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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Norse_attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Norse attestations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Norse_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Poetic Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Völuspá_and_Grímnismál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Völuspá_and_Grímnismál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>Völuspá</i> and <i>Grímnismál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Völuspá_and_Grímnismál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Völundarkviða" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Völundarkviða"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><i>Völundarkviða</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Völundarkviða-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helgakviða_Hjörvarðssonar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helgakviða_Hjörvarðssonar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helgakviða_Hjörvarðssonar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span><i>Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span><i>Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigrdrífumál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigrdrífumál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span><i>Sigrdrífumál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigrdrífumál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Prose Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hrafnsmál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hrafnsmál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Hrafnsmál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hrafnsmál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Njáls_saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Njáls_saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Njáls saga</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Njáls_saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimskringla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimskringla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Heimskringla</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimskringla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fagrskinna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fagrskinna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>Fagrskinna</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fagrskinna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragnhild_Tregagás_charm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragnhild_Tregagás_charm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ragnhild Tregagás charm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragnhild_Tregagás_charm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_English_attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_English_attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Old English attestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_English_attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeological record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_figures,_cups,_and_horn-bearers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_figures,_cups,_and_horn-bearers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Female figures, cups, and horn-bearers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_figures,_cups,_and_horn-bearers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runic_inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runic_inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Runic inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runic_inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valkyrie-names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valkyrie-names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Valkyrie-names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valkyrie-names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_English_wælcyrge_and_Old_English_charms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_English_wælcyrge_and_Old_English_charms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Old English <span><i>wælcyrge</i></span> and Old English charms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_English_wælcyrge_and_Old_English_charms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merseburg_Incantation,_fetters,_dísir,_idisi_and_norns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merseburg_Incantation,_fetters,_dísir,_idisi_and_norns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Merseburg Incantation, fetters, <span><i>dísir</i></span>, <span><i>idisi</i></span> and norns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merseburg_Incantation,_fetters,_dísir,_idisi_and_norns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Origins and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freyja_and_Fólkvangr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freyja_and_Fólkvangr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Freyja and Fólkvangr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freyja_and_Fólkvangr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modern art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Valkyrie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkure" title="Walkure – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Walkure" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فالكيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالكيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valquiria" title="Valquiria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Valquiria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C3%ADria" title="Valkíria – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Valkíria" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkiriya" title="Valkiriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valkiriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валькирия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Валькирия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Валькірыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валькірыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Валкирии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валкирии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkyrn" title="Walkyrn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Walkyrn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkirienn" title="Valkirienn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Valkirienn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valqu%C3%ADria" title="Valquíria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valquíria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Валькири – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валькири" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C3%BDra" title="Valkýra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valkýra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchiria" title="Valchiria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Valchiria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk%C3%BCre" title="Walküre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walküre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C3%BC%C3%BCrid" title="Valküürid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valküürid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βαλκυρίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλκυρίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valquiria" title="Valquiria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valquiria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkirio" title="Valkirio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valkirio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkiria" title="Walkiria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walkiria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="والکیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والکیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkuere" title="Walkuere – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Walkuere" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vailc%C3%ADr" title="Vailcír – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vailcír" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valquiria" title="Valquiria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valquiria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌾𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌺𐌿𐍃𐌾𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%82%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="발키리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발키리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Վալկիրիա (դիցաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալկիրիա (դիցաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkire" title="Valkire – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valkire" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrja" title="Valkyrja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valkyrja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valchiria" title="Valchiria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valchiria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="ולקיריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולקיריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ვალკირიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალკირიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валькирия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валькирия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria" title="Valkyria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valkyria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C4%ABras" title="Valkīras – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valkīras" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkirijos" title="Valkirijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valkirijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria" title="Valkyria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Valkyria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C5%B1r" title="Valkűr – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valkűr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Валкири – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валкири" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkure" title="Walkure – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walkure" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC" title="ワルキューレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワルキューレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrje" title="Valkyrje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valkyrje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrjer" title="Valkyrjer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valkyrjer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valquiria" title="Valquiria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valquiria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkiriya" title="Valkiriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valkiriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkirie" title="Walkirie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walkirie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valqu%C3%ADrias" title="Valquírias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valquírias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkirie" title="Walkirie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walkirie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Валькирия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валькирия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C3%BDra" title="Valkýra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valkýra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Валкире – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валкире" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkire" title="Valkire – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valkire" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria" title="Valkyria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkyria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria" title="Valkyria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valkyria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Valkyrie" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="வால்கெய்ரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்கெய்ரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="วัลกือริยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัลกือริยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valk%C3%BCr" title="Valkür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Valkür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Валькірія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валькірія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie_(th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i)" title="Valkyrie (thần thoại) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Valkyrie (thần thoại)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyria" title="Valkyria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Valkyria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AD%A6%E7%A5%9E" title="女武神 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="女武神" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AD%A6%E7%A5%9E" title="女武神 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="女武神" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AD%A6%E7%A5%9E" title="女武神 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="女武神" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figures in Norse mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Valkyrie (disambiguation)">Valkyrie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historiska_museet_043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Historiska_museet_043.jpg/220px-Historiska_museet_043.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Historiska_museet_043.jpg/330px-Historiska_museet_043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Historiska_museet_043.jpg/440px-Historiska_museet_043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="3108" /></a><figcaption>The picture stone Lilbjärs III, showing a helmeted woman receiving a man with a horn of mead. On picture stones, the recurring motif of a woman receiving a man with a horn is generally interpreted as a dead man being received by a valkyrie at Valhalla.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png/220px-Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="443" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png/330px-Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Valkyrie_fra_H%C3%A5rby.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Valkyrie_from_H%C3%A5rby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valkyrie from Hårby">The "valkyrie from Hårby"</a>, silver-gilt figurine depicting a female figure with a sword and shield, often interpreted to be a valkyrie.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, a <b>valkyrie</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">VAL</span>-kirr-ee</i></a> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">val-<span style="font-size:90%">KEER</span>-ee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non"><b>valkyrja</b></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'chooser of the slain') is one of a host of female figures who guide souls of the dead to the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>'s hall <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a>. There, the deceased warriors become <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">einherjar</a></i></span> ('single fighters' or 'once fighters').