CINXE.COM

Course: ENV 756a Modeling Geographic Objects | Yale School of the Environment

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1385874877",accountID:"3309498",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"VwUHWFJaABABVlNVDwQDUlUD",licenseKey:"NRJS-33fa039cc24e7449328",applicationID:"1227854412"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]);</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://environment.yale.edu/themes/yse/assets/css/theme.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://environment.yale.edu/themes/yse/assets/css/wysiwyg.css" /> <script src="https://environment.yale.edu/themes/orange/assets/js/dist/modernizr.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="https://environment.yale.edu/core/misc/modernizr-additional-tests.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-787834-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <!-- Global site tag (gtag.js) - Google Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-THKV4HP9QY"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-THKV4HP9QY'); </script> <!-- RESOURCES CODE --> <title>Course: ENV 756a Modeling Geographic Objects | Yale School of the Environment</title> <link href="/themes/default/css/eye-a600.css?r4" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/yse_assets/css/yse-icons-min.css"> <script src="/code/js/jquery/jquery-3.3.1.slim.min.js"></script> <!-- END RESOURCES CODE --> </head> <body> <div class="skip-link"> <a href="#main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main site navigation</a> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page page--yse-landing-general"> <header class="site-header"> <div class='site-header__menu-container site-header__sticky-container'> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="site-header__overflow-scroll-background"> <a class="site-header__logo" href="https://environment.yale.edu/"> <svg height="28" viewBox="0 0 510 28" width="510" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m60.0870228 15.8221538c0-2.0827692-1.2986084-3.9695384-3.1054617-3.9695384-1.9662181 0-3.3402018 1.5723077-3.8118358 4.0492308zm3.8527538 8.6476924c-2.2418763 2.044-4.0896475 3.3793846-7.3114025 3.3793846-4.128412 0-7.309249-3.2609231-7.309249-7.8206154 0-5.5827692 3.4198843-9.3950769 8.2525168-9.3950769 3.8915183 0 6.0515585 2.2012307 6.0515585 5.6990769v.7086154l-10.6106864-.0796923c-.0775288.432923-.1184468 1.1393846-.1184468 2.0052307 0 4.0083077 2.5153809 6.6424616 5.8577363 6.6424616 2.002829 0 3.0257793-.7064616 4.5978923-2.044zm-16.7419273 3.064923h-8.7263043v-.9046154c1.7680888-.1163076 2.2784871-.5104615 2.5929097-1.1781538v-20.36030769c0-1.33753846-.1959757-1.88676923-2.9073324-2.12153846v-.7883077l7.1908021-1.80707692.2368938.66769231-1.1392436 1.41507692v22.99446154c.3919515.7861538 1.1392436 1.0618462 2.7522747 1.1781538zm-16.0764713-8.1738461c-1.0207967.4695384-3.5361776 1.5723077-4.6388104 2.1215384-.1550577.6289231-.2735046 1.1803077-.2735046 2.044 0 1.1781539.6676097 2.3584616 1.9640646 2.3584616 1.1801616 0 1.8477712-.3941539 2.9094859-1.2190769zm6.9969799 6.2870769c-.865739 1.0230769-2.3990876 2.24-3.7730714 2.24-2.1234294 0-3.1442261-1.4516923-3.2239085-2.4747692-1.3352193 1.4150769-3.0645437 2.4747692-4.7163392 2.4747692-2.1212759 0-3.9302827-1.2966154-3.9302827-3.5366154 0-1.1006154.2756582-2.24.8269746-3.1446154l7.8196473-2.828v-2.9098461c0-1.7683077-.824821-3.4590769-2.5929098-3.4590769-1.0617147 0-2.0825114 1.2966153-2.1621939 3.3018461l-3.5383311.5901539v-.3941539c1.1801615-3.5366154 5.0716798-4.9129231 6.9582155-4.9129231 3.5770956 0 4.8713969 1.8867693 4.834786 4.7944616l-.1184468 8.2556923c-.0409181 1.6110769.8248209 2.0030769 1.6108775 2.0030769.6288452 0 1.2576904-.392 2.0049825-1.1393846zm-12.1052706-22.08984615c-2.1234294.0796923-3.4995668.78615384-4.5612815 2.59538461l-6.4822744 10.92646154v7.3489231c.7451385 1.7704615 2.6316742 2.0073846 4.440681 2.0849231v1.020923h-12.69319781v-1.020923c1.80469966-.0775385 4.00781151-.3532308 4.59573871-1.5335385v-7.5858462l-6.60287484-11.16338458c-1.13709-1.88676923-2.23972272-2.5156923-4.44068102-2.67292307v-1.02092308h11.04355586v1.02092308c-2.0803578.11846153-2.75012104.51046153-3.33804825.98430769l6.12908735 10.61199996 6.0127941-10.57323073c-.6288452-.47169231-1.4536662-.90461539-3.5361776-1.02307692v-1.02092308h9.4326784z"/><path d="m81.2954742 27.9052308c-2.0889722 0-3.8053751-.6052308-4.8520147-1.0446154l-.4694804-4.4110769h.7408314c.2347401 