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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_epithelium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_epithelium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Simple epithelium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_epithelium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratified_epithelium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratified_epithelium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stratified epithelium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratified_epithelium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basement_membrane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basement_membrane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basement membrane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basement_membrane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_junctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_junctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cell junctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_junctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_turnover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_turnover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cell turnover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_turnover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glandular_tissue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glandular_tissue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Glandular tissue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glandular_tissue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sensing the extracellular environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensing_the_extracellular_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_immune_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_immune_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Host immune response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_immune_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Etymology and pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epithelium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteelweefsel" title="Epiteelweefsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epiteelweefsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ظهارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظهارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteliu" title="Epiteliu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Epiteliu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel_toxumas%C4%B1" title="Epitel toxuması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Epitel toxuması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আবরণী কলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবরণী কলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Эпітэлій – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эпітэлій" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эпітэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпітэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Епителна тъкан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епителна тъкан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteli" title="Epiteli – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epiteli" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelov%C3%A1_tk%C3%A1%C5%88" title="Epitelová tkáň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epitelová tkáň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliwm" title="Epitheliwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Epitheliwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitela" title="Epitela – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Epitela" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithel" title="Epithel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epithel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteelkude" title="Epiteelkude – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Epiteelkude" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Επιθηλιακός ιστός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιθηλιακός ιστός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epitelio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epitelio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epitelio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بافت پوششی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بافت پوششی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pith%C3%A9lium" title="Épithélium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épithélium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eipit%C3%A9iliam" title="Eipitéiliam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eipitéiliam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epitelio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%94%BC_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="상피 조직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상피 조직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Էպիթելային հյուսվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպիթելային հյուսվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="उपकला ऊतक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपकला ऊतक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelio" title="Epitelio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Epitelio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_epitel" title="Jaringan epitel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jaringan epitel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelio" title="Epithelio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Epithelio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessuto_epiteliale" title="Tessuto epiteliale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tessuto epiteliale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9C" title="אפיתל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפיתל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_epitel" title="Jaringan epitel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jaringan epitel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ეპითელიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეპითელიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эпителий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эпителий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBke%C5%9Fe%C5%9Fane" title="Rûkeşeşane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûkeşeşane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epithelium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epit%C4%93lijaudi" title="Epitēlijaudi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epitēlijaudi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelinis_audinys" title="Epitelinis audinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epitelinis audinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1msz%C3%B6vet" title="Hámszövet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hámszövet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Епително ткиво – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Епително ткиво" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="എപ്പിത്തീലിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എപ്പിത്തീലിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelium" title="Epitelium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Epitelium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheel" title="Epitheel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epitheel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="上皮細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="上皮細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteliy" title="Epiteliy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epiteliy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="بشروي نسجونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشروي نسجونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithel" title="Epithel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Epithel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tkanka_nab%C5%82onkowa" title="Tkanka nabłonkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tkanka nabłonkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epit%C3%A9lio" title="Epitélio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epitélio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aesut_epitelial" title="Țesut epitelial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țesut epitelial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эпителий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпителий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epithelium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krovno_tkivo" title="Krovno tkivo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krovno tkivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%86%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شانەی پۆشەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانەی پۆشەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Епителско