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id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasion_routes_through_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_routes_through_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Invasion routes through Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_routes_through_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_to_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_to_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medieval to modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_to_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>After the collapse of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education,_science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education,_science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education, science and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education,_science_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education, science and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education,_science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernisation_of_research_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisation_of_research_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Modernisation of research infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisation_of_research_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_investment_in_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_investment_in_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Financial investment in research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_investment_in_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_in_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_in_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Trends in researchers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_in_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Research output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>International cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_and_regional_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_and_regional_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Territorial and regional data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_and_regional_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geostrategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geostrategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Geostrategy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geostrategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geostrategy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geostrategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_on_Terror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_on_Terror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>War on Terror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_on_Terror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cultural,_scientific_and_economic_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cultural,_scientific_and_economic_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Major cultural, scientific and economic centres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_cultural,_scientific_and_economic_centres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major cultural, scientific and economic centres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_cultural,_scientific_and_economic_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_in_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_in_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Cities in Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_in_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Asia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Teung%C3%B6h" title="Asia Teungöh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Asia Teungöh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentraal-Asi%C3%AB" title="Sentraal-Asië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sentraal-Asië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%88%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%8B%AB" title="መካከለኛ እስያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መካከለኛ እስያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelasia" title="Middelasia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Middelasia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="آسيا الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آسيا الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Central" title="Asia Central – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asia Central" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կեդրոնական Ասիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կեդրոնական Ասիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_centr%C3%A2la" title="Asia centrâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Asia centrâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Central" title="Asia Central – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Asia Central" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyte_%C3%81sia" title="Mbyte Ásia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyte Ásia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99rk%C9%99zi_Asiya" title="Mərkəzi Asiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mərkəzi Asiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="اورتا آسیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اورتا آسیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মধ্য এশিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মধ্য এশিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong_A-chiu" title="Tiong A-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong A-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Үҙәк Азия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Үҙәк Азия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цэнтральная Азія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэнтральная Азія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цэнтральная Азія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цэнтральная Азія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="सेंट्रल एशिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेंट्रल एशिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Централна Азия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Централна Азия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednja Azija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_ar_C%27hreiz" title="Azia ar C'hreiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Azia ar C'hreiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sia_central" title="Àsia central – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àsia central" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%83%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Вăта Ази – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вăта Ази" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edn%C3%AD_Asie" title="Střední Asie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střední Asie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canolbarth_Asia" title="Canolbarth Asia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canolbarth Asia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralasien" title="Centralasien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Centralasien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralasien" title="Zentralasien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zentralasien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%89_%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B" title="༉ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="༉ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཀྱི་རྒྱ་མཚོ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesk-Aasia" title="Kesk-Aasia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kesk-Aasia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κεντρική Ασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεντρική Ασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Central" title="Asia Central – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asia Central" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centra_Azio" title="Centra Azio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Centra Azio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdialdeko_Asia" title="Erdialdeko Asia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erdialdeko Asia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="آسیای مرکزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسیای مرکزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asie_centrale" title="Asie centrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asie centrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintraal-Aazje" title="Sintraal-Aazje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sintraal-Aazje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Central" title="Asia Central – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asia Central" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-%C3%82" title="Chûng-Â – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-Â" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%EC%95%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84" title="중앙아시아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중앙아시아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakiyar_Asiya" title="Tsakiyar Asiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsakiyar Asiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կենտրոնական Ասիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենտրոնական Ասիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मध्य एशिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्य एशिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srjed%C5%BAna_Azija" title="Srjedźna Azija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Srjedźna Azija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednja Azija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Azia" title="Central Azia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Central Azia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengnga_nga_Asia" title="Tengnga nga Asia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tengnga nga Asia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Центрон Ази – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Центрон Ази" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-As%C3%ADa" title="Mið-Asía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mið-Asía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_centrale" title="Asia centrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asia centrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="מרכז אסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרכז אסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮಧ್ಯ ಏಶಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಧ್ಯ ಏಶಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცენტრალური აზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცენტრალური აზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орталық Азия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орталық Азия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asi_Gres" title="Asi Gres – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Asi Gres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_ya_Kati" title="Asia ya Kati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asia ya Kati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istefa_Asia" title="Istefa Asia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Istefa Asia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyaya_Navend%C3%AE" title="Asyaya Navendî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asyaya Navendî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_Sentrala" title="Asya Sentrala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Asya Sentrala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Asia" title="Media Asia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Media Asia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centr%C4%81l%C4%81zija" title="Centrālāzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Centrālāzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralasien" title="Zentralasien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zentralasien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юкьван Азия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Юкьван Азия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurin%C4%97_Azija" title="Vidurinė Azija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurinė Azija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centraal-Azië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Centraal-Azië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%ADa_ya_Katik%C3%A1ti" title="Azía ya Katikáti – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Azía ya Katikáti" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_sentral" title="Asia sentral – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asia sentral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Asia Centrala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-%C3%81zsia" title="Közép-Ázsia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közép-Ázsia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मध्य एसिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मध्य एसिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средна Азија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Средна Азија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_Afovoany" title="Azia Afovoany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Azia Afovoany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദ്ധ്യേഷ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मध्य आशिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मध्य आशिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცენტრალური აზია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცენტრალური აზია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="اسيا الوسطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسيا الوسطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tangah" title="Asia Tangah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Asia Tangah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%B9%B3%CC%86ng-%C4%81" title="Dṳ̆ng-ā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dṳ̆ng-ā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Төв Ази – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төв Ази" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE" title="အလယ်အာရှ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလယ်အာရှ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centraal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centraal-Azië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Centraal-Azië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मध्य एसिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मध्य एसिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2" title="中央アジア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中央アジア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Йуккъера Ази – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йуккъера Ази" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelaasien" title="Madelaasien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Madelaasien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentral-Asia" title="Sentral-Asia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sentral-Asia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentral-Asia" title="Sentral-Asia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sentral-Asia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82sie_du_Mitan" title="Âsie du Mitan – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Âsie du Mitan" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asia Centrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ମଧ୍ୟ ଏସିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଧ୍ୟ ଏସିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giddu-galeessa_Eeshiyaa" title="Giddu-galeessa Eeshiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Giddu-galeessa Eeshiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markaziy_Osiyo" title="Markaziy Osiyo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Markaziy Osiyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਏਸ਼ੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وچکارلا ایشیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وچکارلا ایشیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Sentral" title="Asia Sentral – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Asia Sentral" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منځنۍ آسيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منځنۍ آسيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="អាស៊ីកណ្ដាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាស៊ីកណ្ដាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azja_%C5%9Arodkowa" title="Azja Środkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azja Środkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sia_Central" title="Ásia Central – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ásia Central" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Asiya" title="Orta Asiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Orta Asiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Central%C4%83" title="Asia Centrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asia Centrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Середня Азія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Середня Азія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Центральная Азия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Центральная Азия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Киин Азия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киин Азия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sia_tzentrale" title="Ásia tzentrale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ásia tzentrale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azia_Qendrore" title="Azia Qendrore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Azia Qendrore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_cintrali" title="Asia cintrali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Asia cintrali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මධ්‍යම ආසියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මධ්‍යම ආසියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Central Asia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="وچ ايشيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وچ ايشيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredn%C3%A1_%C3%81zia" title="Stredná Ázia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredná Ázia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednja Azija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aasiyada_Dhexe" title="Aasiyada Dhexe – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aasiyada Dhexe" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئاسیای ناوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاسیای ناوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Средња Азија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средња Азија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednja Azija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asia Tengah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keski-Aasia" title="Keski-Aasia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keski-Aasia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralasien" title="Centralasien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Centralasien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnang_Asya" title="Gitnang Asya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gitnang Asya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="நடு ஆசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடு ஆசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_talemmast" title="Asya talemmast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asya talemmast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Үзәк Азия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үзәк Азия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="మధ్య ఆసియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మధ్య ఆసియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เอเชียกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอเชียกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Осиёи Марказӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осиёи Марказӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Asya" title="Orta Asya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Asya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkezi_Azi%C3%BDa" title="Merkezi Aziýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Merkezi Aziýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Центральна Азія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Центральна Азія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وسط ایشیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسط ایشیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ئوتتۇرا ئاسىيا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوتتۇرا ئاسىيا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_%C3%81" title="Trung Á – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Á" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEtrinne_Azeye" title="Mîtrinne Azeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mîtrinne Azeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="中亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="中亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centroal-Azi%C3%AB" title="Centroal-Azië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Centroal-Azië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butnga_nga_Asya" title="Butnga nga Asya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Butnga nga Asya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diggu_Asi" title="Diggu Asi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Diggu Asi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="中亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rin_%C3%81s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Àrin Ásíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àrin Ásíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="中亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asya_Miyan%C3%AAne" title="Asya Miyanêne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asya Miyanêne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97dor%C4%97_Az%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vėdorė Azėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėdorė Azėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tongah" title="Asia Tongah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Asia Tongah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27275#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Subregion in Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Central Asia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">4,003,451 km<sup>2</sup> (1,545,741 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">75,897,577 (2021) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_population#Regional_and_continental_(sub)totals_in_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="List of continents by population">16th</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">17.43/km<sup>2</sup> (45.