charter/charter">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Charter+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fcollections%2Farchival%2Fcharter%2Fcharter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007091750/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/week/the-deed-of-surrender">"Our History: Business: Fur Trade: The Deed of Surrender"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/week/the-deed-of-surrender">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Business%3A+Fur+Trade%3A+The+Deed+of+Surrender&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fweek%2Fthe-deed-of-surrender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBC_Heritage-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HBC_Heritage_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBC_Heritage_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001212555/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/overview">"Our History: Overview"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/overview">the original</a> on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927094024/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/">"Our History: Timelines: Early Stores"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/early/">the original</a> on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Timelines%3A+Early+Stores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fearly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/hudson-s-bay-company-history/">"Hudson's Bay Company History"</a>. Funding Universe. Retrieved 2 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Funding+Universe&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2Fhudson-s-bay-company-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GT-DEX-2008-19-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GT-DEX-2008-19_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GT-DEX-2008-19_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2012" class="citation news cs1">Bell, Kevin (1 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&refer=canada&sid=aycn1XaTmvXI">"NRDC Buys Hudson's Bay, Says Lord & Taylor to Expand (Update2)"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=NRDC+Buys+Hudson%27s+Bay%2C+Says+Lord+%26+Taylor+to+Expand+%28Update2%29&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26refer%3Dcanada%26sid%3Daycn1XaTmvXI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson's_Bay_Trading_Company_dissolved-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson's_Bay_Trading_Company_dissolved_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson's_Bay_Trading_Company_dissolved_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2012" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Hollie (23 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2012/01/23/hudsons-bay-co-completes-purchase-of-lord-taylor-report/">"Hudson's Bay Co. completes purchase of Lord & Taylor: report"</a>. Financial Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Co.+completes+purchase+of+Lord+%26+Taylor%3A+report&rft.date=2012-01-23&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2012%2F01%2F23%2Fhudsons-bay-co-completes-purchase-of-lord-taylor-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShecter2020" class="citation news cs1">Shecter, Barbara (27 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/hudsons-bay-co-shareholders-vote-overwhelmingly-to-take-canadas-oldest-retailer-private">"Baker's HBC privatization bid approved after plenty of 'noise and aggravation'"</a>. Financial Post. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Baker%27s+HBC+privatization+bid+approved+after+plenty+of+%27noise+and+aggravation%27&rft.date=2020-02-27&rft.aulast=Shecter&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretail-marketing%2Fhudsons-bay-co-shareholders-vote-overwhelmingly-to-take-canadas-oldest-retailer-private&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quartz:Saks_is_turning_its_back-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Quartz:Saks_is_turning_its_back_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2021" class="citation news cs1">Bain, Marc (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1980578/saks-sees-a-future-for-online-fashion-separate-from-its-stores/">"Saks is turning its back on department stores"</a>. Quartz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saks+is+turning+its+back+on+department+stores&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1980578%2Fsaks-sees-a-future-for-online-fashion-separate-from-its-stores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWD:Saks_Off_5th_Splits-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWD:Saks_Off_5th_Splits_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWD:Saks_Off_5th_Splits_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2021" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Evan (21 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwd.com/business-news/mergers-acquisitions/saks-off-5th-richard-baker-paige-thomas-insight-hbc-1234853229/">"Saks Off 5th Splits E-commerce and Retail"</a>. WWD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saks+Off+5th+Splits+E-commerce+and+Retail&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwd.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Fmergers-acquisitions%2Fsaks-off-5th-richard-baker-paige-thomas-insight-hbc-1234853229%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg:Saks_Off_5th_will_become-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg:Saks_Off_5th_will_become_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2021" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Adam (21 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-21/saks-off-5th-s-online-business-will-become-1-billion-standalone">"Saks Off 5th Will Become $1 Billion Standalone Online Business"</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saks+Off+5th+Will+Become+%241+Billion+Standalone+Online+Business&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-06-21%2Fsaks-off-5th-s-online-business-will-become-1-billion-standalone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNBC:Saks_Fifth_Ave_owner_spins-17"><a href="#cite_ref-CNBC:Saks_Fifth_Ave_owner_spins_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2021" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Lauren (5 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/05/saks-fifth-avenue-owner-spins-e-commerce-site-into-separate-business.html">"Saks Fifth Avenue owner spins e-commerce site into separate business"</a>. CNBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saks+Fifth+Avenue+owner+spins+e-commerce+site+into+separate+business&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fsaks-fifth-avenue-owner-spins-e-commerce-site-into-separate-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RetailDive:With_$200M-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RetailDive:With_$200M_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RetailDive:With_$200M_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland2021" class="citation news cs1">Howland, Daphne (22 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/with-200m-from-private-equity-saks-off-5th-online-will-go-it-alone/602219/">"With $200M from private equity, Saks Off 5th online will go it alone"</a>. RetailDive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=With+%24200M+from+private+equity%2C+Saks+Off+5th+online+will+go+it+alone&rft.date=2021-06-22&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.retaildive.com%2Fnews%2Fwith-200m-from-private-equity-saks-off-5th-online-will-go-it-alone%2F602219%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTV_News:_Hudson's_Bay_splitting-19"><a href="#cite_ref-CTV_News:_Hudson's_Bay_splitting_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/hudson-s-bay-splitting-stores-from-online-marketplace-to-create-two-businesses-1.5544453">"Hudson's Bay splitting stores from online marketplace to create two businesses"</a>. CTV News. 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+splitting+stores+from+online+marketplace+to+create+two+businesses&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fbusiness%2Fhudson-s-bay-splitting-stores-from-online-marketplace-to-create-two-businesses-1.5544453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SaksToAcquireNeimanMarcus-20"><a href="#cite_ref-SaksToAcquireNeimanMarcus_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Herring2024" class="citation web cs1">Alex Herring (4 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2024/07/04/saks-fifth-avenue-parent-hbc-to-acquire-neiman-marcus-group.html">"Saks Fifth Avenue parent HBC to acquire Neiman Marcus Group in $2.65 billion deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saks+Fifth+Avenue+parent+HBC+to+acquire+Neiman+Marcus+Group+in+%242.65+billion+deal&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.au=Alex+Herring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2024%2F07%2F04%2Fsaks-fifth-avenue-parent-hbc-to-acquire-neiman-marcus-group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PYMNTS-21"><a href="#cite_ref-PYMNTS_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pymnts.com/news/retail/2020/hbc-introduces-development-division-to-optimize-real-estate/">"HBC Introduces Development Division To Optimize Real Estate"</a>. PYMNTS.com. 21 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HBC+Introduces+Development+Division+To+Optimize+Real+Estate&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pymnts.com%2Fnews%2Fretail%2F2020%2Fhbc-introduces-development-division-to-optimize-real-estate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retail_Insider:Hudson's_Bay_Company_announces-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Retail_Insider:Hudson's_Bay_Company_announces_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2020" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Craig (20 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retail-insider.com/retail-insider/2020/10/hudsons-bay-company-announces-division-to-redevelop-real-estate-assets/">"Hudson's Bay Company Announces Division to Redevelop Real Estate Assets"</a>. Retail Insider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Announces+Division+to+Redevelop+Real+Estate+Assets&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretail-insider.com%2Fretail-insider%2F2020%2F10%2Fhudsons-bay-company-announces-division-to-redevelop-real-estate-assets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Hive:Hudson's_Bay_Launches-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Hive:Hudson's_Bay_Launches_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2020" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Kenneth (21 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/hbc-properties-and-investments-streetworks-development">"Hudson's Bay launches new real estate division to redevelop its stores"</a>. Daily Hive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+launches+new+real+estate+division+to+redevelop+its+stores&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyhive.com%2Fvancouver%2Fhbc-properties-and-investments-streetworks-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman_64-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_64_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_64_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newman_64_24-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1985">Newman 1985</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyofadventu0000newm_w0f1/page/64">64</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radisson-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radisson_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radisson_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radisson_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016215139/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/radisson.asp">"Our History: People: Explorers: Radisson and des Groseilliers"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/radisson.asp">the original</a> on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Explorers%3A+Radisson+and+des+Groseilliers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fexplorers%2Fradisson.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman198565-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman198565_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1985">Newman 1985</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195836,_38,_42-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich195836,_38,_42_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRich1958">Rich 1958</a>, pp. 36, 38, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001221218/http://hbcheritage.ca/content/timeline">"1668: Des Groseilliers aboard the 12-metre ship Nonsuch travels to James Bay"</a>. HBC Heritage – Timeline. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/content/timeline">the original</a> on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.atitle=1668%3A+Des+Groseilliers+aboard+the+12-metre+ship+Nonsuch+travels+to+James+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fcontent%2Ftimeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRich1958">Rich 1958</a>, pp. 38, 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007100328/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/collections/archival/charter/charter">"Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. HBC Heritage. Hudson's Bay Company. 2015 [1670]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/collections/archival/charter/charter">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2020. <q>[...] the said Land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our Plantations or Colonies in America, called Rupert's Land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Royal+Charter+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fcollections%2Farchival%2Fcharter%2Fcharter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Taylor_(priest)" title="Isaac Taylor (priest)">Taylor, Isaac</a> (1898). "Rupert's land". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faxMAAAAMAAJ">Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature</a> (2nd ed.). London: Rivingtons. p. 240. Retrieved 3 December 2020. <q>Rupert's Land, an immense territory on <a href="/wiki/Rupert_River" title="Rupert River">Rupert's River</a>, south-west of Hudson's Bay, was discovered in 1668 by Captain <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Gillam" title="Zachariah Gillam">Zacharias Gillam</a>, and named after Prince Rupert, the first governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, constituted in 1670 by Charles II, who granted Rupert's Land to Prince Rupert and other noblemen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rupert%27s+land&rft.btitle=Names+and+Their+Histories%3A+A+Handbook+of+Historical+Geography+and+Topographical+Nomenclature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaxMAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-32"><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304184849/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/water/mcr4055">"Canada Drainage Basins"</a>. The National Atlas of Canada, 5th edition. Natural Resources Canada. 1985. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/5thedition/environment/water/mcr4055">the original</a> on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Atlas+of+Canada%2C+5th+edition&rft.atitle=Canada+Drainage+Basins&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsite%2Fenglish%2Fmaps%2Farchives%2F5thedition%2Fenvironment%2Fwater%2Fmcr4055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ruperts-land/">"Rupert's Land"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Rupert%27s+Land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fruperts-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1930" class="citation web cs1">Voorhis, Ernest (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enhaut.ca/voor1/voorhis.html#f488">"Historic Forts and Trading Posts of the French Regime and of the English Fur Trading Companies"</a>. enhaut.ca/voor1. Government of Canada. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1&rft.atitle=Historic+Forts+and+Trading+Posts+of+the+French+Regime+and+of+the+English+Fur+Trading+Companies&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1%2Fvoorhis.html%23f488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest2016" class="citation web cs1">Ernest, Voorhis (24 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enhaut.ca/voor1/voorhis.html#f368">"Historic Forts and Trading Posts of the French Regime and of the English Fur Trading Companies"</a>. enhaut.ca/voor1. Government of Canada (orig.). Retrieved 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1&rft.atitle=Historic+Forts+and+Trading+Posts+of+the+French+Regime+and+of+the+English+Fur+Trading+Companies&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft.aulast=Ernest&rft.aufirst=Voorhis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1%2Fvoorhis.html%23f368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoorhis1930" class="citation web cs1">Voorhis, Ernest (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enhaut.ca/voor1/voorhis.html#f8">"Historic Forts of the French Regime and of the English Trading Companies"</a>. enhaut.ca/voor1. Government of Canada. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1&rft.atitle=Historic+Forts+of+the+French+Regime+and+of+the+English+Trading+Companies&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Voorhis&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enhaut.ca%2Fvoor1%2Fvoorhis.html%23f8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristianson1980" class="citation thesis cs1">Christianson, David J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/10364/1/fulltext.pdf">New Severn or Nieu Savanne: The Identification of an Early Hudson Bay Fur Trade Post</a> (PDF) (Master's thesis). McMaster University. pp. 16, 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=New+Severn+or+Nieu+Savanne%3A+The+Identification+of+an+Early+Hudson+Bay+Fur+Trade+Post&rft.inst=McMaster+University&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Christianson&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsphere.mcmaster.ca%2Fbitstream%2F11375%2F10364%2F1%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416172949/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/standardtrade">"Hbc Heritage | The Standard of Trade"</a>. hbcheritage.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/standardtrade">the original</a> on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hbcheritage.ca&rft.atitle=Hbc+Heritage+%7C+The+Standard+of+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fbusiness%2Ffur%2Fstandardtrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313232933/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/tradingceremony">"Our History: Business: Fur Trade: Trading Ceremony at York Factory, 1780s"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/tradingceremony">the original</a> on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History%3A+Business%3A+Fur+Trade%3A+Trading+Ceremony+at+York+Factory%2C+1780s&rft.pub=HBC+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fbusiness%2Ffur%2Ftradingceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416172949/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/standardtrade">"Our History: Business: Fur Trade: Standard of Trade"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/standardtrade">the original</a> on 16 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History%3A+Business%3A+Fur+Trade%3A+Standard+of+Trade&rft.pub=HBC+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fbusiness%2Ffur%2Fstandardtrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Company_of_Adventurers-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Company_of_Adventurers_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company_of_Adventurers_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company_of_Adventurers_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company_of_Adventurers_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1986" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (1986). Company of Adventurers (New ed.). Markham, Ont.: Penguin Books Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140067200" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140067200"><bdi>978-0140067200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+of+Adventurers&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ont.