ткиво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епителско ткиво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitelsko_tkivo" title="Epitelsko tkivo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epitelsko tkivo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_Epitel" title="Jaringan Epitel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jaringan Epitel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiteelikudos" title="Epiteelikudos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epiteelikudos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel" title="Epitel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epitel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புறவணியிழையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறவணியிழையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эпителий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эпителий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఉపకళా కణజాలము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉపకళా కణజాలము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="เนื้อเยื่อบุผิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนื้อเยื่อบุผิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Бофтаи эпителӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бофтаи эпителӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitel_doku" title="Epitel doku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epitel doku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Епітелій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епітелій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="ظہارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ظہارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83u_m%C3%B4" title="Biểu mô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biểu mô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="上皮组织 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="上皮组织" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="上皮組織 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上皮組織" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="上皮組織 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上皮組織" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelial_tissue&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial tissue">Epithelial tissue</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tissue lining the surfaces of organs in animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about epithelium in animal anatomy. For the fungal structure of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Pileipellis" title="Pileipellis">Pileipellis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epithelium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:epithelium">epithelium</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squamous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:squamous">squamous</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:beige">Epithelium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_epithelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/250px-Illu_epithelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/375px-Illu_epithelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg/500px-Illu_epithelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="208" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Types of epithelium</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004848">D004848</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Histologica" title="Terminologia Histologica">TH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/PDF/TH%20Chapter%20H2.00.pdf">H2.00.02.0.00002 </a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma9639">9639</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_microanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of microanatomy">Anatomical terms of microanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41301" class="extiw" title="d:Q41301">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelial cell">Columnar epithelial cell</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">Stratified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">Pseudostratified</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Cuboidal_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuboidal epithelial cell">Cuboidal epithelial cell</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">Simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">Stratified</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specialised epithelia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_epithelium" title="Olfactory epithelium">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">Respiratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">Intestinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">Vaginal</a></li> <li>Germinal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(female)" title="Germinal epithelium (female)">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)" title="Germinal epithelium (male)">male</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_epithelia_of_human_organs" title="Table of epithelia of human organs">Table of epithelia of human organs</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelia_series" title="Template:Epithelia series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelia_series" title="Template talk:Epithelia series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelia_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelia series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Epithelium</b> or <b>epithelial tissue</b> is a thin, continuous, protective layer of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> with little <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, the outermost layer of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. Epithelial (<a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelial</a>) tissues line the outer surfaces of many internal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, the corresponding inner surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Body_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Body cavities">body cavities</a>, and the inner surfaces of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. Epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">muscle tissue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a>. These tissues also lack blood or lymph supply. The tissue is supplied by nerves. </p><p>There are three principal shapes of epithelial cell: squamous (scaly), columnar, and cuboidal. These can be arranged in a singular layer of cells as simple epithelium, either simple squamous, simple columnar, or simple cuboidal, or in layers of two or more cells deep as stratified (layered), or <i>compound</i>, either squamous, columnar or cuboidal. In some tissues, a layer of columnar cells may appear to be stratified due to the placement of the nuclei. This sort of tissue is called pseudostratified. All <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> are made up of epithelial cells. Functions of epithelial cells include <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>, filtration, <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a>, selective <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">germination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcellular_transport" title="Transcellular transport">transcellular transport</a>. Compound epithelium has protective functions. </p><p>Epithelial layers contain no blood vessels (<a href="/wiki/Avascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Avascular">avascular</a>), so they must receive nourishment via <a href="/wiki/Molecular_diffusion" title="Molecular diffusion">diffusion</a> of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurell_2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurell_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freshney_2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">Cell junctions</a> are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_epithelium">Simple epithelium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simple epithelium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simple_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple epithelium">Simple epithelium</a> is a single layer of cells with every cell in direct contact with the <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> that separates it from the underlying connective tissue. In general, it is found where absorption and filtration occur. The thinness of the epithelial barrier facilitates these processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb_1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, epithelial tissues are classified by the number of their layers and by the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">shape</a> and function of the cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurell_2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurell_2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb_1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar, classed by their shape. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Squamous </td> <td>Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates that can look polygonal when viewed from above.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their name comes from <i>squāma</i>, Latin for "scale" – as on fish or snake skin. The cells fit closely together in tissues, providing a smooth, low-friction surface over which fluids can move easily. The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and helps to identify the type of epithelium. Squamous cells tend to have horizontally flattened, nearly oval-shaped nuclei because of the thin, flattened form of the cell. Squamous epithelium is found lining surfaces such as <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a>, enabling simple passive diffusion as also found in the <a href="/wiki/Type_1_pneumocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 1 pneumocyte">alveolar epithelium</a> in the lungs. Specialized squamous epithelium also forms the lining of cavities such as in blood vessels (as <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelium</a>), and in other <a href="/wiki/Body_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Body cavities">body cavities</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuboidal </td> <td>Cuboidal epithelial cells have a cube-like shape and appear square in cross-section. The cell nucleus is large, spherical and is in the center of the cell. Cuboidal epithelium is commonly found in secretive tissue such as the <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a>, or in absorptive tissue such as the pancreas, the lining of the kidney tubules as well as in the ducts of the glands. The <a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(female)" title="Germinal epithelium (female)">germinal epithelium</a> that covers the female <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(male)" title="Germinal epithelium (male)">germinal epithelium</a> that lines the walls of the seminferous tubules in the testes are also of the cuboidal type. Cuboidal cells provide protection and may be active in pumping material in or out of the lumen, or passive depending on their location and specialisation. Simple cuboidal epithelium commonly differentiates to form the secretory and duct portions of glands.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stratified cuboidal epithelium protects areas such as the ducts of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat glands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eroschenko08_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroschenko08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Columnar </td> <td>Columnar epithelial cells are elongated and column-shaped and have a height of at least four times their width. Their nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines. The cells here may possess <a href="/wiki/Microvilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvilli">microvilli</a> for maximizing the surface area for absorption, and these microvilli may form a <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</a>. Other cells may be <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">ciliated</a> to move mucus in the function of <a href="/wiki/Mucociliary_clearance" title="Mucociliary clearance">mucociliary clearance</a>. Other ciliated cells are found in the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>, the uterus and <a href="/wiki/Central_canal" title="Central canal">central canal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. Some columnar cells are specialized for sensory reception such as in the nose, ears and the <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">Hair cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ears</a> have <a href="/wiki/Stereocilia_(inner_ear)" title="Stereocilia (inner ear)">stereocilia</a> which are similar to microvilli. <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">Goblet cells</a> are modified columnar cells and are found between the columnar epithelial cells of the duodenum. They secrete mucus, which acts as a lubricant. Single-layered non-ciliated columnar epithelium tends to indicate an absorptive function. Stratified columnar epithelium is rare but is found in <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)#Duct_system" title="Duct (anatomy)">lobar ducts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">salivary glands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex organs">sex organs</a>. This consists of a layer of cells resting on at least one other layer of epithelial cells, which can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudostratified epithelium">Pseudostratified</a> </td> <td>These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence "pseudo") impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section. <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Ciliated</a> pseudostratified epithelial cells have cilia. Cilia are capable of energy-dependent pulsatile beating in a certain direction through interaction of cytoskeletal microtubules and connecting structural proteins and enzymes. In the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>, the wafting effect produced causes mucus secreted locally by the goblet cells (to lubricate and to trap pathogens and particles) to flow in that direction (typically out of the body). Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg/600px-423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="962" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg/900px-423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/423_Table_04_02_Summary_of_Epithelial_Tissue_CellsN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>Summary showing different epithelial cells/tissues and their characteristics.</figcaption></figure> <p>By layer, epithelium is classed as either simple epithelium, only one cell thick (unilayered), or stratified epithelium having two or more cells in thickness, or multi-layered – as <a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">stratified squamous epithelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">stratified cuboidal epithelium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">stratified columnar epithelium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-van_Lommel_2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Lommel_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94, 97">: 94, 97 </span></sup> and both types of layering can be made up of any of the cell shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb_1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when taller simple columnar epithelial cells are viewed in cross section showing several nuclei appearing at different heights, they can be confused with stratified epithelia. This kind of epithelium is therefore described as <a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">pseudostratified columnar epithelium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional epithelium</a> has cells that can change from squamous to cuboidal, depending on the amount of tension on the epithelium.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratified_epithelium">Stratified epithelium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stratified epithelium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stratified or compound epithelium differs from simple epithelium in that it is multilayered. It is therefore found where body linings have to withstand mechanical or chemical insult such that layers can be abraded and lost without exposing subepithelial layers. Cells flatten as the layers become more apical, though in their most basal layers, the cells can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_&_tortora_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_&_tortora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stratified epithelia (of columnar, cuboidal, or squamous type) can have the following specializations:<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_&_tortora_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_&_tortora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Specialization </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">Keratinized</a> </td> <td>In this particular case, the most apical layers (exterior) of cells are dead and lose their nucleus and cytoplasm, instead contain a tough, resistant protein called keratin. This specialization makes the epithelium somewhat water-resistant, so is found in the mammalian skin. The lining of the oesophagus is an example of a non-keratinized or "moist" stratified epithelium.