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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Causation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_speech_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_speech_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Free speech issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_speech_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternate_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Alternate definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dehumanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dehumanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dehumanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accusation_in_a_mirror" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusation_in_a_mirror"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Accusation in a mirror</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusation_in_a_mirror-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euphemism_and_metaphor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euphemism_and_metaphor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Euphemism and metaphor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euphemism_and_metaphor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Praising_past_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Praising_past_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Praising past violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Praising_past_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asking_questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asking_questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Asking questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asking_questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conditional_advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Conditional advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target–sympathizer_conflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target–sympathizer_conflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Target–sympathizer conflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target–sympathizer_conflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causing_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causing_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causing genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causing_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Case law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Case law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nuremberg_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuremberg_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nuremberg trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuremberg_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_case_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_case_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>National case law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_case_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countering_incitement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countering_incitement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Countering incitement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countering_incitement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#000000;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Genocide<br /></span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/200px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/300px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg/400px-Nyamata_Memorial_Site_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">WWI–WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Incitement</a></li> <li>In relation to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetrators,_victims,_and_bystanders" title="Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders">Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_genocide" title="Psychology of genocide">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Recognition politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_stages_of_genocide" title="Ten stages of genocide">Stages</a></li></ul></li> <li>Types <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_studies" title="Genocide studies">Studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#000000;padding-bottom:0.15em;color:white"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide" title="Category:Genocide">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500,_Reichstag,_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0922-500%2C_Reichstag%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Audience makes a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> during <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/30_January_1939_Reichstag_speech" title="30 January 1939 Reichstag speech">speech of 30 January 1939</a>, in which he threatened "the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Incitement to genocide</b> is a crime under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> which prohibits <a href="/wiki/Inciting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inciting">inciting</a> (encouraging) the commission of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. An extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, incitement to genocide is an <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">inchoate offense</a> and is theoretically subject to prosecution even if genocide does not occur, although charges have never been brought in an international court without mass violence having occurred. "Direct and public incitement to commit genocide" was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> in 1948. Incitement to genocide is often cloaked in metaphor and <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> and may take many forms beyond direct advocacy, including <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">accusation in a mirror</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Direct and public incitement to commit genocide" is forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948), Article 3(c).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017118_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017118-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If genocide were to be committed, then incitement could also be prosecuted as <a href="/wiki/Complicity_in_genocide" title="Complicity in genocide">complicity in genocide</a>, prohibited in Article 3(e), without the incitement necessarily being direct or public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchabas201817–18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchabas201817–18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incitement">Incitement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incitement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a> means encouraging someone else to commit a crime, in this case <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Genocide Convention is generally interpreted as requiring "specfic intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008493_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008493-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Direct""><span id=".22Direct.22"></span>"Direct"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: "Direct""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Direct" means that the speech must be both intended and understood as a call to take action against the targeted group, which may be difficult to prove for prosecutors due to cultural and individual differences.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson notes that "direct" does not inherently exclude <a href="/wiki/Euphemisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemisms">euphemisms</a> (see below), "if the prosecution can show that the overwhelming majority of listeners understood a euphemistic form of speech as a direct (rather than circuitous, oblique or veiled) call to commit genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201766_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201766-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Gordon_(lawyer)" title="Gregory Gordon (lawyer)">Gregory Gordon</a>, noting that most incitement does not take the form of imperative command to kill the target group (see below), recommends that a "glossary of incitement techniques should be woven into judicial pronouncements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017399_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017399-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> came to different conclusions on the prosecution of incitement. According to ICTR, incitement did not require an explicit call for violence against the targeted group or causally connected subsequent violence. ICTY came to the opposite conclusion in <i><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_v._Kordi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor v. Kordić">Prosecutor v. Kordić</a></i>, because "hate speech not directly calling for violence... did not rise to the same level of gravity" as <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017307,_Chapter_8_''passim''_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017307,_Chapter_8_''passim''-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Public""><span id=".22Public.22"></span>"Public"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "Public""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incitement is considered "public" "if it is communicated to a number of individuals in a public place or to members of a population at large by such means as the mass media".