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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance 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data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Perkumuhan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Perkumuhan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Perkumuhan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Perkumuhan" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Penapisan_melampau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penapisan_melampau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Penapisan melampau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penapisan_melampau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyerapan_semula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyerapan_semula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penyerapan semula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyerapan_semula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rembesan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rembesan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rembesan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rembesan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perkumuhan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 61 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitskeiding" title="Uitskeiding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitskeiding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="إفراغ – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إفراغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escreci%C3%B3n" title="Escreción – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escreción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekskresi" title="Ekskresi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekskresi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="রেচন – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2i-siat" title="Pâi-siat – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pâi-siat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlu%C4%8Divanje" title="Izlučivanje – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izlučivanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Отделяне – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Отделяне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excreci%C3%B3" title="Excreció – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Excreció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vylu%C4%8Dov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vylučování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vylučování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgarthu" title="Ysgarthu – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgarthu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exkretion" title="Exkretion – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exkretion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Απέκκριση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απέκκριση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Excretion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excreci%C3%B3n" title="Excreción – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Excreción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekskrecio" title="Ekskrecio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekskrecio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraizketa" title="Iraizketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iraizketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="دفع – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دفع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excr%C3%A9tion" title="Excrétion – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Excrétion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excreci%C3%B3n" title="Excreción – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Excreción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9im%C5%A9ro(excretion)" title="Mũimũro(excretion) – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mũimũro(excretion)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%84%A4" title="배설 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արտազատում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արտազատում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्सर्जन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्सर्जन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlu%C4%8Divanje" title="Izlučivanje – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izlučivanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eveiti" title="Þveiti – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þveiti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrezione" title="Escrezione – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Escrezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="הפרשה (ביולוגיה) – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרשה (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88kskr%C3%A8si" title="Èkskrèsi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èkskrèsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಸರ್ಜನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Excretion" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutoa_taka_za_mwili" title="Kutoa taka za mwili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kutoa taka za mwili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretio" title="Excretio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Excretio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Излачување – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Излачување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വിസർജ്ജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിസർജ്ജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretie" title="Excretie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Excretie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उत्सर्जन – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्सर्जन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B3%84" title="排泄 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="排泄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekskresjon" title="Ekskresjon – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekskresjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiqarish_sistemasi" title="Chiqarish sistemasi – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chiqarish sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wydalanie" title="Wydalanie – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wydalanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excre%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Excreção – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Excreção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excre%C8%9Bie" title="Excreție – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Excreție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Выделение (биология) – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выделение (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Excretion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vylu%C4%8Dovanie_(zool%C3%B3gia)" title="Vylučovanie (zoológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vylučovanie (zoológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlo%C4%8Danje" title="Izločanje – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izločanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Систем за излучивање – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Систем за излучивање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlu%C4%8Divanje" title="Izlučivanje – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izlučivanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erite" title="Erite – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Erite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exkretion" title="Exkretion – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exkretion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekskresyon" title="Ekskresyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekskresyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="கழிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கழிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8" title="విసర్జన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విసర్జన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การขับถ่าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การขับถ่าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_ti%E1%BA%BFt" title="Bài tiết – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bài tiết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Falt%C4%B1m" title="Boşaltım – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boşaltım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Виділення – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виділення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B3%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="排泄作用 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="排泄作用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%99" title="屙 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="屙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%B3%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="排泄作用 