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placeholder="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" aria-label="ค้นหาใน วิกิพีเดีย" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ค้นหาวิกิ [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="พิเศษ:ค้นหา"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">ค้นหา</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change 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</div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="สารบัญ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">สารบัญ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">บทนำ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-อ้างอิง" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#อ้างอิง"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>อ้างอิง</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-อ้างอิง-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="สารบัญ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">นิวไคลด์</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 51 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="نويدة – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نويدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Нуклід – เบลารุส" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нуклід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="เบลารุส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – บัลแกเรีย" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="บัลแกเรีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="নিউক্লাইড – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউক্লাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAclid" title="Núclid – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Núclid" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="ناوکید – เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوکید" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="เคิร์ดตอนกลาง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – ชูวัช" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ชูวัช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nuclide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklido" title="Nuklido – เอสเปรันโต" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nuklido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="เอสเปรันโต" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleido" title="Nucleido – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nucleido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukliid" title="Nukliid – เอสโตเนีย" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nukliid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="เอสโตเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="نوکلید – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوکلید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklidi" title="Nuklidi – ฟินแลนด์" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nuklidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ฟินแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%A9ide" title="Nucléide – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nucléide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAicl%C3%ADd" title="Núiclíd – ไอริช" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Núiclíd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ไอริช" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%93" title="נוקליד – ฮิบรู" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוקליד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ฮิบรู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – ฮังการี" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ฮังการี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Նուկլիդ – อาร์เมเนีย" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նուկլիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="อาร์เมเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclido" title="Nuclido – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nuclido" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklida" title="Nuklida – อินโดนีเซีย" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nuklida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="อินโดนีเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuclide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" title="核種 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="核種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნუკლიდი – จอร์เจีย" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნუკლიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="จอร์เจีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – คาซัค" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="คาซัค" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%A2%85" title="핵종 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="핵종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – มาซิโดเนีย" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="มาซิโดเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – มองโกเลีย" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="มองโกเลีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – มาเลย์" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="มาเลย์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เยอรมันต่ำ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมันต่ำ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nuclide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklide" title="Nuklide – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nuklide" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklide" title="Nuklide – นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nuklide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์บุคมอล" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucl%C3%ADdeo" title="Nuclídeo – โปรตุเกส" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nuclídeo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="โปรตุเกส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclid" title="Nuclid – โรมาเนีย" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nuclid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="โรมาเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклид – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нуклид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – เซอร์เบีย" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="เซอร์เบีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuklid" title="Nuklid – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nuklid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCklit" title="Nüklit – ตุรกี" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nüklit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ตุรกี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Нуклід – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нуклід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81" title="نویدہ – อูรดู" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نویدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="อูรดู" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide – เวียดนาม" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nuclide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="เวียดนาม" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="核素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108149#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ไทย</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ดู"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=history" title="แก้ไขเก่าของหน้านี้ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เครื่องมือ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" 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2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> กรอบความคิดเกี่ยวกับนิวเคลียส  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="นิวคลีออน">นิวคลีออน</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน">p</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="นิวตรอน">n</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แรงนิวเคลียร์">แรงนิวเคลียส</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="นิวเคลียสของอะตอม">โครงสร้างนิวเคลียส</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ปฏิกิริยานิวเคลียร์">ปฏิกิริยานิวเคลียร์</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="แบบจำลองนิวเคลียส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แบบจำลองนิวเคลียส</a> และความเสถียร</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-empirical_mass_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-empirical mass formula (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">หยดของเหลว</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_shell_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear shell model (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">เปลือกนิวเคลียส</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="โครงสร้างนิวเคลียส (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">โครงสร้างนิวเคลียส</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="พลังงานยึดเหนี่ยว">พลังงานยึดเหนี่ยว</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton%E2%80%93neutron_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton–neutron ratio (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">p–n ratio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_drip_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear drip line (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Drip line</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="หมู่เกาะแห่งความเสถียรภาพ">หมู่เกาะแห่งความเสถียรภาพ</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">การจำแนกประเภทของ<a class="mw-selflink selflink">นิวไคลด์</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope">Isotopes</a> – เลขอะตอม <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic number"><i>Z</i></a> เท่ากัน<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isobar_(nuclide)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isobar (nuclide) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Isobars</a> – เลขมวล <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass number"><i>A</i></a> เท่ากัน<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotone (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Isotones</a> – จำนวน <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron number (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><i>N</i></a> เท่ากัน<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isodiapher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isodiapher (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Isodiaphers</a> – จำนวน <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_excess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron excess (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><i>N</i> − <i>Z</i></a> เท่ากัน<br />     <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_isomer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear isomer (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Isomers</a> – ข้างบนทั้งหมดเท่ากัน<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror nuclei (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Mirror nuclei</a> – <i>Z</i> ↔ <i>N</i><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stable_isotope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stable isotope (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Stable</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_number_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magic number (physics) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Magic</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Even/odd</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halo_nucleus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halo nucleus (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Halo</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="การสลายให้กัมมันตรังสี">การสลายให้กัมมันตรังสี</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2" title="การสลายให้อนุภาคแอลฟา">แอลฟา α</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="การสลายให้อนุภาคบีตา">บีตา β</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Double_beta_decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Double beta decay (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">2β</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การปล่อยโพซิตรอน">β<sup>+</sup></a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การจับยึดอิเล็กตรอน">การจับยึดอิเล็กตรอน</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isomeric_transition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isomeric transition (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Isomeric</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="รังสีแกมมา">แกมมา γ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99" title="การแปลงภายใน">การแปลงภายใน</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ฟิชชันเกิดเอง">ฟิชชันเกิดเอง</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_decay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster decay (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Cluster decay</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การปล่อยนิวตรอน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปล่อยนิวตรอน</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="การปล่อยโปรตอน (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">การปล่อยโปรตอน</a><div style="margin-top:0.8ex"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="พลังงานการสลายตัว">พลังงานการสลายตัว</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ห่วงโซ่การสลาย">ห่วงโซ่การสลาย</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ผลผลิตจากการสลาย">ผลผลิตจากการสลาย</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiogenic_nuclide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiogenic nuclide (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Radiogenic nuclide</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="การแบ่งแยกนิวเคลียส">ปฏิกริยานิวเคลียร์ฟิชชัน</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ฟิชชันเกิดเอง">เกิดเอง</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ผลผลิตจากฟิชชัน">ผลผลิต</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleon_pair_breaking_in_fission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleon pair breaking in fission (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">pair breaking</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photofission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photofission (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Photofission</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">กระบวนการจับยึด</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การจับยึดอิเล็กตรอน">การจับยึดอิเล็กตรอน</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron_capture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutron capture (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">neutron</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-process" class="mw-redirect" title="S-process">s</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/R-process" class="mw-redirect" title="R-process">r</a>) <b>·</b>  proton (<a href="/w/index.php?title=P-process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-process (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">p</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rp-process&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rp-process (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">rp</a>)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์พลังงานสูง (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">กระบวนการพลังงานสูง</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="การแตกเป็นเสี่ยง">การแตกเป็นเสี่ยง</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="การแตกเป็นเสี่ยงโดยรังสีคอสมิก">การแตกเป็นเสี่ยงโดยรังสีคอสมิก</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การแตกตัวด้วยแสง">การแตกตัวด้วยแสง</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title">หัวข้อ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA" title="การสังเคราะห์นิวเคลียส">การสังเคราะห์นิวเคลียส</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10552732">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ดู"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C1" title="แม่แบบ:ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์1"><abbr title="ดูแม่แบบนี้">ด</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-คุย"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์1 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C1" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์1"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>นิวไคลด์</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">Nuclide</span>; มาจาก <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="นิวเคลียสอะตอม">นิวเคลียส</a>) คือกลุ่มลักษณะของอะตอมที่เกิดจากคุณลักษณะเฉพาะของนิวเคลียสของมัน เช่นการดูจากจำนวน <i>Z</i> ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โปรตอน">โปรตอน</a> (ประเภทจำนวนโปรตอนเท่ากัน), จำนวน <i>N</i> ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="นิวตรอน">นิวตรอน</a> (ประเภทจำนวนนิวตอนเท่ากัน) และระดับพลังงานของอะตอม(ประเภทพลังงานเท่ากัน)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>คำว่า "นิวไคลด์" ถูกนำเสนอขึ้น<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> โดยนาย <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_P._Kohman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman P. Kohman (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Truman P. Kohman</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ในปี ค.ศ. 1947 แต่เดิม Kohman แนะนำว่านิวไคลด์หมายถึง "สายพันธ์ของนิวเคลียส" ทั้งหลายที่จะถูกกำหนดตามจำนวนที่แน่นอนของนิวตรอนและโปรตอน ดังนั้น คำนี้จึงมีความตั้งใจแต่แรกที่จะโฟกัสไปที่นิวเคลียส </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป"><span id=".E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.A7.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.84.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.94.E0.B9.8C.E0.B9.81.E0.B8.A5.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.8B.E0.B9.82.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.9B"></span>นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="แก้ไขส่วน: นิวไคลด์และไอโซโทป"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin:0em 0em 0em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>การตั้งชื่อ </th> <th>ลักษณะเฉพาะ </th> <th>ตัวอย่าง </th> <th>หมายเหตุ </th></tr> <tr style="height:2em;"> <td>Isotopes </td> <td>จำนวนโปรตอนเท่ากัน </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon-12 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span>C</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon-13 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span>C</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2em;"> <td>Isotones </td> <td>จำนวนนิวตอนเท่ากัน </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon-13 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span>C</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen-14 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span>N</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2em;"> <td>Isobars </td> <td>จำนวนมวลเท่ากัน </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen-17 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sub></span>N</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxygen-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxygen-17 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span>O</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorine-17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorine-17 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">17</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">9</sub></span>F</a></span> </td> <td>ดู <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="การสลายให้อนุภาคบีตา">การสลายให้อนุภาคบีตา</a> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2em;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirror_nuclei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirror nuclei (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Mirror nuclei</a> </td> <td>จำนวนโปรตอนและนิวตรอน<br />แลกเปลี่ยนกัน </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen-3 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">1</sub></span>H</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helium-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helium-3 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span>He</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2em;"> <td>Nuclear isomers </td> <td>สถานะพลังงานแตกต่างกัน </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technetium-99 (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">99</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">43</sub></span>Tc</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technetium-99m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technetium-99m (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">99m</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">43</sub></span>Tc</a></span> </td> <td>อายุยืนหรือเสถียร </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="อ้างอิง"><span id=".E0.B8.AD.E0.B9.89.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.87.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.B4.E0.B8.87"></span>อ้างอิง</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="แก้ไขส่วน: อ้างอิง"><span>แก้</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10205087">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFIUPAC1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/N04257">"Nuclide"</a>. ใน A. D. McNaught; A. Wilkinson (บ.ก.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwell_Scientific_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwell Scientific Publications (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Blackwell Scientific Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.N04257">10.1351/goldbook.N04257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD/978-0-632-01765-2" title="พิเศษ:แหล่งหนังสือ/978-0-632-01765-2"><bdi>978-0-632-01765-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nuclide&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.N04257&rft.isbn=978-0-632-01765-2&rft.au=IUPAC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fterms%2Fview%2FN04257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fth.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947AmJPh..15..356K">original proposal for the word nuclide</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" 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