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_&_tortora_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_&_tortora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parakeratinized </td> <td>In this case, the most apical layers of cells are filled with keratin, but they still retain their nuclei. These nuclei are <a href="/wiki/Pyknotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyknotic">pyknotic</a>, meaning that they are highly condensed. Parakeratinized epithelium is sometimes found in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> and in the upper regions of the oesophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional</a> </td> <td>Transitional epithelia are found in tissues that stretch, and it can appear to be stratified cuboidal when the tissue is relaxed, or stratified squamous when the organ is distended and the tissue stretches. It is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">urothelium</a> since it is almost exclusively found in the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">bladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jenkins_&_tortora_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jenkins_&_tortora-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epithelial tissue cells can adopt shapes of varying complexity from <a href="/wiki/Polyhedron" title="Polyhedron">polyhedral</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scutoid" title="Scutoid">scutoidal</a> to punakoidal.<sup id="cite_ref-Iber_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iber-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are tightly packed and form a continuous sheet with almost no intercellular spaces. All epithelia is usually separated from underlying tissues by an extracellular fibrous basement membrane. The lining of the mouth, lung alveoli and kidney tubules are all made of epithelial tissue. The lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels are of a specialised form of epithelium called <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_breast_histology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/220px-Normal_breast_histology.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/330px-Normal_breast_histology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Normal_breast_histology.png/440px-Normal_breast_histology.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>Normal <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, with luminal epithelial cells annotated near bottom right.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Table_of_epithelia_of_human_organs" title="Table of epithelia of human organs">Table of epithelia of human organs</a></div> <p>Epithelium lines both the outside (<a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>) and the inside cavities and <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumina</a> of bodies. The outermost layer of <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">human skin</a> is composed of dead <a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelium">stratified squamous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">keratinized</a> epithelial cells.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tissues that line the inside of the mouth, the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> are composed of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">nonkeratinized</a> stratified squamous epithelium. Other surfaces that separate body cavities from the outside environment are lined by simple squamous, columnar, or pseudostratified epithelial cells. Other epithelial cells line the insides of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, the reproductive and urinary tracts, and make up the <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a>. The outer surface of the <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> is covered with fast-growing, easily regenerated epithelial cells. A specialised form of epithelium, <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a>, forms the inner lining of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and is known as vascular endothelium, and lining <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic vessels</a> as lymphatic endothelium. Another type, <a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelium</a>, forms the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">pleurae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In arthropods, the <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integument</a>, or external "skin", consists of a single layer of epithelial ectoderm from which arises the <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kristensen&Georges2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristensen&Georges2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an outer covering of <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, the rigidity of which varies as per its chemical composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basement_membrane">Basement membrane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basement membrane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basal surface of epithelial tissue rests on a <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> and the free/apical surface faces body fluid or outside. The basement membrane acts as a scaffolding on which epithelium can grow and regenerate after injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epithelial tissue has a <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve supply</a>, but no <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood supply</a> and must be nourished by substances diffusing from the blood vessels in the underlying tissue. The basement membrane acts as a selectively permeable membrane that determines which substances will be able to enter the epithelium.<sup id="cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freshney_2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">basal lamina</a> is made up of laminin (glycoproteins) secreted by epithelial cells. The <a href="/wiki/Reticular_lamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular lamina">reticular lamina</a> beneath the basal lamina is made up of collagen proteins secreted by <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_junctions">Cell junctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cell junctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cell_junctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell junctions">Cell junctions</a> are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. They consist of protein complexes and provide contact between neighbouring cells, between a cell and the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, or they build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the <a href="/wiki/Paracellular_transport" title="Paracellular transport">paracellular transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cell junctions are the contact points between plasma membrane and tissue cells. There are mainly 5 different types of cell junctions: <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">tight junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adherens_junction" title="Adherens junction">adherens junctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">desmosomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">hemidesmosomes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">gap junctions</a>. Tight junctions are a pair of trans-membrane protein fused on outer plasma membrane. Adherens junctions are a plaque (protein layer on the inside plasma membrane) which attaches both cells' microfilaments. Desmosomes attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein. Hemidesmosomes resemble desmosomes on a section. They are made up of the integrin (a transmembrane protein) instead of cadherin. They attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane. Gap junctions connect the cytoplasm of two cells and are made up of proteins called <a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">connexins</a> (six of which come together to make a connexion).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epithelial tissues are derived from all of the embryological <a href="/wiki/Germ_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ layers">germ layers</a>:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>from <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>);</li> <li>from <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> (e.g., the lining of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>);</li> <li>from <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> (e.g., the inner linings of <a href="/wiki/Body_cavities" class="mw-redirect" title="Body cavities">body cavities</a>).</li></ul> <p>However, <a href="/wiki/Pathologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologists">pathologists</a> do not consider <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">mesothelium</a> (both derived from mesoderm) to be true epithelium. This is because such tissues present very different pathology. For that reason, pathologists label cancers in endothelium and mesothelium <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcomas</a>, whereas true epithelial cancers are called <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinomas</a>. Additionally, the filaments that support these mesoderm-derived tissues are very distinct. Outside of the field of pathology, it is generally accepted that the epithelium arises from all three germ layers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_turnover">Cell turnover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cell turnover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epithelia turn over at some of the fastest rates in the body. For epithelial layers to maintain constant cell numbers essential to their functions, the number of cells that divide must match those that die. They do this mechanically. If there are too few of the cells, the stretch that they experience rapidly activates cell division.