&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Canada&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0140067200&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1985352-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1985352_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1985">Newman 1985</a>, p. 352. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Canadian Museum of Civilization Display".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+Museum+of+Civilization+Display&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005233044/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/faq/pointblanketfaq/default#1">"Our History: The Hudson's Bay Company Point Blanket: FAQs"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/faq/pointblanketfaq/default#1">the original</a> on 5 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+The+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Point+Blanket%3A+FAQs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Ffaq%2Fpointblanketfaq%2Fdefault%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42,_491-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERich195838,_42,_491_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRich1958">Rich 1958</a>, pp. 38, 42, 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-DNB_Hearne-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_Hearne_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DNB_Hearne_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChichester1891" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Manners_Chichester" title="Henry Manners Chichester">Chichester, Henry Manners</a> (1891). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Hearne,_Samuel">"Hearne, Samuel" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 25. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hearne%2C+Samuel&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Chichester&rft.aufirst=Henry+Manners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearne-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hearne_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hearne_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109220909/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/samuelhearne.asp">"Our History: People: Explorers: Samuel Hearne"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/samuelhearne.asp">the original</a> on 9 January 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Explorers%3A+Samuel+Hearne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fexplorers%2Fsamuelhearne.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613084/1/2/12?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Henley House"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Henley+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613084%2F1%2F2%2F12%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613105/1/1/20?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Fort Richmond"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Fort+Richmond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613105%2F1%2F1%2F20%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613139/1/1/7?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Brunswick House post journals"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Brunswick+House+post+journals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613139%2F1%2F1%2F7%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613139/1/3/56?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. New Brunswick"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+New+Brunswick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613139%2F1%2F3%2F56%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613154/1/2/11?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Gloucester House"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Gloucester+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613154%2F1%2F2%2F11%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613165/1/16/1578?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Upper Hudson House"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Upper+Hudson+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613165%2F1%2F16%2F1578%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613165/1/17/1579?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Lower Hudson House"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Lower+Hudson+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613165%2F1%2F17%2F1579%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pam.minisisinc.com/scripts/mwimain.dll/121613196/1/1?RECLIST&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Mesackamee"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Mesackamee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2Fscripts%2Fmwimain.dll%2F121613196%2F1%2F1%3FRECLIST%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pam.minisisinc.com/SCRIPTS/MWIMAIN.DLL/121613212/1/1/17?RECORD&DATABASE=AUTHORITY_WEB_INT">"Hudson's Bay Company. Sturgeon Lake (Ont.)"</a>. Archives of Manitoba. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Manitoba&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company.+Sturgeon+Lake+%28Ont.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpam.minisisinc.com%2FSCRIPTS%2FMWIMAIN.DLL%2F121613212%2F1%2F1%2F17%3FRECORD%26DATABASE%3DAUTHORITY_WEB_INT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1985354-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1985354_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1985">Newman 1985</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113095508/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/furtrade/nwc.asp">"Our History: Acquisitions: Fur Trade: The North West Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/furtrade/nwc.asp">the original</a> on 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History%3A+Acquisitions%3A+Fur+Trade%3A+The+North+West+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Ffurtrade%2Fnwc.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Lyle Dick, "The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de la Société historique du Canada 2.1 (1991): 91–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcha/1991-v2-n1-jcha998/031029ar.pdf">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007150457/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=earlytrade&sub=earlytrade_east_hudsons&lang=En">"Early Trading Networks"</a>. Canadian Geographic magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=earlytrade&sub=earlytrade_east_hudsons&lang=En">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Trading+Networks&rft.pub=Canadian+Geographic+magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiangeographic.ca%2Fatlas%2Fthemes.aspx%3Fid%3Dearlytrade%26sub%3Dearlytrade_east_hudsons%26lang%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesars_of_the_Wilderness-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caesars_of_the_Wilderness_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caesars_of_the_Wilderness_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1988" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (1988). Caesars of the wilderness. Markham, Ont.: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140086300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140086300"><bdi>978-0140086300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesars+of+the+wilderness&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0140086300&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1957[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOscZfLNOQkCpgPA8_8–23]-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith1957[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOscZfLNOQkCpgPA8_8–23]_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalbraith1957">Galbraith 1957</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOscZfLNOQkC&pg=PA8">8–23</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ryan, Michael H. (2022), Paper Money of a 'Peculiar Character': The Notes of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1820–1870, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ssrn.com/author=1846992">https://ssrn.com/author=1846992</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2022. McCullough, A.B. (1996). Money and Exchange in Canada to 1900. Dundurn. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-1-5548-8228-1. Retrieved 6 October 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith195760–72-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalbraith195760–72_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalbraith1957">Galbraith 1957</a>, pp. 60–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1992" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, James R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=&pg=PA60">Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841</a>. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2028-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2028-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-2028-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otter+Skins%2C+Boston+Ships%2C+and+China+Goods%3A+The+Maritime+Fur+Trade+of+the+Northwest+Coast%2C+1785%E2%80%931841&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2028-8&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeller2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zeller, Suzanne (1 July 2006). "Humboldt and the Habitability of Canada's Great Northwest". Geographical Review. 96 (3): 382–398. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRv..96..382Z">2006GeoRv..96..382Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.2006.tb00257.x">10.1111/j.1931-0846.2006.tb00257.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159102947">159102947</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Humboldt+and+the+Habitability+of+Canada%27s+Great+Northwest&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=382-398&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159102947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1931-0846.2006.tb00257.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRv..96..382Z&rft.aulast=Zeller&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackie-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackie_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackie_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackie_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1998" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, Richard Somerset (1998). Trading beyond the mountains : the British fur trade on the Pacific ; 1793 – 1843 (Repr ed.). Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 106–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0613-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0613-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0613-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+beyond+the+mountains+%3A+the+British+fur+trade+on+the+Pacific+%3B+1793+%E2%80%93+1843&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=106-107&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0613-8&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Richard+Somerset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916011255/https://www.bclocalnews.com/opinion/t-w-paterson-column-peter-skene-ogden-the-latest-victim-of-map-mending/">"T.W. Paterson column: Peter Skene Ogden the latest victim of map mending"</a>. BC Local News. 7 September 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bclocalnews.com/opinion/t-w-paterson-column-peter-skene-ogden-the-latest-victim-of-map-mending/">the original</a> on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BC+Local+News&rft.atitle=T.W.+Paterson+column%3A+Peter+Skene+Ogden+the+latest+victim+of+map+mending&rft.date=2019-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bclocalnews.com%2Fopinion%2Ft-w-paterson-column-peter-skene-ogden-the-latest-victim-of-map-mending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloney1936" class="citation news cs1">Maloney, Alice B. (March 1936). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Oregon_Historical_Quarterly/Volume_37/Number_1#9">"Hudson's Bay Company in California" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Quarterly" title="Oregon Historical Quarterly">Oregon Historical Quarterly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+in+California&rft.date=1936-03&rft.aulast=Maloney&rft.aufirst=Alice+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Spoehr, A. "A 19th Century Chapter in Hawaii's maritime history" Hawaiian Journal of History 1988 (vol 22) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorhies_Holman2012" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorhies Holman, Frederick (2012). Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon. Nabu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1279056677" title="Special:BookSources/978-1279056677"><bdi>978-1279056677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+John+McLoughlin%2C+the+Father+of+Oregon&rft.pub=Nabu+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1279056677&rft.aulast=Van+Voorhies+Holman&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb50-udfs">"Records of the International Finance Society"</a>. Archives Hub. <a href="/wiki/Jisc" title="Jisc">Jisc</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+Hub&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+International+Finance+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb50-udfs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405101925/http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/Politics/pm/johnmacdonald.htm">"John A. Macdonald"</a>. Canada History. Access HT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadahistory.com/sections/Politics/pm/johnmacdonald.htm">the original</a> on 5 April 2007. Retrieved 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+History&rft.atitle=John+A.+Macdonald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadahistory.com%2Fsections%2FPolitics%2Fpm%2Fjohnmacdonald.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hudsons-bay-company">"Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhudsons-bay-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwram2007" class="citation book cs1">Owram, Doug (2007). Francis, R. Douglas; Kitzan, C. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHZhBKRH080C&pg=PA3">The Promise of the West as Settlement Frontier</a>. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press. pp. 3–28. Retrieved 2 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+the+West+as+Settlement+Frontier&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=3-28&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Owram&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHZhBKRH080C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150531192023/http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/">"Our History"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hbc.com/hbc/history/">the original</a> on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hbc.com%2Fhbc%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926115645/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/burbidge">"Our History: People: Builders: Burbidge"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/burbidge">the original</a> on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Builders%3A+Burbidge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fbuilders%2Fburbidge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclerq2019" class="citation journal cs1">Declerq, Robrecht (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334077224">"Far Eastern Promises: The Failed Expedition of the Hudson's Bay Company in Kamchatka and Eastern Siberia (1919-1915)"</a>. Quaestio Rossica. 7 (2): 571–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15826%2Fqr.2019.2.394">10.15826/qr.2019.2.394</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10995%2F74663">10995/74663</a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaestio+Rossica&rft.atitle=Far+Eastern+Promises%3A+The+Failed+Expedition+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+in+Kamchatka+and+Eastern+Siberia+%281919-1915%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=571-586&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10995%2F74663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15826%2Fqr.2019.2.394&rft.aulast=Declerq&rft.aufirst=Robrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F334077224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_79-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1965" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Alexander Young (15 May 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insulin.library.utoronto.ca/islandora/object/insulin%3AT10193">"Men and books: Memories of a fellow artist, Frederick Grant Banting"</a>. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 92: 1077–1084 – via University of Toronto Libraries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Men+and+books%3A+Memories+of+a+fellow+artist%2C+Frederick+Grant+Banting&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=1077-1084&rft.date=1965-05-15&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsulin.library.utoronto.ca%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Finsulin%253AT10193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205154729/http://nwttimeline.ca/1925/1928JacksonBanting.htm">"1925–1949, Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories"</a>. Historical Timeline of the Northwest Territories. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwttimeline.ca/1925/1928JacksonBanting.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Timeline+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft.atitle=1925%E2%80%931949%2C+Historical+Timeline+of+the+Northwest+Territories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwttimeline.ca%2F1925%2F1928JacksonBanting.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_81-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesterMcNicoll2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tester, Frank James; McNicoll, Paule (November 2008). "A Voice of Presence: Inuit Contributions toward the Public Provision of Health Care in Canada, 1900–1930". Social History/Histoire Sociale. 41 (82): 535–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhis.0.0034">10.1353/his.0.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144773818">144773818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History%2FHistoire+Sociale&rft.atitle=A+Voice+of+Presence%3A+Inuit+Contributions+toward+the+Public+Provision+of+Health+Care+in+Canada%2C+1900%E2%80%931930&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=82&rft.pages=535-561&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhis.0.0034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144773818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tester&rft.aufirst=Frank+James&rft.au=McNicoll%2C+Paule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfantry2013" class="citation news cs1">Infantry, Ashante (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2013/03/06/the_hudsons_bay_company_unveils_new_logo_for_canadas_oldest_department_store.html">"The Hudson's Bay Company unveils new logo for Canada's oldest department store"</a>. The Toronto Star. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0319-0781">0319-0781</a>. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=The+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+unveils+new+logo+for+Canada%27s+oldest+department+store&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.issn=0319-0781&rft.aulast=Infantry&rft.aufirst=Ashante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F03%2F06%2Fthe_hudsons_bay_company_unveils_new_logo_for_canadas_oldest_department_store.