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.25 trillion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$446 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$5,900 (2023; nominal)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />$16,400 (2023; PPP)<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HDI</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>0.779 (<i><span style="color:green">high</span></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Central Asian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">5 recognized</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="#Languages">others</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>2 time zones</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+05:00</a></b>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Standard: <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Kazakhstan" title="Time in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Tajikistan" title="Time in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkmenistan" title="Time in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Uzbekistan" title="Time in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <b><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">UTC+06:00</a></b>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Standard: <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Time" title="Kyrgyzstan Time">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a>, <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tm" title=".tm">.tm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">Zone 9 except Kazakhstan (Zone 7)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List<sup>a</sup></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Akt%C3%B6be" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktöbe">Aktöbe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Karagandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagandy">Karagandy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><code>143</code> – Central Asia</li><li><code>142</code> – <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></li><li><code>001</code> – <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Central Asia</b> is a region of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> to the east,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to the north. It includes <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countries as a group are also colloquially referred to as the "-stans" as all have names ending with the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> suffix "<a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a>" (meaning 'land') in both respective native languages and most other languages. </p><p>In the pre-Islamic and early Islamic eras (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> and earlier) Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> populated by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Chorasmians</a>, and the semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>. As the result of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a>, Central Asia also became the homeland for the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzs">Kyrgyzs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area, with the exception of Tajikistan and areas where <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> is spoken. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade routes crossed through Central Asia, leading to the rise of prosperous trade cities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acting as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most countries in Central Asia are still integral to parts of the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the mid-19th century until near the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was colonised by the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which led to Russians and other <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> migrating into the area. Modern-day Central Asia is home to a large population of <a href="/wiki/European_emigration" title="European emigration">European settlers</a>, who mostly live in Kazakhstan: 7 million Russians, 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 170,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">Germans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Stalinist period, the forced <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Koreans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union">deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union</a> resulted in a population of over 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koreans</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Asia has a population of about 72 million, in five countries: Kazakhstan (19 million), Kyrgyzstan (7 million), Tajikistan (10 million), Turkmenistan (6 million), and Uzbekistan (35 million).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg/200px-Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg/300px-Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg/400px-Caucasus_central_asia_political_map_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1036" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Political map of Central Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (2000)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Central_Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Central_Asia.png/200px-Map_of_Central_Asia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Central_Asia.png/300px-Map_of_Central_Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Central_Asia.png/400px-Map_of_Central_Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Political map of Central Asia including Afghanistan</div></div></div></div></div> <p>One of the first geographers to mention Central Asia as a distinct region of the world was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions. Historically, political geography and culture have been two significant parameters widely used in scholarly definitions of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201474–75_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201474–75-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humboldt's definition comprised every country between 5° North and 5° South of the latitude 44.5°N.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humboldt mentions some geographic features of this region, which include the Caspian Sea in the west, the Altai mountains in the north and the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not give an eastern border for the region. His legacy is still seen: <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>, named after him, offers a course in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_studies" title="Central Asian studies">Central Asian studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian geographer Nikolaĭ Khanykov questioned the latitudinal definition of Central Asia and preferred a physical one of all countries located in the region landlocked from water, including <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a> (Northeast Iran), <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Uyghuristan</a> (Xinjiang), <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_definitions_(orthographic).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png/260px-Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png/390px-Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png/520px-Central_Asia_definitions_%28orthographic%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Expanded definition of Central Asia. Core definition that includes the five post-Soviet states in dark green. <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the most commonly added country to Central Asia, in green. Regions that are sometimes considered part of Central Asia in light green.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_borders4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Central_Asia_borders4.png/260px-Central_Asia_borders4.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Central_Asia_borders4.png 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Three sets of possible boundaries for the Central Asia region (which overlap with conceptions of South and East Asia).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian culture</a> has two distinct terms: <i>Средняя Азия</i> (<i>Srednyaya Aziya</i> or "Middle Asia", the narrower definition, which includes only those traditionally non-Slavic, Central Asian lands that were incorporated within those borders of historical Russia) and <i>Центральная Азия</i> (<i>Tsentralnaya Aziya</i> or "Central Asia", the wider definition, which includes Central Asian lands that have never been part of historical Russia). The latter definition includes Afghanistan and '<a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most limited definition was the official one of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which defined Middle Asia as consisting solely of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, omitting <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Soon after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the leaders of the four former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asian</a> Republics met in <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and declared that the definition of Central Asia should include Kazakhstan as well as the original four included by the Soviets. Since then, this has become the most common definition of Central Asia. </p><p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> defined the region as "Afghanistan, north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>, western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian Republics".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity, and in particular, areas populated by Eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolian</a> peoples. These areas include Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the Turkic regions of southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, the five republics, and <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan" title="Afghan Turkestan">Afghan Turkestan</a>. Afghanistan as a whole, the northern and western areas of Pakistan and the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a> of India may also be included. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans">Tibetans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakhis</a> are also included. Most of the mentioned peoples are considered the "indigenous" peoples of the vast region. Central Asia is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bringing_the_sheep_home,_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_(3968109583).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/220px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/330px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg/440px-Bringing_the_sheep_home%2C_on_the_southern_shore_of_Issyk-Kul_%283968109583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>On the south shore of Issyk Kul lake, <a href="/wiki/Issyk_Kul_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Issyk Kul Region">Issyk Kul Region</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Central Asia is a region of varied geography, including high passes and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_ranges" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain ranges">mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>), vast <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyzyl_Kum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzyl Kum">Kyzyl Kum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a>), and especially treeless, grassy <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. The vast steppe areas of Central Asia are considered together with the steppes of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> as a homogeneous geographical zone known as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. </p><p>Much of the land of Central Asia is too dry or too rugged for farming. The <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> extends from the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Pamirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirs">Pamirs</a>, 77° E, to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Khingan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khingan">Great Khingan</a> (Da Hinggan) Mountains, 116°–118° E. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg/220px-Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg/330px-Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg/440px-Kazakhstan_steppe_Zhambyl_Province_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> in Kazakhstan has a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Continentality">continental</a> climate</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Asia has the following geographic extremes: </p> <ul><li>The world's northernmost <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a>), at Buurug Deliin Els, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, 50°18' N.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>'s southernmost <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Erdenetsogt" title="Erdenetsogt">Erdenetsogt</a> sum, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, 46°17' N.</li> <li>The world's shortest distance between non-frozen <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>: 770 km (480 mi).</li> <li>The Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">pole of inaccessibility</a>.</li></ul> <p>A majority of the people earn a living by herding livestock. Industrial activity centers in the region's cities. </p><p>Major rivers of the region include the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hari_River,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari River, Afghanistan">Hari River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Murghab_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Murghab River">Murghab River</a>. Major bodies of water include the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>, both of which are part of the huge west-central Asian <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> basin that also includes the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. </p><p>Both of these bodies of water have shrunk significantly in recent decades due to the diversion of water from rivers that feed them for irrigation and industrial purposes. Water is an extremely valuable resource in arid Central Asia and can lead to rather significant international disputes. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:758px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralasien_topo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Topographic map of Central Asia."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/750px-Zentralasien_topo.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="487" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/1125px-Zentralasien_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Zentralasien_topo.png/1500px-Zentralasien_topo.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1038" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Zentralasien_topo.png" title="File:Zentralasien topo.png"> </a></div>Topographic map of Central Asia.</div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_regions">Historical regions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media 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div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia is located in Kazakhstan"><img alt="Central Asia is located in Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png/300px-Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png/450px-Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="686" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.5%;left:33.333%;font-size:91%"><div 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decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Ferghana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75%;left:73.69%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zhetysu"><img alt="Zhetysu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Zhetysu</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.75%;left:92.857%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dzun- garia"><img alt="Dzun- garia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Dzun-<br />garia</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:98.125%;left:90.476%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tarim_Basin"><img alt="Tarim_Basin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Tarim_Basin</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kazakhstan.png" title="File:Relief Map of Kazakhstan.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Historical regions of Central Asia<br /> on a map of Kazakhstan</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia is located in Uzbekistan"><img alt="Central Asia is located in Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/300px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/450px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.857%;left:24.581%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khwarezm"><img alt="Khwarezm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Khwarezm</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.835%;left:91.62%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ferghana"><img alt="Ferghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Ferghana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.33%;left:52.514%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Transoxiana"><img alt="Transoxiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Transoxiana</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.824%;left:52.514%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="(Sogdia)"><img alt="(Sogdia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>(Sogdia)</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.868%;left:91.62%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Zhetysu"><img alt="Zhetysu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Zhetysu</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:92.308%;left:80.447%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bactria"><img alt="Bactria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Bactria</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:97.802%;left:35.196%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Margiana"><img alt="Margiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/8px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/12px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Location_dot_clear.svg/16px-Location_dot_clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Margiana</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" title="File:Relief Map of Uzbekistan.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Historical Regions of Central Asia<br />on a map of Uzbekistan</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia is located in Uzbekistan"><img alt="Central Asia is located in Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/300px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/450px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/600px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.132%;left:63.575%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Samarkand"><img alt="Samarkand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Samarkand</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.363%;left:48.771%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bukhara"><img alt="Bukhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Bukhara</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.67%;left:25.81%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Khiva"><img alt="Khiva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Khiva</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.011%;left:85.642%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kokand"><img alt="Kokand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Kokand</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.879%;left:76.089%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tashkent"><img alt="Tashkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/8px-Dot-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/12px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dot-yellow.svg/16px-Dot-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div>Tashkent</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.549%;left:36.816%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Merv"><img alt="Merv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Merv</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:100%;left:62.961%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Balkh"><img alt="Balkh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Balkh</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" title="File:Relief Map of Uzbekistan.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Historic cities of Central Asia<br />Kokand is one of the many towns that rose and fell in the Ferghana Valley</div></div></div> <p>Central Asia is bounded on the north by the forests of Siberia. The northern half of Central Asia (Kazakhstan) is the middle part of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a>. Westward the Kazakh steppe merges into the Russian-Ukrainian steppe and eastward into the steppes and deserts of Dzungaria and Mongolia. Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin. The south supports areas of dense population and cities wherever irrigation is possible. The main irrigated areas are along the eastern mountains, along the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a> Rivers and along the north flank of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet Dagh">Kopet Dagh</a> near the Persian border. East of the Kopet Dagh is the important oasis of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> and then a few places in Afghanistan like <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. Two projections of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> create three "bays" along the eastern mountains. The largest, in the north, is eastern Kazakhstan, traditionally called <a href="/wiki/Jetysu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetysu">Jetysu</a> or Semirechye which contains <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balkhash" title="Lake Balkhash">Lake Balkhash</a>. In the center is the small but densely-populated <a href="/wiki/Ferghana_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana valley">Ferghana valley</a>. In the south is <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, later called Tocharistan, which is bounded on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains of Afghanistan. The <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> (Jaxartes) rises in the Ferghana valley and the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (Oxus) rises in Bactria. Both flow northwest into the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. Where the Oxus meets the Aral Sea it forms a large delta called <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>. North of the Oxus is the less-famous but equally important <a href="/wiki/Zarafshan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarafshan River">Zarafshan River</a> which waters the great trading cities of <a href="/wiki/Bokhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokhara">Bokhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. The other great commercial city was <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> northwest of the mouth of the Ferghana valley. The land immediately north of the Oxus was called <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, especially when referring to the Sogdian merchants who dominated the silk road trade. </p><p>To the east, Dzungaria and the Tarim Basin were united into the Manchu-Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (Sinkiang; Hsin-kiang) about 1759. Caravans from China usually went along the north or south side of the Tarim basin and joined at <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> before crossing the mountains northwest to Ferghana or southwest to Bactria. A minor branch of the silk road went north of the Tian Shan through Dzungaria and Zhetysu before turning southwest near Tashkent. Nomadic migrations usually moved from Mongolia through Dzungaria before turning southwest to conquer the settled lands or continuing west toward Europe. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyzyl_Kum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzyl Kum">Kyzyl Kum</a> Desert or semi-desert is between the Oxus and Jaxartes, and the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a> is between the Oxus and <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopet Dagh">Kopet Dagh</a> in Turkmenistan. <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> meant approximately northeast Persia and northern Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> was the region around Merv. The <a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt Plateau</a> is between the Aral and Caspian Seas. </p><p>To the southwest, across the Kopet Dagh, lies Persia. From here Persian and Islamic civilisation penetrated Central Asia and dominated its high culture until the Russian conquest. In the southeast is the route to India. In early times Buddhism spread north and throughout much of history warrior kings and tribes would move southeast to establish their rule in northern India. Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast. After 1800 western civilisation in its Russian and Soviet form penetrated from the northwest. </p> <dl><dt>Names of historical regions</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Central Asia (1991–2020)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_Central_Asia_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Central Asia (1991–2020)</figcaption></figure> <p>Because Central Asia is landlocked and not buffered by a large body of water, temperature fluctuations are often severe, excluding the hot, sunny summer months. In most areas, the climate is dry and continental, with hot summers and cool to cold winters, with occasional snowfall. Outside high-elevation areas, the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid. In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. Winters feature occasional rain or snow from low-pressure systems that cross the area from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Average monthly precipitation is very low from July to September, rises in autumn (October and November) and is highest in March or April, followed by swift drying in May and June. Winds can be strong, producing dust storms sometimes, especially toward the end of the summer in September and October. Specific cities that exemplify Central Asian climate patterns include <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Uzbekistan, <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, Turkmenistan, and <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, Tajikistan. The last of these represents one of the wettest climates in Central Asia, with an average annual precipitation of over 560 mm (22 inches). </p><p>Biogeographically, Central Asia is part of the <a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic realm</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> in Central Asia is the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands</a> biome. Central Asia also contains the <a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">montane grasslands and shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">deserts and xeric shrublands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate coniferous forests">temperate coniferous forests</a> biomes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Asia" title="Climate change in Asia">Climate change in Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Central_Asia_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>2071–2100 Central Asia map under <a href="/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway" title="Representative Concentration Pathway">the worst climate change scenario</a>. Mid-range scenarios are currently considered more likely<sup id="cite_ref-HausfatherPeters2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HausfatherPeters2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuur2022_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuur2022-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phiddian2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phiddian2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2022, there has been a scarcity of research on climate impacts in Central Asia, even though it experiences faster warming than the global average and is generally considered to be one of the more <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">climate-vulnerable</a> regions in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, it has already had greater increases in hot temperature extremes than the other parts of Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1464">: 1464 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">Rainfall</a> in Central Asia had decreased, unlike elsewhere in Asia, and the frequency and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a> had grown (partly due to poor <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> practices). <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Droughts</a> have already become more likely, and their likelihood is expected to continue increasing with greater climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1465">: 1465 </span></sup> By 2050, people in the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> basin may be faced with severe water scarcity due to both climate and socioeconomic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-AR6_WGII_Chapter10_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR6_WGII_Chapter10-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1486">: 1486 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></div> <p>Although, during the golden age of Orientalism the place of Central Asia in the world history was marginalised, contemporary historiography has rediscovered the "centrality" of the Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201486–90_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201486–90-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The history of Central Asia is defined by the area's climate and geography. The aridness of the region made <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Central_Asia" title="Agriculture in Central Asia">agriculture</a> difficult, and its distance from the sea cut it off from much trade. Thus, few major cities developed in the region; instead, the area was for millennia dominated by the nomadic horse peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/220px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/330px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/440px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> and across Central Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> existed in Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Iranic</a> speaking populations in Central Asia during the Iron Age (highlighted in green)</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe nomads">steppe nomads</a> and the settled people in and around Central Asia were long marked by conflict. The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>, and the steppe <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">horse riders</a> became some of the most militarily potent people in the world, limited only by their lack of internal unity. Any internal unity that was achieved was most probably due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, which traveled along Central Asia. Periodically, great leaders or changing conditions would organise several tribes into one force and create an almost unstoppable power. These included the <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a> invasion of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Barbarians" title="Five Barbarians">Five Barbarians</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_rebellion_of_the_Five_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion and rebellion of the Five Barbarians">rebellions in China</a> and most notably the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Mongol conquests">Mongol conquest</a> of much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, Central Asia was inhabited predominantly by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the ancient sedentary <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Chorasmians</a> played an important role, while Iranian peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> and the later on <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">migration</a> of Turkic peoples occurred between the 6th and 11th centuries, when they spread across most of Central Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> slowly transitioned from <a href="/wiki/Indo_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo European">Indo European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking groups with dominant West-Eurasian ancestry to a more heterogeneous region with increasing East Asian ancestry through Turkic and Mongolian groups in the past thousands years, including extensive Turkic and later Mongol migrations out of Mongolia and slow assimilation of local populations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 8th century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic expansion">Islamic expansion</a> reached the region but had no significant demographic impact. In the 13th century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongolian invasion of Central Asia</a> brought most of the region under Mongolian influence, which had "enormous demographic success", but did not impact the cultural or linguistic landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasion_routes_through_Central_Asia">Invasion routes through Central Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_dominions1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/300px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/450px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mongol_dominions1.jpg/600px-Mongol_dominions1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> at its greatest extent. The gray area is the later <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once populated by <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> tribes and other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European speaking people</a>, Central Asia experienced numerous invasions emanating out of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Siberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Siberia">Southern Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> that would drastically affect the region. Genetic data shows that the different Central Asian Turkic-speaking peoples have between ~22% and ~70% East Asian ancestry (represented by "Baikal hunter-gatherer ancestry" shared with other Northeast Asians and Eastern Siberians), in contrast to Iranian-speaking Central Asians, specifically <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, which display genetic continuity to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain Turkic ethnic groups, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, display even higher East Asian ancestry. This is explained by substantial <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolian</a> influence on the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> genome, through significant admixture between blue eyes, blonde hair, the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> of Central Asia and the invading medieval Mongolians. The data suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion of Central Asia</a> had lasting impacts onto the genetic makeup of Kazakhs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_from_Khiva.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Men_from_Khiva.JPG/170px-Men_from_Khiva.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Men_from_Khiva.JPG/255px-Men_from_Khiva.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Men_from_Khiva.JPG/340px-Men_from_Khiva.JPG 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek men from <a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>–1880</figcaption></figure> <p>According to recent <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">genetic genealogy</a> testing, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-journal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study shows that the Uzbeks are closely related to other Turkic peoples of Central Asia and rather distant from Iranian people. The study also analysed the maternal and paternal DNA haplogroups and shows that Turkic speaking groups are more homogenous than Iranian speaking groups.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic studies analyzing the full genome of Uzbeks and other Central Asian populations found that about ~27-60% of the Uzbek ancestry is derived from East Asian sources, with the remainder ancestry (~40–73%) being made up by European and Middle Eastern components.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a recent study, the Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Turkmens share more of their gene pool with various East Asian and Siberian populations than with West Asian or European populations, though the Turkmens have a large percentage from populations to the east, their main components are Central Asian.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study further suggests that both migration and linguistic assimilation helped to spread the Turkic languages in Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_to_modern_history">Medieval to modern history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_in_1636.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolia_in_1636.svg/300px-Mongolia_in_1636.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolia_in_1636.svg/450px-Mongolia_in_1636.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Mongolia_in_1636.svg/600px-Mongolia_in_1636.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Central Asia in 1636. The <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> was the last great <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic empire</a> in Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> of China expanded westwards and controlled large parts of Central Asia, directly and indirectly through their Turkic vassals. Tang China actively supported the Turkification of Central Asia, while extending its cultural influence.<sup id="cite_ref-XZ_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XZ-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang Chinese were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a> in 751, marking the end of the Tang dynasty's western expansion and the 150 years of Chinese influence. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> would take the chance to rule portions of Central Asia and South Asia. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> conquered and ruled the largest contiguous empire in recorded history. Most of Central Asia fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. </p><p>The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century, as <a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a> allowed settled peoples to gain control of the region. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and other powers expanded into the region and had captured the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> gained control of <a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a> in the 18th century as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">long struggle with the Dzungars</a>. The Russian Empire <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">conquered</a> the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> Kazakhs, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Khanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanat">khanates</a> in the 19th century. A major revolt known as the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> occurred in the 1860s and 1870s in the eastern part of Central Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> almost collapsed in all of East Turkestan. After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, the western Central Asian regions were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The eastern part of Central Asia, known as <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">incorporated</a> into the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, having been previously ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. Mongolia gained its independence from China and has remained independent but became a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> until the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Afghanistan remained relatively independent of major influence by the Soviet Union until the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> of 1978. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/220px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/330px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg/440px-Karazin_-_Entry_of_Russian_troops_into_Samarkand_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops taking <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a>, 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much <a href="/wiki/Soviet_infrastructure_in_Central_Asia" title="Soviet infrastructure in Central Asia">industrialisation and construction of infrastructure</a>, but also the suppression of local cultures, hundreds of thousands of deaths from failed collectivisation programmes, and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems. Soviet authorities <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> millions of people, including entire nationalities,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from western areas of the Soviet Union to Central Asia and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Touraj Atabaki and Sanjyot Mehendale, "From 1959 to 1970, about two million people from various parts of the Soviet Union migrated to Central Asia, of which about one million moved to Kazakhstan."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union">After the collapse of the Soviet Union</h3></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, five countries gained independence, that is, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. The historian and <a href="/wiki/Turkologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkologist">Turkologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Golden" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter B. Golden">Peter B. Golden</a> explains that without the imperial manipulations of the Russian Empire but above all the Soviet Union, the creation of said republics would have been impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In nearly all the new states, former Communist Party officials retained power as local strongmen. None of the new republics could be considered functional democracies in the early days of independence, although in recent years Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> have made further progress towards more open societies, unlike Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan, which have maintained many Soviet-style repressive tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the early 2000s, the Chinese government engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">series of human rights abuses</a> against <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> and other ethnic and religious minorities in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petropavl_mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petropavl_mosque.jpg/220px-Petropavl_mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petropavl_mosque.jpg/330px-Petropavl_mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Petropavl_mosque.jpg/440px-Petropavl_mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mosque in <a href="/wiki/Petropavl" title="Petropavl">Petropavlovsk</a>, Kazakhstan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture of Central Asia</a></div> <p>At the crossroads of Asia, <a href="/wiki/Shamanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanistic">shamanistic</a> practices live alongside <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Yama_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yama (East Asia)">Yama</a>, Lord of Death, was revered in Tibet as a spiritual guardian and judge. <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Buddhism">Mongolian Buddhism</a>, in particular, was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of Qing China in the 18th century was Tibetan Buddhist and would sometimes travel from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to other cities for personal religious worship. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG/220px-Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG/330px-Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG/440px-Sadi_and_the_youth_of_kashgar_Bukhara_1547.