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, when too many cells accumulate, crowding triggers their death by activation epithelial <a href="/wiki/Cell_extrusion" title="Cell extrusion">cell extrusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, cells fated for elimination are seamlessly squeezed out by contracting a band of actin and myosin around and below the cell, preventing any gaps from forming that could disrupt their barriers. Failure to do so can result in aggressive tumors and their invasion by aberrant basal cell extrusion.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg/220px-405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg/330px-405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg/440px-405_Modes_of_Secretion_by_Glands_updated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Forms of secretion in glandular tissue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:406_Types_of_Glands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/406_Types_of_Glands.jpg/400px-406_Types_of_Glands.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/406_Types_of_Glands.jpg/600px-406_Types_of_Glands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/406_Types_of_Glands.jpg/800px-406_Types_of_Glands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Different characteristics of glands of the body</figcaption></figure> <p>Epithelial tissues have as their primary functions: </p> <ol><li>to protect the tissues that lie beneath from <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>, desiccation, <a href="/wiki/Toxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxins">toxins</a>, invasion by pathogens, and physical <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a></li> <li>the regulation and exchange of chemicals between the underlying tissues and a <a href="/wiki/Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">body cavity</a></li> <li>the secretion of hormones into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, as well as the secretion of sweat, mucus, enzymes, and other products that are delivered by ducts<sup id="cite_ref-van_Lommel_2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van_Lommel_2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 91">: 91 </span></sup></li> <li>to provide sensation<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Absorb water and digested food in the lining of digestive canal.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glandular_tissue">Glandular tissue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glandular tissue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glandular tissue is the type of epithelium that forms the <a href="/wiki/Glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Glands">glands</a> from the infolding of epithelium and subsequent growth in the underlying connective tissue. They may be specialized columnar or cuboidal tissues consisting of <a href="/wiki/Goblet_cell" title="Goblet cell">goblet cells</a>, which secrete <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>. There are two major classifications of glands: <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a>: </p> <ul><li>Endocrine glands secrete their product into the extracellular space where it is rapidly taken up by the circulatory system.</li> <li>Exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct that then delivers the product to the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of an organ or onto the free surface of the epithelium. Their secretions include <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> (sebum), <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestive_juices" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive juices">digestive juices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweat</a>, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensing_the_extracellular_environment">Sensing the extracellular environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sensing the extracellular environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>Some epithelial cells are <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">ciliated</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a>, and they commonly exist as a sheet of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_polarity" title="Epithelial polarity">polarised cells</a> forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a>." <a href="/wiki/Cilium#Non-motile_cilia" title="Cilium">Primary cilia</a> on epithelial cells provide chemosensation, <a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanosensation" title="Mechanosensation">mechanosensation</a> of the extracellular environment by playing "a sensory role mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a secretory role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams2008_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2008-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_immune_response">Host immune response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Host immune response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epithelial cells express many genes that encode <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">immune mediators</a> and proteins involved in <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell-cell communication</a> with hematopoietic immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity").<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the <a href="/wiki/Epigenome" title="Epigenome">epigenome</a> of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamydia_pneumoniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Chlamydia_pneumoniae.jpg/220px-Chlamydia_pneumoniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Chlamydia_pneumoniae.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Epithelial cell infected with <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_pneumoniae" title="Chlamydia pneumoniae">Chlamydia pneumoniae</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The slide shows at (1) an epithelial cell infected by <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i>; their <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_bodies" title="Inclusion bodies">inclusion bodies</a> shown at (3); an uninfected cell shown at (2) and (4) showing the difference between an infected <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a> and an uninfected cell nucleus. </p><p>Epithelium grown in culture can be identified by examining its morphological characteristics. Epithelial cells tend to cluster together, and have a "characteristic tight pavement-like appearance". But this is not always the case, such as when the cells are derived from a tumor. In these cases, it is often necessary to use certain biochemical markers to make a positive identification. The intermediate filament proteins in the <a href="/wiki/Cytokeratin" title="Cytokeratin">cytokeratin</a> group are almost exclusively found in epithelial cells, so they are often used for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freshney_2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p><p>Cancers originating from the epithelium are classified as <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">carcinomas</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">sarcomas</a> develop in <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRUK_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRUK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When epithelial cells or tissues are damaged from <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, sweat glands are also damaged, causing a frosty coating of the skin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>epithelium</i> uses the Greek roots ἐπί (<i>epi</i>), "on" or "upon", and θηλή (<i>thēlē</i>), "nipple". Epithelium is so called because the name was originally used to describe the translucent covering of small "nipples" of tissue on the <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word has both <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count</a> senses; the plural form is <b>epithelia</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogsquamos100x.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squamous epithelium 100×"><img alt="Squamous epithelium 100×" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogsquamos100x.jpg/120px-Dogsquamos100x.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogsquamos100x.jpg/180px-Dogsquamos100x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogsquamos100x.jpg/240px-Dogsquamos100x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squamous epithelium 100×</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheekcells_stained.