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006202035/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/morgans">"Our History: Acquisitions: Retail: Morgan's"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/morgans">the original</a> on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Acquisitions%3A+Retail%3A+Morgan%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Fretail%2Fmorgans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conocophillips.ca/who-we-are/our-history/Pages/1900s.aspx">"Our History"</a>. ConocoPhilips Canada. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConocoPhilips+Canada&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conocophillips.ca%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-history%2FPages%2F1900s.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123055342/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/hbc/">"Our History: Timelines: HBC: 1970"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/hbc/">the original</a> on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Timelines%3A+HBC%3A+1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fhbc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweetmanHarrington1981" class="citation news cs1">Sweetman, Keri; Harrington, Denise (18 November 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19811118&id=2a4yAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164,5107737">"600 to lose jobs as Bay closes Shop-Rite stores"</a>. Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=600+to+lose+jobs+as+Bay+closes+Shop-Rite+stores&rft.date=1981-11-18&rft.aulast=Sweetman&rft.aufirst=Keri&rft.au=Harrington%2C+Denise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19811118%26id%3D2a4yAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1164%2C5107737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927122300/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/acquisitions/">"Our History: Timelines: Acquisitions"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/acquisitions/">the original</a> on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Timelines%3A+Acquisitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Facquisitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727155532/https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/acquisitions/zellers">"HBC Heritage – Zellers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/acquisitions/zellers">the original</a> on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HBC+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Zellers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Fzellers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017225005/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/acquisitions/robert-simpson-company">"HBC Heritage – The Robert Simpson Company"</a>. hbcheritage.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/acquisitions/robert-simpson-company">the original</a> on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hbcheritage.ca&rft.atitle=HBC+Heritage+%E2%80%93+The+Robert+Simpson+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Frobert-simpson-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823025906/http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/simpsons.asp">"The Robert Simpson Company Limited"</a>. HBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hbc.com/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/simpsons.asp">the original</a> on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC&rft.atitle=The+Robert+Simpson+Company+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hbc.com%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Fretail%2Fsimpsons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanEncycl_HBC-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanEncycl_HBC_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanEncycl_HBC_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ray, Arthur J. (2 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hudsons-bay-company">"Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2009-04-02&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fhudsons-bay-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia-92"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Canadian_Encyclopedia_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sawyer, Deborah C. (2 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/dome-petroleum-limited">"Dome Petroleum Limited"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007004645/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/dome-petroleum-limited/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dome+Petroleum+Limited&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Historica+Canada&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Deborah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdome-petroleum-limited&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBC.com_HBC_Heritage-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HBC.com_HBC_Heritage_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HBC.com_HBC_Heritage_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102011936/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/hbc/home">"Hbc Heritage – Timeline"</a>. hbcheritage.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/timeline/hbc/home">the original</a> on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hbcheritage.ca&rft.atitle=Hbc+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fhbc%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1991-hudsons-bay-company-ends-its-fur-trade">"1991: Hudson's Bay Company ends its fur trade – CBC Archives"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1991%3A+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+ends+its+fur+trade+%E2%80%93+CBC+Archives&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2F1991-hudsons-bay-company-ends-its-fur-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Privco-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Privco_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Privco_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privco.com/private-company/hudson-bay-company">"Hudson's Bay Company"</a>. Privco.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Privco.com&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privco.com%2Fprivate-company%2Fhudson-bay-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iads.org/web/home-public/2285-list-of-members.php">"List of members"</a>. www.iads.org. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iads.org&rft.atitle=List+of+members&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iads.org%2Fweb%2Fhome-public%2F2285-list-of-members.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauth2006" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Stauth, Hillary (9 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316021530/http://www.hbc.com/hbc/mediacentre/press/hbc/press.asp?prId=214">"Hudson's Bay Company Announces Realignment of Senior Management Team and Appoints New Board of Directors"</a> (Press release). Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbc.com/hbc/mediacentre/press/hbc/press.asp?prId=214">the original</a> on 16 March 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Announces+Realignment+of+Senior+Management+Team+and+Appoints+New+Board+of+Directors&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.aulast=Stauth&rft.aufirst=Hillary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbc.com%2Fhbc%2Fmediacentre%2Fpress%2Fhbc%2Fpress.asp%3FprId%3D214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2008" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Tony (17 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029193452/https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/07/17/the_bay_sold_to_us_retailer.html">"The Bay sold to U.S. retailer"</a>. Toronto Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2008/07/17/the_bay_sold_to_us_retailer.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=The+Bay+sold+to+U.S.+retailer&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F07%2F17%2Fthe_bay_sold_to_us_retailer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2008" class="citation news cs1">Friend, David (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022181607/http://www.thestar.com/Business/article/461506">"New owner to spruce up Bay"</a>. Toronto Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/Business/article/461506">the original</a> on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=New+owner+to+spruce+up+Bay&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2FBusiness%2Farticle%2F461506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hudsonsbay-idUSN1639158120080716">"NRDC Equity snaps up Hudson's Bay Co"</a>. Reuters. 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=NRDC+Equity+snaps+up+Hudson%27s+Bay+Co&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-hudsonsbay-idUSN1639158120080716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coat_of_Arms-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coat_of_Arms_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coat_of_Arms_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/history/company-stories/coat-of-arms">"HBC Heritage – Coat of Arms"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 3 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.atitle=HBC+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Coat+of+Arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhistory%2Fcompany-stories%2Fcoat-of-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandm-ipo-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gandm-ipo_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gandm-ipo_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2012" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Marina (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/hbc-launches-ipo-as-new-rivals-loom/article4618187/">"HBC launches IPO as new rivals loom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. Toronto. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=HBC+launches+IPO+as+new+rivals+loom&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-investor%2Fhbc-launches-ipo-as-new-rivals-loom%2Farticle4618187%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandm-hbcnewlogo-103"><a href="#cite_ref-gandm-hbcnewlogo_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrashinsky2013" class="citation news cs1">Krashinsky, Susan (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/marketing/new-logo-old-name-the-bay-returns-to-its-roots/article9356220/">"New logo, old name: The Bay returns to its roots"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=New+logo%2C+old+name%3A+The+Bay+returns+to+its+roots&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Krashinsky&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Findustry-news%2Fmarketing%2Fnew-logo-old-name-the-bay-returns-to-its-roots%2Farticle9356220%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-name_change-104"><a href="#cite_ref-name_change_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/hudsons-bay-celebrates-its-past-present-and-future-with-modern-new-logo-tsx-hbc-1765078.htm">"Hudson's Bay Celebrates Its Past, Present and Future with Modern New Logo"</a> (Press release). Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Celebrates+Its+Past%2C+Present+and+Future+with+Modern+New+Logo&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwire.com%2Fpress-release%2Fhudsons-bay-celebrates-its-past-present-and-future-with-modern-new-logo-tsx-hbc-1765078.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation news cs1">Shaw, Hollie (13 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2013/03/06/the-bay-gets-a-new-logo-for-first-time-in-almost-50-years/">"The Bay gets a new logo for first time in almost 50 years"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=The+Bay+gets+a+new+logo+for+first+time+in+almost+50+years&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Hollie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F06%2Fthe-bay-gets-a-new-logo-for-first-time-in-almost-50-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-106"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/business/dealbook/saks-owner-clinches-deal-for-gilt-groupe.html">"Saks Owner Clinches Deal for Gilt Groupe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 7 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/08/business/dealbook/saks-owner-clinches-deal-for-gilt-groupe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Saks+Owner+Clinches+Deal+for+Gilt+Groupe&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Fsaks-owner-clinches-deal-for-gilt-groupe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2018/06/04/rue-la-la-buys-gilt-groupe-combining-two-popular-flash-sale-sites/">"Rue La La Buys Gilt Groupe, Combining Two Popular Flash Sale Sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Rue+La+La+Buys+Gilt+Groupe%2C+Combining+Two+Popular+Flash+Sale+Sites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2018%2F06%2F04%2Frue-la-la-buys-gilt-groupe-combining-two-popular-flash-sale-sites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-108"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/hbc-bay-saks-netherlands-1.3585549">"HBC to expand to the Netherlands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HBC+to+expand+to+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhbc-bay-saks-netherlands-1.3585549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-financialpost.com-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-financialpost.com_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-financialpost.com_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/hbc-mulls-reported-3-billion-euro-offer-for-lagging-european-business">"HBC mulls reported 3 billion euro offer for lagging European business"</a>. Financial Post. 1 November 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=HBC+mulls+reported+3+billion+euro+offer+for+lagging+European+business&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretail-marketing%2Fhbc-mulls-reported-3-billion-euro-offer-for-lagging-european-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWattles2018" class="citation news cs1">Wattles, Jackie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2018/04/01/technology/saks-hack-credit-debit-card/index.html">"Saks, Lord & Taylor breach: Data stolen on 5 million cards"</a>. CNNMoney. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=Saks%2C+Lord+%26+Taylor+breach%3A+Data+stolen+on+5+million+cards&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2018%2F04%2F01%2Ftechnology%2Fsaks-hack-credit-debit-card%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennardo2019" class="citation web cs1">Bennardo, Melissa (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/capital-one-data-breach-1.5230287">"Everything Canadians need to know about the Capital One data breach"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Everything+Canadians+need+to+know+about+the+Capital+One+data+breach&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Bennardo&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fcapital-one-data-breach-1.5230287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2019" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Lauren (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/10/chairman-of-saks-owner-hudsons-bay-company-bids-to-buy-retailer.html">"Chairman of Saks-owner Hudson's Bay Co. puts in bid to take retailer private"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Chairman+of+Saks-owner+Hudson%27s+Bay+Co.+puts+in+bid+to+take+retailer+private&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F06%2F10%2Fchairman-of-saks-owner-hudsons-bay-company-bids-to-buy-retailer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Cathaleen (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/saks-owner-hudsons-bay-co-mulls-privatisation-proposal">"Can Going Private Save Hudson's Bay Company?"</a>. Business of Fashion. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+of+Fashion&rft.atitle=Can+Going+Private+Save+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%3F&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Cathaleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessoffashion.com%2Farticles%2Fnews-analysis%2Fsaks-owner-hudsons-bay-co-mulls-privatisation-proposal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/hbc-catalyst-1.5251855">"Catalyst buys 18M HBC shares in move to block privatization plan"</a>. CBC News. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Catalyst+buys+18M+HBC+shares+in+move+to+block+privatization+plan&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhbc-catalyst-1.5251855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechterEdmiston2019" class="citation news cs1">Schechter, Barbara; Edmiston, Jake (19 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/catalyst-adds-to-stake-in-hbc-as-battle-over-retailers-fate-heats-up">"Catalyst adds to stake in HBC as battle over retailer's fate heats up"</a>. Financial Post. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Catalyst+adds+to+stake+in+HBC+as+battle+over+retailer%27s+fate+heats+up&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Edmiston%2C+Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretail-marketing%2Fcatalyst-adds-to-stake-in-hbc-as-battle-over-retailers-fate-heats-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschWu2019" class="citation news cs1">Hirsch, Lauren; Wu, Jasmine (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/28/hudsons-bay-to-sell-lord-taylor-for-100-million-to-le-tote.html">"Hudson's Bay to sell Lord & Taylor for $100 million to clothing rental service Le Tote"</a>. CNBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+sell+Lord+%26+Taylor+for+%24100+million+to+clothing+rental+service+Le+Tote&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2019%2F08%2F28%2Fhudsons-bay-to-sell-lord-taylor-for-100-million-to-le-tote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValinsky2019" class="citation news cs1">Valinsky, Jordan (21 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/21/business/hudsons-bay-company-private/index.html">"The owner of Saks Fifth Avenue is going private"</a>. CNN Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+owner+of+Saks+Fifth+Avenue+is+going+private&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft.aulast=Valinsky&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fhudsons-bay-company-private%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/hudsons-bay-netherlands/hudsons-bay-to-close-dutch-stores-newspaper-idUSL5N25R0CT">"Hudson's Bay to close Dutch stores"</a>. Reuters. 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+close+Dutch+stores&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fhudsons-bay-netherlands%2Fhudsons-bay-to-close-dutch-stores-newspaper-idUSL5N25R0CT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRastelloRobinson2019" class="citation web cs1">Rastello, Sandrine; Robinson, Ashley (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-09-05/hudson-s-bay-millennial-shoppers-are-shunning-department-stores">"Founded in 1670 to Trade Furs, Hudson's Bay Chases Relevance"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Founded+in+1670+to+Trade+Furs%2C+Hudson%27s+Bay+Chases+Relevance&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Rastello&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-09-05%2Fhudson-s-bay-millennial-shoppers-are-shunning-department-stores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228084123/https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_c796ca8d-b2f3-554c-982a-868f5c2d6093.html">"Hudson's Bay Company Shareholders Approve Privatization Transaction"</a>. Odessa American. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oaoa.com/news/business/article_c796ca8d-b2f3-554c-982a-868f5c2d6093.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odessa+American&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Shareholders+Approve+Privatization+Transaction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oaoa.