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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glacial period</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Glacial_period" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Glacial_period" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span 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</li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glaciation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">Glaciation</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For longer glacial periods, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For film, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age (2002 film)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>glacial period</b> (alternatively <b>glacial</b> or <b>glaciation</b>) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> that is marked by colder temperatures and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> advances. <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacials</a>, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> ended about 15,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">greenhouse climate state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Quaternary_Period"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Quaternary Period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Penultimate_Glacial_Period"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Penultimate Glacial Period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Last_Glacial_Period"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Last Glacial Period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Next_glacial_period"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Next glacial period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Quaternary_Period">Quaternary Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quaternary Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">timeline of glaciation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/320px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/320px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" data-width="320" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/480px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/640px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Glacial and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> cycles as represented by atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years. The stage names are part of the North American and the European Alpine subdivisions. The correlation between both subdivisions is tentative.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, which started about 2.6 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">before present</a>, there have been a number of glacials and interglacials.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least eight glacial cycles have occurred in the last 740,000 years alone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Penultimate_Glacial_Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Penultimate Glacial Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></div> <p>The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial period that occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>. It began about 194,000 years ago and ended 135,000 years ago, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> interglacial.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Last_Glacial_Period">Last Glacial Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Last Glacial Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a></div> <p>The last glacial period was the most recent glacial period within the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, and began about 110,000 years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glaciations that occurred during the glacial period covered many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and have different names, depending on their geographic distributions: <i>Wisconsin</i> (in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>), <i>Devensian</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>), <i>Midlandian</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>), <i>Würm</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>), <i>Weichsel</i> (in northern <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>), <i>Dali</i> (in <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a>), <i>Beiye</i> (in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>), <i>Taibai</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) <i>Luoji Shan</i> (in southwest <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), <i>Zagunao</i> (in northwest <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), <i>Tianchi</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>) <i>Jomolungma</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>), and <i>Llanquihue</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>). The glacial advance reached the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> about 26,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the ice sheet reached <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. Over the last 650,000 years, there have been on average seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Next_glacial_period">Next glacial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Next glacial period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></div> <p>Since orbital variations are predictable,<sup id="cite_ref-Varadi2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varadi2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Work by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berger" title="André Berger">Berger</a> and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of heat trapping (greenhouse) gases being emitted into the Earth's oceans and its atmosphere may delay the next glacial period by an additional 50,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._SeveringhausE._Brook1999" class="citation journal cs1">J. 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"Climate: An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?". <i>Science</i>. <b>297</b> (5585): 1287–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1076120">10.1126/science.1076120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12193773">12193773</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128923481">128923481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate%3A+An+exceptionally+long+interglacial+ahead%3F&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=5585&rft.pages=1287-8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128923481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12193773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1076120&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Loutre%2C+MF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlacial+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyrrell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tyrrell, Toby (16 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fplankt%2Ffbm105">"Calcium Carbonate Cycling in Future Oceans and its Influence on Future Climates"</a>. <i>Journal of Plankton Research</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 141–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fplankt%2Ffbm105">10.1093/plankt/fbm105</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plankton+Research&rft.atitle=Calcium+Carbonate+Cycling+in+Future+Oceans+and+its+Influence+on+Future+Climates&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-156&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fplankt%2Ffbm105&rft.aulast=Tyrrell&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fplankt%252Ffbm105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlacial+period" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanopolskiWinkelmannSchellnhuber2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ganopolski, A.; <a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Winkelmann" title="Ricarda Winkelmann">Winkelmann, R.</a>; Schellnhuber, H. J. (14 January 2016). "Critical Insolation–CO2 Relation for Diagnosing Past and Future Glacial Inception". <i>Nature</i>. <b>529</b> (7585): 200–203. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..200G">2016Natur.529..200G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16494">10.1038/nature16494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26762457">26762457</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4466220">4466220</a>.</cite><span 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href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzeit" title="Kaltzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaltzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="دور جليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دور جليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzlaq_epoxalar%C4%B1" title="Buzlaq epoxaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buzlaq epoxaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হিম পর্যায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিম পর্যায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ледникова епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ледникова епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacijacija" title="Glacijacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glacijacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_glacial" title="Edat glacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat glacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C3%A1l" title="Glaciál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glaciál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzeit" title="Kaltzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaltzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παγετωνική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγετωνική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacialo" title="Glacialo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glacialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دوره یخچالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره یخچالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasiaal" title="Glasiaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Glasiaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oighri%C3%BA" title="Oighriú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oighriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%EA%B8%B0" title="빙기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սառցադաշտային ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սառցադաշտային ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oledba" title="Oledba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oledba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_glasial" title="Periode glasial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode glasial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6kulskei%C3%B0" title="Jökulskeið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jökulskeið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_glaciale" title="Periodo glaciale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo glaciale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მყინვარული ეპოქა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მყინვარული ეპოქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Мұз кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұз кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewlivans" title="Rewlivans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rewlivans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C3%A1lis" title="Glaciális – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glaciális" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глацијација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глацијација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoh_glasier" title="Tempoh glasier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempoh glasier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciaal_(tijdperk)" title="Glaciaal (tijdperk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glaciaal (tijdperk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B7%E6%9C%9F" title="氷期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="氷期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlodowacenie" title="Zlodowacenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zlodowacenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Glaciação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glaciação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ледниковая эпоха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ледниковая эпоха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation" title="Glaciation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glaciation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDadov%C3%A1_doba_(%C4%8Das%C5%A5_%C5%A1tvrtoh%C3%B4r)" title="Ľadová doba (časť štvrtohôr) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľadová doba (časť štvrtohôr)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Глацијација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глацијација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacijacija" title="Glacijacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glacijacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial" title="Glacial – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glacial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzul_d%C3%B6nemi" title="Buzul dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buzul dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Зледеніння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зледеніння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_b%C4%83ng_h%C3%A0" title="Thời kỳ băng hà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ băng hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="冰期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 April 2024, at 12:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a 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