<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Genocide Convention never defines the term "public" and it is unclear how the criterion would apply to new technologies, such as <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-enabled <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017190_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017190-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bosco_Barayagwiza" title="Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza">Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza</a> was convicted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> for speeches made at a <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">roadblock</a>, but on appeal it was ruled that these speeches were not considered public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017191_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017191-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causation">Causation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incitement to genocide is an <a href="/wiki/Inchoate_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchoate crime">inchoate crime</a> as it is technically prosecutable even if genocide is never committed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2010101_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2010101-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006823_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006823-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201725_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201725-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gordon writes that "no international court has ever brought an incitement prosecution in the absence of a subsequent genocide or other directly-related large-scale atrocity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2008906–907_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2008906–907-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson noted that the judgement against <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Akayesu" title="Jean-Paul Akayesu">Jean-Paul Akayesu</a> "seemingly elevated causation to a legal requirement to prove incitement" as it stated "there must be proof of a possible causal link" between the alleged incitement and murders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201736_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201736-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribunals asserted that the incitement led to violence, even when this was not conclusively proven by the prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398–399_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398–399-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davies details four benefits of an inchoate and separate approach to prosecuting incitement, instead of prosecuting incitement as part of the crime of genocide: </p> <ol><li>obviating the difficult task of proving a causal connection between incitement and violence,</li> <li>allowing people to be charged with <a href="/wiki/Aiding_and_abetting" title="Aiding and abetting">aiding and abetting</a> incitement,</li> <li>allowing incitement to genocide to be prosecuted even when the resulting violence cannot be proven to have been genocidal (e.g. rather than war crimes or <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>), and</li> <li>enabling the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention of genocide">prevention of genocide</a> by prosecuting incitement thus acting as a deterrent to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245–246_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245–246-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_speech_issues">Free speech issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Free speech issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defining incitement to genocide is important because it can be in tension with the protection of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Mugesera" title="Léon Mugesera">Léon Mugesera</a> case, a Canadian federal appeals court found that his 1992 speech claiming that Hutus were about to be "exterminated by <i><a href="/wiki/Inyenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inyenzi">inyenzi</a></i> or cockroaches" was protected free speech and that the speech's themes were "elections, courage and love". Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Supreme Court">Canadian Supreme Court</a> ruled that "reasonable grounds exist to believe that Mr. Mugesera committed a crime against humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008486–487_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008486–487-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dictators and authoritarian leaders have used overly broad interpretations of "incitement" or <a href="/wiki/Speech_crimes" title="Speech crimes">speech crimes</a> in order to jail journalists and political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017216_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017216-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thaipost_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thaipost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gordon argued that the benefits of free speech do not apply in situations where mass violence is occurring because "the '<a href="/wiki/Marketplace_of_ideas" title="Marketplace of ideas">marketplace of ideas</a>' has been likely shut down or is not functioning properly." Therefore, it is justified to restrict speech that would not ordinarily be punishable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017320,_402_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017320,_402-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Benesch" title="Susan Benesch">Susan Benesch</a>, a free speech advocate, concedes that free speech provisions are intended to protect private speech while most or all genocide is state-sponsored. Therefore, in her opinion, prosecution of incitement to genocide should take into account the authority of the speaker and whether they are likely to persuade the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017274–275_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017274–275-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008494–495_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008494–495-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ashby_Wilson" title="Richard Ashby Wilson">Richard Ashby Wilson</a> observed that those prosecuted for incitement to genocide and related international crimes "have gone beyond mere insult, libel and slander to incite others to commit mass atrocities. Moreover, their utterances usually occur in a context of an armed conflict, genocide and a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20172_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_definitions">Alternate definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alternate definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternate definitions and interpretations have been proposed by various authors. In Benesch's six-pronged "reasonably probable consequences" test, a finding of incitement to genocide would require violence as a possible consequence of the speech,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017274_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017274-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is compatible with existing jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017277_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017277-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carol Pauli's "Communications Research Framework" is intended to define situations where freedom of speech can be justifiably infringed by broadcast interference and other non-judicial measures to prevent genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017277–278_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017277–278-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon has argued for "fixing the existing framework" by reinterpreting or changing incitement, direct, public, and causation elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017281_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017281-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon favors removing the requirement to be public, because "[p]rivate incitement can be just as lethal, if not more, than public."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017400_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017400-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susan Benesch said "Inciters have used strikingly similar techniques before genocide, even in times and places as different as Nazi Germany in the 1930s and Rwanda in the 1990s."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008503_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008503-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following types have been classified by Gordon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017284_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017284-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_advocacy">Direct advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gordon said that "direct calls for destruction are relatively rare".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1939, Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher wrote "A punitive expedition must come against the Jews in Russia. A punitive expedition which will provide the same fate for them that every murderer and criminal must expect. Death sentence and execution. The Jews in Russia must be killed. They must be exterminated root and branch."