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human cheek cells (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500×"><img alt="Human cheek cells (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500×" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cheekcells_stained.jpg/120px-Cheekcells_stained.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cheekcells_stained.jpg/180px-Cheekcells_stained.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cheekcells_stained.jpg/240px-Cheekcells_stained.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human cheek cells (nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium) 500×</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_urethra_histology.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium"><img alt="Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Female_urethra_histology.jpg/120px-Female_urethra_histology.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Female_urethra_histology.jpg/180px-Female_urethra_histology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Female_urethra_histology.jpg/240px-Female_urethra_histology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histology of female urethra showing transitional epithelium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium"><img alt="Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg/120px-Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg/180px-Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg/240px-Sweat_gland_histology_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Histology of sweat gland showing stratified cuboidal epithelium</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_cell" title="Dark cell">Dark cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial-mesenchymal_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial-mesenchymal transition">Epithelial-mesenchymal transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_polarity" title="Epithelial polarity">Epithelial polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycocalyx" title="Glycocalyx">Glycocalyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_enamel_epithelium" title="Inner enamel epithelium">Inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_enamel_epithelium" title="Outer enamel epithelium">outer enamel epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_pigment_epithelium" title="Iris pigment epithelium">Iris pigment epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepithelial_cell" title="Neuroepithelial cell">Neuroepithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">Retinal pigment epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulcular_epithelium" title="Sulcular epithelium">Sulcular epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eurell_2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eurell_2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eurell_2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEurellFrappier2006" class="citation book cs1">Eurell JA, Frappier BL, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnS4uiOlRT0C"><i>Dellmann's Textbook of Veterinary Histology</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4148-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-4148-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-4148-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dellmann%27s+Textbook+of+Veterinary+Histology&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-4148-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnS4uiOlRT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freshney_2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freshney_2002_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreshney2002" class="citation book cs1">Freshney RI (2002). "Introduction". In Freshney RI, Freshney M (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KqKNxeWlU6MC&pg=PA1"><i>Culture of epithelial cells</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-40121-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-40121-6"><bdi>978-0-471-40121-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Culture+of+epithelial+cells&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-471-40121-6&rft.aulast=Freshney&rft.aufirst=RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKqKNxeWlU6MC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb_1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_1995_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb1995" class="citation book cs1">Marieb EM (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805342949/page/103"><i>Human Anatomy and Physiology</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Benjamin/Cummings. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805342949/page/103">103–104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8053-4281-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8053-4281-8"><bdi>0-8053-4281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+and+Physiology&rft.pages=103-104&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Benjamin%2FCummings&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8053-4281-8&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=EM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780805342949%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatzer2008" class="citation book cs1">Platzer W (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T9bb4T422j8C&pg=PA8"><i>Color atlas of human anatomy: Locomotor system</i></a>. Thieme. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-533306-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-13-533306-9"><bdi>978-3-13-533306-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+atlas+of+human+anatomy%3A+Locomotor+system&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-13-533306-9&rft.aulast=Platzer&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT9bb4T422j8C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühnel2003" class="citation book cs1">Kühnel W (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUFAGmVN_aMC&pg=PA76"><i>Color atlas of cytology, histology, and microscopic anatomy</i></a>. Thieme. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-562404-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-13-562404-4"><bdi>978-3-13-562404-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+atlas+of+cytology%2C+histology%2C+and+microscopic+anatomy&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-13-562404-4&rft.aulast=K%C3%BChnel&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUFAGmVN_aMC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt" class="citation web cs1">Pratt R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anatomyone.com/a/simple-cuboidal-epithelium/">"Simple Cuboidal Epithelium"</a>. <i>AnatomyOne</i>. Amirsys, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnatomyOne&rft.atitle=Simple+Cuboidal+Epithelium&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anatomyone.com%2Fa%2Fsimple-cuboidal-epithelium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroschenko08-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eroschenko08_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEroschenko2008" class="citation book cs1">Eroschenko VP (2008). "Integumentary System". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/difioresatlashis00eros"><i>DiFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations</i></a></span>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/difioresatlashis00eros/page/n231">212</a>–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781770576" title="Special:BookSources/9780781770576"><bdi>9780781770576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integumentary+System&rft.btitle=DiFiore%27s+Atlas+of+Histology+with+Functional+Correlations&rft.pages=212-234&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780781770576&rft.aulast=Eroschenko&rft.aufirst=VP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdifioresatlashis00eros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Lommel_2002-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Lommel_2002_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Lommel_2002_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Lommel2002" class="citation book cs1">van Lommel AT (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvYjLNKLu9sC"><i>From cells to organs: a histology textbook and atlas</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7257-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7257-4"><bdi>978-1-4020-7257-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+cells+to+organs%3A+a+histology+textbook+and+atlas&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-7257-4&rft.aulast=van+Lommel&rft.aufirst=AT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvYjLNKLu9sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelfiAlley2000" class="citation book cs1">Melfi RC, Alley KE, eds. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/permarsoralembry0010melf"><i>Permar's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy: a textbook for students in dental hygiene</i></a></span>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/permarsoralembry0010melf/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30644-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-30644-6"><bdi>978-0-683-30644-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permar%27s+oral+embryology+and+microscopic+anatomy%3A+a+textbook+for+students+in+dental+hygiene&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-683-30644-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpermarsoralembry0010melf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt" class="citation web cs1">Pratt R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219035306/http://www.anatomyone.com/a/epithelial-cells/">"Epithelial Cells"</a>. <i>AnatomyOne</i>. 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Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7551-3"><bdi>978-1-4020-7551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+IVF+%3A+basic+research+and+clinical+applications&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-7551-3&rft.aulast=Van+Blerkom&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gregory%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Green H (September 2008). "The birth of therapy with cultured cells". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>30</b> (9): 897–903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20797">10.1002/bies.20797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18693268">18693268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+therapy+with+cultured+cells&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=897-903&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20797&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18693268&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKefalidesBorel2005" class="citation book cs1">Kefalides NA, Borel JP, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RM-FVY47NEgC"><i>Basement membranes: cell and molecular biology</i></a>. Gulf Professional Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-153356-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-153356-4"><bdi>978-0-12-153356-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basement+membranes%3A+cell+and+molecular+biology&rft.pub=Gulf+Professional+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-12-153356-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRM-FVY47NEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagpalPatelGibson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nagpal R, Patel A, Gibson MC (March 2008). "Epithelial topology". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 260–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20722">10.1002/bies.20722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18293365">18293365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Epithelial+topology&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=260-266&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20722&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18293365&rft.aulast=Nagpal&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Patel%2C+A&rft.au=Gibson%2C+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaguchiBrennerHearing2007" class="citation journal cs1">Yamaguchi Y, Brenner M, Hearing VJ (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R700026200">"The regulation of skin pigmentation"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>282</b> (38): 27557–27561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R700026200">10.1074/jbc.R700026200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17635904">17635904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+regulation+of+skin+pigmentation&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=27557-27561&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.R700026200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17635904&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Brenner%2C+M&rft.au=Hearing%2C+VJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.R700026200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpithelium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/epithelium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/epithelium">epithelium</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histology-world.com/photoalbum/thumbnails.php?album=1/">Epithelium Photomicrographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Histology at KUMC</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith02.htm">epithel-epith02</a></i> Simple squamous epithelium of the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a> (kidney)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206033928/http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/images/anatomy/Simple%20Squamous%20Epithelium%20400X.jpg">Diagrams of simple squamous epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Histology at KUMC</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith12.htm">epithel-epith12</a></i> Stratified squamous epithelium of the vagina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Histology at KUMC</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith14.htm">epithel-epith14</a></i> Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thin skin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">Histology at KUMC</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/epithel/epith15.htm">epithel-epith15</a></i> Stratified squamous epithelium of the skin (thick skin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122427/http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-1b/Cross_section_of_the_esophagou/Stratified_squamous_epithelium/stratified_squamous_epithelium.htm">Stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322155140/http://cellbio.utmb.edu/microanatomy/default.htm">Microanatomy Web Atlas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epithelial_tissue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Template:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Template talk:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelium_and_epithelial_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelium and epithelial tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epithelial_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epithelial</a> tissue</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squamous_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous epithelial cell">Squamous </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuboidal_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuboidal epithelial cell">Cuboidal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar epithelial cell">Columnar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simple" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Simple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_squamous_epithelium" title="Simple squamous epithelium">Simple squamous epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelium" title="Mesothelium">Mesothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Simple cuboidal epithelium">Simple cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium" title="Simple columnar epithelium">Simple columnar epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">stratified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_squamous_epithelium" title="Stratified squamous epithelium">Stratified squamous epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_cuboidal_epithelium" title="Stratified cuboidal epithelium">Stratified cuboidal epithelium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Stratified columnar epithelium">Stratified columnar epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium" title="Pseudostratified columnar epithelium">Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">Respiratory epithelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">Transitional epithelium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urothelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelium">Urothelium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merocrine" title="Merocrine">Merocrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccrine_sweat_gland" title="Eccrine sweat gland">Eccrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocrine" title="Apocrine">Apocrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocrine" title="Holocrine">Holocrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">Sebaceous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meibomian_gland" title="Meibomian gland">Meibomian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_gland" title="Tubular gland">Tubular gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_gland" title="Alveolar gland">Alveolar gland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">Serous glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">Mucous glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_cell" title="Myoepithelial cell">Myoepithelial cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serous_demilune" title="Serous demilune">Serous