<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD36LINDOW104_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD36LINDOW104-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">einherjar</i></span> are not preparing for the cataclysmic events of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>, the valkyries bear them <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>. Valkyries also appear as lovers of heroes and other mortals, where they are sometimes described as the daughters of royalty, sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a> and sometimes connected to <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>. </p><p>Valkyries are attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> (a book of poems compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources), the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i></span> (both by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>) and the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a></i></span> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Sagas of Icelanders</a>), all written—or compiled—in the 13th century. They appear throughout the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a>, in a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">charm</a>, and in various <a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">runic inscriptions</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> term <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> appears in several Old English manuscripts, and scholars have explored whether the term appears in Old English by way of Norse influence, or reflects a tradition also native among the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon pagans</a>. Scholarly theories have been proposed about the relation between the valkyries, the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, and the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">dísir</a></i></span>, all of which are supernatural figures associated with fate. Archaeological excavations throughout Scandinavia have uncovered amulets theorized as depicting valkyries. In modern culture, valkyries have been the subject of works of art, musical works, comic books, video games and poetry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>valkyrie</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i><span lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/valkyrja#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:valkyrja">valkyrja</a></span></i> (plural <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">valkyrjur</i></span>), which is composed of two words: the noun <i><span lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/valr#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:valr">valr</a></span></i> (referring to the slain on the battlefield) and the verb <i><span lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kj%C3%B3sa#Old_Norse" class="extiw" title="wikt:kjósa">kjósa</a></span></i> (meaning "to choose"). Together, they mean 'chooser of the slain'. The Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">valkyrja</i></span> is cognate to <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i><span lang="ang"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/w%C3%A6lcyrge#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:wælcyrge">wælcyrge</a></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BYOCK142-143_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYOCK142-143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Old English and Old Norse forms, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Vladimir Orel</a> reconstructs the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> form <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walakuzj%C7%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/walakuzjǭ">walakuzjǭ</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-OREL-442_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OREL-442-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term may have been borrowed into Old English from Old Norse: see discussion in the <a href="#Old_English_attestations">Old English attestations</a> section below. </p><p>Other terms for valkyries in Old Norse sources include <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">óskmey</i></span> ("wish maid"), appearing in the poem <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Oddr%C3%BAnargr%C3%A1tr" title="Oddrúnargrátr">Oddrúnargrátr</a></i></span>, and <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Óðins <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mey" class="extiw" title="wikt:mey">meyjar</a></i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>'s maids"), appearing in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a></i></span>. <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Óskmey</i></span> may be related to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Odinic name <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Óski</i></span></a> (roughly meaning "wish fulfiller"), referring to the fact that Odin receives slain warriors in Valhalla.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK254+349_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK254+349-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Randalín</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Aslaug" title="Aslaug">Aslaug</a> is called in <i><a href="/wiki/Ragnars_saga_Lo%C3%B0br%C3%B3kar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnars saga Loðbrókar">Ragnars saga loðbrókar</a></i>, when she joins her sons to avenge their brothers Agnarr and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Weatherhat" title="Eric Weatherhat">Eric</a> in Sweden, is probably from <i>Randa-<a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></i>, which means "shield-goddess", i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> for "Valkyrie".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcTurk1991178_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcTurk1991178-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Norse_attestations">Old Norse attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Norse attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_Edda"><i>Poetic Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetic Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valkyries are mentioned or appear in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> poems <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_I" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana I">Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Völuspá_and_Grímnismál"><span id="V.C3.B6lusp.C3.A1_and_Gr.C3.ADmnism.C3.A1l"></span><i>Völuspá</i> and <i>Grímnismál</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Völuspá and Grímnismál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hild,_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Hild%2C_Thrud_and_Hl%C3%B8kk_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The valkyries Hildr, Þrúðr and Hlökk bearing ale in Valhalla (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In stanza 30 of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">völva</a> (a travelling <a href="/wiki/Seeress" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeress">seeress</a> in Norse society) tells Odin that "she saw" valkyries coming from far away who are ready to ride to "the realm of the gods". The völva follows this with a list of six valkyries: <a href="/wiki/Skuld" title="Skuld">Skuld</a> (Old Norse, possibly "debt" or "future") who "bore a shield", <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6gul" class="mw-redirect" title="Skögul">Skögul</a> ("shaker"), <a href="/wiki/Gunnr" title="Gunnr">Gunnr</a> ("war"), <a href="/wiki/Hildr" title="Hildr">Hildr</a> ("battle"), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ndul" title="Göndul">Göndul</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">wand</a>-wielder") and <a href="/wiki/Geirsk%C3%B6gul" class="mw-redirect" title="Geirskögul">Geirskögul</a> ("Spear-Skögul"). Afterwards, the völva tells him she has listed the "ladies of the War Lord, ready to ride, valkyries, over the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-DRONKE15ORCHARD193-195_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRONKE15ORCHARD193-195-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>, Odin (disguised as <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Grímnir</a></i>), tortured, starved and thirsty, tells the young <a href="/wiki/Agnarr_Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0sson" title="Agnarr Geirröðsson">Agnar</a> that he wishes that the valkyries <a href="/wiki/Hrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrist">Hrist</a> ("shaker") and <a href="/wiki/Mist_(valkyrie)" title="Mist (valkyrie)">Mist</a> ("cloud") would "bear him a [drinking] <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">horn</a>", then provides a list of 11 more valkyries who he says "bear <a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">ale</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">einherjar</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Skeggj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeggjöld">Skeggjöld</a> ("axe-age"), Skögul, Hildr, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a> ("power"), <a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%B6kk" title="Hlökk">Hlökk</a> ("noise", or "battle"), <a href="/wiki/Herfj%C3%B6tur" title="Herfjötur">Herfjötur</a> ("host-fetter"), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Göll">Göll</a> ("tumult"), <a href="/wiki/Geirah%C3%B6%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Geirahöð">Geirahöð</a> ("spear-fight"), <a href="/wiki/Randgr%C3%AD%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Randgríð">Randgríð</a> ("shield-truce"), <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1%C3%B0gr%C3%AD%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ráðgríð">Ráðgríð</a> ("council-truce") and <a href="/wiki/Reginleif" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginleif">Reginleif</a> ("power-truce").<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON57ORCHARD193-195_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON57ORCHARD193-195-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Völundarkviða"><span id="V.C3.B6lundarkvi.C3.B0a"></span><i>Völundarkviða</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Völundarkviða"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Walkyrien_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption><i>Walkyrien</i> (c. 1905) by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Doepler" title="Emil Doepler">Emil Doepler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A prose introduction in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a></i> relates that the brothers <a href="/wiki/Slagfi%C3%B0r" title="Slagfiðr">Slagfiðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Egil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayland_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayland Smith">Völund</a> dwelt in a house sited in a location called Úlfdalir ("wolf dales"). There, early one morning, the brothers find three women spinning linen on the shore of the lake Úlfsjár ("wolf lake"), and "near them were their <a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak#Germanic" title="Feather cloak">swan's garments</a>; they were valkyries". Two daughters of King Hlödvér are named <a href="/wiki/Hla%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r_svanhv%C3%ADt" title="Hlaðguðr svanhvít">Hlaðguðr svanhvít</a> ("swan-white") and <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%B6r_alvitr" title="Hervör alvitr">Hervör alvitr</a> (possibly meaning "all-wise" or "strange creature"<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD83_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD83-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); the third, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%A1rr" title="Kjárr">Kjárr</a> of <a href="/wiki/Valland" title="Valland">Valland</a>, is named <a href="/wiki/Alruna" title="Alruna">Ölrún</a> (possibly meaning "<a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">rune</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK251_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK251-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The brothers take the three women back to their hall with them—Egil takes Ölrún, Slagfiðr takes Hlaðguðr svanhvít and Völund takes Hervör alvitr. They live together for seven winters, until the women fly off to go to a battle and do not return. Egil goes off in snow-shoes to look for Ölrún, Slagfiðr goes searching for Hlaðguðr svanhvít and Völund sits in Úlfdalir.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON102_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON102-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helgakviða_Hjörvarðssonar"><span id="Helgakvi.C3.B0a_Hj.C3.B6rvar.C3.B0ssonar"></span><i>Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg/220px-ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg/330px-ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg/440px-ValkyrieOnHorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><i>Valkyrie</i> (1908) by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Sinding" title="Stephan Sinding">Stephan Sinding</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Churchillparken" title="Churchillparken">Churchill Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kastellet,_Copenhagen" title="Kastellet, Copenhagen">Kastellet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hj%C3%B6rvar%C3%B0ssonar" title="Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar">Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</a></i>, a prose narrative says that an unnamed and silent young man, the son of the Norwegian King Hjörvarðr and Sigrlinn of Sváfaland, witnesses nine valkyries riding by while sitting atop a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus#Scandinavia" title="Tumulus">burial mound</a>. He finds one particularly striking; this valkyrie is detailed later in a prose narrative as <a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A1fa" title="Sváfa">Sváva</a>, King Eylimi's daughter, who "often protected him in battles". The valkyrie speaks to the unnamed man, and gives him the name <i><a href="/wiki/Helge_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helge (name)">Helgi</a></i> (meaning "the <a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">holy</a> one"<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD81_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD81-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The previously silent Helgi speaks; he refers to the valkyrie as "bright-face lady", and asks her what gift he will receive with the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">name</a> she has bestowed upon him, but he will not accept it if he cannot have her as well. The valkyrie tells him she knows of a hoard of swords in Sigarsholm, and that one of them is of particular importance, which she describes in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON125_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON125-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further into the poem, Atli <a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flytes</a> with the female <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a>. While flyting with Atli, Hrímgerðr says that she had seen 27 valkyries around Helgi, yet one particularly fair valkyrie led the band: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Three times nine girls</a>, but one girl rode ahead,<br /> white-skinned under her helmet;<br /> the horses were trembling, from their manes<br /> dew fell into the deep valleys,<br /> hail in the high woods;<br /> good fortune comes to men from there;<br /> all that I saw was hateful to me.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON128_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON128-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>After Hrímgerðr is turned to stone by the daylight, a prose narrative continues that Helgi, who is now king, goes to Sváva's father—King Eylimi—and asks for his daughter. Helgi and Sváva are betrothed and love one another dearly. Sváva stays at home with King Eylimi, and Helgi goes raiding, and to this the narrative adds that Sváva "was a valkyrie just as before".<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON129_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON129-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem continues, and, among various other events, Helgi dies from a wound received in battle. A narrative at the end of the poem says that Helgi and his valkyrie wife Sváva "are said to be reincarnated".<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON130-131_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON130-131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_I"><span id="Helgakvi.C3.B0a_Hundingsbana_I"></span><i>Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Helgakviða Hundingsbana I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/170px-Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/255px-Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg/340px-Helgi_Hundingsbane_and_Sigr%C3%BAn_by_Robert_Engels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helgi_Hundingsbane" title="Helgi Hundingsbane">Helgi Hundingsbane</a> and Sigrún (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Engels_(artist)" title="Robert Engels (artist)">Robert Engels</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_I" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana I">Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</a></i>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Helgi_Hundingsbane" title="Helgi Hundingsbane">Helgi Hundingsbane</a> sits in the corpse-strewn battlefield of Logafjöll. A light shines from the <a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fell</a>, and from that light strike bolts of lightning. Flying through the sky, helmeted valkyries appear. Their waist-length <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">mail armour</a> is drenched in blood; their spears shine brightly: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Then light shone from Logafell,<br /> and from that radiance there came bolts of lightning;<br /> wearing helmets at Himingvani [came the valkyries].<br /> Their byrnies were drenched in blood;<br /> and rays shone from their spears.