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008510_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008510-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 June 1994, <a href="/wiki/Kantano_Habimana" title="Kantano Habimana">Kantano Habimana</a> broadcast from RTLM: "we will kill the <a href="/wiki/Inkotanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkotanyi">Inkotanyi</a> and exterminate them" based on their alleged ethnic characteristics: "Just look at his small nose and then break it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006824_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006824-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon described Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>'s 2005 comments that Israel "<a href="/wiki/Must_be_wiped_off_the_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Must be wiped off the map">must be wiped off the map</a>" as an example of direct advocacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predictions">Predictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Predictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Rwandan <a href="/wiki/Media_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Case">Media Case</a>, some broadcasts of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a> (RTLM) that "foretold elimination of the <i><a href="/wiki/Inyenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inyenzi">inyenzi</a></i> or cockroaches" were found to constitute incitement to genocide. An example is the following statement by <a href="/wiki/Ananie_Nkurunziza" title="Ananie Nkurunziza">Ananie Nkurunziza</a> on RTLM on 5 June 1994: "I think we are fast approaching what I would call dawn ... dawn, because—for the young people who may not know— dawn is when the day breaks. Thus when day breaks, when that day comes, we will be heading for a brighter future, for the day when we will be able to say “There isn't a single Inyenzi left in the country.” The term Inyenzi will then be forever forgotten, and disappear for good."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dehumanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>Jews killed during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto uprising">Warsaw Ghetto uprising</a>, described in the <a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a> as "bandits destroyed in battle"</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Gordon, "verminization, pathologization, <a href="/wiki/Demonization" title="Demonization">demonization</a>, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a>" can be considered incitement to genocide. Verminization classifies the target as something "whose extermination would be considered normal and desirable",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is why Hutu leaders frequently described Tutsis as <i><a href="/wiki/Inyenzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Inyenzi">inyenzi</a></i> (cockroaches). RTLM propagandist <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ruggiu" title="Georges Ruggiu">Georges Ruggiu</a> pled guilty to incitement to genocide, saying that calling Tutsis "inyenzi" meant designating them "persons to be killed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gordon writes that like dehumanization, demonization is "sinister figurative speech but is more phantasmagorical and/ or anthropocentric in nature... [centering] on devils, malefactors, and other nefarious personages."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathologization means designating the target as a disease. According to genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stanton" title="Gregory Stanton">Gregory Stanton</a>, this "expropriates pseudo-medical terminology to justify massacre [and it] dehumanizes the victims as sources of filth and disease, [propagating] the reversed social ethics of the perpetrators".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017286-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum_''et_al.''2008204_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum_''et_al.''2008204-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanton identified dehumanization as third in the <a href="/wiki/Eight_stages_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight stages of genocide">eight stages of genocide</a>, and said that "Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against murder." Stanton and others have contended that dehumanization is a necessary condition for genocide;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslam2019119–120_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslam2019119–120-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johannes Lang said that its role is overstated and that forms of humiliation and torture which occur during genocide occur precisely because the victims' humanity is recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaslam2019134_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaslam2019134-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusation_in_a_mirror">Accusation in a mirror</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accusation in a mirror"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></div> <p>Accusation in a mirror is a false claim that accuses the target of something that the perpetrator is doing or intends to do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was used by an anonymous Rwandan propagandist in <i>Note Relative à la Propagande d’Expansion et de Recrutement</i>. Drawing on the ideas of Joseph Goebbels, he instructed colleagues to "impute to enemies exactly what they and their own party are planning to do".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287–288_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287–288-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012357–358_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012357–358-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By invoking collective self-defense, propaganda is used to justify genocide, just as self-defense is a defense for individual homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008504-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Benesch said that while dehumanization "makes genocide seem acceptable", accusation in a mirror makes it seem necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tactic is similar to a "false anticipatory <i><a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">tu quoque</a></i>" (a <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical fallacy">logical fallacy</a> which charges the opponent with <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>). It does not rely on what misdeeds the enemy could plausibly be charged with, based on actual culpability or stereotypes, and does not involve any exaggeration, but instead is an exact mirror of the perpetrator's own intentions. The weakness of the strategy is that it reveals the perpetrator's intentions, perhaps before it can be carried out. This could enable intervention to prevent genocide, or alternatively aid in prosecuting incitement to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012359–360_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012359–360-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_L._Marcus" title="Kenneth L. Marcus">Kenneth L. Marcus</a> wrote that despite its weaknesses, the tactic is frequently used by genocide perpetrators (including Nazis, Serbs, and Hutus) because it is effective. He said that courts should consider a false accusation of genocide by an opposing group to satisfy the "direct" requirement, because it is an "almost invariable harbinger of genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012360–361_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2012360–361-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euphemism_and_metaphor">Euphemism and metaphor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Euphemism and metaphor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perpetrators often rely on <a href="/wiki/Euphemisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphemisms">euphemisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metaphors" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphors">metaphors</a> to conceal their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, calls to "go to work" referred to the murder of Tutsis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Prosecutor v. <a href="/wiki/Nyiramasuhuko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyiramasuhuko">Nyiramasuhuko</a>, et al.</i> (2015), two defendants had asked others to "sweep the dirt outside".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trial Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR) held that this was incitement to genocide, because listeners "understood the words ... 'sweeping dirt', to mean they needed to kill Tutsis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017287-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in Nazi Germany euphemisms such as <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonderbehandlung" title="Sonderbehandlung">special treatment</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Resettlement_to_the_East" title="Resettlement to the East">resettlement to the East</a>" were used to refer to mass murder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf200555_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf200555-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Schabas" title="William Schabas">William Schabas</a>, "The history of genocide shows that those who incite the crime speak in euphemisms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justification">Justification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Genocide justification</a></div> <p>Justifying ongoing atrocities may be considered incitement to genocide. For example, Nazi propagandists repeatedly emphasized to potential perpetrators that "massacres, torture, <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, slavery, and other atrocities" were carried out in a "humane" way. According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._Michael_Reisman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. Michael Reisman (page does not exist)">W. Michael Reisman</a>, "in many of the most hideous international crimes, many of the individuals who are directly responsible operate within a cultural universe that inverts our morality and elevates their actions to the highest form of group, tribe, or national defense".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017289-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Praising_past_violence">Praising past violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Praising past violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></div> <p>Praising the perpetrators of completed atrocities can be a form of incitement. RTLM announcer Georges Ruggiu thanked the "valiant combatants" supposedly fighting a "battle" against Tutsi civilians. <a href="/wiki/Eli%C3%A9zer_Niyitegeka" title="Eliézer Niyitegeka">Eliézer Niyitegeka</a>, transport minister, thanked militias for their "good work".