demilune</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">Ducts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intralobular_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralobular duct">Intralobular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated duct">Striated </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalated_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercalated duct">Intercalated </a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acinus" title="Acinus">Acinus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">Lobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Proteins_of_epithelium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epithelial_proteins" title="Template:Epithelial proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epithelial_proteins" title="Template talk:Epithelial proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epithelial proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Proteins_of_epithelium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Proteins of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">epithelium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lateral/<a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">cell–cell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule" title="Cell adhesion molecule">Cell adhesion molecules</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adherens_junction" title="Adherens junction">Adherens junction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadherin" title="Cadherin">Cadherin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">Desmosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmoglein" title="Desmoglein">Desmoglein</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channels</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Connexon" title="Connexon">Connexon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">Cytoskeleton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Desmosome" title="Desmosome">Desmosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplakin" title="Desmoplakin">Desmoplakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plakoglobin" title="Plakoglobin">Plakoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonofibril" title="Tonofibril">Tonofibril</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>other <a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">membrane proteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tight_junction" title="Tight junction">Tight junction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudin" title="Claudin">Claudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occludin" title="Occludin">Occludin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARVELD2" title="MARVELD2">MARVELD2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basal/<a href="/wiki/Cell_junction" title="Cell junction">cell–matrix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_lamina" title="Basal lamina">Basal lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemidesmosome" title="Hemidesmosome">Hemidesmosome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tonofibril" title="Tonofibril">Tonofibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_adhesion" title="Focal adhesion">Focal adhesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costamere" title="Costamere">Costamere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">Cilia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kinocilium" title="Kinocilium">Kinocilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvillus" title="Microvillus">Microvilli</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stereocilia" title="Stereocilia">Stereocilia</a> (<a href="/wiki/STRC" title="STRC">STRC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biological_tissues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biological_tissues" title="Template:Biological tissues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_tissues" title="Template talk:Biological tissues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_tissues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biological tissues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biological_tissues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Biological tissues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Animal_tissues" title="Tissue (biology)">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Epithelial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Plant_tissues" title="Tissue (biology)">Plants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Dermal tissue</i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulliform_cell" title="Bulliform cell">Bulliform cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_cell" title="Guard cell">Guard cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Pavement cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Subsidiary cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Periderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Periderm">Periderm</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phellem" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellem">Phellem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelloderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Phelloderm">Phelloderm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a></i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">Phloem</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion cell">Companion cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">Phloem fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phloem#Parenchyma_cells" title="Phloem">Phloem parenchyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieve tube">Sieve tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracheid" title="Tracheid">Tracheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">Vessel element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">Xylem parenchyma</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a></i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue#Parenchyma" title="Ground tissue">Parenchyma</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">Aerenchyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorenchyma">Chlorenchyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesophyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesophyll">Mesophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">Pith</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Collenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Collenchyma">Collenchyma</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sclerenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerenchyma">Sclerenchyma</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue#Fibers" title="Ground tissue">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclereid" title="Sclereid">Sclereid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristematic tissue</a></i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Meristem#Primary_meristems" title="Meristem">Primary</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground meristem">Ground meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procambium" class="mw-redirect" title="Procambium">Procambium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoderm" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoderm">Protoderm</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Meristem#Secondary_meristems" title="Meristem">Secondary</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork cambium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_cambium" title="Vascular cambium">Vascular cambium</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Mixed</i>: <b><a href="/wiki/Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">Cortex</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endodermis" title="Endodermis">Endodermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodermis" title="Exodermis">Exodermis</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stele_(biology)" title="Stele (biology)">Stele</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tissues_(biology)" title="Category:Tissues (biology)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41301#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4130937-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Epithelium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85044466">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Épithélium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946025g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Épithélium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946025g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="epitel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph883445&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552904805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=1254819558">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epithelium&oldid=1254819558</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epithelium" title="Category:Epithelium">Epithelium</a></li><li><a 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