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Saadi Shirazi is welcomed by a youth from <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> during a forum in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Asia also has an indigenous form of improvisational <a href="/wiki/Oral_poetry" title="Oral poetry">oral poetry</a> that is over 1000 years old. It is principally practiced in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> by <i>akyns</i>, lyrical improvisationalists. They engage in <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freestyle battle">lyrical battles</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aytysh" title="Aytysh">aytysh</a></i> or the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alym_sabak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alym sabak (page does not exist)">alym sabak</a></i>. The tradition arose out of early bardic <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral historians</a>. They are usually accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Stringed_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Stringed instrument">stringed instrument</a>—in Kyrgyzstan, a three-stringed <a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">komuz</a>, and in Kazakhstan, a similar two-stringed instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">dombra</a>. </p><p>Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882, when a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonite</a> photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a> during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by <a href="/wiki/Claas_Epp,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Claas Epp, Jr.">Claas Epp, Jr.</a> Upon his arrival to <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a>, Penner shared his photography skills with a local student Khudaybergen Divanov, who later became the founder of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek photography">Uzbek photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan,_Kazakhstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/330px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg/440px-Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi_in_Hazrat-e_Turkestan%2C_Kazakhstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4205" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a> in Hazrat-e Turkestan, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Timurid architecture consisted of <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some also learn to sing the <i><a href="/wiki/Manas_(epic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas (epic)">Manas</a></i>, Kyrgyzstan's epic poem (those who learn the <i>Manas</i> exclusively but do not improvise are called <i>manaschis</i>). During Soviet rule, <i>akyn</i> performance was co-opted by the authorities and subsequently declined in popularity. With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, it has enjoyed a resurgence, although <i>akyns</i> still do use their art to campaign for political candidates. A 2005 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of <i>akyns</i> and modern <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">freestyle rap</a> performed in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of Russian colonisation, European fine arts – painting, sculpture and graphics – have developed in Central Asia. The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism, which took inspiration from the Russian avant-garde movement. Until the 1980s, Central Asian arts had developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts. In the 90s, arts of the region underwent some significant changes. Institutionally speaking, some fields of arts were regulated by the birth of the art market, some stayed as representatives of official views, while many were sponsored by international organisations. The years of 1990–2000 were times for the establishment of contemporary arts. In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organised since 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Central Asia">Sport in Central Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg/220px-SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg/330px-SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg/440px-SB_-_Kazakh_man_on_horse_with_golden_eagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> man on a horse with golden eagle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian sports</a> are traditional in Central Asia, with disciplines like <a href="/wiki/Endurance_riding" title="Endurance riding">endurance riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzhigit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhigit">dzhigit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">kyz kuu</a>. </p><p>The traditional game of <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Buzkashi</a> is played throughout the Central Asian region, the countries sometimes organise Buzkashi competition amongst each other. The First regional competition among the Central Asian countries, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> was held in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first world title competition was played in 2017 and won by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a> is popular across Central Asia. Most countries are members of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Football_Association" title="Central Asian Football Association">Central Asian Football Association</a>, a region of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> is popular across Central Asia, with Kazakhstan having claimed 14 Olympic medals, Uzbekistan seven, and Kyrgyzstan three. As former Soviet states, Central Asian countries have been successful in <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Martial_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Martial Arts">Mixed Martial Arts</a> is one of more common sports in Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> athlete <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Shevchenko" title="Valentina Shevchenko">Valentina Shevchenko</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/UFC" class="mw-redirect" title="UFC">UFC</a> <a href="/wiki/Flyweight" title="Flyweight">Flyweight</a> Champion title. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is the most popular sport in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_national_cricket_team" title="Afghanistan national cricket team">Afghanistan national cricket team</a>, first formed in 2001, has claimed wins over Bangladesh, West Indies and Zimbabwe. </p><p>Notable Kazakh competitors include cyclists <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vinokourov" title="Alexander Vinokourov">Alexander Vinokourov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kashechkin" title="Andrey Kashechkin">Andrey Kashechkin</a>, boxer <a href="/wiki/Vassiliy_Jirov" title="Vassiliy Jirov">Vassiliy Jirov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin" title="Gennady Golovkin">Gennady Golovkin</a>, runner <a href="/wiki/Olga_Shishigina" title="Olga Shishigina">Olga Shishigina</a>, decathlete <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Karpov" title="Dmitriy Karpov">Dmitriy Karpov</a>, gymnast <a href="/wiki/Aliya_Yussupova" title="Aliya Yussupova">Aliya Yussupova</a>, judoka <a href="/wiki/Askhat_Zhitkeyev" title="Askhat Zhitkeyev">Askhat Zhitkeyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Rakov" title="Maxim Rakov">Maxim Rakov</a>, skier <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Smirnov_(skier)" title="Vladimir Smirnov (skier)">Vladimir Smirnov</a>, weightlifter <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ilyin" title="Ilya Ilyin">Ilya Ilyin</a>, and figure skaters <a href="/wiki/Denis_Ten" title="Denis Ten">Denis Ten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabet_Tursynbaeva" title="Elizabet Tursynbaeva">Elizabet Tursynbaeva</a>. </p><p>Notable Uzbekistani competitors include cyclist <a href="/wiki/Djamolidine_Abdoujaparov" title="Djamolidine Abdoujaparov">Djamolidine Abdoujaparov</a>, boxer <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Chagaev" title="Ruslan Chagaev">Ruslan Chagaev</a>, canoer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kolganov" title="Michael Kolganov">Michael Kolganov</a>, gymnast <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Chusovitina" title="Oksana Chusovitina">Oksana Chusovitina</a>, tennis player <a href="/wiki/Denis_Istomin" title="Denis Istomin">Denis Istomin</a>, chess player <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Kasimdzhanov" title="Rustam Kasimdzhanov">Rustam Kasimdzhanov</a>, and figure skater <a href="/wiki/Misha_Ge" title="Misha Ge">Misha Ge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia,_2000%E2%88%922013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg/300px-GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg/450px-GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg/600px-GDP_growth_trends_in_Central_Asia%2C_2000%E2%88%922013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>GDP growth trends in Central Asia, 2000–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.1</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector,_2005_and_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/300px-GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="725" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/450px-GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/600px-GDP_in_Central_Asia_by_economic_sector%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>GDP in Central Asia by economic sector, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 14.2</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Central_Asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Central Asia, since 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>Since gaining independence in the early 1990s, the Central Asian republics have gradually been moving from a state-controlled economy to a market economy. However, reform has been deliberately gradual and selective, as governments strive to limit the social cost and ameliorate living standards. All five countries are implementing structural reforms to improve competitiveness. Kazakhstan is the only CIS country to be included in the 2020<sup id="cite_ref-imbwc2020_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imbwc2020-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2019<sup id="cite_ref-iwbwc2019_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwbwc2019-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IWB World Competitiveness rankings. In particular, they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business-friendly fiscal policies and other measures, to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. Between 2005 and 2013, the share of agriculture dropped in all but Tajikistan, where it increased while industry decreased. The fastest growth in industry was observed in Turkmenistan, whereas the services sector progressed most in the other four countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public policies pursued by Central Asian governments focus on buffering the political and economic spheres from external shocks. This includes maintaining a trade balance, minimizing public debt and accumulating national reserves. They cannot totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces, however, such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008. Notwithstanding this, they have emerged relatively unscathed from the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. Growth faltered only briefly in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan and not at all in Uzbekistan, where the economy grew by more than 7% per year on average between 2008 and 2013. Turkmenistan achieved unusually high 14.7% growth in 2011. Kyrgyzstan's performance has been more erratic but this phenomenon was visible well before 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The republics which have fared best benefitted from the commodities boom during the first decade of the 2000s. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan's own reserves make it more or less self-sufficient. Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan all have gold reserves and Kazakhstan has the world's largest uranium reserves. Fluctuating global demand for cotton, aluminium and other metals (except gold) in recent years has hit Tajikistan hardest, since aluminium and raw cotton are its chief exports − the Tajik Aluminium Company is the country's primary industrial asset. In January 2014, the Minister of Agriculture announced the government's intention to reduce the acreage of land cultivated by cotton to make way for other crops. Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are major cotton exporters themselves, ranking fifth and ninth respectively worldwide for volume in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although both exports and imports have grown significantly over the past decade, Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kyrgyz economy was shaken by a series of shocks between 2010 and 2012. In April 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Kurmanbek_Bakiyev" title="Kurmanbek Bakiyev">Kurmanbek Bakiyev</a> was deposed by a popular uprising, with former minister of foreign affairs <a href="/wiki/Roza_Otunbayeva" title="Roza Otunbayeva">Roza Otunbayeva</a> assuring the interim presidency until the election of <a href="/wiki/Almazbek_Atambayev" title="Almazbek Atambayev">Almazbek Atambayev</a> in November 2011. <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">Food prices</a> rose two years in a row and, in 2012, production at the major Kumtor gold mine fell by 60% after the site was perturbed by geological movements. According to the World Bank, 33.7% of the population was living in absolute poverty<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 2010 and 36.8% a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite high rates of economic growth in recent years, GDP per capita in Central Asia was higher than the average for developing countries only in Kazakhstan in 2013 (PPP$23,206) and Turkmenistan (PPP$14 201). It dropped to PPP$5,167 for Uzbekistan, home to 45% of the region's population, and was even lower for Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan leads the Central Asian region in terms of foreign direct investments. The Kazakh economy accounts for more than 70% of all the investment attracted in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the economic influence of big powers, China is viewed as one of the key economic players in Central Asia, especially after Beijing launched its grand development strategy known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Asian countries attracted $378.2 billion of foreign direct investment (FDI) between 2007 and 2019. Kazakhstan accounted for 77.7% of the total FDI directed to the region. Kazakhstan is also the largest country in Central Asia accounting for more than 60 percent of the region's gross domestic product (GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-CAFDI_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAFDI-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central Asian nations fared better economically throughout the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Many variables are likely to have been at play, but disparities in economic structure, the intensity of the pandemic, and accompanying containment efforts may all be linked to part of the variety in nations' experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Asian countries are, however, predicted to be hit the worst in the future. Only 4% of permanently closed businesses anticipate to return in the future, with huge differences across sectors, ranging from 3% in lodging and food services to 27% in retail commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, experts assessed that global climate change is likely to pose multiple economic risks to Central Asia and may possibly result in many billions of losses unless proper adaptation measures are developed to counter growing temperatures across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_science_and_technology"><span id="Education.2C_science_and_technology"></span>Education, science and technology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Science and technology in Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan">Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Tajikistan" title="Science and technology in Tajikistan">Science and technology in Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Science and technology in Turkmenistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Uzbekistan" title="Science and technology in Uzbekistan">Science and technology in Uzbekistan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernisation_of_research_infrastructure">Modernisation of research infrastructure</h3></div> <p>Bolstered by strong economic growth in all but <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, national development strategies are fostering new high-tech industries, pooling resources and orienting the economy towards export markets. Many national research institutions established during the Soviet era have since become obsolete with the development of new technologies and changing national priorities. This has led countries to reduce the number of national research institutions since 2009 by grouping existing institutions to create research hubs. Several of the <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Academy of Sciences">Turkmen Academy of Science's</a> institutes were merged in 2014: the Institute of Botany was merged with the Institute of Medicinal Plants to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Biology_and_Medicinal_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants (page does not exist)">Institute of Biology and Medicinal Plants</a>; the Sun Institute was merged with the Institute of Physics and Mathematics to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Solar_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Solar Energy (page does not exist)">Institute of Solar Energy</a>; and the Institute of Seismology merged with the State Service for Seismology to become the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Seismology_and_Atmospheric_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics (page does not exist)">Institute of Seismology and Atmospheric Physics</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Uzbekistan" title="Science and technology in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, more than 10 institutions of the Academy of Sciences have been reorganised, following the issuance of a decree by the Cabinet of Ministers in February 2012. The aim is to orient academic research towards problem-solving and ensure continuity between basic and applied research. For example, the Mathematics and Information Technology Research Institute has been subsumed under the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Uzbekistan" title="National University of Uzbekistan">National University of Uzbekistan</a> and the Institute for Comprehensive Research on Regional Problems of Samarkand has been transformed into a problem-solving laboratory on environmental issues within <a href="/wiki/Samarkand_State_University" title="Samarkand State University">Samarkand State University</a>. Other research institutions have remained attached to the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek Academy of Sciences">Uzbek Academy of Sciences</a>, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_of_Genomics_and_Bioinformatics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics (page does not exist)">Centre of Genomics and Bioinformatics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kazakhstan" title="Science and technology in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a> are also building technology parks as part of their drive to modernise infrastructure. In 2011, construction began of a technopark in the village of Bikrova near Ashgabat, the Turkmen capital. It will combine research, education, industrial facilities, business incubators and exhibition centres. The technopark will house research on alternative energy sources (sun, wind) and the assimilation of nanotechnologies. Between 2010 and 2012, technological parks were set up in the east, south and north Kazakhstan oblasts (administrative units) and in the capital, Astana. A Centre for Metallurgy was also established in the east Kazakhstan oblast, as well as a Centre for Oil and Gas Technologies which will be part of the planned Caspian Energy Hub. In addition, the Centre for Technology Commercialisation has been set up in Kazakhstan as part of the Parasat National Scientific and Technological Holding, a joint stock company established in 2008 that is 100% state-owned. The centre supports research projects in technology marketing, intellectual property protection, technology licensing contracts and start-ups. The centre plans to conduct a technology audit in Kazakhstan and to review the legal framework regulating the commercialisation of research results and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia,_2001%E2%88%922013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/300px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/450px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg/600px-Trends_in_GERD_GDP_ratio_in_Central_Asia%2C_2001%E2%88%922013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3</figcaption></figure> <p>Countries are seeking to augment the efficiency of traditional extractive sectors but also to make greater use of information and communication technologies and other modern technologies, such as solar energy, to develop the business sector, education and research. In March 2013, two research institutes were created by presidential decree to foster the development of alternative energy sources in Uzbekistan, with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> and other institutions: the SPU Physical−Technical Institute (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Sun_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Sun Institute (page does not exist)">Physics Sun Institute</a>) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Solar_Energy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Solar Energy Institute (page does not exist)">International Solar Energy Institute</a>. Three universities have been set up since 2011 to foster competence in strategic economic areas: <a href="/wiki/Nazarbayev_University" title="Nazarbayev University">Nazarbayev University</a> in Kazakhstan (first intake in 2011), an international research university, <a href="/wiki/Inha_University_in_Tashkent" title="Inha University in Tashkent">Inha University</a> in Uzbekistan (first intake in 2014), specializing in information and communication technologies, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Oil_and_Gas_University" title="International Oil and Gas University">International Oil and Gas University</a> in Turkmenistan (founded in 2013). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school, in order to facilitate international ties. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both adopted the three-tier bachelor's, master's and PhD degree system, in 2007 and 2012 respectively, which is gradually replacing the Soviet system of Candidates and Doctors of Science. In 2010, Kazakhstan became the only Central Asian member of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>, which seeks to harmonise higher education systems in order to create a European Higher Education Area.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_investment_in_research">Financial investment in research</h3></div> <p>The Central Asian republics' ambition of developing the business sector, education and research is being hampered by chronic low investment in research and development. Over the decade to 2013, the region's investment in research and development hovered around 0.2–0.3% of GDP. Uzbekistan broke with this trend in 2013 by raising its own research intensity to 0.41% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan is the only country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development – but research intensity overall is low in Kazakhstan: just 0.18% of GDP in 2013. Moreover, few industrial enterprises conduct research in Kazakhstan. Only one in eight (12.5%) of the country's manufacturing firms were active in innovation in 2012, according to a survey by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</a>. Enterprises prefer to purchase technological solutions that are already embodied in imported machinery and equipment. Just 4% of firms purchase the license and patents that come with this technology. Nevertheless, there appears to be a growing demand for the products of research, since enterprises spent 4.5 times more on scientific and technological services in 2008 than in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_(HC),_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg/300px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg/450px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg/600px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_sector_of_employment_%28HC%29%2C_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Central Asian researchers by sector of employment (HC), 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.5</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends_in_researchers">Trends in researchers</h3></div> <p>Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. The number of researchers per million population is close to the world average (1,083 in 2013) in Kazakhstan (1,046) and higher than the world average in Uzbekistan (1,097).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development. Uzbekistan is in a particularly vulnerable position, with its heavy reliance on higher education: three-quarters of researchers were employed by the university sector in 2013 and just 6% in the business enterprise sector. With most Uzbek university researchers nearing retirement, this imbalance imperils Uzbekistan's research future. Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science, Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60; more than one in three researchers (38.4%) holds a PhD degree, or its equivalent, the remainder holding a bachelor's or master's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science,_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg/300px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg/450px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg/600px-Central_Asian_researchers_by_field_of_science%2C_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Central Asian researchers by field of science, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.4</figcaption></figure><p>Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have all maintained a share of women researchers above 40% since the fall of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan has even achieved gender parity, with Kazakh women dominating medical and health research and representing some 45–55% of engineering and technology researchers in 2013. In Tajikistan, however, only one in three scientists (34%) was a woman in 2013, down from 40% in 2002. Although policies are in place to give Tajik women equal rights and opportunities, these are underfunded and poorly understood. Turkmenistan has offered a state guarantee of equality for women since a law adopted in 2007 but the lack of available data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions as to the law's impact on research. As for Turkmenistan, it does not make data available on higher education, research expenditure or researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>PhDs obtained in science and engineering in Central Asia, 2013 or closest year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="2">PhDs </th> <th colspan="4">PhDs in science </th> <th colspan="4">PhDs in engineering </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th rowspan="2">Women<br />(%) </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th rowspan="2">Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women </th> <th rowspan="2">Total </th> <th rowspan="2">Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Per million pop. </th> <th colspan="2">Per million pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan (2013) </td> <td>247 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan (2012) </td> <td>499 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>91 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>10.4 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan (2012) </td> <td>331 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>– </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td>– </td> <td>14 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan (2011) </td> <td>838 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>152 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>5.4 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>118 </td> <td>27.0 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table><p>Source: <i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i> (2015), Table 14.1 </p><p>Note: PhD graduates in science cover life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and computing; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction. For Central Asia, the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees. Data are unavailable for Turkmenistan. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Central Asian researchers by field of science and gender, 2013 or closest year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4" rowspan="2">Total researchers (head counts) </th> <th colspan="12">Researchers by field of science (head counts) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Natural Sciences </th> <th colspan="2">Engineering and<br />technology </th> <th colspan="2">Medical and<br />health sciences </th> <th colspan="2">Agricultural<br />sciences </th> <th colspan="2">Social sciences </th> <th colspan="2">Humanities </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>Per<br />million<br />pop. </th> <th>Number of<br />women </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Women<br />(%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan (2013) </td> <td>17,195 </td> <td>1,046 </td> <td>8,849 </td> <td>51.5 </td> <td>5,091 </td> <td>51.9 </td> <td>4,996 </td> <td>44.7 </td> <td>1,068 </td> <td>69.5 </td> <td>2,150 </td> <td>43.4 </td> <td>1,776 </td> <td>61.0 </td> <td>2 114 </td> <td>57.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan (2011) </td> <td>2,224 </td> <td>412 </td> <td>961 </td> <td>43.2 </td> <td>593 </td> <td>46.5 </td> <td>567 </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td>393 </td> <td>44.0 </td> <td>212 </td> <td>50.0 </td> <td>154 </td> <td>42.9 </td> <td>259 </td> <td>52.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan (2013) </td> <td>2,152 </td> <td>262 </td> <td>728 </td> <td>33.8 </td> <td>509 </td> <td>30.3 </td> <td>206 </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td>374 </td> <td>67.6 </td> <td>472 </td> <td>23.5 </td> <td>335 </td> <td>25.7 </td> <td>256 </td> <td>34.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan (2011) </td> <td>30,890 </td> <td>1,097 </td> <td>12,639 </td> <td>40.9 </td> <td>6,910 </td> <td>35.3 </td> <td>4,982 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td>3,659 </td> <td>53.6 </td> <td>1,872 </td> <td>24.8 </td> <td>6,817 </td> <td>41.2 </td> <td>6,650 </td> <td>52.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i> (2015), Table 14.1 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_output">Research output</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg/300px-Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg/450px-Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg/600px-Growth_in_scientific_output_has_accelerated_in_Kazakhstan_since_2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Scientific publications from Central Asia catalogued by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, 2005–2014, UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of scientific papers published in Central Asia grew by almost 50% between 2005 and 2014, driven by Kazakhstan, which overtook Uzbekistan over this period to become the region's most prolific scientific publisher, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). Between 2005 and 2014, Kazakhstan's share of scientific papers from the region grew from 35% to 56%. Although two-thirds of papers from the region have a foreign co-author, the main partners tend to come from beyond Central Asia, namely the Russian Federation, USA, German, United Kingdom and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five Kazakh patents were registered at the US Patent and Trademark Office between 2008 and 2013, compared to three for Uzbek inventors and none at all for the other three Central Asian republics, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg/300px-The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg/450px-The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg/600px-The_most_prolific_countries_in_Central_Asia_%E2%80%93_Kazakhstan_and_Uzbekistan_%E2%80%93_specialize_in_physics_and_chemistry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative total of articles by Central Asians between 2008 and 2013, by field of science. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6</figcaption></figure> <p>Kazakhstan is Central Asia's main trader in high-tech products. Kazakh imports nearly doubled between 2008 and 2013, from US$2.7 billion to US$5.1 billion. There has been a surge in imports of computers, electronics and telecommunications; these products represented an investment of US$744 million in 2008 and US$2.6 billion five years later. The growth in exports was more gradual – from US$2.3 billion to US$3.1 billion – and dominated by chemical products (other than pharmaceuticals), which represented two-thirds of exports in 2008 (US$1.5 billion) and 83% (US$2.6 billion) in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_cooperation">International cooperation</h3></div> <p>The five Central Asian republics belong to several international bodies, including the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>. They are also members of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation</a> (CAREC) Programme, which also includes Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Mongolia and Pakistan. In November 2011, the 10 member countries adopted the <i>CAREC 2020 Strategy</i>, a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation. Over the decade to 2020, US$50 billion is being invested in priority projects in transport, trade and energy to improve members' competitiveness. The landlocked Central Asian republics are conscious of the need to co-operate in order to maintain and develop their transport networks and energy, communication and irrigation systems. Only Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan border the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and none of the republics has direct access to an ocean, complicating the transportation of hydrocarbons, in particular, to world markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan is also one of the three founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> in 2014, along with Belarus and the Russian Federation. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan have since joined this body. As co-operation among the member states in science and technology is already considerable and well-codified in legal texts, the Eurasian Economic Union is expected to have a limited additional impact on co-operation among public laboratories or academia but it should encourage business ties and scientific mobility, since it includes provision for the free circulation of labour and unified patent regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan and Tajikistan participated in the Innovative Biotechnologies Programme (2011–2015) launched by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>, The programme also involved Belarus and the Russian Federation. Within this programme, prizes were awarded at an annual bio-industry exhibition and conference. In 2012, 86 Russian organisations participated, plus three from Belarus, one from Kazakhstan and three from Tajikistan, as well as two scientific research groups from Germany. At the time, Vladimir Debabov, scientific director of the Genetika State Research Institute for Genetics and the Selection of Industrial Micro-organisms in the Russian Federation, stressed the paramount importance of developing bio-industry. "In the world today, there is a strong tendency to switch from petrochemicals to renewable biological sources", he said. "Biotechnology is developing two to three times faster than chemicals."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community, the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013, with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation. Each of the selected projects is entitled to funding of US$3–90 million and is implemented within a public–private partnership. The first few approved projects focused on supercomputers, space technologies, medicine, petroleum recycling, nanotechnologies and the ecological use of natural resources. Once these initial projects have spawned viable commercial products, the venture company plans to reinvest the profits in new projects. This venture company is not a purely economic structure; it has also been designed to promote a common economic space among the three participating countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazakhstan recognises the role civil society initiatives have to address the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-civil-soc_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civil-soc-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the five Central Asian republics have also been involved in a project launched by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in September 2013, IncoNet CA. The aim of this project is to encourage <a href="/wiki/European_Union%27s_scientific_cooperation_beyond_the_bloc" title="European Union's scientific cooperation beyond the bloc">Central Asian countries to participate in research projects</a> within <a href="/wiki/Horizon_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizon 2020">Horizon 2020</a>, the European Union's eighth research and innovation funding programme. The focus of this research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the European Union and Central Asia, namely: climate change, energy and health. IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier projects which involved other regions, such as Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans. IncoNet CA focuses on twinning research facilities in Central Asia and Europe. It involves a consortium of partner institutions from Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Portugal, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. In May 2014, the European Union launched a 24-month call for project applications from twinned institutions – universities, companies and research institutes – for funding of up to €10, 000 to enable them to visit one another's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Science_and_Technology_Center" title="International Science and Technology Center">International Science and Technology Center</a> (ISTC) was established in 1992 by the European Union, Japan, the Russian Federation and the US to engage weapons scientists in civilian research projects and to foster technology transfer. ISTC branches have been set up in the following countries party to the agreement: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014, three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan have been members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> since 1998, 2013 and 2015 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_67-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_and_regional_data">Territorial and regional data</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th scope="col" style="width:120px;"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a><br />km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(2021) </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Population density</a><br />per km<sup>2</sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">Nominal GDP</a> (2023)<br /> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a><br /> (2023) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HDI">HDI</a> (2021) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">Official languages</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,724,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,196,465 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$245.695 billion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$12,306 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.811 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">199,950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,527,743 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$12.309 billion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,736 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.692 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">142,550 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,750,064 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$12.796 billion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$1,277 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.685 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">488,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,341,855 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$82.624 billion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$13,065 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.745 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">448,978 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,024,900<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$92.332 billion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$2,563 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.727 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Central_Asia" title="Demographics of Central Asia">Demographics of Central Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/220px-Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/330px-Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg/440px-Central_Asia_population_pyramid_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="2068" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid of Central Asia in 2023</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/390px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/585px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg/780px-Central_Asia_Ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of Central Asia.<br /> White areas are thinly-populated semi-desert. <br />The three northwest-tending lines are the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea and in the south the irrigated north side of the Kopet Dagh mountains.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uzbek_Kids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/220px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/330px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Uzbek_Kids.JPG/440px-Uzbek_Kids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Uzbek children in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg/220px-Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg/330px-Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg/440px-Afghan_children_in_Badakhshan_Province-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Children in Afghanistan</figcaption></figure> <p>By a broad definition including Mongolia and Afghanistan, more than 90 million people live in Central Asia, about 2% of Asia's total population. Of the regions of Asia, only <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> has fewer people. It has a population density of 9 people per km<sup>2</sup>, vastly less than the 80.5 people per km<sup>2</sup> of the continent as a whole. Kazakhstan is one of the least densely populated countries in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, as well as being spoken by around six million ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> of Central Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the de facto <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> throughout the former Soviet Central Asian Republics. <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> has an equally dominant presence in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. </p><p>The languages of the majority of the inhabitants of the former Soviet Central Asian Republics belong to the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> is mainly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and as a minority language in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> are related languages of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kypchak</a> group of Turkic languages and are spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and as a minority language in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> are spoken in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, Kyrgyzstan, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian languages</a> were once spoken throughout Central Asia, such as the once prominent <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scythian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian language">Scythian</a>, which are now extinct and belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranian</a> family. The Eastern Iranian <a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto language</a> is still spoken in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Other minor Eastern Iranian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ossetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic">Ossetic</a> are also spoken at various places in Central Asia. Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> are also spoken as a major language in the region, locally known as <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> of Central Asia). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language group</a>, which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, is now extinct. </p><p>Other language groups include the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, spoken by around six million people across the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (Szechwan), <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a> of northeastern Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a> minority, mainly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:DarkBlue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gold; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Red; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 312.43747264936px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 103.58197065154px; border-left-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkGreen"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Central Asia </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkGreen; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (87.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (7.29%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> (6.44%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;"> </span> Others (0.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (0.02%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/220px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/330px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg/440px-Kazakh_wedding_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wedding_ceremony" title="Kazakh wedding ceremony">Kazakh wedding ceremony</a> in a mosque</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a> is the religion most common in the Central Asian Republics, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Xinjiang, and the peripheral western regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a>. Most Central Asian Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, although there are sizable <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> minorities in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> were the major faiths in Central Asia before the arrival of Islam. Zoroastrian influence is still felt today in such celebrations as <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, held in all five of the Central Asian states.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">transmission of Buddhism along the Silk Road</a> eventually brought the religion to China.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> was the leading religion before Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> is most common in Tibet, Mongolia, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, and the southern Russian regions of Siberia. </p><p>The form of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> most practiced in the region in previous centuries was <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but now the largest denomination is the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, with many members in Kazakhstan, where about 25% of the population of 19 million identify as Christian, 17% in Uzbekistan and 5% in Kyrgyzstan. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimates indicate that in 2010, around 6 million <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> lived in Central Asian countries, the Pew Forum study finds that Kazakhstan (4.1 million) has the largest Christian population in the region, followed by Uzbekistan (710,000), Kyrgyzstan (660,000), Turkmenistan (320,000) and Tajikistan (100,000).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but nearly all have emigrated since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>In Siberia, <a href="/wiki/Shaministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaministic">shaministic</a> practices persist, including forms of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kumalak" title="Kumalak">Kumalak</a>. </p><p>Contact and migration with <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han people</a> from China has brought <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Folk_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Folk Religion">Chinese folk beliefs</a> into the region. </p><p>Central Asia is where many integral beliefs and elements in various religious traditions of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> originated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Population </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Christian </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Muslim </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Irreligion </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Hindu </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Buddhist </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Folk religion </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Other religion </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Jewish </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>18,745,000 </td> <td>3,130,415 </td> <td>16.70 </td> <td>12,990,285 </td> <td>69.30 </td> <td>2,493,085 </td> <td>13.30 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>16,870 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>20,620 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>18,745 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>3,400 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td>6,520,000 </td> <td>521,600 </td> <td>8.00 </td> <td>5,868,000 </td> <td>90.00 </td> <td>130,400 </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td>6,880,000 </td> <td>110,080 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>6,652,960 </td> <td>96.7 </td> <td>103,200 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td>5,040,000 </td> <td>322,560 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>4,687,200 </td> <td>93.0 </td> <td>25,200 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td style="text-align:left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td>27,440,000 </td> <td>631,120 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>26,534,480 </td> <td>96.7 </td> <td>219,520 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>< 0.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right"> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4"><b>Total</b> </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">64,625,000 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">4,663,615 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">7.22 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">55,535,690 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">85.94 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">4,158,860 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">6.44 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0.00 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">26,870 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0.04 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">51,370 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0.08 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">136,105 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0.21 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">10,000 </td> <td class="unsortable" style="background:#D7EEF4">0.02 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geostrategy">Geostrategy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Central_Asia" title="Geostrategy in Central Asia">Geostrategy in Central Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qianlong_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Qianlong_Horse.jpg/220px-Qianlong_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Qianlong_Horse.jpg/330px-Qianlong_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Qianlong_Horse.jpg/440px-Qianlong_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Tartar prostrating before <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of China (1757).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg/220px-Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg/330px-Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg/440px-Great_Game_cartoon_from_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon from the period of the <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">Great Game</a> showing the Afghan Amir Sher Ali with his "friends" Imperial Russia and the United Kingdom (1878)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_karimov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Islam_karimov.jpg/170px-Islam_karimov.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Islam_karimov.jpg/255px-Islam_karimov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Islam_karimov.jpg/340px-Islam_karimov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="3010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islam_Karimov" title="Islam Karimov">Islam Karimov</a> (President, Uzbekistan) in <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>, March 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Asia has long been a strategic location merely because of its proximity to several great powers on the Eurasian landmass. The region itself never held a dominant stationary population nor was able to make use of natural resources. Thus, it has rarely throughout history become the seat of power for an empire or influential state. Central Asia has been divided, redivided, conquered out of existence, and fragmented time and time again. Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right. </p><p>Central Asia had both the advantage and disadvantage of a central location between four historical seats of power. From its central location, it has access to trade routes to and from all the regional powers. On the other hand, it has been continuously vulnerable to attack from all sides throughout its history, resulting in political fragmentation or outright power vacuum, as it is successively dominated. </p> <ul><li>To the North, the steppe allowed for rapid mobility, first for nomadic horseback warriors like the Huns and Mongols, and later for Russian traders, eventually supported by railroads. As the Russian Empire expanded to the East, it would also push down into Central Asia towards the sea, in a search for warm water ports. The Soviet bloc would reinforce dominance from the North and attempt to project power as far south as Afghanistan.</li> <li>To the East, the demographic and cultural weight of Chinese empires continually pushed outward into Central Asia since the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. However, with the Sino-Soviet split and collapse of Soviet Union, China would project its soft power into Central Asia, most notably in the case of Afghanistan, to counter Russian dominance of the region.</li> <li>To the Southeast, the demographic and cultural influence of India was felt in Central Asia, notably in Tibet, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a>, and slightly beyond. From its base in India, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> competed with the Russian Empire for influence in the region in the 19th and 20th centuries.</li> <li>To the Southwest, West Asian powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia (usually Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan). Several Persian empires would conquer and reconquer parts of Central Asia; Alexander the Great's Hellenic empire would extend into Central Asia; two Islamic empires would exert substantial influence throughout the region;<sup id="cite_ref-iranpress.com_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranpress.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the modern state of Iran has projected influence throughout the region as well. Turkey, through a common <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> nation identity, has gradually increased its ties and influence as well in the region. Furthermore, since Uzbekistan announced their intention to join in April 2018, Turkey and all of the Central Asian Turkic-speaking states except Turkmenistan are together part of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic Council">Turkic Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the post–Cold War era, Central Asia is an ethnic cauldron, prone to instability and conflicts, without a sense of national identity, but rather a mess of historical cultural influences, tribal and clan loyalties, and religious fervor. Projecting influence into the area is no longer just Russia, but also Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan, India and the United States: </p> <ul><li>Russia continues to dominate political decision-making throughout the former SSRs; although, as other countries move into the area, Russia's influence has begun to wane though Russia still maintains military bases in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United States, with its military involvement in the region and oil diplomacy, is also significantly involved in the region's politics.<sup id="cite_ref-iranpress.com_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranpress.com-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States and other NATO members were the main contributors to the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in Afghanistan during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> period and also exert considerable influence in other Central Asian nations.</li> <li>China has security ties with Central Asian states through the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>, and conducts energy trade bilaterally.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>India has geographic proximity to the Central Asian region and, in addition, enjoys considerable influence on Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India maintains a military base at <a href="/wiki/Farkhor_Air_Base" title="Farkhor Air Base">Farkhor</a>, Tajikistan, and also has extensive military relations with Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Reiter_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiter-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCO_meeting_(2022-09-16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/220px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/330px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg/440px-SCO_meeting_%282022-09-16%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Leaders present at the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Uzbekistan, in 2022 </figcaption></figure></li> <li>Turkey also exerts considerable influence in the region on account of its ethnic and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and its involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_oil_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline">Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline</a>. Political and economic relations are growing rapidly (e.g., Turkey recently eliminated visa requirements for citizens of the Central Asian Turkic republics).</li> <li>Iran, the seat of historical empires that controlled parts of Central Asia, has historical and cultural links to the region and is vying to construct an oil pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, a nuclear-armed Islamic state, has a history of political relations with neighbouring Afghanistan and is termed capable of exercising influence. For some Central Asian nations, the shortest route to the ocean lies through Pakistan. Pakistan seeks <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> from Central Asia and supports the development of pipelines from its countries. According to an independent study, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> is supposed to be the fifth largest natural gas field in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mountain ranges and areas in northern Pakistan lie on the fringes of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a> region of Pakistan lies adjacent to Tajikistan, separated only by the narrow Afghan <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>. Being located on the northwest of South Asia, the area forming modern-day Pakistan maintained extensive historical and cultural links with the central Asian region.</li> <li>Japan has an important and growing influence in Central Asia, with the master plan of the capital city of Astana in Kazakhstan being designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_plus_Japan" title="Central Asia plus Japan">Central Asia plus Japan</a> initiative designed to strengthen ties between them and promote development and stability of the region.</li></ul> <p>Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Lev Gumilev</a> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zunghar_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zunghar Khanate">Zunghar Khanate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>) played a role to stop Chinese <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_China" title="List of endangered languages in China">aggression</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">to the north</a>. The Turkic Khaganate had special policy against Chinese assimilation policy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interesting theoretical analysis on the historical-geopolitics of the Central Asia was made through the reinterpretation of Orkhun Inscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201491–100_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201491–100-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region, along with Russia, is also part of "the great pivot" as per the <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland Theory">Heartland Theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a>, which says that the power which controls Central Asia—richly endowed with natural resources—shall ultimately be the "empire of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the region is endowed with various mineral resources such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> and many others making it a potential major global supplier of critical materials for clean energy technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_on_Terror">War on Terror</h3></div> <p>In the context of the United States' <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>, Central Asia has once again become the center of geostrategic calculations. Pakistan's status has been upgraded by the U.S. government to <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a> because of its central role in serving as a staging point for the invasion of Afghanistan, providing intelligence on Al-Qaeda operations in the region, and leading the hunt on <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. </p><p>Afghanistan, which had served as a haven and source of support for Al-Qaeda under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, was the target of a <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">U.S. invasion</a> in 2001 and ongoing reconstruction and drug-eradication efforts. U.S. military bases have also been established in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, causing both Russia and the People's Republic of China to voice their concern over a permanent U.S. military presence in the region. </p><p>Western governments have accused Russia, China and the former Soviet republics of justifying the suppression of separatist movements, and the associated ethnics and religion with the War on Terror. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_cultural,_scientific_and_economic_centres"><span id="Major_cultural.2C_scientific_and_economic_centres"></span>Major cultural, scientific and economic centres</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities_in_Central_Asia">Cities in Central Asia</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Central Asia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Almaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Almaty"><img alt="Almaty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Almaty.jpg/120px-Modern_Almaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Almaty.jpg/180px-Modern_Almaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Modern_Almaty.jpg/240px-Modern_Almaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="436" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,000,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astana"><img alt="Astana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/120px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/180px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg/240px-Central_Downtown_Astana_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,156,749 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,350,228 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,189,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,074,075 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">727,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">679,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">597,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aktobe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">560,820 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">530,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Population figures disagree between the table above and the table below.</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:80px;">City </th> <th style="width:90px;">Country </th> <th style="width:60px;">Population </th> <th style="width:200px;" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th class="unsortable">Information </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006100657400000000♠">1,006,574</span><br />(2017) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>The capital and second largest city in Kazakhstan. After Kazakhstan gained its independence in 1991, the city and the region were renamed from Tselinograd to Aqmola. The name was often translated as "White Tombstone", but actually means "Holy Place" or "Holy Shrine". The "White Tombstone" literal translation was too appropriate for many visitors to escape notice in almost all guide books and travel accounts. In 1994, the city was designated as the future capital of the newly independent country and again renamed to the Astana after the capital was officially moved from <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> in 1997. In 2019 the city was renamed to Nur-Sultan to honor the resigned president, but was reverted to Astana in 2022. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> </td> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006171322000000000♠">1,713,220</span><br />(2017) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almaty,_Kok-tobe_exposition_(edit).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg/200px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg/300px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg/400px-Almaty%2C_Kok-tobe_exposition_%28edit%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> </td> <td>It was the capital of Kazakhstan (and its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a>) from 1929 to 1998. Despite losing its status as the capital, Almaty remains the major commercial center of Kazakhstan. It is a recognised financial center of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian region. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a> </td> <td>Kyrgyzstan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006102720000000000♠">1,027,200</span><br />(2019) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg/200px-Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg/300px-Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg/400px-Bishkek-capital-of-Kyrgyzstan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4269" data-file-height="2846" /></a></span> </td> <td>The capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek is also the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy Region</a>, which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a> </td> <td>Kyrgyzstan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005243216000000000♠">243,216</span><br />(2009) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg/200px-Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg/300px-Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg/400px-Osh_03-2016_img27_view_from_Sulayman_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4693" data-file-height="2933" /></a></span> </td> <td>The second largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Osh is also the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Osh_Region" title="Osh Region">Osh Region</a>, which surrounds the city, even though the city itself is not part of the region, but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> </td> <td>Tajikistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005780000000000000♠">780,000</span><br />(2014) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/200px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/300px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/400px-Palace_of_Nations_and_the_Flagpole%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span> </td> <td>The capital and largest city of Tajikistan. Dushanbe means "Monday" in <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the name reflects the fact that the city grew on the site of a village that originally was a popular Monday <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a> </td> <td>Turkmenistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006103200000000000♠">1,032,000</span><br />(2014) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/200px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/300px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG/400px-Neutrality-Road-Ashgabat-2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5106" data-file-height="3754" /></a></span> </td> <td>The capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat is a relatively young city, growing out of a village of the same name established by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> in 1818. It is not far from the site of <a href="/wiki/Nisa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisa (village)">Nisa</a>, the ancient capital of the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, and it grew on the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> city of Konjikala, which was first mentioned as a wine-producing village in the 2nd century BC and was leveled by an earthquake in the 1st century BC (a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Ashgabat_earthquake" title="1948 Ashgabat earthquake">1948 Ashgabat earthquake</a>). Konjikala was rebuilt because of its advantageous location on the Silk Road, and it flourished until its destruction by Mongols in the 13th century AD. After that, it survived as a small village until the Russians took over in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> </td> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005237900000000000♠">237,900</span><br />(1999) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg/200px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg/300px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg/400px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span> </td> <td>The nation's fifth-largest city and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a> of Uzbekistan. Bukhara has been one of the main centers of Persian civilisation from its early days in the 6th century BC, and, since the 12th century AD, Turkic speakers gradually moved in. Its architecture and archaeological sites form one of the pillars of Central Asian history and art. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a> </td> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005209389000000000♠">209,389</span><br />(2011) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KokandPalace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KokandPalace.jpg/200px-KokandPalace.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KokandPalace.jpg/300px-KokandPalace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/KokandPalace.jpg/400px-KokandPalace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span> </td> <td>Kokand (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">Qo'qon</i>, <span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz">Қўқон</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: <span lang="tg">Хӯқанд</span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خوقند</span>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>: خوقند; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Коканд</span>) is a city in <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Region" title="Fergana Region">Fergana Region</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, at the southwestern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>. It has a population of 192,500 (1999 census estimate). Kokand is 228 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, 115 km west of <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a>, and 88 km west of <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a>. It is nicknamed "City of Winds", or sometimes "Town of the Boar". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> </td> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7005596300000000000♠">596,300</span><br />(2008) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg/200px-Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg/300px-Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg/400px-Samarkand_view_from_the_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td>The second largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of <a href="/wiki/Samarqand_Region" title="Samarqand Region">Samarqand Region</a>. The city is most noted for its central position on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and the West, and for being an Islamic center for scholarly study. It was here that the ruler <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a> (1394–1449) built a gigantic astronomical observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> </td> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7006257166800000000♠">2,571,668</span><br />(2020) </td> <td> </td> <td>The capital and largest city of Uzbekistan. In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the town and the region were known as Chach. Tashkent started as an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chirchik_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirchik River">Chirchik River</a>, near the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Golestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan">Golestan</a> Mountains. In ancient times, this area contained Beitian, probably the summer "capital" of the <a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a> confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Football_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Football Federation">Central Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_ancient_Indian_literature" title="Central Asians in ancient Indian literature">Central Asians in ancient Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Chinese Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility#Eurasia" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Continental pole of inaccessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutash" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindutash">Hindutash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Central_Asia" title="Mountains of Central Asia">Mountains of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+prospects+%E2%80%93+Population+division&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2019_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx">"Overall total population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(xlsx)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218054922/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_Population/WPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overall+total+population&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_Population%2FWPP2019_POP_F01_1_TOTAL_POPULATION_BOTH_SEXES.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2023&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia">"Mongolia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608083309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongolia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMongolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Asia">"Central Asia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107103023/https://www.britannica.com/place/Central-Asia">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FCentral-Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-iv">"CENTRAL ASIA iv. In the Islamic Period up to the Mongols"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume V/2: C̆ehel Sotūn, Isfahan–Central Asia XIII</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 169–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939214-69-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939214-69-3"><bdi>978-0-939214-69-3</bdi></a>. <q>In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Šāh-nāma of Ferdowsī is regarded as the land allotted to Ferēdūn's son Tūr. The denizens of Tūrān were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Tūrān"). 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E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i>, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/great-silk-roads">"The Great Silk Roads"</a>. <i>Silk Roads Programme</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Uzbekistan%2C+Coming+to+Terms+With+the+Country%27s+Dazzling+History&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Taseer&rft.aufirst=Aatish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F11%2Ft-magazine%2Fuzbekistan-history-silk-road.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdela_C._Y._Lee" class="citation web cs1">Adela C. Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the intellectuals-<a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a> to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=Central+Asia%27s+Koreans+in+Korea%3A+There+and+%28Mostly%29+Back+Again&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fcentral-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Демографическая ситуация" (PDF). <i>Statistika qo'mitasi</i>. 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Humboldt University of Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727184251/https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/centralasia/central-asian-seminar-1/about-us/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de&rft.atitle=Central+Asian+studies+%E2%80%93+Institute+of+Asian+and+African+Studies&rft.au=Humboldt+University+of+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaaw.hu-berlin.de%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fcentralasia%2Fcentral-asian-seminar-1%2Fabout-us%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2013" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Sally N. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-67108-1"><bdi>978-1-136-67108-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131049/https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&q=humboldt+central+asia+Afghanistan&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108072230/http://silkroadstudies.org/resources/1811CA-Regional.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>Russian scholars who used the term 'Middle Asia' synonymously with Turkestan used 'Central Asia' largely to refer to areas outside Russian control, including Afghanistan and 'East Turkestan'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernization+and+Regional+Cooperation+in+Central+Asia%3A+A+New+Spring%3F&rft.pub=Central+Asia-Caucasus+Institute+and+the+Silk+Road+Studies&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsilkroadstudies.org%2Fresources%2F1811CA-Regional.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayor1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Mayor_Zaragoza" title="Federico Mayor Zaragoza">Mayor, Federico</a> (1992). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2023</span>. p. 8: <q>Subsequently, at a UNESCO meeting held in 1978, it was agreed that the study on Central Asia should deal with the civilizations of Afghanistan, north-eastern Iran, Pakistan, northern India, western China, Mongolia and the Soviet Central Asian Republics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Civilization%2C+Earliest+Times+to+700+B.C.&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28186754&rft.isbn=9789231027192&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000094466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoloSmethurst2005" class="citation book cs1">Polo, Marco; Smethurst, Paul (2005). <i>The Travels of Marco Polo</i>. 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Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale (2005). p. 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-33260-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-33260-5">0-415-33260-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Golden" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter B. Golden">Golden, Peter B.</a> (2018). "The construction of ethnicity in medieval Turkic Eurasia". In <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Schmidtke" title="Sabine Schmidtke">Schmidtke, Sabine</a> (ed.). <i>Studying the Near and Middle East at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 1935–2018</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RadioFreeEurope%2FRadioLiberty&rft.atitle=Asia+Holds+First+%27Kokpar%27+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F25104199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartner2017" class="citation news cs1">Baumgartner, Pete (29 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-kokpar-rivalry-world-championship/28701819.html">"Showdown in Astana: Rival Kazakhs, Kyrgyz Battle For First Kokpar World Title"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710143436/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-kokpar-rivalry-world-championship/28701819.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Showdown+in+Astana%3A+Rival+Kazakhs%2C+Kyrgyz+Battle+For+First+Kokpar+World+Title&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft.aulast=Baumgartner&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fkazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-kokpar-rivalry-world-championship%2F28701819.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imbwc2020-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imbwc2020_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6333be1d9a884a90ba7e6f3103ed0bea/wcy2020_overall_competitiveness_rankings_2020.pdf">"IMB World Competitiveness Rankings 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>imb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621140124/https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6333be1d9a884a90ba7e6f3103ed0bea/wcy2020_overall_competitiveness_rankings_2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imb.org&rft.atitle=IMB+World+Competitiveness+Rankings+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.org%2Fcontentassets%2F6333be1d9a884a90ba7e6f3103ed0bea%2Fwcy2020_overall_competitiveness_rankings_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iwbwc2019-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iwbwc2019_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6b85960f0d1b42a0a07ba59c49e828fb/one-year-change-vertical.pdf">"2019 World Competitiveness Ranking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>imd.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530135916/https://www.imd.org/contentassets/6b85960f0d1b42a0a07ba59c49e828fb/one-year-change-vertical.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imd.org&rft.atitle=2019+World+Competitiveness+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imd.org%2Fcontentassets%2F6b85960f0d1b42a0a07ba59c49e828fb%2Fone-year-change-vertical.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_67-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhitdinova2015" class="citation book cs1">Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015). <i>Central Asia. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative+through+the+Lens+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=London.&rft.pages=115-133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-60749-1&rft.aulast=Vakulchuk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Overland%2C+Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329310641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAFDI-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAFDI_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2020/12/fdi-to-central-asia-reached-378-2-billion-over-past-13-years/">"FDI to Central Asia Reached 378.2 billion Over Past 13 years"</a>. <i>The Astana Times</i>. 9 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211080521/https://astanatimes.com/2020/12/fdi-to-central-asia-reached-378-2-billion-over-past-13-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=FDI+to+Central+Asia+Reached+378.2+billion+Over+Past+13+years&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2020%2F12%2Ffdi-to-central-asia-reached-378-2-billion-over-past-13-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:50-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:50_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:50_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBank2022" class="citation book cs1">Bank, European Investment (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond"><i>Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia</i></a>. European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9"><bdi>978-92-861-5086-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703145318/https://www01.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+resilience+in+the+pandemic+and+beyond%3A+Adaptation%2C+innovation%2C+financing+and+climate+action+from+Eastern+Europe+to+Central+Asia&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5086-9&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbusiness-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/education-western-balkans-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-findings-pisa-2018">"Education in the Western Balkans, Eastern Europe and Central Asia: Findings from PISA 2018"</a>. <i>www.unicef.org</i>. 18 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719123339/https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/education-western-balkans-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-findings-pisa-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Education+in+the+Western+Balkans%2C+Eastern+Europe+and+Central+Asia%3A+Findings+from+PISA+2018&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Feca%2Freports%2Feducation-western-balkans-eastern-europe-and-central-asia-findings-pisa-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/consumer/articles/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-hospitality-industry.html">"Impact of COVID-19 on the hospitality industry"</a>. <i>Deloitte Netherlands</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220719123331/https://www2.deloitte.com/nl/nl/pages/consumer/articles/impact-of-covid-19-on-the-hospitality-industry.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deloitte+Netherlands&rft.atitle=Impact+of+COVID-19+on+the+hospitality+industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.deloitte.com%2Fnl%2Fnl%2Fpages%2Fconsumer%2Farticles%2Fimpact-of-covid-19-on-the-hospitality-industry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakulchuk2022" class="citation news cs1">Vakulchuk, Roman (28 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cabar.asia/en/climate-change-in-central-asia-are-we-beyond-the-point-of-no-return">"Climate Change in Central Asia: Are we Beyond the Point of no Return?"</a>. <i>Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting (CABAR)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132933/https://cabar.asia/en/climate-change-in-central-asia-are-we-beyond-the-point-of-no-return">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 324–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100129-1"><bdi>978-92-3-100129-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630025557/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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BBC News. 8 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7492982.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India%3A+Afghanistan%27s+influential+ally&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7492982.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208010925/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945666,00.html">"India, Pakistan and the Battle for Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 5 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1945666,00.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pakistan+and+the+Battle+for+Afghanistan&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1945666%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiter-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reiter_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiterHazdra2004" class="citation book cs1">Reiter, Erich; Hazdra, Peter (2004). <i>The Impact of Asian Powers on Global Developments</i>. Springer, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7908-0092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7908-0092-0"><bdi>978-3-7908-0092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Asian+Powers+on+Global+Developments&rft.pub=Springer%2C+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-7908-0092-0&rft.aulast=Reiter&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Hazdra%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChazan" class="citation news cs1">Chazan, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122409510811337137">"Turkmenistan Gas Field Is One of World's Largest"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428142524/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122409510811337137">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Turkmenistan+Gas+Field+Is+One+of+World%27s+Largest&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB122409510811337137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407040942/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article16.htm">"Л.