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asking_questions">Asking questions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Asking questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Rwandan genocide, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bikindi" title="Simon Bikindi">Simon Bikindi</a>'s loudspeaker broadcasts to militia asking "have you killed the Tutsis here?" were held to contribute to a finding of incitement to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_advocacy">Conditional advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Conditional advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1994, <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a> wrote an article stating that if Tutsi militias attacked, there would be "none of them left in Rwanda, not even a single accomplice. All the Hutu are united". The ICTR found that this was incitement to genocide, even though it was conditional.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017290-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target–sympathizer_conflation"><span id="Target.E2.80.93sympathizer_conflation"></span>Target–sympathizer conflation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Target–sympathizer conflation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During genocide, members of the majority group who help or sympathize with the targeted group are also persecuted. For example, during the Holocaust, non-Jews who hid Jews or simply opposed the genocide were murdered. In Rwanda, Hutus who opposed the genocide were labeled "traitors" and murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017291_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017291-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008506-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahmoud Ahmadinejad also threatened sympathizers with Israel, stating "Anybody who recognizes Israel will burn in the fire of the Islamic nation's fury".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017291_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017291-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causing_genocide">Causing genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Causing genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_genocide" title="Risk factors for genocide">Risk factors for genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Genocide prevention</a></div> <p>According to Susan Benesch, the strongest evidence for a causal connection between incitement and genocide is found in cases where there is widespread civilian participation in killings (as in Rwanda or the Nazi Holocaust) and where the target group lives alongside a majority group, requiring the acquiescence of that group for genocide to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008499_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008499-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Chalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Chalk (page does not exist)">Frank Chalk</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Jonassohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurt Jonassohn (page does not exist)">Kurt Jonassohn</a> wrote that "in order to perform a genocide the perpetrator has always had to first organize a campaign that redefined the victim group as worthless, outside the web of mutual obligations, a threat to the people, immoral sinners, and/or subhuman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008500_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008500-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Larry_May_(philosopher)" title="Larry May (philosopher)">Larry May</a> argues that incitement to genocide is proof of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocidal intent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2010119_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2010119-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that inciters (along with planners) are more responsible for the resulting genocide than mere participants in the killing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2010123_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2010123-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believes that incitement should be prosecuted more harshly than non-leadership participation for this reason, and because "the crime in question is not merely the individual act of killing or harming, but rather the mass crime of intending to destroy a <a href="/wiki/Protected_group" title="Protected group">protected group</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2010151–152_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2010151–152-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_treaties">International treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the precedent of Nazi propagandist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a>, who was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> in 1946, "[d]irect and public incitement to commit genocide" was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948), Article 3.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the debate on the convention, the Soviet delegate argued that "[i]t was impossible that hundreds of thousands of people should commit so many crimes unless they had been incited to do so" and that inciters, "the ones really responsible for the atrocities committed", ought to face justice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006852_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006852-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several delegates supported a provision that would criminalize <a href="/wiki/Hate_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate propaganda">hate propaganda</a> even if it did not directly call for violence. The Secretariat Draft called for the criminalization of "[a]ll forms of public propaganda tending by their systematic and hateful character to provoke genocide, or tending to make it appear as a necessary, legitimate or excusable act".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2014154_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2014154-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the United States was reluctant to criminalize genocide incitement due to concerns over <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20173_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20173-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed any provisions that were seen as overly broad and likely to infringe on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2014155_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2014155-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> (1965) prohibits "all dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination, as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts against any race or group of persons of another colour or ethnic origin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20173_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20173-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most widely ratified treaties, <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (1966) also prohibits "propaganda for war" and "advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence" (which arguably conflicts with a separate article calling for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20173–4_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20173–4-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Wilson, many countries signed these treaties to maintain a façade of respect for human rights while violating their provisions and there is little effective international enforcement of human rights outside of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>. No more trials for incitement to genocide were held until nearly fifty years after the ratification of the Genocide Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20174_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20174-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998, incitement to genocide is also forbidden by Article 25(3)(e) of the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Rome Statute, incitement is not "a crime in its own right" and an inchoate offense, as it was considered in previous prosecutions, but simply one possible "mode of criminal participation in genocide". Thomas Davies contends that this change makes it less likely that a perpetrator will be held accountable for incitement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245,_260_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245,_260-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Case_law">Case law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuremberg_trials">Nuremberg trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Nuremberg trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1995-012-00A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Kundgebung_vor_Synagoge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Streicher at the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg rally">Nuremberg rally</a> before the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Nuremberg" title="Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg">Hans-Sachs-Platz synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Julius Streicher, the founder, editor, and publisher of <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>, was found responsible for <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> articles referring to Jews as "a parasite, an enemy, and an evil-doer, a disseminator of diseases" or "swarms of locusts which must be exterminated completely".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to publish antisemitic articles even after learning of the mass murder of Jews in the occupied Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008510_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008510-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prosecution argued that "Streicher helped to create, through his propaganda, the psychological basis necessary for carrying through a program of persecution which culminated in the murder of six million men, women, and children."