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Farticle_c796ca8d-b2f3-554c-982a-868f5c2d6093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/press-releases-pmn/business-wire-news-releases-pmn/hudsons-bay-company-announces-court-approval-of-privatization-transaction">"Hudson's Bay Company Announces Court Approval of Privatization Transaction"</a>. National Post. 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Announces+Court+Approval+of+Privatization+Transaction&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Fpmn%2Fpress-releases-pmn%2Fbusiness-wire-news-releases-pmn%2Fhudsons-bay-company-announces-court-approval-of-privatization-transaction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-helena-foulkes-to-step-down-as-hudsons-bay-ceo-chairman-richard/">"HBC chairman Richard Baker replacing Helena Foulkes as CEO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. 3 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=HBC+chairman+Richard+Baker+replacing+Helena+Foulkes+as+CEO&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle-helena-foulkes-to-step-down-as-hudsons-bay-ceo-chairman-richard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Rosemary Feitelberg, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/hudsons-bay-company-officially-goes-fur-free-peta-1235593248/">Hudson's Bay Company Officially Goes Fur-free</a>," WWD.com, 23 March 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516083404/http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=428721">"Hudson's Bay Eager to Log Onto New Era"</a>. Financial Post/National Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=428721">the original</a> on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post%2FNational+Post&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Eager+to+Log+Onto+New+Era&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialpost.com%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D428721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606230619/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/964933/fields-stores-to-flourish-again-in-western-canada">"Fields Stores to Flourish Again in Western Canada"</a>. Canada Newswire. 1 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/964933/fields-stores-to-flourish-again-in-western-canada">the original</a> on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fields+Stores+to+Flourish+Again+in+Western+Canada&rft.pub=Canada+Newswire&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newswire.ca%2Fen%2Fstory%2F964933%2Ffields-stores-to-flourish-again-in-western-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901003241/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/fields">"Our History: Acquisitions: Retail: Fields"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/acquisitions/retail/fields">the original</a> on 1 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Acquisitions%3A+Retail%3A+Fields&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Facquisitions%2Fretail%2Ffields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2019" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Pete (21 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/hbc-home-outfitters-1.5028740">"HBC shutting all 37 Home Outfitters stores across Canada"</a>. CBC News. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=HBC+shutting+all+37+Home+Outfitters+stores+across+Canada&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhbc-home-outfitters-1.5028740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/hbc-cuts-2000-jobs-in-face-of-retail-headwinds/article35263541/">"No timeline for turnaround as HBC cuts deep"</a>. The Globe and Mail. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=No+timeline+for+turnaround+as+HBC+cuts+deep&rft.date=2017-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fhbc-cuts-2000-jobs-in-face-of-retail-headwinds%2Farticle35263541%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2022" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Lauren (16 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/16/kohls-shares-jump-after-report-says-hudsons-bay-is-considering-buyout-bid.html">"Kohl's shares jump 17% after reports say Hudson's Bay, Sycamore are preparing bids"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Kohl%27s+shares+jump+17%25+after+reports+say+Hudson%27s+Bay%2C+Sycamore+are+preparing+bids&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F03%2F16%2Fkohls-shares-jump-after-report-says-hudsons-bay-is-considering-buyout-bid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-target-reuters-130"><a href="#cite_ref-target-reuters_130-0">^</a> John Tilak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1326316220110113">"UPDATE 2-Target to enter Canada with Zellers deal, own plans: Target plans to open up to 150 stores in Canada"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> January 13, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-three_Zellers_stores-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-three_Zellers_stores_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-three_Zellers_stores_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisblott" class="citation news cs1">Weisblott, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114212716/http://o.canada.com/2013/01/08/zellers-will-stick-around-canadas-three-biggest-cities-after-target-arrives/">"Zellers will stick around Canada's three biggest cities after Target arrives"</a>. O.Canada.com. Postmedia Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.canada.com/2013/01/08/zellers-will-stick-around-canadas-three-biggest-cities-after-target-arrives/">the original</a> on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O.Canada.com&rft.atitle=Zellers+will+stick+around+Canada%27s+three+biggest+cities+after+Target+arrives&rft.aulast=Weisblott&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2F2013%2F01%2F08%2Fzellers-will-stick-around-canadas-three-biggest-cities-after-target-arrives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927021723/http://pressroom.target.com/pr/news/target-finalizes-real-estate-transaction-215949.aspx">"Target Finalizes Real Estate Transaction with Selection of 84 Additional Zellers Leases"</a> (Press release). Minneapolis, Minnesota: Target Corporation. 23 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressroom.target.com/pr/news/target-finalizes-real-estate-transaction-215949.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Target+Finalizes+Real+Estate+Transaction+with+Selection+of+84+Additional+Zellers+Leases&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Target+Corporation&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpressroom.target.com%2Fpr%2Fnews%2Ftarget-finalizes-real-estate-transaction-215949.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/article/1232336--retailer-hudson-s-bay-co-to-close-most-of-its-remaining-64-zellers-stores">"Zellers to close last 64 stores as Target moves into Canada"</a>. Toronto Star. 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Zellers+to+close+last+64+stores+as+Target+moves+into+Canada&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F1232336--retailer-hudson-s-bay-co-to-close-most-of-its-remaining-64-zellers-stores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-targetauction-134"><a href="#cite_ref-cbc-targetauction_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/target-returns-auctions-off-leases-on-most-canadian-properties-1.3057433">"Target returns, auctions off leases on most Canadian properties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Target+returns%2C+auctions+off+leases+on+most+Canadian+properties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Ftarget-returns-auctions-off-leases-on-most-canadian-properties-1.3057433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBC_store_locator-135"><a href="#cite_ref-HBC_store_locator_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311201749/http://www.hbc.com/storelocator/?langid=en&src=hbc">"HBC store locator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbc.com/storelocator/?langid=en&src=hbc">the original</a> on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HBC+store+locator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbc.com%2Fstorelocator%2F%3Flangid%3Den%26src%3Dhbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Surrey_Now-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Surrey_Now_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130130013814/http://www.thenownewspaper.com/business/Zellers+store+stay+open+Semiahmoo+Shopping+Centre/7800250/story.html#ixzz2Hz7zrhhS">"Zellers store to stay open at Semiahmoo Shopping Centre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenownewspaper.com/business/Zellers+store+stay+open+Semiahmoo+Shopping+Centre/7800250/story.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zellers+store+to+stay+open+at+Semiahmoo+Shopping+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenownewspaper.com%2Fbusiness%2FZellers%2Bstore%2Bstay%2Bopen%2BSemiahmoo%2BShopping%2BCentre%2F7800250%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_press2022" class="citation news cs1">Canadian press, The (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/hbc-resurrects-zellers-1.6553473">"Hudson's Bay to resurrect discount retail chain Zellers"</a>. Canadian broadcasting corporation. p. 1. Retrieved 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+broadcasting+corporation&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+resurrect+discount+retail+chain+Zellers&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Canadian+press&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhbc-resurrects-zellers-1.6553473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan2019" class="citation web cs1">Sagan, Aleksandra (6 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5866980/hudsons-bay-to-shutter-last-2-zellers-stores-in-toronto-ottawa/">"Hudson's Bay to shutter last 2 Zellers stores in Toronto, Ottawa"</a>. Global News. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+shutter+last+2+Zellers+stores+in+Toronto%2C+Ottawa&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Aleksandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F5866980%2Fhudsons-bay-to-shutter-last-2-zellers-stores-in-toronto-ottawa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/americas-lord-taylor-gets-some-family-help/article2311540/">"America's Lord & Taylor gets some family help"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=America%27s+Lord+%26+Taylor+gets+some+family+help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-investor%2Famericas-lord-taylor-gets-some-family-help%2Farticle2311540%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171024005878/en/HBC-WeWork-Enter-Global-Multi-Faceted-Strategic-Relationship">"HBC and WeWork Enter into Global, Multi-Faceted Strategic Relationship"</a>. businesswire.com. 24 October 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=businesswire.com&rft.atitle=HBC+and+WeWork+Enter+into+Global%2C+Multi-Faceted+Strategic+Relationship&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20171024005878%2Fen%2FHBC-WeWork-Enter-Global-Multi-Faceted-Strategic-Relationship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2017" class="citation web cs1">Hodges, David (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/hbc-should-accept-unsolicited-4-5b-offer-for-german-real-estate-investor-1.3658919">"HBC should accept unsolicited $4.5B offer for German real estate: investor"</a>. ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctvnews.ca&rft.atitle=HBC+should+accept+unsolicited+%244.5B+offer+for+German+real+estate%3A+investor&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fbusiness%2Fhbc-should-accept-unsolicited-4-5b-offer-for-german-real-estate-investor-1.3658919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20171102005748/en/Hudson%E2%80%99s-Bay-Company-Responds-Land-Buildings-Press">"Hudson's Bay Company Responds to Land & Buildings Press Release"</a>. businesswire.com (Press release). 2 November 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Responds+to+Land+%26+Buildings+Press+Release&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20171102005748%2Fen%2FHudson%25E2%2580%2599s-Bay-Company-Responds-Land-Buildings-Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831133144/https://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKCN1VI1LV-OCABS">Reuters</a> Hudson's Bay to sell Lord + Taylor for $100 million </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190828005408/en/HBC-Le-Tote-Enter-Agreement-Acquisition-Lord">"HBC and Le Tote Enter Into Agreement for Acquisition of Lord + Taylor"</a> (Press release). Hudson's Bay Company. 28 August 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2022 – via Businesswire.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HBC+and+Le+Tote+Enter+Into+Agreement+for+Acquisition+of+Lord+%2B+Taylor&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20190828005408%2Fen%2FHBC-Le-Tote-Enter-Agreement-Acquisition-Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmiston2019" class="citation news cs1">Edmiston, Jake (28 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/news/retail-marketing/not-a-clean-exit-hudsons-bay-sells-lord-taylor-for-133-million">"Not a 'clean exit': Hudson's Bay sells historic Lord & Taylor for $133 million"</a>. Financial Post. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Not+a+%27clean+exit%27%3A+Hudson%27s+Bay+sells+historic+Lord+%26+Taylor+for+%24133+million&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft.aulast=Edmiston&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretail-marketing%2Fnot-a-clean-exit-hudsons-bay-sells-lord-taylor-for-133-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-146"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23491574">"Saks snapped up by Canada's Hudson's Bay in $2.9bn deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Saks+snapped+up+by+Canada%27s+Hudson%27s+Bay+in+%242.9bn+deal&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-23491574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2013" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Pete (29 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/hudson-s-bay-to-bring-saks-to-canada-in-2-9b-takeover-1.1408868">"Hudson's Bay to bring Saks to Canada in $2.9B takeover"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+bring+Saks+to+Canada+in+%242.9B+takeover&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fhudson-s-bay-to-bring-saks-to-canada-in-2-9b-takeover-1.1408868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-148"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/hudsons-bay-completes-acquisition-saks-193823259.html">"Hudson's Bay completes acquisition of Saks"</a>. Yahoo Finance. Associated Press. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+completes+acquisition+of+Saks&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fhudsons-bay-completes-acquisition-saks-193823259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/2013/07/29/hudsons-bay-to-buy-saks-bring-stores-to-canada/">"Hudson's Bay to buy Saks, bring stores to Canada"</a>. Financial Post. Reuters. 29 July 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+buy+Saks%2C+bring+stores+to+Canada&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F07%2F29%2Fhudsons-bay-to-buy-saks-bring-stores-to-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoin2013" class="citation news cs1">Moin, David (11 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwd.com/business-news/financial/hbcs-net-loss-grows-to-1242m-7307704?src=n/newsAlert/20131211-2">"HBC's Net loss Grows to $124.2M"</a>. Women's Wear Daily. Fairchild Publishing. Retrieved 11 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Wear+Daily&rft.atitle=HBC%27s+Net+loss+Grows+to+%24124.2M&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.aulast=Moin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwd.com%2Fbusiness-news%2Ffinancial%2Fhbcs-net-loss-grows-to-1242m-7307704%3Fsrc%3Dn%2FnewsAlert%2F20131211-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoulberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Shoulberg, Warren (22 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/warrenshoulberg/2019/02/22/hbc-closing-home-outfitters-20-saks-off-fifth-stores-as-its-teardown-continues/#45f1a68366c0">"Hudson's Bay Company Teardown Continues With Closing of Home Outfitters, 20 Saks Off Fifth Stores"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Teardown+Continues+With+Closing+of+Home+Outfitters%2C+20+Saks+Off+Fifth+Stores&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.aulast=Shoulberg&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fwarrenshoulberg%2F2019%2F02%2F22%2Fhbc-closing-home-outfitters-20-saks-off-fifth-stores-as-its-teardown-continues%2F%2345f1a68366c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-152"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927153037/http://investor.hbc.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=917844">"Hudson's Bay Company to Acquire Galeria Holding, Parent of Kaufhof, #1 Department Store in Germany"</a> (Press release). Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investor.hbc.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=917844">the original</a> on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+to+Acquire+Galeria+Holding%2C+Parent+of+Kaufhof%2C+%231+Department+Store+in+Germany&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestor.hbc.com%2Freleasedetail.cfm%3Freleaseid%3D917844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-153"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625171818/http://investor.hbc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=934427">"Hudson's Bay Company Completes Acquisition of GALERIA Holding"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. 30 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investor.hbc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=934427">the original</a> on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Completes+Acquisition+of+GALERIA+Holding&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestor.hbc.com%2Freleasedetail.cfm%3FReleaseID%3D934427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2017" class="citation web cs1">Hodges, David (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/trading-of-hudson-s-bay-shares-halted-on-toronto-stock-exchange-1.3658919">"HBC should accept unsolicited $4.5B offer for German real estate: investor"</a>. ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ctvnews.ca&rft.atitle=HBC+should+accept+unsolicited+%244.5B+offer+for+German+real+estate%3A+investor&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fbusiness%2Ftrading-of-hudson-s-bay-shares-halted-on-toronto-stock-exchange-1.3658919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2017" class="citation web cs1">Hirsch, Lauren (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/01/saks-fifth-avenue-owner-under-pressure-amid-galeria-kaufhof-bid-talk.html">"Saks Fifth Avenue owner continues to face pressure, amid a bid for its European department store"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saks+Fifth+Avenue+owner+continues+to+face+pressure%2C+amid+a+bid+for+its+European+department+store&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2017%2F11%2F01%2Fsaks-fifth-avenue-owner-under-pressure-amid-galeria-kaufhof-bid-talk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopun2017" class="citation news cs1">Kopun, Francine (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/business/2017/11/01/competitor-offers-to-buy-hudsons-bays-german-assets.html">"Hudson's Bay urged to accept bid for German assets"</a>. Toronto Star. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+urged+to+accept+bid+for+German+assets&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Kopun&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2F2017%2F11%2F01%2Fcompetitor-offers-to-buy-hudsons-bays-german-assets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-merger-157"><a href="#cite_ref-merger_157-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hudson-s-bay-m-a-signa-merger/hudsons-bay-signa-form-european-retail-real-estate-joint-venture-idUSKCN1LR0P3">Hudson's Bay, Signa form European retail, real estate joint venture</a> Reuters on 11 September </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hudson-s-bay-divestiture/hudsons-bay-to-sell-lord-taylor-for-100-million-idUSKCN1VI1LV">Reuters</a> Hudson's Bay to sell Lord + Taylor for $100 million </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeb2019" class="citation web cs1">Loeb, Walter (10 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2019/06/10/hudsons-bay-sells-european-stake-plans-to-go-private/#36664e3e1dc0">"Hudson's Bay Sells European Stake, Might Go Private"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Sells+European+Stake%2C+Might+Go+Private&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fwalterloeb%2F2019%2F06%2F10%2Fhudsons-bay-sells-european-stake-plans-to-go-private%2F%2336664e3e1dc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunsterman2019" class="citation web cs1">Munsterman, Ruben (31 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-31/hudson-s-bay-to-close-dutch-unit-dismiss-1-400-workers-fd-says">"Hudson's Bay to Close Dutch Unit and Dismiss 1,400 Workers: Report"</a>. Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+to+Close+Dutch+Unit+and+Dismiss+1%2C400+Workers%3A+Report&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft.aulast=Munsterman&rft.aufirst=Ruben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-08-31%2Fhudson-s-bay-to-close-dutch-unit-dismiss-1-400-workers-fd-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiser2024" class="citation news cs1">Peiser, Jaclyn (4 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/07/04/saks-neiman-marcus-merger/">"Saks parent company will acquire Neiman Marcus in $2.65 billion deal"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saks+parent+company+will+acquire+Neiman+Marcus+in+%242.65+billion+deal&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Peiser&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2F2024%2F07%2F04%2Fsaks-neiman-marcus-merger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421224554/http://www.hbcrunforcanada.ca/2008/index.php">"HBC Run for Canada"</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcrunforcanada.ca/2008/index.php">the original</a> on 21 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HBC+Run+for+Canada&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcrunforcanada.ca%2F2008%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2013" class="citation news cs1">Strauss, Marina (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/saks-appeal-hbc-head-richard-baker-bets-canadians-are-dying-to-go-deluxe/article15633445/?page=all">"Meet the man trying to shake up luxury retail in Canada"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Meet+the+man+trying+to+shake+up+luxury+retail+in+Canada&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Frob-magazine%2Fsaks-appeal-hbc-head-richard-baker-bets-canadians-are-dying-to-go-deluxe%2Farticle15633445%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2008/04/07/roots_no_longer_outfitting_olympic_teams_cofounder_says.html">"Roots no longer outfitting Olympic teams, co-founder says"</a>. Toronto Star. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Roots+no+longer+outfitting+Olympic+teams%2C+co-founder+says&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2008%2F04%2F07%2Froots_no_longer_outfitting_olympic_teams_cofounder_says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409231429/http://www.stylish.ca/canadian-olympic-gear-courtesy-of-the-bay-zellers-020854.php">"Canadian Olympic Gear, courtesy of The Bay & Zellers"</a>. Stylish.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stylish.ca/canadian-olympic-gear-courtesy-of-the-bay-zellers-020854.php">the original</a> on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stylish.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Olympic+Gear%2C+courtesy+of+The+Bay+%26+Zellers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stylish.ca%2Fcanadian-olympic-gear-courtesy-of-the-bay-zellers-020854.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/canadian-olympic-gear-made-in-china-mps-cry-foul-1.293170">"Canadian Olympic gear made in China, MPs cry foul"</a>. CTV News. Bell Media Television. Retrieved 2 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+Olympic+gear+made+in+China%2C+MPs+cry+foul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanadian-olympic-gear-made-in-china-mps-cry-foul-1.293170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDheensaw2010" class="citation news cs1">Dheensaw, Cleve (21 February 2010). "Amid glitches, Canadians making these Games a winner". Times Colonist. Victoria, British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Colonist&rft.atitle=Amid+glitches%2C+Canadians+making+these+Games+a+winner&rft.date=2010-02-21&rft.aulast=Dheensaw&rft.aufirst=Cleve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/first-nation-alleges-olympic-ripoff-1.829857">"First Nation alleges Olympic ripoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 7 October 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Nation+alleges+Olympic+ripoff&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Ffirst-nation-alleges-olympic-ripoff-1.829857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/cowichan-tribes-reach-olympic-sweater-deal-1.830116">"Cowichan Tribes reach Olympic sweater deal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cowichan+Tribes+reach+Olympic+sweater+deal&rft.pub=CBC+News&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fcowichan-tribes-reach-olympic-sweater-deal-1.830116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/feb/18/sebastian-coe-winter-olympics">"Sebastian Coe defends Vancouver Winter Olympics from critics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sebastian+Coe+defends+Vancouver+Winter+Olympics+from+critics&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2010%2Ffeb%2F18%2Fsebastian-coe-winter-olympics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Coe" title="Sebastian Coe">Coe, Sebastian</a> (23 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/7293583/Winter-Olympics-2010-Vancouver-so-passionate-to-embrace-Games-says-Seb-Coe.html">"Winter Olympics 2010: Vancouver so passionate to embrace Games, says Seb Coe"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/winter-olympics/7293583/Winter-Olympics-2010-Vancouver-so-passionate-to-embrace-Games-says-Seb-Coe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Winter+Olympics+2010%3A+Vancouver+so+passionate+to+embrace+Games%2C+says+Seb+Coe&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Fothersports%2Fwinter-olympics%2F7293583%2FWinter-Olympics-2010-Vancouver-so-passionate-to-embrace-Games-says-Seb-Coe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232302/http://www.ctvnews.ca/sochi/putin-in-canada-house-good-luck-except-in-hockey-1.1686560">"Putin in Canada House: 'Good luck, except in hockey'"</a>. CTV News. Bell Media Television. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/sochi/putin-in-canada-house-good-luck-except-in-hockey-1.1686560">the original</a> on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTV+News&rft.atitle=Putin+in+Canada+House%3A+%27Good+luck%2C+except+in+hockey%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fsochi%2Fputin-in-canada-house-good-luck-except-in-hockey-1.1686560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canadian-tuxedo-no-more-lululemon-replaces-hudson-s-bay-as-canada-s-olympic-clothier-1.5597313">"'Canadian tuxedo' no more: Lululemon replaces Hudson's Bay as Canada's Olympic clothier"</a>. 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Canadian+tuxedo%27+no+more%3A+Lululemon+replaces+Hudson%27s+Bay+as+Canada%27s+Olympic+clothier&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fbusiness%2Fcanadian-tuxedo-no-more-lululemon-replaces-hudson-s-bay-as-canada-s-olympic-clothier-1.5597313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/about/index.html">"About HBCA | Hudson's Bay Company Archives Archives of Manitoba"</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+HBCA+%7C+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives+Archives+of+Manitoba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fabout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925004135/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/about/hbca_history.html">"HBCA History"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Government of Manitoba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/about/hbca_history.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=HBCA+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fabout%2Fhbca_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004015400/http://www3.hbc.com/hbc/socialresponsibility/hbc-history-foundation/">"HBC History Foundation"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.hbc.com/hbc/socialresponsibility/hbc-history-foundation/">the original</a> on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.atitle=HBC+History+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.hbc.com%2Fhbc%2Fsocialresponsibility%2Fhbc-history-foundation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-4/hudsons-bay-company-archival-records/">"Hudson's Bay Company Archival records | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. UNESCO. Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archival+records+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fmemory-of-the-world%2Fregister%2Ffull-list-of-registered-heritage%2Fregistered-heritage-page-4%2Fhudsons-bay-company-archival-records%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Cassell's Latin Dictionary. The two different Latin words for skin or leather must be translated accordingly in English by the use of two different words of roughly the same meaning, denoting an exchange </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1986 (Latin Vulgate Bible) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> As translated in the King James Bible </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/faq/default#4">"What does your motto 'Pro Pelle Cutem' mean?"</a>. HBC Heritage FAQ. Hudson's Bay Company. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+does+your+motto+%27Pro+Pelle+Cutem%27+mean%3F&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Ffaq%2Fdefault%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1961" class="citation journal cs1">Rich, E. E. (April 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/06/propellecutem.shtml">"Manitoba Pageant: Pro Pelle Cutem, The Hudson's Bay Company Motto"</a>. Manitoba Pageant. 6 (3). Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manitoba+Pageant&rft.atitle=Manitoba+Pageant%3A+Pro+Pelle+Cutem%2C+The+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Motto&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1961-04&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhs.mb.ca%2Fdocs%2Fpageant%2F06%2Fpropellecutem.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BofD-183"><a href="#cite_ref-BofD_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120094814/http://investor.hbc.com/directors.cfm">"Board of Directors"</a>. Hudson's Bay Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investor.hbc.com/directors.cfm">the original</a> on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.atitle=Board+of+Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvestor.hbc.com%2Fdirectors.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlosLewis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Carlos, Ann M.; Lewis, Frank D. (September 1993). "Indians, the Beaver, and the Bay: The Economics of Depletion in the Lands of Hudson's Bay Company, 1700–1763". Journal of Economic History. 53 (3): 465–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022050700013450">10.1017/s0022050700013450</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122402">2122402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154869132">154869132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Indians%2C+the+Beaver%2C+and+the+Bay%3A+The+Economics+of+Depletion+in+the+Lands+of+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%2C+1700%E2%80%931763&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=465-494&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154869132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2122402%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022050700013450&rft.aulast=Carlos&rft.aufirst=Ann+M.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Frank+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_185-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd1980" class="citation journal cs1">Judd, Carol (November 1980). "Native labour and social stratification in Hudson's Bay Company's Northern Department, 1770–1870". Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology. 17 (4): 305–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.1980.tb00707.x">10.1111/j.1755-618X.1980.tb00707.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Review+of+Sociology+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Native+labour+and+social+stratification+in+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%27s+Northern+Department%2C+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-314&rft.date=1980-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-618X.1980.tb00707.x&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Taché, Alexandre Antonin & Cameron, Donald Roderick (1870). Sketch of the North-west of America. Montreal: John Lovell, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonThomas1973" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Arthur S.; Thomas, Lewis G. (1973) [1939]. A History of the Canadian West to 1870–71 (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. 690. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4033-6"><bdi>978-0-8020-4033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Canadian+West+to+1870%E2%80%9371&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=690&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4033-6&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Lewis+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927115548/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/">"Our History: People: Governors"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/">the original</a> on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Governors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fgovernors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928173106/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/princerupert.asp">"Our History: People: Governors: His Highness Prince Rupert of the Rhine"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/princerupert.asp">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Governors%3A+His+Highness+Prince+Rupert+of+the+Rhine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fgovernors%2Fprincerupert.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924114648/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/r/rupert_prince.pdf">"Rupert, Prince"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/r/rupert_prince.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Rupert%2C+Prince&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fr%2Frupert_prince.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (2000) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5bGqCEp5n8C&pg=PA44">James II</a> (revised, 3rd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-8728-4"><bdi>978-0-3000-8728-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=revised%2C+3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-8728-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5bGqCEp5n8C%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928171553/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnchurchill">"Our History: People: Governors: John, Lord Churchill (later 1st Duke of Marlborough)"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnchurchill">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Governors%3A+John%2C+Lord+Churchill+%28later+1st+Duke+of+Marlborough%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fgovernors%2Fjohnchurchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113543/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/churchill_john_malborough.pdf">"Churchill, John"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/churchill_john_malborough.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Churchill%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fc%2Fchurchill_john_malborough.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/member/evance-stephen-1655-1712">"Evance, Stephen (c.1655–1712), of the 'Black Boy', Lombard Street, London"</a>. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Parliament+Online&rft.atitle=Evance%2C+Stephen+%28c.1655%E2%80%931712%29%2C+of+the+%27Black+Boy%27%2C+Lombard+Street%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1690-1715%2Fmember%2Fevance-stephen-1655-1712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Courtney, William Prideaux (1899). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Trumbull,_William_(1639-1716)">"Trumbull, William (1639-1716)" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 57. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 265–267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trumbull%2C+William+%281639-1716%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=265-267&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/_docs/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1712-1743.pdf">"Lake, Bibye (Sir)"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212125/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1712-1743.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Lake%2C+Bibye+%28Sir%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2F_docs%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fl%2Flake_bibye1712-1743.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224722/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/p/pitt_benjamin.pdf">"Pitt, Benjamin"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/p/pitt_benjamin.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Pitt%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fp%2Fpitt_benjamin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031420/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/k/knapp_thomas.pdf">"Knapp, Thomas"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/k/knapp_thomas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Knapp%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fk%2Fknapp_thomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031358/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_atwell.pdf">"Lake, Atwell (Sir)"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_atwell.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Lake%2C+Atwell+%28Sir%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fl%2Flake_atwell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175927/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/baker_william.pdf">"Baker, William (Sir)"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/baker_william.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Baker%2C+William+%28Sir%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fb%2Fbaker_william.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182735/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1770-1782.pdf">"Lake, Bibye"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_bibye1770-1782.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Lake%2C+Bibye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fl%2Flake_bibye1770-1782.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822185433/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/w/wegg_samuel.pdf">"Wegg, Samuel"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/w/wegg_samuel.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Wegg%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fw%2Fwegg_samuel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210548/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_james-winter.pdf">"Lake, James Winter (Sir)"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/lake_james-winter.