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON116_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON116-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In the stanza that follows, Helgi asks the valkyries (who he refers to as "southern goddesses") if they would like to come home with the warriors when night falls (all the while arrows were flying). The battle over, the valkyrie <a href="/wiki/Sigr%C3%BAn" title="Sigrún">Sigrún</a> ("victory-<a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">rune</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD194_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), informs him from her horse that her father <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gni" class="mw-redirect" title="Högni">Högni</a> has betrothed her to <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0broddr" class="mw-redirect" title="Höðbroddr">Höðbroddr</a>, the son of king <a href="/wiki/Granmar" title="Granmar">Granmar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Hniflung</a> clan, who Sigrún deems unworthy. Helgi assembles an immense host to ride to wage battle at Frekastein against the Hniflung clan to assist Sigrún in her plight to avoid her betrothment.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON116-117_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON116-117-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the poem, the hero <a href="/wiki/Sinfj%C3%B6tli" title="Sinfjötli">Sinfjötli</a> <a href="/wiki/Flyting" title="Flyting">flytes</a> with Guðmundr. Sinfjötli accuses Guðmundr of having once been female, and gibes that Guðmundr was "a witch, horrible, unnatural, among Odin's valkyries", adding that all of the einherjar "had to fight, headstrong woman, on your account".<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON119_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON119-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further in the poem, the phrase "the valkyrie's airy sea" is used for "<a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">mist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON120_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON120-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the poem, valkyries again descend from the sky, this time to protect Helgi amid the battle at Frekastein. After the battle, all the valkyries fly away but Sigrún and wolves (referred to as "the <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">troll</a>-woman's mount") consume corpses: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Helmeted valkyries came down from the sky<br /> —the noise of spears grew loud—they protected the prince;<br /> then said Sigrun—the wound-giving valkyries flew,<br /> the <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">troll</a>-woman's mount was feasting on the fodder of ravens:<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON121_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON121-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The battle won, Sigrún tells Helgi that he will become a great ruler and pledges herself to him.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helgakviða_Hundingsbana_II"><span id="Helgakvi.C3.B0a_Hundingsbana_II"></span><i>Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Helgakviða Hundingsbana II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/170px-Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/255px-Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/340px-Helgi_und_Sigrun_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><i>Helgi und Sigrun</i> (1901) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a></i>, a prose narrative says that King <a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung" title="Völsung">Völsung</a>) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Borghild" title="Borghild">Borghild</a> (of Brálund) have a son named Helgi, who they named for Helgi Hjörvarðsson (the protagonist of the earlier <i>Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON132_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON132-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Helgi has killed King Hunding in stanza 4, a prose narrative says that Helgi escapes, consumes the raw meat of cattle he has slaughtered on a beach, and encounters Sigrún. Sigrún, daughter of King Högni, is "a valkyrie and rode through air and sea", and she is the valkyrie Sváva reincarnated.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON133_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stanza 7, Sigrún uses the phrase "fed the <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">gosling</a> of Gunn's sisters". Gunnr and her sisters are valkyries, and these goslings are <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, who feed on the corpses left on the battlefield by warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON133+281_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON133+281-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After stanza 18, a prose narrative relates that Helgi and his immense fleet of ships are heading to Frekastein, but encounter a great storm. Lightning strikes one of the ships. The fleet sees nine valkyries flying through the air, among whom they recognise Sigrún. The storm abates, and the fleets arrive safely at land.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON135_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON135-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helgi dies in battle, yet returns to visit Sigrún from Valhalla once in a burial mound, and at the end of the poem, a prose epilogue explains that Sigrún later dies of grief. The epilogue details that "there was a belief in the pagan religion, which we now reckon [is] an old wives' tale, that people could be reincarnated" and that "Helgi and Sigrun were thought to have been reborn" as another Helgi and valkyrie couple; Helgi as Helgi Haddingjaskaði and Sigrún as the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Halfdan" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfdan">Halfdan</a>; the valkyrie <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1ra" title="Kára">Kára</a>. The epilogue details that further information about the two can be found in the (now lost) work <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rulj%C3%B3%C3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Káruljóð">Káruljóð</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON141_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON141-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sigrdrífumál"><span id="Sigrdr.C3.ADfum.C3.A1l"></span><i>Sigrdrífumál</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sigrdrífumál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/170px-Ring48.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/255px-Ring48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ring48.jpg/340px-Ring48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCnnhilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Brünnhilde">Brünnhilde</a> wakes and greets the day and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried" title="Siegfried">Siegfried</a>, illustration of the scene of <a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner's Ring">Wagner's Ring</a> inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> (1911).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the prose introduction to the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i>, the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> rides up to Hindarfell and heads south towards "the land of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>". On the mountain Sigurd sees a great light, "as if fire were burning, which blazed up to the sky". Sigurd approaches it, and there he sees a <i>skjaldborg</i> with a banner flying overhead. Sigurd enters the <i>skjaldborg</i>, and sees a warrior lying there—asleep and fully armed. Sigurd removes the helmet of the warrior, and sees the face of a woman. The woman's <a href="/wiki/Corslet" title="Corslet">corslet</a> is so tight that it seems to have grown into the woman's body. Sigurd uses his sword <a href="/wiki/Gram_(mythology)" title="Gram (mythology)">Gram</a> to cut the corslet, starting from the neck of the corslet downwards, he continues cutting down her sleeves, and takes the corslet off of her.<sup id="cite_ref-THORPE180_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THORPE180-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The woman wakes, sits up, looks at Sigurd, and the two converse in two stanzas of verse. In the second stanza, the woman explains that Odin placed a sleeping spell on her she could not break, and due to that spell she has been asleep a long time. Sigurd asks for her name, and the woman gives Sigurd a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">horn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a> to help him retain her words in his memory. The woman recites a heathen <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a> in two stanzas. A prose narrative explains that the woman is named <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigrdrífa">Sigrdrífa</a> and that she is a valkyrie.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON166-167_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON166-167-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A narrative relates that Sigrdrífa explains to Sigurd that there were two kings fighting one another. Odin had promised one of these—Hjalmgunnar—victory in battle, yet she had "brought down" Hjalmgunnar in battle. Odin pricked her with a sleeping-thorn in consequence, told her she would never again "fight victoriously in battle", and condemned her to marriage. In response, Sigrdrífa told Odin she had sworn a great oath that she would never wed a man who knew fear. Sigurd asks Sigrdrífa to share with him her wisdom of all worlds. The poem continues in verse, where Sigrdrífa provides Sigurd with knowledge in inscribing <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runes</a>, mystic wisdom, and prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-LARRINGTON167_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARRINGTON167-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_Edda"><i>Prose Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prose Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie_(1834-1835)_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg/170px-Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg/255px-Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg/340px-Valkyrie_%281834-1835%29_by_H._W._Bissen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><i>Valkyrie</i> (1835) by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wilhelm_Bissen" title="Herman Wilhelm Bissen">Herman Wilhelm Bissen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>, written in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, valkyries are first mentioned in chapter 36 of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i>, where the enthroned figure of <a href="/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third" class="mw-redirect" title="High, Just-As-High, and Third">High</a> informs <a href="/wiki/Gylfi" title="Gylfi">Gangleri</a> (King <a href="/wiki/Gylfi" title="Gylfi">Gylfi</a> in disguise) of the activities of the valkyries and mentions a few goddesses. High says "there are still others whose duty it is to serve in Valhalla. They bring drink and see to the table and the ale cups." Following this, High gives a stanza from the poem <i>Grímnismál</i> that contains a list of valkyries. High says "these women are called valkyries, and they are sent by Odin to every battle, where they choose which men are to die and they determine who has victory". High adds that <a href="/wiki/Gunnr" title="Gunnr">Gunnr</a> ("war"<sup id="cite_ref-ORCHARD194_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD194-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ta" title="Róta">Róta</a>, and Skuld—the last of the three he refers to as "the youngest <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">norn</a>"—"always ride to choose the slain and decide the outcome of battle".<sup id="cite_ref-BYOCK44-45_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYOCK44-45-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 49, High describes that when Odin and his wife <a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a> arrived at the funeral of their slain son <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>, with them came the valkyries and also <a href="/wiki/Hugin_and_Munin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugin and Munin">Odin's ravens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BYOCK67_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BYOCK67-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to valkyries appear throughout the book <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>, which provides information about skaldic poetry. In chapter 2, a quote is given from the work <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAsdr%C3%A1pa" title="Húsdrápa">Húsdrápa</a></i> by the 10th century skald <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Alfr_Uggason" title="Úlfr Uggason">Úlfr Uggason</a>. In the poem, Úlfr describes mythological scenes depicted in a newly built hall, including valkyries and ravens accompanying Odin at Baldr's funeral feast: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>There I perceive valkyries and ravens,<br /> accompanying the wise victory-tree [Odin]<br /> to the drink of the holy offering [Baldr's funeral feast]<br /> Within have appeared these motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES68_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES68-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Further in chapter 2, a quote from the anonymous 10th century poem <i><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADksm%C3%A1l" title="Eiríksmál">Eiríksmál</a></i> is provided (see the <i>Fagrskinna</i> section below for more detail about the poem and another translation): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>What sort of dream is that, Odin?<br /> I dreamed I rose up before dawn<br /> to clear up Val-hall for slain people.<br /> I aroused the Einheriar,<br /> bade them get up to strew the benches,<br /> clean the beer-cups,<br /> the valkyries to serve wine<br /> for the arrival of a prince.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES69_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES69-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In chapter 31, poetic terms for referring to a woman are given, including "[a] woman is also referred to in terms of all Asyniur or valkyries or norns or <i>dísir</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES94_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES94-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 41, while the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a> is riding his horse <a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a>, he encounters a building on a mountain. Within this building Sigurd finds a sleeping woman wearing a helmet and a <a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">coat of mail</a>. Sigurd cuts the mail from her, and she awakes. She tells him her name is Hildr, and "she is known as <a href="/wiki/Brynhildr" class="mw-redirect" title="Brynhildr">Brynhildr</a>, and was a valkyrie".<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES102_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES102-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 48, poetic terms for "battle" include "weather of weapons or shields, or of Odin or valkyrie or war-kings or their clash or noise", followed by examples of compositions by various <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a> that have used the name of valkyries in said manner (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Þorbjörn Hornklofi">Þorbjörn Hornklofi</a> uses "Skögul's din" for "battlefield", <a href="/wiki/Bersi_Sk%C3%A1ldtorfuson" title="Bersi Skáldtorfuson">Bersi Skáldtorfuson</a> uses "Gunnr's fire" for "sword" and "Hlökk's snow" for "battle", <a href="/wiki/Einarr_Sk%C3%BAlason" title="Einarr Skúlason">Einarr Skúlason</a> uses "Hildr's sail" for "shield" and "Göndul's crushing wind" for "battle" and <a href="/wiki/Einarr_Helgason" title="Einarr Helgason">Einarr skálaglamm</a> uses "Göndul's din"). Chapter 49 gives similar information when referring to weapons and armor (though the term "death-maidens"—Old Norse <i>valmeyjar</i>—instead of "valkyries" is used here), with further examples.<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES117-119_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES117-119-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 57, within a list of names of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81synjur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ásynjur">ásynjur</a> (and after alternate names for the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> are provided), a further section contains a list of "Odin's maids"; valkyries: Hildr, Göndul, Hlökk, Mist, Skögul. And then an additional four names; Hrund, <a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a>, Hrist and Skuld. The section adds that "they are called norns who shape necessity".<sup id="cite_ref-FAULKES157_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAULKES157-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some manuscripts of the feature <i><a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a></i> section of <i>Skáldskaparmál</i> contain an extended list of 29 valkyrie names (listed as the "valkyries of <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Viðrir</a>"—a name of Odin). The first stanza lists: Hrist, Mist, Herja, Hlökk, Geiravör, Göll, Hjörþrimul, Guðr, Herfjötra, Skuld, Geirönul, Skögul and Randgníð. The second stanza lists: Ráðgríðr, Göndul, Svipul, Geirskögul, Hildr, Skeggöld, Hrund, Geirdriful, Randgríðr, Þrúðr, Reginleif, Sveið, Þögn, Hjalmþrimul, Þrima and Skalmöld.