Н. Гумилев. Люди и природа Великой степи"</a>. <i>gumilevica.kulichki.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/articles/Article16.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gumilevica.kulichki.net&rft.atitle=%D0%9B.%D0%9D.+%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2.+%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgumilevica.kulichki.net%2Farticles%2FArticle16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201491–100-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmet_Akif_Okur201491–100_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehmet_Akif_Okur2014">Mehmet Akif Okur (2014)</a>, pp. 91–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an analysis of Mackinder's approach from the perspective of "Critical Geopolitics" look: <a href="#CITEREFMehmet_Akif_Okur2014">Mehmet Akif Okur (2014)</a>, pp. 76–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakulchukOverland2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.012">"Central Asia is a missing link in analyses of critical materials for the global clean energy transition"</a>. <i>One Earth</i>. <b>4</b> (12): 1678–1692. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021OEart...4.1678V">2021OEart...4.1678V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.11.012">10.1016/j.oneear.2021.11.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2839043">11250/2839043</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2590-3322">2590-3322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Earth&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+is+a+missing+link+in+analyses+of+critical+materials+for+the+global+clean+energy+transition&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1678-1692&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2839043&rft.issn=2590-3322&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.11.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021OEart...4.1678V&rft.aulast=Vakulchuk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Overland%2C+Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2021.11.012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.uz/ru/ofitsialnaya-statistika/demografiya-i-trud/demograficheskie-pokazateli/2400-chislennost-gorodskogo-i-selskogo-naseleniya-po-regionam-na-nachalo-goda-tysyach-chelovek">"Численность городского и сельского населения по регионам"</a>. The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107103107/https://stat.uz/ru/ofitsialnaya-statistika/demografiya-i-trud/demograficheskie-pokazateli/2400-chislennost-gorodskogo-i-selskogo-naseleniya-po-regionam-na-nachalo-goda-tysyach-chelovek">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC&rft.pub=The+State+Committee+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+on+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.uz%2Fru%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fdemografiya-i-trud%2Fdemograficheskie-pokazateli%2F2400-chislennost-gorodskogo-i-selskogo-naseleniya-po-regionam-na-nachalo-goda-tysyach-chelovek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200421125517/https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4967">"Административно-территориальное деление Наманганской области"</a>. Портал открытых данных Республики Узбекистан. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.gov.uz/ru/datasets/4967">the original</a> on 21 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.pub=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.gov.uz%2Fru%2Fdatasets%2F4967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samarkand.uz/towns_districts/samarkand">"Самарқанд шаҳри"</a>. samarkand.uz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923054153/https://samarkand.uz/towns_districts/samarkand">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.pub=samarkand.uz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamarkand.uz%2Ftowns_districts%2Fsamarkand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/KZ/largest-cities-in-kazakhstan.html">"Biggest Cities Kazakhstan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103164504/http://www.geonames.org/KZ/largest-cities-in-kazakhstan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2FKZ%2Flargest-cities-in-kazakhstan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/KG/largest-cities-in-kyrgyzstan.html">"Biggest Cities Kyrgyzstan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510214511/http://www.geonames.org/KG/largest-cities-in-kyrgyzstan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+Kyrgyzstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2FKG%2Flargest-cities-in-kyrgyzstan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/TJ/largest-cities-in-tajikistan.html">"Biggest Cities Tajikistan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727185830/http://www.geonames.org/TJ/largest-cities-in-tajikistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+Tajikistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2FTJ%2Flargest-cities-in-tajikistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/TM/largest-cities-in-turkmenistan.html">"Biggest Cities Turkmenistan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728013401/http://www.geonames.org/TM/largest-cities-in-turkmenistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biggest+Cities+Turkmenistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2FTM%2Flargest-cities-in-turkmenistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Saimaddinov, S. D. Kholmatova, and S. Karimov, <i>Tajik-Russian Dictionary</i>, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan, Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature, Scientific Center for Persian-Tajik Culture, Dushanbe, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographicbureau.com/trips/central_asia/turkmenistan/info/brief_description_of_the_main_s.jdx">Konjikala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029043151/http://www.geographicbureau.com/trips/central_asia/turkmenistan/info/brief_description_of_the_main_s.jdx">Archived</a> 29 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: the Silk Road precursor of Ashgabat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGanxmJgQNIC&pg=PA40">Konjikala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410131044/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGanxmJgQNIC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: MaryLee Knowlton, <i>Turkmenistan</i>, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, pp. 40–41, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-2014-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-2014-2">0-7614-2014-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2014-9">978-0-7614-2014-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhgamberdiev2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001791/179113e.pdf">"Ulugh Beg: the scholar on the throne"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>A World of Science</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 21–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101431/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001791/179113e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+World+of+Science&rft.atitle=Ulugh+Beg%3A+the+scholar+on+the+throne&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-23&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Ehgamberdiev&rft.aufirst=Shuhrat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0017%2F001791%2F179113e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1963" class="citation journal cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin G (1963). "The consonantal system of Old Chinese". <i>Asia Major</i>. <b>9</b>: 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+consonantal+system+of+Old+Chinese&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehmet_Akif_Okur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mehmet Akif Okur (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10035574">"Classical Texts of the Geopolitics and the "Heart of Eurasia"</a>. <i>Journal of Turkish World Studies</i>. <b>XIV</b> (2): 73–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318072851/https://www.academia.edu/10035574">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Turkish+World+Studies&rft.atitle=Classical+Texts+of+the+Geopolitics+and+the+%22Heart+of+Eurasia&rft.volume=XIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=73-104&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Mehmet+Akif+Okur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10035574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001952/http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/dergi_14_2/mehmet_akif_okur.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a>, 365–387, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2013" class="citation book cs1">Blank, Stephen J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44943"><i>Central Asia After 2014</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-593-2"><bdi>978-1-58487-593-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+After+2014&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58487-593-2&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo44943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chow, Edward. "Central Asia's Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality", in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=456">Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Asian_Research" title="National Bureau of Asian Research">National Bureau of Asian Research</a>, 2010.</li> <li>Farah, Paolo Davide, Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, November 2015. Available at SSRN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=2701215">Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia</a></li> <li>Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson, eds. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/asia/index-en.html">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</a></i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, 1992.* Gorshunova. Olga V. <i>Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora...</i>, (<i>Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia</i>) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, 2008, n° 1, pp. 71–82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0869-5415">0869-5415</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinGessnerKuenzer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, I.; Gessner, U.; Kuenzer (2012). "Regional land cover mapping and change detection in Central Asia using MODIS time-series". <i>Applied Geography</i>. <b>35</b> (1–2): 219–234. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..35..219K">2012AppGe..35..219K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2012.06.016">10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Geography&rft.atitle=Regional+land+cover+mapping+and+change+detection+in+Central+Asia+using+MODIS+time-series&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=219-234&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apgeog.2012.06.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012AppGe..35..219K&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Gessner%2C+U.&rft.au=Kuenzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuong2004" class="citation book cs1">Luong, Pauline Jones (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KefvEz9bfyEC"><i>The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8842-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-8842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Central+Asia%3A+States+and+Societies+from+Soviet+Rule+to+Independence&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8842-9&rft.aulast=Luong&rft.aufirst=Pauline+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKefvEz9bfyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandelbaum,_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandelbaum, Michael">Mandelbaum, Michael</a>, ed. <i>Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Press, 1994.</li> <li>Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. <i>Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Pakistan and Early Ottoman Turkey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pustaka_Nasional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pustaka Nasional (page does not exist)">Pustaka Nasional</a>, 2003.</li> <li>Menga, Filippo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Power-and-Water-in-Central-Asia/Menga/p/book/9780367667351">Power and Water in Central Asia</a>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367667351" title="Special:BookSources/9780367667351">9780367667351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brill_Olcott" title="Martha Brill Olcott">Olcott, Martha Brill</a>. <i>Central Asia's New States: Independence, Foreign policy, and Regional security</i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Institute of Peace Press">United States Institute of Peace Press</a>, 1996.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsJames2013" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Andrew; <a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2832538">"National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia"</a>. <i>National Identities</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 23–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14608940020028475">10.1080/14608940020028475</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146570543">146570543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Identities&rft.atitle=National+Identity+between+Tradition+and+Reflexive+Modernisation%3A+The+Contradictions+of+Central+Asia&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-35&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14608940020028475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146570543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=James%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2832538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Asia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hasan Bulent Paksoy. <i>ALPAMYSH: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AACAR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AACAR (page does not exist)">AACAR</a>, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-1/">alpamysh: central asian identity under Russian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svat_Soucek" title="Svat Soucek">Soucek, Svatopluk</a>. <i>A History of Inner Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Rall" title="Ted Rall">Rall, Ted</a>. <i>Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/NBM_Publishing" title="NBM Publishing">NBM Publishing</a>, 2006.</li> <li>Stone, L.A. <i>The International Politics of Central Eurasia</i> (272 pp). Central Eurasian Studies On Line: Accessible via the Web Page of the International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154944/http://www.iicas.org/forumen.htm">IEI_forum / International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research</a></li> <li>Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), in Caron, Jean-François (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-6693-2_5">"Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms"</a>, <i>Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy</i>, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 75–99, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6692-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-6692-5">978-981-13-6692-5</a>, retrieved 4 December 2020.</li> <li>Vakulchuk, Roman (2014) Kazakhstan's Emerging Economy: Between State and Market, Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Main. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/299731455</li> <li>Weston, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9211/asia.htm"><i>Teaching about Inner Asia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403065456/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9211/asia.htm">Archived</a> 3 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bloomington, Indiana: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, 1989.</li> <li>Yellinek, Roie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2020/02/14/opinion-the-impact-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-on-central-asia-and-the-south-caucasus/">The Impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia and the South Caucasus</a>, E-International Relations, 14 February 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Central Asia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Central Asia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Central Asia">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Central Asia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Central Asia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Central Asia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Central Asia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Central Asia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="voy:Central Asia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-index">"Central Asia"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulf2000.columbia.edu/maps.shtml">Central Asia ethnicity, languages, and religious composition maps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11743/">General Map of Central Asia I – World Digital Library</a> a historic map from 1874</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecentralasianchronicles.asia/">The Central Asian Chronicles</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_topics" title="Template:Central Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Central_Asian_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Central Asian topics (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Asian_countries" title="Category:Central Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-Central_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek people">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh people">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian people">Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian people">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga German people">Volga Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_people" title="Dungan people">Dungans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar people">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian people">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeri_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri people">Azeris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Culture of Central Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Central_Asia" title="Cinema of Central Asia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastan" title="Dastan">Dastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#Central_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Central Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Music of Central Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Central Asia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Central Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Politics of Central Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geostrategy_in_Central_Asia" title="Geostrategy in Central Asia">Geostrategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Central_Asia" title="Human rights in Central Asia">Human rights in Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#Central_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of Central Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_Central_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#Central_Asia" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#Central_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in Central Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Central_Asia" title="Category:Sport in Central Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Football_Association" title="Central Asian Football Association">Central Asian Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Games" title="Central Asian Games">Central Asian Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">The 'stans</a></b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_Arc" title="Northeastern Japan Arc">Northeastern Japan Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island_Arc" title="Sakhalin Island Arc">Sakhalin Island Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou,_Anhui" title="Huizhou, Anhui">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Shaanxi" title="Southern Shaanxi">Shaannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Shaanxi" title="Northern Shaanxi">Shaanbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuka_Mountains" title="Suzuka Mountains">Suzuka Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk%E2%80%93Manchurian_taiga" title="Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga">Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Extreme North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikalia" title="Baikalia">Baikalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_Gulf" title="Khatanga Gulf">Khatanga Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey_Gulf" title="Yenisey Gulf">Yenisey Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin" title="Sikhote-Alin">Sikhote-Alin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland/Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_temperate_forests" title="Northern Triangle temperate forests">Northern Triangle temperate forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">Philippine Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzgan" title="Guzgan">Guzgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_subtropical_forests" title="Meghalaya subtropical forests">Meghalaya subtropical forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Little Rann of Kutch">Little Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Divi_Point" title="False Divi Point">False Divi Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_Valley" title="Shigar Valley">Shigar Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halar" title="Halar">Halar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminidivi" title="Aminidivi">Aminidivi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">Al-Faw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharat" title="Al-Sharat">Al-Sharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria region</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Naharaim" title="Aram-Naharaim">Aram-Naharaim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Dasht-e Kavir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana#Neo-Hittite_period" title="Tyana">Tuwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> 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