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Lake%2C+James+Winter+%28Sir%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fl%2Flake_james-winter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822183104/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/m/mainwaring_william.pdf">"Mainwaring, William"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/m/mainwaring_william.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Mainwaring%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fm%2Fmainwaring_william.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010344/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_joseph.pdf">"Berens, Joseph"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_joseph.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Berens%2C+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fb%2Fberens_joseph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001162059/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnhenrypelly">"Our History: People: Governors: Sir John Henry Pelly, Bart"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/johnhenrypelly">the original</a> on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Governors%3A+Sir+John+Henry+Pelly%2C+Bart.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fgovernors%2Fjohnhenrypelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518103527/https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/colville_andrew.pdf">"Colville, Andrew"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/c/colville_andrew.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Colville%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fc%2Fcolville_andrew.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203256/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/shepherd_john.pdf">"Shepherd, John"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/shepherd_john.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Shepherd%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fs%2Fshepherd_john.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822180132/http://gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_henry.pdf">"Berens, Henry Hulse"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/berens_henry.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Berens%2C+Henry+Hulse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fb%2Fberens_henry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040430/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/h/head_edmund-walker.pdf">"Head, Edmund Walker"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/h/head_edmund-walker.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Head%2C+Edmund+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fh%2Fhead_edmund-walker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1895" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Charles_Sanders" title="Lloyd Charles Sanders">Sanders, Lloyd Charles</a> (1895). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Northcote,_Stafford_Henry">"Northcote, Stafford Henry" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 194–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Northcote%2C+Stafford+Henry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=194-199&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232231/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/g/goschen_george-joachim.pdf">"Goschen, George Joachim"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/g/goschen_george-joachim.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Goschen%2C+George+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fg%2Fgoschen_george-joachim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRea1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rea, J.E. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/colvile_eden_12E.html">"Colvile, Eden"</a>. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. XII (1891–1900) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colvile%2C+Eden&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fcolvile_eden_12E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928171433/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/donaldsmith">"Our History: People: Governors: Donald A. Smith"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/governors/donaldsmith">the original</a> on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Governors%3A+Donald+A.+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fgovernors%2Fdonaldsmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233939/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/smith_donald-alexander.pdf">"Smith, Donald Alexander"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/smith_donald-alexander.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Smith%2C+Donald+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fs%2Fsmith_donald-alexander.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923235629/http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/skinner_thomas1914-1915.pdf">"Skinner, Thomas"</a> (PDF). Hudson's Bay Company Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/s/skinner_thomas1914-1915.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.atitle=Skinner%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.mb.ca%2Fchc%2Farchives%2Fhbca%2Fbiographical%2Fs%2Fskinner_thomas1914-1915.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=&pg=PA591">Here Be Dragons: Telling Tales of People, Passion and Power</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. p. 591. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6792-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-6792-1"><bdi>978-0-7710-6792-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Here+Be+Dragons%3A+Telling+Tales+of+People%2C+Passion+and+Power&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=591&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-6792-1&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D%26pg%3DPA591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006193440/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/rentceremony">"Our History: Business: Fur Trade: The Rent Ceremony"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/business/fur/rentceremony">the original</a> on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+Business%3A+Fur+Trade%3A+The+Rent+Ceremony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fbusiness%2Ffur%2Frentceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dodge, Ernest S. (1979) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/knight_james_2E.html">"Knight, James"</a>. In Hayne, David (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knight%2C+James&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Ernest+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fknight_james_2E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006075119/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/associates/knight">"Our History: People: Associates: James Knight"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/associates/knight">the original</a> on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Associates%3A+James+Knight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fassociates%2Fknight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaughton1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Knox_Laughton" title="John Knox Laughton">Laughton, John Knox</a> (1892). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Knight,_James">"Knight, James" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 31. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knight%2C+James&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Laughton&rft.aufirst=John+Knox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayne1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hayne, David, ed. (1979) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/kelsey_henry_2E.html">"Kelsey, Henry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>. Vol. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kelsey%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fkelsey_henry_2E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222105152/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/women/thanadelthur.asp">"Our History: People: Women: Thanadelthur"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/women/thanadelthur.asp">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Women%3A+Thanadelthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fwomen%2Fthanadelthur.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007053041/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/david-thompson">"Our History: People: Explorers: David Thompson"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/david-thompson">the original</a> on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Explorers%3A+David+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fexplorers%2Fdavid-thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristy1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_Christy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller Christy (page does not exist)">Christy, Miller</a> (1888). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Douglas,_Thomas_(1771-1820)">"Douglas, Thomas (1771-1820)" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 15. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 350–353.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Douglas%2C+Thomas+%281771-1820%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=350-353&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Christy&rft.aufirst=Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104409/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/women/isobelgunn.asp">"Our History: People: Women: Isobel Gunn"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/women/isobelgunn.asp">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Women%3A+Isobel+Gunn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fwomen%2Fisobelgunn.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1897" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander_Harris" title="Charles Alexander Harris">Harris, Charles Alexander</a> (1897). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Simpson,_George">"Simpson, George" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 52. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 269–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Simpson%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=269-270&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222114551/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/simpson.asp">"Our History: People: Builders: Sir George Simpson"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/builders/simpson.asp">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Builders%3A+Sir+George+Simpson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fbuilders%2Fsimpson.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation cs2">Wells, Garron (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mclean_john_1890_11E.html">"John McLean"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a>, vol. XI, Toronto: University of Toronto</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+McLean&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Garron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fmclean_john_1890_11E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-martin-230"><a href="#cite_ref-martin_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Joseph E. (2017). "Titans". Canada's History. 97 (5): 47–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1920-9894">1920-9894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+History&rft.atitle=Titans&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=47-53&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1920-9894&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix1896" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Rix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Rix (page does not exist)">Rix, Herbert</a> (1896). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Rae,_John">"Rae, John" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 47. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 151–153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rae%2C+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151-153&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Rix&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009114937/http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/johnrae.asp">"Our History: People: Explorers: Dr. John Rae"</a>. HBC Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/history/people/explorers/johnrae.asp">the original</a> on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HBC+Heritage&rft.atitle=Our+History%3A+People%3A+Explorers%3A+Dr.+John+Rae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbcheritage.ca%2Fhbcheritage%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fexplorers%2Fjohnrae.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackingLamb1976" class="citation book cs1">Hacking, Norman R.; Lamb, W. Kaye (1976). The Princess Story: A Century and A Half of West Coast Shipping. Vancouver: Mitchell Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princess+Story%3A+A+Century+and+A+Half+of+West+Coast+Shipping&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Mitchell+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hacking&rft.aufirst=Norman+R.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+W.+Kaye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1928" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert (March 1928). The Anson Northup, First Steamboat on the Red River. The Beaver. pp. 162, 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anson+Northup%2C+First+Steamboat+on+the+Red+River&rft.pages=162%2C+163&rft.pub=The+Beaver&rft.date=1928-03&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Beaver. June 1925. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beaver&rft.pages=121&rft.date=1925-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2016" class="citation web cs1">Horner, Russ (23 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323032422/https://smbp.uwaterloo.ca/2016/06/hbc-supply-chain-department-at-n-a-s-oldest-firm-is-a-modern-day-leader/">"HBC: Supply Chain Department at N.A.'s Oldest Firm is a Modern Day Leader"</a>. Social Media for Business Performance. University of Waterloo Centre for Extended Learning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smbp.uwaterloo.ca/2016/06/hbc-supply-chain-department-at-n-a-s-oldest-firm-is-a-modern-day-leader/">the original</a> on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Media+for+Business+Performance&rft.atitle=HBC%3A+Supply+Chain+Department+at+N.A.%27s+Oldest+Firm+is+a+Modern+Day+Leader&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmbp.uwaterloo.ca%2F2016%2F06%2Fhbc-supply-chain-department-at-n-a-s-oldest-firm-is-a-modern-day-leader%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalbraith1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Semple_Galbraith" title="John Semple Galbraith">Galbraith, John S.</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOscZfLNOQkC">Hudson's Bay Company As an Imperial Factor 1821–1869</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+As+an+Imperial+Factor+1821%E2%80%931869&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Galbraith&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOscZfLNOQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Newman" title="Peter C. Newman">Newman, Peter C.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyofadventu0000newm_w0f1">Company of Adventurers</a>. Vol. I. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-0379-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-0379-8"><bdi>978-0-6708-0379-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+of+Adventurers&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Viking%2C+Penguin+Books+of+Canada&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-0379-8&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanyofadventu0000newm_w0f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1958" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Edwin Ernest (1958). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Vol. I. Hudson's Bay Record Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%2C+1670+%E2%80%93+1870&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Record+Society&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bryce" title="George Bryce">Bryce, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Imc5lXU3KrkC">The Remarkable History of Hudson's Bay Company</a>. New York: B. Franklin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remarkable+History+of+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=B.+Franklin&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImc5lXU3KrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2003" class="citation cs2">Buss, Helen M (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N4QKXOOjv_cC">Undelivered Letters to Hudson's Bay Company Men on the Northwest Coast</a>, University of British Columbia Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0973-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0973-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-0973-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Undelivered+Letters+to+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Men+on+the+Northwest+Coast&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0973-3&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=Helen+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN4QKXOOjv_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Beaver: Exploring Canada's History". Periodical. An Illustrated Canadian History Magazine Published by the HBC 1920 – 1994. By CNHS Since 1994. Winnipeg. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Periodical.+An+Illustrated+Canadian+History+Magazine+Published+by+the+HBC+1920+%E2%80%93+1994.+By+CNHS+Since+1994&rft.atitle=The+Beaver%3A+Exploring+Canada%27s+History&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowie1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Cowie" title="Isaac Cowie">Cowie, Isaac</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companyofadventu00cowiuoft">The Company of Adventurers: a Narrative of Seven Years in the Service of the Hudson's Bay Company during 1867–1874, on the Great Buffalo Plains</a>. Toronto: William Briggs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+of+Adventurers%3A+a+Narrative+of+Seven+Years+in+the+Service+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+during+1867%E2%80%931874%2C+on+the+Great+Buffalo+Plains&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=William+Briggs&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Cowie&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanyofadventu00cowiuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2012" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Richard H. (2012) [1975]. Siskiyou Trail: Hudson's Bay Company Route to California. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6180-9063-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6180-9063-8"><bdi>978-1-6180-9063-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siskiyou+Trail%3A+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Route+to+California&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-6180-9063-8&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElle2009" class="citation cs2">Elle, Andra-Warner (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3iXIqHDnIs4C">Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: The Rollicking Saga of Canada's Fur Traders</a>, Heritage House, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-68-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-68-4"><bdi>978-1-894974-68-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Adventures%3A+The+Rollicking+Saga+of+Canada%27s+Fur+Traders&rft.pub=Heritage+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-894974-68-4&rft.aulast=Elle&rft.aufirst=Andra-Warner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3iXIqHDnIs4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2019" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, James R., ed. (2019). "Opposition on the Coast": The Hudson's Bay Company, American Coasters, the Russian-American Company, and Native Traders on the Northwest Coast, 1825-1846. The Champlain Society. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9780772764430">10.3138/9780772764430</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7727-6441-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7727-6441-6"><bdi>978-0-7727-6441-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231624945">231624945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Opposition+on+the+Coast%22%3A+The+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%2C+American+Coasters%2C+the+Russian-American+Company%2C+and+Native+Traders+on+the+Northwest+Coast%2C+1825-1846&rft.pub=The+Champlain+Society&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231624945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9780772764430&rft.isbn=978-0-7727-6441-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearne1795" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hearne" title="Samuel Hearne">Hearne, Samuel</a> (1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5NcAAAAcAAJ">A Journey from Prince of Wales's Fort in Hudson's Bay, to the Northern Ocean</a>. London: A. Strahan and T. Cadell Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journey+from+Prince+of+Wales%27s+Fort+in+Hudson%27s+Bay%2C+to+the+Northern+Ocean&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+Strahan+and+T.+Cadell+Publishers&rft.date=1795&rft.aulast=Hearne&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5NcAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> – 2011 reprint: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sR2aHj3eJUwC">A Journey to the Northern Ocean: The Adventures of Samuel Hearne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaut1908" class="citation book cs1">Laut, Agnes C. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquestofgreatn01lautuoft">The Conquest of the Great Northwest</a>. New York: Outing Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+the+Great+Northwest&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Outing+Publishing&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Laut&rft.aufirst=Agnes+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquestofgreatn01lautuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay1936" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, Douglas (1936). The Honourable Company: A History of the Hudson's Bay Company. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Company%3A+A+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice2006" class="citation book cs1">Maurice, Edward Beauclerk (2006) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIcGxHHfsAkC">The Last of the Gentleman Adventurers</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5477-5432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5477-5432-1"><bdi>978-0-5477-5432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+the+Gentleman+Adventurers&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-5477-5432-1&rft.aulast=Maurice&rft.aufirst=Edward+Beauclerk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIcGxHHfsAkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1848" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hunter_Murray" title="Alexander Hunter Murray">Murray, Alexander Hunter</a> (1848). Expedition to Build a Hudson's Bay Company Post on the Yukon, 1847–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expedition+to+Build+a+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Post+on+the+Yukon%2C+1847%E2%80%9348&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Hunter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1987" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caesarsofwildern00newm">Caesars of the Wilderness: Company of Adventurers</a>. Vol. II. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-0967-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-0967-7"><bdi>978-0-6708-0967-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesars+of+the+Wilderness%3A+Company+of+Adventurers&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Viking%2C+Penguin+Books+of+Canada&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-0967-7&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaesarsofwildern00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1989" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofbayillus00pete">Empire of the Bay: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company</a>. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-2969-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-2969-9"><bdi>978-0-6708-2969-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Bay%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Viking%2C+Penguin+Books+of+Canada&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-2969-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofbayillus00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1991" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantprinces00newm">Merchant Princes: Company of Adventurers</a>. Vol. III. Markham, Ontario: Viking, Penguin Books of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-4098-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-4098-4"><bdi>978-0-6708-4098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+Princes%3A+Company+of+Adventurers&rft.place=Markham%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Viking%2C+Penguin+Books+of+Canada&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-4098-4&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerchantprinces00newm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2002" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofbayillus00pete">An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Company (Previously published as Empire of the Bay)</a>. Toronto: Penguin Canada/Madison Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-2969-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6708-2969-9"><bdi>978-0-6708-2969-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+%28Previously+published+as+Empire+of+the+Bay%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin+Canada%2FMadison+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-6708-2969-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofbayillus00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Peter C. (2005). Company of Adventurers: How the Hudson's Bay Empire Determined the Destiny of a Continent. Toronto: Penguin Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1430-5147-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1430-5147-3"><bdi>978-0-1430-5147-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Company+of+Adventurers%3A+How+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Empire+Determined+the+Destiny+of+a+Continent&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-1430-5147-3&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpp2015" class="citation journal cs1">Opp, James (2015). "Branding 'the Bay/la Baie': Corporate Identity, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Burden of History in the 1960s". Canadian Historical Review. 96 (2): 223–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fchr.2675">10.3138/chr.2675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160967383">160967383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Branding+%27the+Bay%2Fla+Baie%27%3A+Corporate+Identity%2C+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%2C+and+the+Burden+of+History+in+the+1960s.&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-256&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fchr.2675&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160967383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Opp&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1914" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Charles B. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mastersofwilder00reed">Masters of the Wilderness</a>. Chicago Historical Society, University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+Wilderness&rft.pub=Chicago+Historical+Society%2C+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmastersofwilder00reed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1959" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Edwin Ernest (1959). The History of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1670 – 1870. Vol. II. Hudson's Bay Record Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%2C+1670+%E2%80%93+1870&rft.pub=Hudson%27s+Bay+Record+Society&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1966" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Edwin Ernest (1966). Montreal and the Fur Trade. Beatty Memorial Lectures (reprint ed.). Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-9431-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-9431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montreal+and+the+Fur+Trade&rft.place=Montreal&rft.series=Beatty+Memorial+Lectures&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-9431-9&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich1967" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Edwin Ernest (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/furtradenorthwes0000rich">The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857</a>. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fur+Trade+and+the+Northwest+to+1857&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+%26+Stewart&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffurtradenorthwes0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2007" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Deidre (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y7pT8yTwbnsC">Keepers of the Record: The History of the Hudson's Bay Company Archives</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3291-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-3291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keepers+of+the+Record%3A+The+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company+Archives&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3291-5&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Deidre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy7pT8yTwbnsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTichenor2002" class="citation book cs1">Tichenor, Harold (2002). The Blanket: An Illustrated History of the Hudson's Bay Point Blanket. Toronto: Quantum Books for Hudson's Bay Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8958-9220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8958-9220-8"><bdi>978-1-8958-9220-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blanket%3A+An+Illustrated+History+of+the+Hudson%27s+Bay+Point+Blanket&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Quantum+Books+for+Hudson%27s+Bay+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-8958-9220-8&rft.aulast=Tichenor&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Kirk1999" class="citation book cs1">Van Kirk, Sylvia (1999) [1980]. Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870. Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8962-3951-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8962-3951-4"><bdi>978-1-8962-3951-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Tender+Ties%3A+Women+in+the+Fur-+Trade+Society%2C+1670%E2%80%931870&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Watson+%26+Dwyer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-8962-3951-4&rft.aulast=Van+Kirk&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> – 1983 edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JBAp4KhDrdUC">Many Tender Ties: Women in the Fur- Trade Society, 1670–1870</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Kirk1984" class="citation journal cs1">Van Kirk, Sylvia (1984). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 7 (3): 9–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346234">10.2307/3346234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346234">3346234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Native+Women+in+the+Fur+Trade+Society+of+Western+Canada%2C+1670%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Van+Kirk&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Kirk1991" class="citation book cs1">Van Kirk, Sylvia (1991). "The Role of Native Women in the Fur Trade Society of Western Canada, 1670–1830". In Strong-Boag, Veronica; Fellman, Anita Clair (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rethinkingcanada00stro_0">Rethinking Canada: The Promise of Women's History</a> (2nd ed.). Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-5097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7730-5097-6"><bdi>978-0-7730-5097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Native+Women+in+the+Fur+Trade+Society+of+Western+Canada%2C+1670%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Canada%3A+The+Promise+of+Women%27s+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Copp+Clark+Pitman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7730-5097-6&rft.aulast=Van+Kirk&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frethinkingcanada00stro_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation journal cs1">White, Bruce. M. (Winter 1999). "The Woman who Married a Beaver: Trade Patterns and Gender Roles in the Ojibwa Fur Trade". Ethnohistory. 46 (1): 109–147. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/483430">483430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Woman+who+Married+a+Beaver%3A+Trade+Patterns+and+Gender+Roles+in+the+Ojibwa+Fur+Trade&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-147&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F483430%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Bruce.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beckles_Willson" title="Henry Beckles Willson">Willson, Beckles</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42279/42279-h/42279-h.htm">The Great Company (1667–1871): A History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay</a>. London: Smith, Elder and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Company+%281667%E2%80%931871%29%3A+A+History+of+the+Honourable+Company+of+Merchants-adventurers+Trading+into+Hudson%27s+Bay&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=Beckles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F42279%2F42279-h%2F42279-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHudson%27s+Bay+Company" class="Z3988"> – Also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwsqAAAAYAAJ">The Great Company, 1667–1871: Being a History of the Honourable Company of Merchants-Adventurers Trading into Hudson's Bay </a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (9th ed.) article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbc.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76039#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/home">HBC Heritage website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507152714/http://www.hbcheritage.ca/hbcheritage/home">Archived</a> 7 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/index.html">Hudson's Bay Company Archives – held by the Government of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2095">Works by Hudson's Bay Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Hudson%27s+Bay+Company%22%29">Works by or about Hudson's Bay Company</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv27307">John Work Papers.</a> 1823–1862. 0.42 cubic feet (1 box). At the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws">Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.</a> Contains records from Work's service as an officer of the Hudson's Bay Company at various company settlements, including Fort Vancouver, Fort Colvile, Spokane House, Fort Simpson, Fort Nisqually, and Fort Victoria.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv58833">Hudson's Bay Company papers at the University of Oregon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/other_side_of_the_ledger/">The Other Side of the Ledger: An Indian View of the Hudson's Bay Company</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/hudsons-bay-company">The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Hudson's Bay Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016171225/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/hudsons-bay-company">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/bullock">H. Bullock-Webster fonds</a> – An artistic rendition of the Canadian fur trade, from the UBC Library Digital Collections, depicting social life, activities and customs in Hudson's Bay Company posts in the 19th century</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1105">Elizabeth F. Washburn Journal on her experiences on board the Hudson's Bay Company's supply ship "Rupertsland"</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/059846">Documents and clippings about Hudson's Bay Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hudson&#039;s_Bay_Company" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Template:Hudson's Bay Company"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Template talk:Hudson's Bay Company"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hudson's Bay Company"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hudson&#039;s_Bay_Company" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hudson's Bay Company</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(department_store)" title="Hudson's Bay (department store)">Hudson's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Fifth_Avenue" title="Saks Fifth Avenue">Saks Fifth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saks_Off_5th" title="Saks Off 5th">Saks Off 5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaksWorks" title="SaksWorks">SaksWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellers" title="Zellers">Zellers</a> (1978–2020, 2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former holdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shop-Rite_(Canada)" title="Shop-Rite (Canada)">Shop-Rite</a> (1972–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_Depot" title="Designer Depot">Designer Depot</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunoff" title="Fortunoff">Fortunoff</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_(department_store)" title="Fields (department store)">Fields</a> (1978–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._G._Baker_Company" title="I. G. Baker Company">I. G. Baker Company</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freimans" title="Freimans">Freimans</a> (1972-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s" title="Morgan's">Morgan's</a> (1960-1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpsons_(department_store)" title="Simpsons (department store)">Simpsons</a> (1978-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towers_Department_Stores" title="Towers Department Stores">Towers</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s" title="Woodward's">Woodward's</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kmart" title="Kmart">Kmart Canada</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt_Groupe" title="Gilt Groupe">Gilt</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeria_Kaufhof" title="Galeria Kaufhof">Galeria Kaufhof</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Outfitters" title="Home Outfitters">Home Outfitters</a> (1998–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_%26_Taylor" title="Lord & Taylor">Lord & Taylor</a> (2012–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land_Act_1868" title="Rupert's Land Act 1868">Rupert's Land Act 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed_of_Surrender" title="Deed of Surrender">Deed of Surrender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Trading_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Trading Company">Hudson's Bay Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_trading_posts" title="List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts">Trading posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Factory_Express" title="York Factory Express">York Factory Express</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklavik_(HBC_vessel)" title="Aklavik (HBC vessel)">Aklavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Northup" title="Anson Northup">Anson Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Baychimo" title="SS Baychimo">Baychimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_(steamship)" title="Beaver (steamship)">Beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadboro_(1824_schooner)" title="Cadboro (1824 schooner)">Cadboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(barque)" title="Columbia (barque)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chesterfield_(schooner)" title="Fort Chesterfield (schooner)">Fort Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Grahame" title="SS Grahame">Grahame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelton_(sternwheeler)" title="Hazelton (sternwheeler)">Hazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labouchere_(paddle_steamer)" title="Labouchere (paddle steamer)">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(sternwheeler)" title="Mount Royal (sternwheeler)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Nascopie" title="SS Nascopie">Nascopie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_(1650_ship)" title="Nonsuch (1650 ship)">Nonsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_(steamship)" title="Otter (steamship)">Otter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Pelican_(1877)" title="HMS Pelican (1877)">Pelican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_(sidewheeler)" title="Princess Louise (sidewheeler)">Princess Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_(sternwheeler)" title="Strathcona (sternwheeler)">Strathcona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_(steamboat)" title="Vancouver (steamboat)">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Point blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_boat" title="York boat">York boat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Manitoba" title="Archives of Manitoba">Company archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Flag of the Hudson's Bay Company">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRDC_Equity_Partners" title="NRDC Equity Partners">NRDC Equity Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Rewards" title="Hudson's Bay Rewards">Rewards program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Category:Hudson's Bay Company">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chartered_companies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chartered_companies" title="Template talk:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered_companies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chartered companies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chartered_companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" title="Chartered company">Chartered companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Company_of_Merchants" title="African Company of Merchants">African Company of Merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Company" title="Barbary Company">Barbary Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Land_Company" title="British American Land Company">British American Land Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company" title="Imperial British East Africa Company">British East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Company" title="Canada Company">Canada Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_of_London" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers of London">Company of Merchant Adventurers of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Merchant_Adventurers_to_New_Lands" title="Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands">Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Scotland" title="Company of Scotland">Company of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Archipelago_Company" title="Eastern Archipelago Company">Eastern Archipelago Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastland_Company" title="Eastland Company">Eastland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Company_(London)" title="Guinea Company (London)">Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hudson's Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_and_Bristol_Company" title="London and Bristol Company">London and Bristol Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company" title="North Borneo Chartered Company">North Borneo Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Company" title="Providence Island Company">Providence Island Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_British_Bank" title="Royal British Bank">Royal British Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Niger_Company" title="Royal Niger Company">Royal Niger Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Company" title="Sierra Leone Company">Sierra Leone Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Company" title="South Australian Company">South Australian Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Company" title="Spanish Company">Spanish Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Company" title="Venice Company">Venice Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Company" title="Plymouth Company">Plymouth Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_l%27Occident" title="Compagnie de l'Occident">Compagnie de l'Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_the_American_Islands" title="Company of the American Islands">Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Habitants" title="Company of Habitants">Company of Habitants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates" title="Company of One Hundred Associates">Company of One Hundred Associates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_du_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Compagnie du Sénégal">Senegal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburger_Gold_Coast" title="Brandenburger Gold Coast">Brandenburg African Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa_Company" title="German East Africa Company">East Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden_Company" title="Emden Company">Emden Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea_Company" title="German New Guinea Company">New Guinea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_African_Company" title="German West African Company">West African Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portuguese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cacheu_and_Cape_Verde_Company" title="Cacheu and Cape Verde Company">Cacheu and Cape Verde Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company" title="Portuguese East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o_Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o_Company" title="Grão Pará and Maranhão Company">Grão Pará and Maranhão Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_Guin%C3%A9" title="Casa da Guiné">Company of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Casa da Índia">House of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Company" title="Zambezia Company">Zambezia Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austrian and Low Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brabantsche_Compagnie" title="Brabantsche Compagnie">Brabantsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_East_India_Company" title="Austrian East India Company">Imperial Company of Trieste and Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Privileged_Oriental_Company" title="Imperial Privileged Oriental Company">Imperial Privileged Oriental Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland_Company" title="New Netherland Company">New Netherland Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noordsche_Compagnie" title="Noordsche Compagnie">Noordsche Compagnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_Verre" title="Compagnie van Verre">Compagnie van Verre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_van_De_Moucheron" title="Compagnie van De Moucheron">Compagnie van De Moucheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerse_Compagnie" title="Veerse Compagnie">Veerse Compagnie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spanish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Company_of_the_Philippines" title="Royal Company of the Philippines">Royal Company of the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Africa_Company" title="Swedish Africa Company">Swedish Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company" title="Swedish East India Company">Swedish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Levant_Company" title="Swedish Levant Company">Swedish Levant Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_South_Company" title="Swedish South Company">Swedish South Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_West_India_Company" title="Swedish West India Company">Swedish West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Danish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Asiatic_Company" title="Danish Asiatic Company">Danish Asiatic Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_India_Company" title="Danish West India Company">Danish West India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenland_Trading_Department" title="Royal Greenland Trading Department">Royal Greenland Trading Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies" title="Category:Chartered companies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76039#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76039#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76039#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000094550409">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139169065">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/111541-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80089976">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119520560">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119520560">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35211373">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20030220016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90541567">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=147374">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675807805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007514948405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05807116?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500490091">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027493008">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&oldid=1259225841">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&oldid=1259225841</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Category:Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1670_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1670 establishments in England">1670 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions">2008 mergers and acquisitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_initial_public_offerings" title="Category:2012 initial public offerings">2012 initial public offerings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2020_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Category:2020 mergers and acquisitions">2020 mergers and acquisitions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:British colonization of the Americas">British colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_brands" title="Category:Canadian brands">Canadian brands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_folklore" title="Category:Canadian folklore">Canadian folklore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies" title="Category:Chartered companies">Chartered companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing_retailers_of_Canada" title="Category:Clothing retailers of Canada">Clothing retailers of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Brampton" title="Category:Companies based in Brampton">Companies based in Brampton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Retail_companies_established_in_1670" title="Category:Retail companies established in 1670">Retail companies established in 1670</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_formerly_listed_on_the_Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Category:Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange">Companies formerly listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Economic history of Canada">Economic history of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:English colonization of the Americas">English colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fur_trade" title="Category:Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Category:History of the Pacific Northwest">History of the Pacific Northwest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Rocky_Mountains" title="Category:History of the Rocky Mountains">History of the Rocky Mountains</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Canada" title="Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Canada">Multinational companies headquartered in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oregon_Country" title="Category:Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_equity_portfolio_companies" title="Category:Private equity portfolio companies">Private equity portfolio companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trading_companies_of_England" title="Category:Trading companies of England">Trading companies of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trading_companies_of_Canada" title="Category:Trading companies of Canada">Trading companies of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trading_companies_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Trading companies established in the 17th century">Trading companies established in the 17th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pemmican_War" title="Category:Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2015" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2015">Articles with dead external links from October 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_February_2020" title="Category:Use Canadian English from February 2020">Use Canadian English from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021">Use dmy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 01:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson%27s_Bay_Company&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6vrgq","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.058","walltime":"3.382","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21893,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":544674,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16503,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":875529,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2975.382 1 -total"," 46.46% 1382.270 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.48% 668.874 119 Template:Cite_web"," 11.63% 346.080 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 11.32% 336.741 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.04% 268.974 54 Template:Cite_news"," 6.68% 198.877 39 Template:Cite_book"," 5.93% 176.571 8 Template:Sfn"," 4.58% 136.332 7 Template:Lang"," 4.43% 131.900 1 Template:Small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.944","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22092488,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlex_Herring2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennardo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryce1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuss2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_press2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlosLewis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChichester\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristianson1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtney\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowie1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeclerq2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDheensaw2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmiston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnest2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriend2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackingLamb1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearne1795\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschWu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHorner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowland2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfantry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopun2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrashinsky2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaughton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaut1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKay1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloney1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonThomas1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunsterman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiser2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastelloRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRich1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRix\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechterEdmiston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShecter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoulberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStauth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweetmanHarrington1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesterMcNicoll2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTichenor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValinsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Kirk1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Kirk1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Kirk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Voorhies_Holman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoorhis1930\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWattles2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisblott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillson1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"Hudson\u0026#039;s_Bay_Company_Act_1689\"] = 1,\n [\"List_of_Governors\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CAD\"] = 8,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Chartered companies\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite DCB\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite DNB\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 119,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"EB9 Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 15,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hudson's Bay Trading_Company, L.P.\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UK legislation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","13.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.0"],["type","80","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.0"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","60","3.0"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","2.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","2.0"],["[others]","560","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gxqwf","timestamp":"20241124053255","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76039","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q76039","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-10T15:25:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T01:35:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Official_Logo_2013.svg","headline":"Canadian retail business group, former fur trading business"}</script> </body> </html>