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017328_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017328-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because Streicher's articles "incited the German people to active persecution" and "murder and extermination", he was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> by the IMT in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a> was the Chief of the German Press Division of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> from 1938; in this position he issued instructions to German newspapers telling them what to report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014578_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2014578-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the IMT prosecution, he "incited and encouraged the commission of War Crimes by deliberately falsifying news to arouse in the German People those passions which led them to the commission of atrocities". Fritzsche was acquitted because the court was "not prepared to hold that [his broadcasts] were intended to incite the German people to commit atrocities on conquered peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006828_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006828-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuremberg prosecutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Hardy_(prosecutor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Hardy (prosecutor) (page does not exist)">Alexander Hardy</a> later said that evidence not available to the prosecution at the time proved Fritzsche not only knew of the extermination of European Jews but also "played an important part in bringing [Nazi crimes] about", and would have resulted in his conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fritzsche was later classified as Group I (Major Offenders) by a <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> court which gave him the maximum penalty, eight years' imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006829_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006829-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otto Dietrich was not tried at the main Nuremberg trial, but was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministries_Trial" title="Ministries Trial">Ministries Trial</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">subsequent Nuremberg trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017114–115_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017114–115-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hardy, Dietrich "more than anyone else, was responsible for presenting to the German people the justification for liquidating the Jews".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy noted that Dietrich not only controlled <i>Der Stürmer</i> but another 3,000 newspapers and 4,000 periodicals with a combined circulation over 30 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judgement against him noted that he conducted "a well thought-out, oft-repeated, persistent campaign to arouse the hatred of the German people against Jews" despite the lack of direct calls for violence made by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017330–331_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017330–331-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></div> <p>The ICTR indicted three people for incitement to genocide in the so-called Rwanda Media Case: <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Hassan Ngeze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Nahimana" title="Ferdinand Nahimana">Ferdinand Nahimana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bosco_Barayagwiza" title="Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza">Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza</a>. All were convicted. The judges asserted that "The power of the media to create and destroy fundamental human values comes with great responsibility. Those who control such media are accountable for its consequences". They noted that "Without a firearm, machete or any physical weapon, you caused the deaths of thousands of innocent civilians". Prosecutors were able to prove that "direct" calls to genocide were made despite the use of euphemisms such as "go to work" for murdering Tutsi. After an appeal, the conviction of Barayagwiza was vacated because he had not been in control of the media while the genocide was occurring. However, Barayagwiza was still guilty of "instigating the perpetration of acts of genocide" and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20172_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></div> <p>The ICTY has focused on prosecuting crimes other than genocide, because it is believed that the hate speech that occurred during the Bosnian genocide did not meet the legal standard of incitement to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serb politician <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> was indicted for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, including "war propaganda and incitement of hatred towards non-Serb people".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008511_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008511-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbian politician <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> was convicted of "participating in a <a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">joint criminal enterprise</a> to commit crimes against humanity on the basis of his public speeches and broadcasts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20175_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20175-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dario_Kordi%C4%87" title="Dario Kordić">Dario Kordić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Br%C4%91anin" title="Radoslav Brđanin">Radoslav Brđanin</a> were also convicted of crimes based on instigating violence in public speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20175_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20175-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_case_law">National case law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National case law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2016, Léon Mugesera was convicted of incitement to genocide and <a href="/wiki/Inciting_ethnic_hatred" class="mw-redirect" title="Inciting ethnic hatred">inciting ethnic hatred</a> by a Rwandan court based on his 1992 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countering_incitement">Countering incitement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Countering incitement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention of genocide">Prevention of genocide</a></div> <p>Inclusion of incitement in the Genocide Convention was intended to prevent genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchabas201818_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchabas201818-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the judgement of <i><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_v._Kalimanzira" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosecutor v. Kalimanzira">Prosecutor v. Kalimanzira</a></i> stated, "The inchoate nature of the crime allows intervention at an earlier stage, with the goal of preventing the occurrence of genocidal acts."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017215_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017215-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irwin Cotler stated that efforts to enforce the Genocide Convention in inchoate incitement cases "have proven manifestly inadequate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017217_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017217-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternately, prosecution for incitement after the genocide had concluded could have deterrent effect on those planning to commit the crime, but the effectiveness of international criminal trials as a deterrent is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497–498_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497–498-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, deterrence is less effective when the definition of the crime is contested and undefined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017216_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017216-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides prosecutions, non-judicial interventions (called "information intervention") is possible against incitement, such as jamming broadcasting frequencies used to disseminate incitement or broadcasting <a href="/wiki/Counterspeech" title="Counterspeech">counterspeech</a> advocating against genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008488_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008488-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genocide-inciting <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> accounts and websites (such as those used by Islamic State to spread propaganda) can be shut down and taken offline. However, propagandists can circumvent these methods by creating new accounts or moving to a different hosting service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201815_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201815-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an alternative to outright <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> developed a "Redirect Method" which identifies individuals searching for IS-related material and redirects them to content which challenges IS narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201816_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201816-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_ethnic_or_racial_hatred" title="Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred">Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017118-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017118_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchabas201817–18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchabas201817–18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchabas2018">Schabas 2018</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/incitement-to-genocide-in-international-law">"Incitement to Genocide in International Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incitement+to+Genocide+in+International+Law&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fincitement-to-genocide-in-international-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice</i>. <q>The mens rea required for incitement is the intent to directly prompt or provoke another to commit genocide. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Critics and international observers have argued for years that the law in Thailand has long been abused for political purposes by those on both sides of the political spectrum</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=Lese+majeste+law+and+reality&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Parpart&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fopinion%2F1435150%2Flese-majeste-law-and-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017320,_402-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017320,_402_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, pp. 320, 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017274–275-24"><span 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20173–4_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2017">Wilson 2017</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20174-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20174_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2017">Wilson 2017</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2009">Davies 2009</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245,_260-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2009245,_260_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2009">Davies 2009</a>, pp. 245, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006827–828_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmermann2006">Timmermann 2006</a>, pp. 827–828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017328-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017328_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2014578-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014578_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2014">Gordon 2014</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006828-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006828_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmermann2006">Timmermann 2006</a>, p. 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2014579_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2014">Gordon 2014</a>, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006829-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimmermann2006829_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimmermann2006">Timmermann 2006</a>, p. 829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017114–115-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017114–115_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017115_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017330–331-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017330–331_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, pp. 330–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008511-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008511_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenesch2008">Benesch 2008</a>, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson20175-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20175_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson20175_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2017">Wilson 2017</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017398_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchabas201818-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchabas201818_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchabas2018">Schabas 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017215-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017215_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon2017217-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon2017217_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon2017">Gordon 2017</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497–498-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008497–498_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenesch2008">Benesch 2008</a>, pp. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008488-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenesch2008488_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenesch2008">Benesch 2008</a>, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201815-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201815_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter_et_al.2018">Richter <i>et al.</i> 2018</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201816-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichter_''et_al.''201816_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichter_et_al.2018">Richter <i>et al.</i> 2018</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Genocide_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Genocide studies">Bibliography of Genocide studies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Badar, Mohamed Elewa (2016). <a 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(January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">"Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism"</a>. <i>Jewish Political Studies Review</i>. <b>31</b> (1/2). <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>: <span class="nowrap">210–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">26870795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Parallels+between+Nazi+and+Islamist+Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Spoerl&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fparallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmermann2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wibke_Kristin_Timmermann" title="Wibke Kristin Timmermann">Timmermann, Wibke Kristin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/irrc_864_timmermann.pdf">"Incitement in international criminal law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Review of the Red Cross">International Review of the Red Cross</a></i>. <b>88</b> (864). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>: <span class="nowrap">823–</span>852. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383107000793">10.1017/S1816383107000793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146648227">146648227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Incitement+in+international+criminal+law&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=864&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E823-%3C%2Fspan%3E852&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383107000793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146648227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Timmermann&rft.aufirst=Wibke+Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fdoc%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Firrc_864_timmermann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmermann2014" class="citation book cs1">Timmermann, Wibke Kristin (2014). <i>Incitement in International Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66966-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-66966-1"><bdi>978-1-317-66966-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incitement+in+International+Law&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-66966-1&rft.aulast=Timmermann&rft.aufirst=Wibke+Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ashby_Wilson" title="Richard Ashby Wilson">Wilson, Richard Ashby</a> (2017). <i>Incitement on Trial: Prosecuting International Speech Crimes</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10310-8"><bdi>978-1-107-10310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incitement+on+Trial%3A+Prosecuting+International+Speech+Crimes&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10310-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Ashby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWistrich2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wistrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wistrich">Wistrich, Robert S.</a> (2014). "Gaza, Hamas, and the Return of Antisemitism". <i>Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>8</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23739770.2014.11446601">10.1080/23739770.2014.11446601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142072208">142072208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Gaza%2C+Hamas%2C+and+the+Return+of+Antisemitism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23739770.2014.11446601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142072208%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIncitement+to+genocide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incitement_to_genocide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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International Speech Crimes</a>: A Conversation with Richard Ashby Wilson, Linda Lakhdhir, <a href="/wiki/Marko_Milanovi%C4%87_(professor)" title="Marko Milanović (professor)">Marko Milanovic</a> and Nadine Strossen (November 8, 2017) <a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">Open Society Foundations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_navbox" title="Template talk:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genocide153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">list by death toll</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Before_1490105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Before_1490" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Before 1490</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)#146_BC" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Destruction of Carthage</a> (146 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers" title="Asiatic Vespers">Asiatic