<sup id="cite_ref-JÓNSSON678_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JÓNSSON678-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hrafnsmál"><span id="Hrafnsm.C3.A1l"></span><i>Hrafnsmál</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hrafnsmál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie_and_Raven.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Valkyrie_and_Raven.png/170px-Valkyrie_and_Raven.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Valkyrie_and_Raven.png/255px-Valkyrie_and_Raven.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Valkyrie_and_Raven.png/340px-Valkyrie_and_Raven.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>A valkyrie speaks with a raven in a wood-engraving by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swain_(engraver)" title="Joseph Swain (engraver)">Joseph Swain</a> after <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>The fragmentary skaldic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Hrafnsm%C3%A1l" title="Hrafnsmál">Hrafnsmál</a></i> (generally accepted as authored by 9th century Norwegian skald <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rn_Hornklofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Þorbjörn Hornklofi">Þorbjörn Hornklofi</a>) features a conversation between a valkyrie and a raven, largely consisting of the life and deeds of <a href="/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald I of Norway">Harald I of Norway</a>. The poem begins with a request for silence among noblemen so that the skald may tell the deeds of Harald Fairhair. The narrator states that they once overheard a "high-minded", "golden-haired" and "white-armed" maiden speaking with a "glossy-beaked raven". The valkyrie considers herself wise, understands the speech of birds, is further described as having a white-throat and sparkling eyes, and she takes no pleasure in men: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Wise thought her the valkyrie; were welcome never<br /> men to the bright-eyed one, her who the birds' speech knew well.<br /> Greeted the light-lashed maiden, the lily-throated woman,<br /> The <a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">hymir</a>'s-skull-cleaver as on cliff he was perching. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The valkyrie, previously described as fair and beautiful, then speaks to the gore-drenched and corpse-reeking raven: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>"How is it, ye ravens—whence are ye come now<br /> with beaks all gory, at break of morning?<br /> Carrion-reek ye carry, and your claws are bloody.<br /> Were ye near, at night-time, where ye knew of corpses?"<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER54_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER54-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The black raven shakes himself, and he responds that he and the rest of the ravens have followed Harald since hatching from their eggs. The raven expresses surprise that the valkyrie seems unfamiliar with the deeds of Harald, and tells her about his deeds for several stanzas. At stanza 15, a question and answer format begins where the valkyrie asks the raven a question regarding Harald, and the raven responds in turn. This continues until the poem ends abruptly.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER54-57_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER54-57-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Njáls_saga"><span id="Nj.C3.A1ls_saga"></span><i>Njáls saga</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Njáls saga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_De_Groux001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Henry_De_Groux001.jpg/220px-Henry_De_Groux001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Henry_De_Groux001.jpg/330px-Henry_De_Groux001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Henry_De_Groux001.jpg/440px-Henry_De_Groux001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><i>Ride of the Valkyries</i> (around 1890) by <a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Groux" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De Groux">Henry De Groux</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In chapter 156 of <i><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%A1ls_saga" title="Njáls saga">Njáls saga</a></i>, a man named Dörruð witnesses 12 people riding together to a stone hut on <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>. The 12 go into the hut and Dörruð can no longer see them. Dörruð goes to the hut, and looks through a chink in the wall. He sees that there are women within, and that they have set up a particular <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">loom</a>; the heads of men are the weights, the entrails of men are the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>, a sword is the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">shuttle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reel" title="Reel">reels</a> are composed of arrows. The women sing a song called <i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i>, which Dörruð memorizes.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER66_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER66-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song consists of 11 stanzas, and within it the valkyries weave and choose who is to be slain at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> (fought outside <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in 1014 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>). Of the 12 valkyries weaving, six have their names given in the song: Hildr, <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%B6r%C3%BErimul" class="mw-redirect" title="Hjörþrimul">Hjörþrimul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanngri%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanngriðr">Sanngriðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svipul" title="Svipul">Svipul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r" class="mw-redirect" title="Guðr">Guðr</a> and Göndul. Stanza 9 of the song reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Now awful it is to be without,<br /> as blood-red rack races overhead;<br /> is the welkin gory with warriors' blood<br /> as we valkyries war-songs chanted.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER68_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER68-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>At the end of the poem, the valkyries sing "start we swiftly with steeds unsaddled—hence to battle with brandished swords!"<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER68_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER68-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prose narrative picks up again, and says that the valkyries tear their loom down and into pieces. Each valkyrie holds on to what she has in her hands. Dörruð leaves the chink in the wall and heads home, and the women mount their horses and ride away; six to the south and six to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER66_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER66-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heimskringla"><i>Heimskringla</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Heimskringla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg/170px-The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg/255px-The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg/340px-The_Valkyrie%27s_Vigil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>The Valkyrie's Vigil</i> (1906) by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Robert_Hughes" title="Edward Robert Hughes">Edward Robert Hughes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> saga <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konar_saga_g%C3%B3%C3%B0a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hákonar saga góða">Hákonar saga góða</a></i>, the poem <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l" title="Hákonarmál">Hákonarmál</a></i> by the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" title="Eyvindr skáldaspillir">Eyvindr skáldaspillir</a> is presented. The saga relates that king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon I of Norway">Haakon I of Norway</a> died in battle, and although he is Christian, he requests that since he has died "among heathens, then give me such burial place as seems most fitting to you". The saga relates that shortly after Haakon died on the same slab of rock that he was born upon, he was greatly mourned by friend and foe alike, and that his friends moved his body northward to Sæheim in North <a href="/wiki/Hordaland" title="Hordaland">Hordaland</a>. Haakon was buried there in a large burial mound in full armour and his finest clothing, yet with no other valuables. Further, "words were spoken over his grave according to the custom of heathen men, and they put him on the way to Valhalla". The poem <i>Hákonarmál</i> is then provided.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER124-125_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER124-125-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Hákonarmál</i>, Odin sends forth the two valkyries Göndul and Skögul to "choose among the kings' kinsmen" and who in battle should dwell with Odin in Valhalla. A battle rages with great slaughter, and part of the description employs the <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> "Skögul's-stormblast" for "battle". Haakon and his men die in battle, and they see the valkyrie Göndul leaning on a spear shaft. Göndul comments that "groweth now the gods' following, since Hákon has been with host so goodly bidden home with holy godheads". Haakon hears "what the valkyries said", and the valkyries are described as sitting "high-hearted on horseback", wearing helmets, carrying shields and that the horses wisely bore them.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER125_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER125-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A brief exchange follows between Haakon and the valkyrie Skögul: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><i>Hákon said:</i><br /> "Why didst Geirskogul grudge us victory?<br /> though worthy we were for the gods to grant it?"<br /> <i>Skogul said:</i><br /> "'Tis owing to us that the issue was won<br />  and your foemen fled."<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER126_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER126-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Skögul says that they shall now ride forth to the "green homes of the godheads" to tell Odin the king will come to Valhalla. The poem continues, and Haakon becomes a part of the einherjar in Valhalla, awaiting to do battle with the monstrous wolf <a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLLANDER126-127_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLLANDER126-127-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fagrskinna"><i>Fagrskinna</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fagrskinna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Heimdallr_and_valkyries_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of valkyries encountering the god <a href="/wiki/Heimdallr" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallr">Heimdallr</a> as they carry a dead man to Valhalla (1906) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Walhall_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><i>Valhalla</i> (1905) by Emil Doepler</figcaption></figure> <p>In chapter 8 of <i><a href="/wiki/Fagrskinna" title="Fagrskinna">Fagrskinna</a></i>, a prose narrative states that, after the death of her husband <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnhild_Mother_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunnhild Mother of Kings">Gunnhild Mother of Kings</a> had a poem composed about him. The composition is by an anonymous author from the 10th century and is referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADksm%C3%A1l" title="Eiríksmál">Eiríksmál</a></i>. It describes Eric Bloodaxe and five other kings arriving in Valhalla after their death. The poem begins with comments by Odin (as Old Norse <i>Óðinn</i>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>'What kind of a dream is it,' said Óðinn,<br /> in which just before daybreak,<br /> I thought I cleared Valhǫll,<br /> for coming of slain men?<br /> I waked the Einherjar,<br /> bade valkyries rise up,<br /> to strew the bench,<br /> and scour the beakers,<br /> <br /> wine to carry,<br /> as for a king's coming,<br /> here to me I expect<br /> heroes' coming from the world,<br /> certain great ones,<br /> so glad is my heart.<sup id="cite_ref-FINLAY58_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FINLAY58-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The god <a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a> asks where a thundering sound is coming from, and says that the benches of Valhalla are creaking—as if the god Baldr had returned to Valhalla—and that it sounds like the movement of a thousand. Odin responds that Bragi knows well that the sounds are for Eric Bloodaxe, who will soon arrive in Valhalla. Odin tells the heroes <a href="/wiki/Sigmund" title="Sigmund">Sigmund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinfj%C3%B6tli" title="Sinfjötli">Sinfjötli</a> to rise to greet Eric and invite him into the hall, if it is indeed he.<sup id="cite_ref-FINLAY59_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FINLAY59-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ragnhild_Tregagás_charm"><span id="Ragnhild_Tregag.C3.A1s_charm"></span>Ragnhild Tregagás charm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ragnhild Tregagás charm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witchcraft trial</a> held in 1324 in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, records a spell used by the accused <a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Tregag%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnhild Tregagás">Ragnhild Tregagás</a> to end the marriage of her former lover, a man named Bárd. The charm contains a mention of the valkyrie <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ndul" title="Göndul">Göndul</a> being "sent out": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I send out from me the spirits of (the valkyrie) Gondul.<br /> May the first bite you in the back.<br /> May the second bite you in the breast.<br /> May the third turn hate and envy upon you.<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD37-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_English_attestations">Old English attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Old English attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sermo_Lupi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg/220px-Sermo_Lupi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg/330px-Sermo_Lupi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sermo_Lupi.jpg/440px-Sermo_Lupi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>A page from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i></span> (<i>"The <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a> of the Wolf to the English"</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> appears several times in Old English manuscripts, generally to translate foreign concepts into Old English. It is used in the sermon <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sermo_Lupi_ad_Anglos" title="Sermo Lupi ad Anglos">Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</a></i></span>, where it is thought to appear as a word for a human "sorceress".<sup id="cite_ref-NORTH106_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTH106-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early 11th-century manuscript of Aldhelm's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De laudis virginitatis</i></span> (Oxford, Bodleian library, Digby 146) <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ueneris</i></span> with <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> (with <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">gydene</i></span> meaning "goddess"). <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> is used to translate the names of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">furies</a> in two manuscripts (<a href="/wiki/Cotton_Cleopatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton Cleopatra">Cotton Cleopatra</a> A. iii, and the older <i>Corpus Glossary</i>). In the manuscript Cotton Cleopatra A. iii, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> is also used to gloss the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Bellona_(goddess)" title="Bellona (goddess)">Bellona</a>. A description of a raven flying over the Egyptian army appears as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wonn wælceaseg</i></span> (meaning "dark one choosing the slain"). Scholarly theories debate whether these attestations point to an indigenous belief among the Anglo-Saxons shared with the Norse, or if they were a result of later Norse influence (see section below).