CINXE.COM

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Because of their potential for injury or disease treatment, a significant focus in stem cell research is the development of clinical applications based on stem cell transplantation. Additionally, stem cells are increasingly a preferred tool for drug development and toxicology studies.</p> <h2>What are Stem Cells?</h2> <p>Stem cells are unspecified or partially specified cells which have the capacity to proliferate or self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types. These two main defining properties, renewal capacity and specification potential, make stem cells an attractive research subject for their potential to significantly impact therapeutic approaches for a wide range of diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, arthritis, and degenerative eye conditions such as macular degeneration). Different types of stem cells are identifiable by their specification potential.</p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/research-area/Stem%20Cells" class="link_button">See all Stem Cell Products</a> </p> <br/> <p align="center"><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/somatic-cells-4.png" alt="Stem cells have diverse differentiation potential and may be classified as totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent or unipotent." title="Stem Cell Pluripotency"></p> <h3>Totipotent stem cells:</h3><p> generate all the cell types in the organism (e.g., zygote or fertilized egg).</p> <h3>Pluripotent stem cells:</h3><p> generate all the embryonic germ layers (i.e. endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm), but are unable to generate extra-embryonic tissues (i.e. placenta). Best exemplified by embryonic stem cells (ESCs) which are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are reprogrammed from adult differentiated cells (e.g., fibroblasts, peripheral blood mononuclear cells).</p> <h3>Multipotent stem cells:</h3><p> generate a limited number of cell types based on their tissue of origin.</p> <p style="margin-left:30px;">Mesenchymal stem cells- give rise to fat, bone, muscle and cartilage.<br> Hematopoietic stem cells- give rise to different types of blood cells (i.e. platelets, red and white cells).<br> Neural stem cells- give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. </p> <h3>Oligopotent stem cells:</h3> <p> generate few cell types which are closely related (e.g., myeloid stem cells).</p> <h3>Unipotent stem cells:</h3><p>generate one cell type (e.g., epidermal stem cells, muscle stem cells).</p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-signaling-pathway" class="link_button">Explore Stem Cell Signaling</a> </p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="/search?keywords=FBS&category=Fetal%20Bovine%20Serum%20%28FBS%29&showGrid=true"><img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/products/bt-fbs-banner-ad-2.png" alt="R&D Systems Fetal Bovine Serum portfolio"></a> </p> <br/> <h3>New ExCellerate™ iPSC Expansion Medium</h3> <p>Supports robust expansion and maintenance of pluripotent stem cell culture for enhanced consistency and reproducibility. </p> <ul> <li>Animal component-free</li> <li>No growth factor supplementation required</li> <li>Stable cell integrity over long term culture</li> </ul> <p style="margin: 20px 0px 30px 0px"><a class="link_button" href="https://www.bio-techne.com/p/cell-culture/excellerate-ipsc-expansion-medium_ccm036" target="_blank">Try our iPSC Expansion Medium</a></p> <br/> <p align="center"> <a href="#top">Back to the Top</a> </p> <br/> <p><strong>Select References</strong></p> <p>Avasthi, S., Srivastava, R. N., & Singh, A. (2008). <a href="https://stemcellres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13287-019-1165-5">Stem Cell: Past, Present and Future- A Review Article</a>. Internet Journal of Medical Update - EJOURNAL. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijmu.v3i1.39856</p> <p>Ilic, D., & Polak, J. M. (2011). <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/98/1/117/467989">Stem cells in regenerative medicine: Introduction</a>: British Medical Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldr012</p> <p>Glicksman, M. A. (2018). <a href="https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(18)30255-8/pdf">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Most Versatile Source for Stem Cell Therapy</a>. 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