Vespers</a> (88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gauls</a> (50s BCE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eburones#Genocide_(53–51_BC)" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a> (132–136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ancestral Puebloans</a> (800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> (1069–1070)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Mongol conquests</a> (1200s–1360s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Cathars</a> (1209–1229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1311_massacre_of_Mongols_in_the_Delhi_Sultanate" title="1311 massacre of Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate">Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate</a> (1311)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions" title="Timurid conquests and invasions">Timur</a> (1393–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Guanches</a> (1402–1496)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1490_to_1912107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#1490_to_1914" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">1490 to 1912</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno</a> (1493–1550) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaragua_massacre" title="Jaragua massacre">Jaragua massacre</a> (1503)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Japanese_colonization_of_Hokkaido" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Ainu</a> (1500s–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_the_11th_Parallel" title="Massacre at the 11th Parallel">11th Parallel massacre</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole" title="Man of the Hole">Tanaru</a> (1970s–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet_massacre" title="Helmet massacre">Helmet massacre</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu" title="Akuntsu">Akuntsu</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haximu_massacre" title="Haximu massacre">Haximu</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Aztecs</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Kashmiri_Shias" title="Persecution of Kashmiri Shias">Kashmiri Shias</a> (1548–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">Huguenots</a> (1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Indigenous peoples in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequots</a> (1636–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(before_World_War_I)#Ontario" title="Genocides in history (before World War I)">Huron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a> (1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> (1830–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> (1830–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California</a> (1846–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a> (1918–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Cultural genocide in the United States">Cultural genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk</a> (1700s–1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> (1874–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> (1951–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate</a> (1648–1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">1740 Batavia massacre</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Gypsy_Round-up" title="Great Gypsy Round-up">Great Gypsy Round-up</a> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungars</a> (1750s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a> (1780–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_genocide" title="Chechen genocide">Chechens</a> (1785–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haitian_massacre" title="1804 Haitian massacre">French Hatians</a> (1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous peoples in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_War" title="Black War">Black War</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (1869–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a> (1830–1875) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_El_Ouffia" title="Massacre of El Ouffia">El Ouffia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Charrúa</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Manchus</a> (1850–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassians</a> (1860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Mapuche</a> (1870s–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Indigenous peoples in Putumayo</a> (1879–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Congolese</a> (1885–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Hazara_uprisings" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Hazara uprisings">Hazaras</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam</a> (1890s–1900s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a> (1894–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama</a> (1904–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Ukame</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1913_to_1945108" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(World_War_I_through_World_War_II)" title="Genocides in history (World War I through World War II)">1913 to 1945</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greeks</a> (1913–1923) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Thracian Bulgarians</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrians</a> (1915–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenians</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_genocide_in_Diyarbekir" title="1915 genocide in Diyarbekir">Christians in Diyarbekir</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_of_Kurds_(1916%E2%80%931934)" title="Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934)">Kurds</a> (1916–1934)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Indigenous peoples in Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Kyrgyz</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Jews during the Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1920) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">Russian White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Cossackization" title="De-Cossackization">Cossacks</a> (1919–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_the_Ingrian_Finns" title="Genocide of the Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a> (1920s–1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921%E2%80%931922_famine_in_Tatarstan" title="1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan">Volga Tatars and Germans</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinder_der_Landstrasse" title="Kinder der Landstrasse">Kinder der Landstrasse</a> (1926–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes in the Pacific War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1931–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_policy" title="Three Alls policy">Three Alls policy</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshitou_massacre" title="Nanshitou massacre">Nanshitou massacre</a> (1942–1945)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan Arabs</a> (1929–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_famine_of_1930%E2%80%931933" title="Kazakh famine of 1930–1933">Kazakhs</a> (1930–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> (1932–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a> (1935–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">Spanish White Terror</a> (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_massacre" title="Dersim massacre">Alevi Kurds</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> (1939–1945) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_war_crimes_in_occupied_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Nazi war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Baltic lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution_of_the_Czech_Question" title="Final Solution of the Czech Question">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetnik_war_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="Chetnik war crimes in World War II">Muslims and Croats in Serbia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynian and Eastern Galician Poles</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush" title="Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush">Chechens and Ingush</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> (1944–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1946_to_199988" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">1946 to 1999</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_massacres" title="Hyderabad massacres">Hyderabadi Muslims</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Indigenous peoples in Paraguay</a> (1956–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Maya</a> (1962–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Arabs_during_the_Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Massacre of Arabs during the Zanzibar Revolution">Arab and Indian Zanzibaris</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_anti-Igbo_pogrom" title="1966 anti-Igbo pogrom">1966 anti-Igbo pogrom</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Biafra_(1966–1970)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Biafra</a> (1966–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Feyli_Kurds_under_Saddam_Hussein" title="Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein">Feyli Kurds</a> (1970–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Idi_Amin's_regime" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Acholi and Lango</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li>Burundi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor</a> (1974–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Jummas</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crimes_in_the_Soviet-Afghan_War" title="Atrocity crimes in the Soviet-Afghan War">Atrocity crimes in the Soviet-Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(1946_to_1999)#Bush_War_(1981–1985)" title="Genocides in history (1946 to 1999)">Baganda</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> (1983–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anfal_campaign" title="Anfal