<sup id="cite_ref-NORTH106_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTH106-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archaeological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_figures,_cups,_and_horn-bearers"><span id="Female_figures.2C_cups.2C_and_horn-bearers"></span>Female figures, cups, and horn-bearers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Female figures, cups, and horn-bearers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg/220px-Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg/330px-Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg/440px-Valkyrie_on_horse_and_giving_valkyrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Viking Age jewellery thought to depict valkyries. On the left of the photograph is a female figure mounted on horseback with a 'winged' cavalry spear clamped under her leg and a sword in her hand. The mounted female is being greeted by another female figure who is carrying a shield. On the right of the photograph is one of numerous female silver figures usually described in museums and books as valkyries (right)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> stylized silver amulets depicting women wearing long gowns, their hair pulled back and knotted into a ponytail, sometimes bearing <a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">drinking horns</a>, have been discovered throughout Scandinavia. These figures are commonly considered to represent valkyries or dísir.<sup id="cite_ref-SILVERFIGURES_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SILVERFIGURES-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mindy MacLeod and Bernard Mees, the amulets appear in Viking Age graves, and were presumably placed there because "they were thought to have protective powers".<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD37-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone" title="Tjängvide image stone">Tjängvide image stone</a> from the Baltic island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, Sweden features a rider on an eight-legged horse, which may be Odin's eight-legged horse <a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a>, being greeted by a female figure, which may be a valkyrie at Valhalla.<sup id="cite_ref-LINDOW276_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LINDOW276-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th century <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones#U_1163" title="Sigurd stones">U 1163</a> features a carving of a female figure bearing a horn that has been interpreted as the valkyrie Sigrdrífa handing the hero Sigurd (also depicted on the stone) a drinking horn.<sup id="cite_ref-WESSEN621_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESSEN621-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a small figure dated at around 800 AD was discovered in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5rby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hårby">Hårby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> by three amateur archaeologists. The figurine portrays a woman with long hair knotted into a ponytail who is wearing a long dress which is sleeveless and vest like at the top. Over the top of her dress she is wearing an embroidered apron. Her clothing keeps the woman's arms unobstructed so she can fight with the sword and shield she is holding. Commenting on the figure, archaeologist Mogens Bo Henriksen said that "there can hardly be any doubt that the figure depicts one of Odin's valkyries as we know them from the sagas as well as from Swedish picture stones from the time around AD700".<sup id="cite_ref-KENNEDY-2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KENNEDY-2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 872px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A silver figure of a woman holding a drinking horn found in Birka, Björkö, Uppland, Sweden."><img alt="A silver figure of a woman holding a drinking horn found in Birka, Björkö, Uppland, Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Valkyrie.jpg/149px-Valkyrie.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Valkyrie.jpg/224px-Valkyrie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Valkyrie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A silver figure of a woman holding a drinking horn found in <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6,_Eker%C3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="Björkö, Ekerö">Björkö</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Both silver, a female figure touches her hair while facing forward (left) and a figure with a 'winged' spear clamped under her leg and sword in her hand sits atop a horse, facing another female figure who is carrying a shield (right)."><img alt="Both silver, a female figure touches her hair while facing forward (left) and a figure with a 'winged' spear clamped under her leg and sword in her hand sits atop a horse, facing another female figure who is carrying a shield (right)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg/175px-Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg/263px-Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg/350px-Silver_figure_with_hair_and_silver_figure_with_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Both silver, a female figure touches her hair while facing forward (left) and a figure with a 'winged' spear clamped under her leg and sword in her hand sits atop a horse, facing another female figure who is carrying a shield (right).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A female figure bears a horn to a rider on an eight-legged horse on the Tjängvide image stone in Sweden."><img alt="A female figure bears a horn to a rider on an eight-legged horse on the Tjängvide image stone in Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg/175px-Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg/263px-Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg/350px-Arrival_at_Valhalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A female figure bears a horn to a rider on an eight-legged horse on the <a href="/wiki/Tj%C3%A4ngvide_image_stone" title="Tjängvide image stone">Tjängvide image stone</a> in Sweden.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U_1163,_Dr%C3%A4vle_(Sigrdr%C3%ADfa).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A female figure bearing a horn on runestone U 1163."><img alt="A female figure bearing a horn on runestone U 1163." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG/175px-U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG/263px-U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG/350px-U_1163%2C_Dr%C3%A4vle_%28Sigrdr%C3%ADfa%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A female figure bearing a horn on runestone <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_stones#U_1163" title="Sigurd stones">U 1163</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runic_inscriptions">Runic inscriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Runic inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/170px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/255px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg/340px-R%C3%B6kstenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Specific valkyries are mentioned on two <a href="/wiki/Runestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Runestones">runestones</a>; the early 9th century <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6k_runestone" title="Rök runestone">Rök runestone</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and the 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, which mentions the valkyrie <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD37-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Rök runestone, a <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> is employed that involves a valkyrie riding a wolf as her steed: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>That we tell the twelfth, where the horse of the Valkyrie [literally "the horse of <a href="/wiki/Gunnr" title="Gunnr">Gunnr</a>"] sees food on the battlefield, where twenty kings are lying.<sup id="cite_ref-ANDRÉN11_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANDRÉN11-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen_inscriptions" title="Bryggen inscriptions">Bryggen inscriptions</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, is the "valkyrie stick" from the late 14th century. The stick features a <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic inscription</a> intended as a charm. The inscription says that "I cut cure-runes", and also "help-runes", once against <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a>, twice against <a href="/wiki/Trolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolls">trolls</a>, thrice against <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">thurs</a> and then a mention of a valkyrie occurs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Against the harmful <i>skag</i>-valkyrie,<br /> so that she never shall, though she never would –<br /> evil woman! – injure (?) your life.<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD34-35_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD34-35-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>This is followed by "I send you, I look at you, wolfish perversion, and unbearable desire, may distress descend on you and <i>jöluns</i> wrath. Never shall you sit, never shall you sleep ... (that you) love me as yourself." According to Mindy MacLeod and Bernard Mees, the inscription "seems to begin as a benevolent formulation before abruptly switching to the infliction of distress and misery, presumably upon the recipient of the charm rather than the baleful valkyrie", and they posit the final line appears "to constitute a rather spiteful kind of charm aimed at securing the love of a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD34-37_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD34-37-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacLeod and Mees state that the opening lines of the charm correspond to the <i>Poetic Edda</i> poem <i>Sigrdrífumál</i>, where the valkyrie Sigrdrífa provides runic advice, and that the meaning of the term <i>skag</i> is unclear, but a cognate exists in <i>Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</i> where Sinfjötli accuses Guðmundr of having once been a "<i>skass</i>-valkyrie". MacLeod and Mees believe the word means something like "supernatural sending", and that this points to a connection to the Ragnhild Tregagás charm, where a valkyrie is also "sent forth".<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD34-37_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD34-37-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valkyrie-names">Valkyrie-names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Valkyrie-names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_valkyrie_names" title="List of valkyrie names">List of valkyrie names</a></div> <p>The Old Norse poems <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a></i> section of the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> book <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>, provide lists of valkyrie names. In addition, some valkyrie names appear solely outside of these lists, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sigr%C3%BAn" title="Sigrún">Sigrún</a></i> (who is attested in the poems <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_I" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana I">Helgakviða Hundingsbana I</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Helgakvi%C3%B0a_Hundingsbana_II" title="Helgakviða Hundingsbana II">Helgakviða Hundingsbana II</a></i>). Many valkyrie names emphasize associations with battle and, in many cases, on the spear—a weapon heavily associated with the god Odin.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON96_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON96-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars propose that the names of the valkyries themselves contain no individuality, but are rather descriptive of the traits and nature of war-goddesses, and are possibly the descriptive creations of <a href="/wiki/Skalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Skalds">skalds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON+SIMEK_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON+SIMEK-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some valkyrie names may be descriptive of the roles and abilities of the valkyries. The valkyrie name <i><a href="/wiki/Herja" title="Herja">Herja</a></i> has been theorised as pointing to a connection to the name of the goddess <i><a href="/wiki/Hariasa" title="Hariasa">Hariasa</a></i>, who is attested from a stone from 187 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK143AND131_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK143AND131-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i><a href="/wiki/Herfj%C3%B6tur" title="Herfjötur">Herfjötur</a></i> has been theorised as pointing to the ability of the valkyries to place fetters.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK142_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK142-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i><a href="/wiki/Svipul" title="Svipul">Svipul</a></i> may be descriptive of the influence the valkyries have over <a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">wyrd or ørlog</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">fate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK308_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK308-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_English_wælcyrge_and_Old_English_charms"><span id="Old_English_w.C3.A6lcyrge_and_Old_English_charms"></span>Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> and Old English charms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Old English wælcyrge and Old English charms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_Burial_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mound</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Richard North says that the description of a raven flying over the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> army (glossed as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wonn wælceaseg</i></span>) may have been directly influenced by the Old Norse concept of Valhalla, the usage of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De laudibus virginitatis</i></span> may represent a loan or loan-translation of Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">valkyrja</i></span>, but the Cotton Cleopatra A. iii and the <i>Corpus Glossary</i> instances "appear to show an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> conception of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wælcyrge</i></span> that was independent of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> influence".<sup id="cite_ref-NORTH106_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTH106-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a> charms mention figures that are theorised as representing an Anglo-Saxon notion of valkyries or valkyrie-like female beings; <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></span>, a charm to cure a sudden pain or stitch, and <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_Swarm_of_Bees" title="For a Swarm of Bees">For a Swarm of Bees</a></i>, a charm to keep <a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">honey bees</a> from <a href="/wiki/Swarming_(honey_bee)" title="Swarming (honey bee)">swarming</a>. In <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Wið færstice</i></span>, a sudden pain is attributed to a small, "shrieking" spear thrown with supernatural strength (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mægen</i></span>) by "fierce" loudly flying "mighty women" (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mihtigan wif</i></span>) who have ridden over a burial mound: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>They were loud, yes, loud,<br /> when they rode over the (burial) mound;<br /> they were fierce when they rode across the land.<br /> Shield yourself now, you can survive this strife.<br /> Out, little spear, if there is one here within.<br /> It stood under/behind lime-wood (i.e. a shield), under a light-coloured/light-weight shield,<br /> where those mighty women marshalled their powers, and they send shrieking spears.<sup id="cite_ref-HALL1-2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HALL1-2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Theories have been proposed that these figures are connected to valkyries.<sup id="cite_ref-GREENFIELD257_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREENFIELD257-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard North says that "though it is not clear what the poet takes these women to be, their female sex, riding in flight and throwing spears suggest that they were imagined in England as women being analogous to the later Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">valkyrjur</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-NORTH105_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORTH105-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> theorizes that <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Wið færstice</i></span> was originally a battle spell that had, over time, been reduced to evoke "a prosaic stitch in the side".<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON63_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON63-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of <i>For a Swarm of Bees</i>, the swarming bees are referred to as "victory-women" (Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sigewif</i></span>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Settle down, victory-women,<br /> never be wild and fly to the woods.