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="排泄作用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185557#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perkumuhan" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Perkumuhan" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perkumuhan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perkumuhan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Perkumuhan" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Perkumuhan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&oldid=5270451" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Perkumuhan&id=5270451&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerkumuhan"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPerkumuhan"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Perkumuhan"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Perkumuhan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Excretion" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185557" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p>Berikut adalah turutan proses pengumuhan (pengencingan): </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penapisan_melampau">Penapisan melampau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Penapisan melampau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penapisan melampau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Penapisan melampau</b> berlaku dalam <a href="/wiki/Kapsul_Bowman" title="Kapsul Bowman">kapsul Bowman</a> di permulaan <a href="/wiki/Nefron" title="Nefron">nefron</a>. Darah yang mengandungi <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> dan bahan yang tidak diperlukan mengalir ke dalam buah pinggang melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteri_renal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arteri renal (laman tidak wujud)">arteri renal</a> sebelum memasuki siratan kapilari yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomerulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomerulus (laman tidak wujud)">glomerulus</a> di dalam kapsul Bowman. Seterusnya, darah mengalir ke dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriol_aferen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arteriol aferen (laman tidak wujud)">arteriol aferen</a>. </p><p>Disebabkan arteriol aferen mempunyai diameter yang lebih besar berbanding <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arteriol_eferen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arteriol eferen (laman tidak wujud)">arteriol eferen</a>, darah di dalam glomerulus berada di bawah tekanan hidrostatik yang sememangnya tinggi iaitu kira-kira 60 mmHg. Tekanan yang tinggi menyebabkan komponen-komponen buangan yang saiz molekulnya kecil melalui ke dalam glomerulus. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Komponen buangan </th> <th>Laluan </th> <th>Alasan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Komponen darah (kecuali sel darah, platelet dan protein plasma) </td> <td>Liang-liang dinding glomerulus </td> <td>Saiz molekulnya yang kecil </td></tr> <tr> <td>Komponen darah iaitu sel darah, platelet dan protein plasma serta komponen lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> ,<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buangan_bernitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buangan bernitrogen (laman tidak wujud)">buangan bernitrogen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asid_urik" title="Asid urik">asid urik</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kretinina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kretinina (laman tidak wujud)">kretinina</a>), glukosa, asid amino and garam mineral terutama ion <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> (Na+) dan ion <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> (K+)) </td> <td>Kapsul Bowman </td> <td>Saiz molekulnya yang besar </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Komponen buangan yang melalui kapsul Bowman yang telah ditapis keluar dari darah secara kolektifnya dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapis_glomerular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapis glomerular (laman tidak wujud)">tapis glomerular</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penyerapan_semula">Penyerapan semula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Penyerapan semula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penyerapan semula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Penyerapan semula</b> ialah pergerakan tapis glomerular dari tubul renal ke dalam kapilari darah yang terletak sekitar tubul (dikenali sebagai kapilari peritubular). </p><p>Bahan buangan berguna seperti <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa">glukosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> <a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">natrium</a> dan nutrien lain (kecuali urea) diserap semula ke dalam kapilari darah bermula dari <a href="/wiki/Tubul_berlingkar_proksimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubul berlingkar proksimal">tubul berlingkar proksimal</a> dan diteruskan sehingga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelung_Henle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelung Henle (laman tidak wujud)">gelung Henle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubul_berlingkar_distal" title="Tubul berlingkar distal">tubul berlingkar distal</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubul_pengumpulan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubul pengumpulan (laman tidak wujud)">tubul pengumpulan</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Komponen utama </th> <th>Laluan komponen sebelum diserap semula ke dalam darah </th> <th>Jumlah komponen yang diserap ke dalam kapilari darah </th> <th>Proses penyerapan semula ke dalam kapilari darah </th></tr> <tr> <td>Air </td> <td>Melalui tubul berlingkar proksimal </td> <td> </td> <td>Osmosis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glukosa </td> <td>Melalui tubul berlingkar proksimal </td> <td> </td> <td>Pengangkutan aktif </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asid amino </td> <td>Melalui tubul berlingkar proksimal </td> <td> </td> <td>Pengangkutan aktif </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ion natrium </td> <td>Melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiub_bendalir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiub bendalir (laman tidak wujud)">tiub bendalir</a> </td> <td>Bergantung kepada jumlah garam mineral dalam darah </td> <td>Pengangkutan aktif </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Komponen-komponen buangan tersebut terus mengalir dalam kapilari darah sehingga keluar ke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_renal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena renal (laman tidak wujud)">vena renal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rembesan">Rembesan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Rembesan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rembesan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Rembesan</b> ialah proses di mana komponen-komponen buangan tersebut melalui ke dalam tubul berlingkar distal dan tubul pengumpulan dari kapilari darah yang mengelilingi tubul tersebut. Secara ringkas, rembesan merupakan pembalikan atau proses yang bertentangan dengan penyerapan semula. </p><p>Sel di dinding tubul berlingkar distal mampu menyerap sebilangan kecil komponen-komponen buangan dari kapilari darah dan merembeskannya ke dalam tubul. Komponen-komponen tersebut ialah tersebut ialah ion <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> (H+), ion <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a> (K+), <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (NH<sub>2</sub>), buangan bernitrogen seperti kretinina dan <a href="/wiki/Dadah" title="Dadah">dadah</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Penisilin" title="Penisilin">penisilin</a> sama ada melalui pengangkutan aktif atau resapan. Selepas proses tersebut, bendalir yang muncul dari duktus pengumpulan yang dipanggil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urin (laman tidak wujud)">urin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/wa/urineformation/">www.angelfire.com</a> Penapisan melampau</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus4/ep-urine.html">www.nsbri.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027161941/http://www.nsbri.org/HumanPhysSpace/focus4/ep-urine.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-10-27 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Maklumat terperinci tentang perkumuhan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/ab/m2/s3/index.htm">www.mhhe.com</a> Pembentukan urin</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pengosmokawalaturan" title="Pengosmokawalaturan">Pengosmokawalaturan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buah_pinggang" title="Buah pinggang">Buah pinggang</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&oldid=5270451">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perkumuhan&oldid=5270451</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Metabolisme" title="Kategori:Metabolisme">Metabolisme</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Pengumuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Pengumuhan (laman tidak wujud)">Pengumuhan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pautan_wayback_templat_webarchive" title="Kategori:Pautan wayback templat webarchive">Pautan wayback templat webarchive</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 17:37, 2 September 2021.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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