campaign">Anfal</a> (1986–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Population_Program" title="National Population Program">National Population Program</a> (1987–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amhara genocide">Amhara</a> (1990–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_of_the_Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes">Ahwaris</a> (1991–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian</a> (1992–1995) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War" title="Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War">Hutus during the First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history_(21st_century)" title="Genocides in history (21st century)">21st century</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur</a> (2003–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masalit_massacres_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Masalit massacres (2023–present)">Masalit massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Tigray" title="Genocide in Tigray">Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaduna_genocide" title="Southern Kaduna genocide">Southern Kaduna</a> (2011–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidis</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Shias under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Christians under ISIS</a> (2014–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingyas, Kachins, and Burmese Muslims</a> (2017–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gazans</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogenocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Autogenocide">Autogenocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide#Genocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoricide" title="Memoricide">Memoricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policide" title="Policide">Policide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cleansing_of_population#Politicide" title="Political cleansing of population">Politicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliticide" title="Eliticide">Eliticide</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarian_genocide" title="Utilitarian genocide">Utilitarian genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption" title="Forced adoption">Forced adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">Mass killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Denial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">Japanese history textbook controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_atrocities_against_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of atrocities against Indigenous peoples">Indigenous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Holocaust" title="Names of the Holocaust">Names of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Terminology of the Armenian genocide">Terminology of the Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_terminology" title="Category:Holocaust terminology">Holocaust terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parties_to_the_Genocide_Convention#Municipal_laws" title="List of parties to the Genocide Convention">Genocide law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_prevention" title="Genocide prevention">Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_genocide_on_youth" title="Effects of genocide on youth">Effects on young survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_recognition_politics" title="Genocide recognition politics">Politics of recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_justification" title="Genocide justification">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Holocaust_trials_(1943–2022)97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Holocaust trials</a> (1943–2022)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov trial</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a> (1944–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> (1944–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_trials" title="Chełmno trials">Chełmno trials</a> (1945–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsen_trials" title="Belsen trials">Belsen trials</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_trials" title="Euthanasia trials">Euthanasia trials</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk trial</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga trial</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" title="Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials">Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Tribunal" title="Supreme National Tribunal">Supreme National Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ravensbr%C3%BCck_trials" title="Hamburg Ravensbrück trials">Hamburg Ravensbrück trials</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Erich_von_Manstein" title="Trial of Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Einsatzkommando_trial" title="Ulm Einsatzkommando trial">Ulm Einsatzkommando trial</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_trial" title="Belzec trial">Belzec trial</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a> (1963–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_trial" title="Sobibor trial">Sobibor trial</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko#Soviet_trial_and_execution" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Fedorenko trial</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Finta#War_crimes_prosecution" title="Imre Finta">Finta trial</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="20th_century48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">20th century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mile_Budak" title="Trial of Mile Budak">Budak trial</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Mihailovi%C4%87_et_al." title="Trial of Mihailović et al.">Belgrade Process</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_War_Crimes_Tribunal" title="Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal">Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_case" title="Bosnian genocide case">Bosnian genocide case</a> (1993–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Trial of Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a> (2008–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Trial of Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a> (2011–2017)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a> (1994–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (1994–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a> (1997–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Serbia_genocide_case" title="Croatia–Serbia genocide case">Croatia–Serbia genocide case</a> (1999–2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="21st_century48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">21st century</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Darfur" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur">International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal_on_Sri_Lanka" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka">Permanent Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (2010–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh</a> (2012–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide_case" title="Rohingya genocide case">Rohingya genocide case</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Bangladesh/Myanmar" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar">International Criminal Court investigation in Bangladesh/Myanmar</a> (2019–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Tribunal" title="Uyghur Tribunal">Uyghur Tribunal</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Ukraine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine">International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_v._Russian_Federation_(2022)" title="Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)">Ukraine v. Russian Federation</a> (2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South Africa v. Israel</a> (2023–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_for_Children_International_%E2%80%93_Palestine_et_al_v._Biden_et_al" title="Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al">Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al</a> (2023–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_criminal_law467" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_criminal_law" title="Template:International criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_criminal_law" title="Template talk:International criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_criminal_law467" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" title="Sources of international law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">Convention against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime">Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">Crimes against<br />international law</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">Genocidal intent</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Incitement to genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a><br /><span class="nobold">(in order of foundation)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Panels_for_Serious_Crimes_(East_Timor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)">Special Panels of the Dili District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International anti-crime bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_Against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" title="Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime">Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Congress_on_Crime_Prevention_and_Criminal_Justice" title="United Nations Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice">UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UN Office on Drugs and Crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_speech_crimes" title="International speech crimes">International speech crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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