<br /> Be as mindful of my welfare,<br /> as is each man of eating and of home.<sup id="cite_ref-GREENFIELD256_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREENFIELD256-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The term "victory women" has been theorised as pointing to an association with valkyries. This theory is not universally accepted, and the reference has also been theorised as a simple metaphor for the "victorious sword" (the stinging) of the bees.<sup id="cite_ref-GREENFIELD256_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GREENFIELD256-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merseburg_Incantation,_fetters,_dísir,_idisi_and_norns"><span id="Merseburg_Incantation.2C_fetters.2C_d.C3.ADsir.2C_idisi_and_norns"></span>Merseburg Incantation, fetters, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">idisi</i></span> and norns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Merseburg Incantation, fetters, dísir, idisi and norns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/220px-Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/330px-Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg/440px-Idise_by_Emil_Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption><i>Idise</i> (1905) by Emil Doepler</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the two <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <a href="/wiki/Merseburg_Incantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseburg Incantations">Merseburg Incantations</a> call upon female beings—<i><a href="/wiki/Idisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Idisi">Idisi</a></i>—to bind and hamper an army. The incantation reads: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Once the Idisi sat, sat here and there,<br /> some bound fetters, some hampered the army,<br /> some untied fetters:<br /> Escape from the fetters, flee from the enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK171-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The <i>Idisi</i> mentioned in the incantation are generally considered to be valkyries. Rudolf Simek says that "these Idisi are obviously a kind of valkyrie, as these also have the power to hamper enemies in Norse mythology" and points to a connection with the valkyrie name <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Herfj%C3%B6tur" title="Herfjötur">Herfjötur</a></i></span> (Old Norse "army-fetter").<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK171-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hilda R. Davidson compares the incantation to the Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Wið færstice</i></span> charm and theorises a similar role for them both.<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON63_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON63-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simek says that the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> term <i>Idisi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saxon language">Old Saxon</a>: <i lang="osx">idis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: <i lang="goh">itis</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">ides</i>) refers to a "dignified, well respected woman (married or unmarried), possibly a term for any woman, and therefore glosses exactly Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres and Matrones">matrona</a></i></span>" and that a link to the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span> is reasonable to assume, yet not undisputed. In addition, the place name <a href="/wiki/Idistaviso" title="Idistaviso">Idisiaviso</a> (meaning "plain of the Idisi") where forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> fought those commanded by <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Weser_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Weser River">Battle of the Weser River</a> in 16 AD. Simek points to a connection between the name <i>Idisiaviso</i>, the role of the Idisi in one of the two Merseburg Incantations and valkyries.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK171-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span>, Simek states that Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dís</i></span> appears commonly as simply a term for "woman", just as Old High German <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">itis</i></span>, Old Saxon <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">idis</i></span> and Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ides</i></span>, and may have also been used to denote a type of goddess. According to Simek, "several of the Eddic sources might lead us to conclude that the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span> were valkyrie-like guardians of the dead, and indeed in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%BAnarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Guðrúnarkviða">Guðrúnarkviða</a></i></span> I 19 the valkyries are even called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Herjans dísir</i></span> "Odin's <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span>". The <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span> are explicitly called dead women in <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Atlam%C3%A1l" title="Atlamál">Atlamál</a></i></span> 28 and a secondary belief that the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span> were the souls of dead women (see <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">fylgjur</a></i></span>) also underlies the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">landdísir</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Icelandic folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK61-62_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK61-62-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simek says that "as the function of the <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matrones" class="mw-redirect" title="Matres and Matrones">matrons</a> was also extremely varied—fertility goddess, personal guardians, but also warrior-goddesses—the belief in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dísir</i></span>, like the belief in the valkyries, norns and matrons, may be considered to be different manifestations of a belief in a number of female (half-?) goddesses."<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK61-62_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK61-62-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> states that, though the norns and valkyries are similar in nature, there is a fundamental difference between the two. Grimm states that a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">dís</i></span> can be both norn and a valkyrie, "but their functions are separate and usually the persons. The norns have to pronounce the fatum [fate], they sit on their chairs, or they roam through the country among mortals, fastening their threads. Nowhere is it said that they ride. The valkyrs <i>ride</i> to war, decide the issues of fighting, and conduct the fallen to heaven; their riding is like that of heroes and gods".<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM421_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM421-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_development">Origins and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Origins and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Nornen_(1889)_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/170px-Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/255px-Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/340px-Die_Nornen_%281889%29_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><i>The Norns</i> (1889) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Various theories have been proposed about the origins and development of the valkyries from Germanic paganism to later Norse mythology. Rudolf Simek suggests valkyries were probably originally viewed as "demons of the dead to whom warriors slain on the battlefield belonged", and that a shift in interpretation of the valkyries may have occurred "when the concept of Valhalla changed from a battlefield to a warrior's paradise". Simek says that this original concept was "superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Shieldmaiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Shieldmaiden">shield girls</a>—Irish female warriors who lived on like the <i>einherjar</i> in Valhall." Simek says that the valkyries were closely associated with Odin, and that this connection existed in an earlier role as "demons of death". Simek states that due to the shift of concept, the valkyries became popular figures in <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda#Heroic_lays" title="Poetic Edda">heroic poetry</a>, and during this transition were stripped of their "demonic characteristics and became more human, and therefore become capable of falling in love with mortals [...]." Simek says that the majority of the names of the valkyries point to a warlike function, that most of <a href="/wiki/List_of_valkyrie_names_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of valkyrie names in Norse mythology">valkyrie names</a> do not appear to be very old, and that the names "mostly come from poetic creativity rather than from real folk-belief."<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK349_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK349-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacLeod and Mees theorise that "the role of the corpse-choosing valkyries became increasingly confused in later Norse mythology with that of the <a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>, the supernatural females responsible for determining human destiny [...]."<sup id="cite_ref-MACLEOD39_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MACLEOD39-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> says that, regarding valkyries, "evidently an elaborate literary picture has been built up by generations of poets and storytellers, in which several conceptions can be discerned. We recognise something akin to Norns, spirits who decide destinies of men; to the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">seeresses</a>, who could protect men in battle with their spells; to the powerful female guardian spirits attached to certain families, bringing luck to youth under their protection; even to certain women who armed themselves and fought like men, for whom there is some historical evidence from the regions round the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>". She adds that there may also be a memory in this of a "priestess of the god of war, women who officiated at the sacrificial rites when captives were put to death after battle."<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON61_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON61-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson places emphasis on the fact that <i>valkyrie</i> literally means "chooser of the slain". She compares Wulfstan's mention of a "chooser of the slain" in his <i>Sermo Lupi ad Anglos</i> sermon, which appears among "a blacklist of sinners, witches and evildoers", to "all the other classes whom he [Wulfstan] mentions", and concludes as those "are human ones, it seems unlikely that he has introduced mythological figures as well." Davidson points out that <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Fadlan">Ibn Fadlan</a>'s detailed account of a 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' (people)">Rus</a> ship funeral on the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> features an "old <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnish</a> woman, massive and grim to look upon" (who Fadlan refers to as the "Angel of Death") who organises the killing of the slave girl, and has two other women with her that Fadlan refers to as her daughters. Davidson says that "it would hardly be surprising if strange legends grew up about such women, who must have been kept apart from their kind due to their gruesome duties. Since it was often decided by lot which prisoners should be killed, the idea that the god "chose" his victims, through the instrument of the priestesses, must have been a familiar one, apart from the obvious assumption that some were chosen to fall in war." Davidson says that it appears that from "early times" the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> "believed in fierce female spirits doing the command of the war god, stirring up disorder, taking part in battle, seizing and perhaps devouring the slain."<sup id="cite_ref-DAVIDSON61-62_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAVIDSON61-62-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freyja_and_Fólkvangr"><span id="Freyja_and_F.C3.B3lkvangr"></span>Freyja and Fólkvangr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Freyja and Fólkvangr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg/220px-Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg/330px-Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg/440px-Freya_by_C._E._Doepler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><i>Freya</i> (1882) by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Emil_Doepler" title="Carl Emil Doepler">Carl Emil Doepler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> and her afterlife field <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a>, where she receives half of the slain, has been theorized as connected to the valkyries. Britt-Mari Näsström points out the description in <i>Gylfaginning</i> where it is said of Freyja "whenever she rides into battle she takes half of the slain", and interprets <i>Fólkvangr</i> as "the field of the Warriors". Näsström notes that, just like Odin, Freyja receives slain heroes who have died on the battlefield, and that her house is <a href="/wiki/Sessrumnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessrumnir">Sessrumnir</a> (which she translates as "filled with many seats"), a dwelling that Näsström posits likely fills the same function as Valhalla. Näsström comments that "still, we must ask why there are two heroic paradises in the Old Norse view of afterlife. It might possibly be a consequence of different forms of initiation of warriors, where one part seemed to have belonged to Óðinn and the other to Freyja. These examples indicate that Freyja was a war-goddess, and she even appears as a valkyrie, literally 'the one who chooses the slain'."<sup id="cite_ref-NÄSSTRÖM61_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NÄSSTRÖM61-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Siegfried Andres Dobat comments that "in her mythological role as the chooser of half the fallen warriors for her death-realm Fólkvangr, the goddess Freyja, however, emerges as the mythological role-model for the Valkyrjar  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and the dísir".<sup id="cite_ref-DOBAT186_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOBAT186-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_art">Modern art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modern art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg/170px-Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg/255px-Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg/340px-Jugend-magazine-valkyrie-rheingold-advertisement-I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>A valkyrie examines a bottle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6hnlein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Söhnlein (page does not exist)">Söhnlein</a>'s "Rheingold" <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine#Sekt" title="Sparkling wine">sekt</a> in a 1908 <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Jugendstil</a> advertisement</figcaption></figure> <p>Valkyries have been the subjects of various poems, stories, works of art, and musical works. In poetry, valkyries appear in "<i>Die Walküren</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> by H. Heine (appearing in <i>Romanzero</i>, 1847), "<i>Die Walküren</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (1864) by H. v. Linge, and "<i>Sköldmon</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (appearing in <i>Gömda Land</i>, 1904).<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK349_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK349-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, they appear in <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> (1870), from which the "<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>" is the best-known theme. In literature, Valkyries make an appearance in <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a>'s fairy tale "The Marsh King's Daughter". </p><p>Works of art depicting valkyries include <i>Die Walküren</i> (sketch, 1818) by J. G. Sandberg, <i>Reitende Walküre</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>), previously located in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> palace but now destroyed, 1865–66 by M. Echter, <i>Valkyrien</i> and <i>Valkyriens død</i> (paintings, both from 1860), <i>Walkürenritt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, 1871) by A. Welti, <i>Walkürenritt</i> (<a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, 1871) by T. Pixis, <i>Walkürenritt</i> (1872) by A. Becker (reproduced in 1873 with the same title by A. v. Heyde), <i>Die Walkyren</i> (<a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, 1880) and <i>Walkyren wählen und wecken die gefallenen Helden (Einherier), um sie vom Schlachtfield nach Walhall zu geleiten</i> (painting, 1882) and <i>Walkyrenschlacht</i> (oil painting, 1884) by K. Ehrenberg, <i>Walkürenritt</i> (oil painting, 1888, and etching, 1890) by A. Welti, <i>Walküre</i> (statue) by H. Günther, <i>Walkürenritt</i> (oil painting) by H. Hendrich, <i>Walkürenritt</i> (painting) by F. Leeke, <i>Einherier</i> (painting, from around 1900), by K. Dielitz, <i>The Ride of the Valkyries</i> (painting, from around 1900) by J. C. Dollman, <i>Valkyrie</i> (statue, 1910) and <i>Walhalla-freeze</i> (located in the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, 1886–87), <i>Walkyrien</i> (print, 1915) by A. Kolb, and <i>Valkyrier</i> (drawing, 1925) by E. Hansen.<sup id="cite_ref-SIMEK349-350_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIMEK349-350-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin_Valkyrie" title="Aston Martin Valkyrie">Aston Martin Valkyrie</a>, a hybrid sports car launched by <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> in 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres#Keres_and_Valkyries" title="Keres">Keres § Keres and Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valravn" title="Valravn">Valravn</a>, a supernatural "raven of the slain" appearing in 19th century Danish folk songs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Valkyrie" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2636853929">"Valkyrie"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F2636853929">10.1093/OED/2636853929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valkyrie&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2636853929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2636853929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValkyrie" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Valkyrie">"Valkyrie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=Valkyrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FValkyrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValkyrie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD36LINDOW104-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD36LINDOW104_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard (1997:36) and Lindow (2001:104).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYOCK142-143-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYOCK142-143_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byock (2005:142–143).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OREL-442-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OREL-442_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orel (2003:442).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK254+349-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK254+349_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:254 and 349).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcTurk1991178-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcTurk1991178_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcTurk1991">McTurk 1991</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRONKE15ORCHARD193-195-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRONKE15ORCHARD193-195_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dronke (1997:15). Valkyrie name etymologies from Orchard (1995:193–195).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON57ORCHARD193-195-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON57ORCHARD193-195_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:57). Valkyrie name etymologies from Orchard (1995:193–195).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD83-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD83_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard (1997:83).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK251-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK251_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:251).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON102-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON102_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:102).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD81-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD81_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard (1997:81).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON125-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON125_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON128-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON128_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:128).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON129-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON129_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:129).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON130-131-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON130-131_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:130–131).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON116-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON116_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:116).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD194-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD194_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD194_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard (1997:194).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON116-117-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON116-117_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:116–117).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON119-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON119_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:119).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON120-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON120_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:120).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON121-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON121_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:121).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON122-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON122_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:122).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON132-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON132_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:132).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON133-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON133_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:133).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON133+281-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON133+281_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:133 and 281).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON135-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON135_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:135).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON141-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON141_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:141).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THORPE180-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THORPE180_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe (1907:180).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON166-167-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON166-167_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:166–167).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARRINGTON167-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LARRINGTON167_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larrington (1999:167).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYOCK44-45-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYOCK44-45_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byock (2005:44–45).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BYOCK67-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BYOCK67_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Byock (2005:67).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES68-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES68_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:68).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES69-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES69_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:69).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES94-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES94_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:94).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES102-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES102_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:102).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES117-119-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES117-119_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:117–119).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAULKES157-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAULKES157_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkes (1995:157).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JÓNSSON678-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JÓNSSON678_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jónsson (1973:678).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER54-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER54_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (1980:54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER54-57-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER54-57_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (1980:54–57).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER66-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER66_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER66_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (1980:66).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER68-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER68_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER68_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (1980:68).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER124-125-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER124-125_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (2007:124–125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER125-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER125_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (2007:125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER126-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER126_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (2007:126).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HOLLANDER126-127-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HOLLANDER126-127_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander (2007:126–127).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FINLAY58-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FINLAY58_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay (2004:58).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FINLAY59-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FINLAY59_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlay (2004:59).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACLEOD37-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD37_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLeod (2006:37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NORTH106-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORTH106_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORTH106_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORTH106_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">North (1997:106).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SILVERFIGURES-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SILVERFIGURES_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orchard (1997:172) and Lindow (2001:96).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LINDOW276-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LINDOW276_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindow (2001:276).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WESSEN621-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WESSEN621_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wessén & Jansson (1953–58:621).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KENNEDY-2013-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KENNEDY-2013_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANDRÉN11-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANDRÉN11_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrén (2006:11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACLEOD34-35-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD34-35_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLeod (2006:34–35).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACLEOD34-37-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD34-37_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD34-37_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLeod (2006:34–37).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON96-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON96_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson (1988:96).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON+SIMEK-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON+SIMEK_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples include Davidson (1988:96–97) and Simek (2007:349).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK143AND131-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK143AND131_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:143). For Hariasa, Simek (2007:131).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK142-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK142_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:142).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK308-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK308_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:308).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HALL1-2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HALL1-2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall (2007:1–2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREENFIELD257-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GREENFIELD257_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield (1996:257).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NORTH105-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NORTH105_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North (1997:105).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON63-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON63_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON63_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson (1990:63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GREENFIELD256-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GREENFIELD256_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GREENFIELD256_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenfield (1996:256).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK171-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK171_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:171).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK61-62-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK61-62_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK61-62_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:61–62).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM421-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM421_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1882:421).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK349-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK349_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK349_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:349).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MACLEOD39-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MACLEOD39_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacLeod (2006:39).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON61-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON61_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson (1990:61).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAVIDSON61-62-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAVIDSON61-62_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson (1990:61–62).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NÄSSTRÖM61-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NÄSSTRÖM61_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Näsström (1999:61).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOBAT186-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOBAT186_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobat (2006:186).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK349-350-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK349-350_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simek (2007:349–350).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Andrén, A.; Jennbert, K.; Raudvere, C. (2006) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC&pg=PA11">Old Norse Religion: Some Problems and Prospects</a>" in <i>Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions, an International Conference in Lund, Sweden, 3–7 June 2004</i>. Nordic Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X">91-89116-81-X</a></li> <li>Byock, Jesse (trans.) (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWgTAAAACAAJ">The Prose Edda</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044755-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044755-5">0-14-044755-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis</a> (1988). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RerIAAAAIAAJ">Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2579-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2579-6">0-7190-2579-6</a></li> <li>Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1990). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1faK2QkRvwC">Gods and Myths of Northern Europe</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013627-4">0-14-013627-4</a></li> <li>Dobat, Siegfried Andres (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjq6rvoIRpAC&pg=PA184">Bridging mythology and belief: Viking Age functional culture as a reflection of the belief in divine intervention</a>" in Andren, A.; Jennbert, K.; Raudvere, C. <i>Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes and Interactions, an International Conference in Lund, Sweden, 3–7 June 2004</i>. Nordic Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X" title="Special:BookSources/91-89116-81-X">91-89116-81-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Dronke, Ursula</a> (Trans.) (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDpcAAAAMAAJ">The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9">0-19-811181-9</a></li> <li>Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). <i>Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3">0-460-87616-3</a></li> <li>Finlay, Alison (2004). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SmJ8v1ENhg4C">Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway: A Translation with Introduction and Notes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13172-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13172-8">90-04-13172-8</a></li> <li>Friðriksdóttir, Jóhanna Katrín (2020) <i>Valkyrie: The Women of the Viking World</i> (Bloomsbury Academic) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788314770" title="Special:BookSources/9781788314770">9781788314770</a></li> <li>Greenfield, Stanley B.; Calder, Daniel Gillmore; Lapidge, Michael (1996). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kreGLK6VbqwC">A New Critical History of Old English Literature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3088-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3088-4">0-8147-3088-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a> (1882) translated by James Steven Stallybrass. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix by James Stallybrass</a></i>. Volume I. London: George Bell and Sons.</li> <li>Hall, Alaric (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1V2N0GAkHQC">Elves in Anglo-Saxon England</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-294-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-294-1">1-84383-294-1</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Maev (2013). "Flight of the valkyrie: the Viking figurine that's heading for Britain". <a href="/wiki/Theguardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theguardian.com">Theguardian.com</a>, Monday 4 March 2013. Online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/mar/04/viking-valkyrie-figurine-british-museum">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Hollander" title="Lee M. Hollander">Hollander, Lee Milton</a> (1980). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUzazIlboAcC">Old Norse Poems: The Most Important Nonskaldic Verse Not Included in the Poetic Edda</a></i>. Forgotten Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60506-715-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-60506-715-6">1-60506-715-6</a></li> <li>Hollander, Lee Milton (Trans.) (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC">Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73061-8">978-0-292-73061-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Finnur Jónsson">Finnur Jónsson</a> (1973). <i>Den Norsk-Islandske Skjaldedigtning</i>. Rosenkilde og Bagger. <span class="languageicon">(in Danish)</span></li> <li>Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBzuQZ4MCPIC">The Poetic Edda</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2">0-19-283946-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC">Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals and Beliefs</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0">0-19-515382-0</a></li> <li>MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC">Runic Amulets and Magic Objects</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84383-205-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84383-205-4">1-84383-205-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTurk1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_McTurk" title="Rory McTurk">McTurk, Rory W.</a> (1991). <i>Studies in Ragnars saga Loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues</i>. The Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature, Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907570-08-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-907570-08-9"><bdi>0-907570-08-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ragnars+saga+Lo%C3%B0br%C3%B3kar+and+its+Major+Scandinavian+Analogues&rft.pub=The+Society+for+the+Study+of+Medi%C3%A6val+Languages+and+Literature%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-907570-08-9&rft.aulast=McTurk&rft.aufirst=Rory+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValkyrie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Näsström, Britt-Mari (1999). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TU_H79-CtucC&pg=PA57">Freyja: The Trivalent Goddess</a>" in Sand, Reenberg Erik; Sørensen, Jørgen Podemann (1999). <i>Comparative Studies in History of Religions: Their Aim, Scrope and Validity</i>. Museum Tusculanum Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7289-533-0" title="Special:BookSources/87-7289-533-0">87-7289-533-0</a></li> <li>North, Richard (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_LKUIqNvPQC">Heathen Gods in Old English Literature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55183-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55183-8">0-521-55183-8</a></li> <li>Orchard, Andy (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5hbPHQAACAAJ">Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group" title="Orion Publishing Group">Cassell</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-34520-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-34520-2">0-304-34520-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir</a> (2003). <i>A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</i>. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004128751" title="Special:BookSources/9004128751">9004128751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007) translated by Angela Hall. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zni8GwAACAAJ">Dictionary of Northern Mythology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85991-513-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85991-513-1">0-85991-513-1</a></li> <li>Wessén, Elias; Sven B.F. Jansson (1953–58). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ0eOgAACAAJ">Sveriges runinskrifter: IX. Upplands runinskrifter del 4.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></i> Stockholm: Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0562-8016">0562-8016</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyblade_Burst" title="Beyblade Burst">Beyblade Burst</a> (2015-2022) - The Tops: Valkyrie, Victory Valkyrie, God Valkyrie, Winning Valkyrie, Cho-Z Valkyrie, Slash Valkyrie, Brave Valkyrie, Saviour Valkyrie and Ultimate Valkyrie</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valkyrie&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirav%C3%B6r" title="Geiravör">Geiravör</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ndul" title="Göndul">Göndul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnr" title="Gunnr">Gunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfj%C3%B6tur" title="Herfjötur">Herfjötur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herja" title="Herja">Herja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hla%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r_svanhv%C3%ADt" title="Hlaðguðr svanhvít">Hlaðguðr svanhvít</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildr" title="Hildr">Hildr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%B6r_alvitr" title="Hervör alvitr">Hervör alvitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%B6kk" title="Hlökk">Hlökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1ra" title="Kára">Kára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mist_(valkyrie)" title="Mist (valkyrie)">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ta" title="Róta">Róta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigr%C3%BAn" title="Sigrún">Sigrún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6gul_and_Geirsk%C3%B6gul" title="Skögul and Geirskögul">Skögul and Geirskögul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skuld" title="Skuld">Skuld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C3%A1fa" title="Sváfa">Sváfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svipul" title="Svipul">Svipul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_(black_and_white).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png/120px-Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png/180px-Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png/240px-Valkyrie_by_Robert_Engels_%28black_and_white%29.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">Poems about valkyries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darra%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Darraðarljóð">Darraðarljóð</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nafna%C3%BEulur" title="Nafnaþulur">Nafnaþulur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres and Matronae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_maiden" title="Swan maiden">Swan maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #d6dbbe"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Valkyries" title="Category:Valkyries">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#adadad"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Template talk:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death_in_Germanic_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death in Germanic mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Death in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel (mythological being)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valkyrie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel (location)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorxnawang" title="Neorxnawang">Neorxnawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draugr" title="Draugr">Draugr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">Burial practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogback_(sculpture)" title="Hogback (sculpture)">Hogback (sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism#In_funeral_and_burial" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horse burial in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#adadad;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death in Norse paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">Matres and Matronae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Rebirth in Germanic paganism">Rebirth in Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul#Etymology" title="Soul">Soul (etymology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swan_maiden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swan_Maiden" title="Template:Swan Maiden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Swan_Maiden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Swan Maiden (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swan_Maiden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swan Maiden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swan_maiden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Swan_maiden" title="Swan maiden">Swan maiden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main article</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swan_maiden" title="Swan maiden">Swan maiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supernatural<br />women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsara</a> (India) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urvashi" title="Urvashi">Urvashi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuru_no_Ongaeshi" title="Tsuru no Ongaeshi">The Crane Wife</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_Princess" title="Peacock Princess">Peacock Princess</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a> (Persia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a> (East Slavic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">Samodiva</a> (South Slavic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povitrulya" title="Povitrulya">Povitrulya</a> (Transcarpathian Ukrainian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereids#In_modern_folklore" title="Nereids">Neraida</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valkyrie</a> (Germanic) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lundarkvi%C3%B0a" title="Völundarkviða">Völundarkviða</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brunhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1ra" title="Kára">Kára</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a> (Norse and Celtic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goose_Wife_(Inuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Goose Wife (Inuit)">The Goose Wife</a> (Inuit)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tale types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ATU 313</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sea_Tsar_and_Vasilisa_the_Wise" title="The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise">The Sea Tsar and Vasilisa the Wise</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Kojata" title="King Kojata">King Kojata</a> (Slavic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Man_of_Knowledge" title="The Green Man of Knowledge">The Green Man of Knowledge</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_Who_Wanted_to_See_the_World" title="The Prince Who Wanted to See the World">The Prince Who Wanted to See the World</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Featherflight" title="Lady Featherflight">Lady Featherflight</a> (North America)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ATU 400</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Cowherd_and_the_Weaver_Girl" title="The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl">The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yong_and_the_Seventh_Fairy" title="Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy">Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanabata" title="Tanabata">Tanabata</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilseok" title="Chilseok">Chilseok</a> (Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohara" title="Manohara">Manohara</a> (Southeast Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_of_Basra" title="Hassan of Basra">Hassan of Basra</a> (Arabic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Swan_Queen" title="The Swan Queen">The Swan Queen</a> (Lithuania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Peahens_and_the_Golden_Apples" title="The Nine Peahens and the Golden Apples">The Nine Peahens and the Golden Apples</a> (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beautiful_Palace_East_of_the_Sun_and_North_of_the_Earth" title="The Beautiful Palace East of the Sun and North of the Earth">The Beautiful Palace East of the Sun and North of the Earth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_Lena_(Danish_fairy_tale)" title="Maid Lena (Danish fairy tale)">Maid Lena</a> (Denmark)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heavenly_Maiden_and_the_Woodcutter" title="The Heavenly Maiden and the Woodcutter">The Heavenly Maiden and the Woodcutter</a> (Korea)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ATU 465</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_I_Know_Not_Whither_and_Fetch_I_Know_Not_What" title="Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What">Go I Know Not Whither and Fetch I Know Not What</a> (Russia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagoromo_(play)" title="Hagoromo (play)">Hagoromo</a> (Noh play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Ireland%27s_Son" title="The King of Ireland's Son">The King of Ireland's Son</a> (fantasy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a> (ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Tsar_Saltan" title="The Tale of Tsar Saltan">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</a> (poem)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Notes:</b> "Tale types" refer to narratives of the international <a href="/wiki/Aarne%E2%80%93Thompson%E2%80%93Uther_Index" title="Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index">Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index</a> where the swan maiden (or other type of bird) appears.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131087#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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