1.076923 1.0444861 2.492 1.9856003 3.1984615.6396131.4738462 1.8865357 1.1803077 2.9999363 1.1803077 2.1557331 0 3.2992839-1.3483077 3.2992839-2.8301539 0-1.8867692-1.2103117-2.3907692-3.2325229-3.232923-3.8053751-1.6175385-5.1535159-2.5953846-5.1535159-5.1541539 0-2.8646154 2.8642608-4.8181538 6.6674823-4.8181538 1.7853174 0 3.1679155.4716923 4.0767261.8766154v4.2775384h-.7063741c-.1012183-1.1458461-.5383949-2.492-1.51612-3.0993846-.3704157-.2347692-1.4149018-.9089231-2.5929098-.9089231-2.1234294 0-3.2023728 1.3138462-3.2023728 2.5932308 0 1.7187692.8786605 2.4252308 3.4715703 3.4375385 3.5361776 1.412923 4.9489257 2.5243077 4.9489257 5.0184615 0 3.0649231-2.8944109 4.9172308-6.4650457 4.9172308"/><path d="m106.451437 22.7532308-.908811 4.2086154c-1.953296.6073846-2.595063.9110769-5.6596068.9110769-5.3193415 0-9.1613274-3.8058462-9.1613274-8.6584616 0-4.9516923 4.0767261-8.3870769 9.2302419-8.3870769 2.5584523 0 3.9733543.4716923 5.9288043.9433846v4.4476923h-.710681c-.099065-1.148-.570699-2.4273846-1.513966-3.0326153-.469481-.3381539-1.649642-1.2793847-3.941051-1.2793847-3.6718531 0-5.7608253 3.0627693-5.7608253 6.7027693 0 4.7836923 2.6962816 8.1523077 6.9754443 8.1523077 1.378291 0 2.356016-.5729231 2.795346-.9433847 1.007875-.7753846 1.716403-1.988 1.953297-3.2006153z"/><path d="m128.325344 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.202437.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.459388.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256952-.3704616 2.457235-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.200283-.504-1.313684-.84-2.457235-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.145704.068923-2.256951.404923-2.459388.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.313683.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m138.169356 11.9387692c-2.42493 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256952 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.558453 0 4.95108-2.5953847 4.95108-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.493845-8.1523077-6.4672-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.190126 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143488-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.254734 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m158.664973 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.33146-8.624 5.254734 0 8.183602 3.6055384 8.183602 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m183.88985 27.5347692h-14.146864v-.740923c1.044486-.0667693 2.627367-.336 2.965479-1.1781539v-12.8692308c-.202436-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.459388-.8766153v-.7064616h8.047927v.7064616c-1.143551.068923-2.491692.4070769-2.694128.9110769v13.5089231l4.649578-.1356924c1.75086-.0667692 2.896565-1.7187692 2.931022-3.8726153h.706374z"/><path d="m201.745178 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256951 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.256887 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m225.876037 15.3073846h-.708528c-.101218-2.2572308-1.042332-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.637396v6.3667692l3.503874-.1356923c1.684099-.0667692 2.42493-.1012308 2.65967-1.988h.671917v5.5246154h-.706374c-.200283-2.0870769-.874353-2.1215385-2.625213-2.1215385l-3.503874-.0344615v5.4578461c.335958.8421539 1.817621 1.2126154 2.997783 1.2793847v.740923h-8.622933v-.740923c1.145704-.0667693 2.392627-.3015385 2.728585-1.1458462v-12.8003077c-.23474-.5707692-1.414901-.9089231-2.592909-.9412308v-.7430769h10.64299c.572852 0 1.14355-.0323077 1.513966-.168h.641767z"/><path d="m252.250925 15.8458462h-.671916c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.101155-3.3686154l-2.760889-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.299157v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234677-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763043.0323077c-1.849925.0344615-3.030086 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.639613c.335959.0990769.674071.2003077 1.51612.2003077h11.653019c.60731 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/><path d="m274.450023 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.200283.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.457235.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256951-.3704616 2.459388-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.84-2.459388-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.143551.068923-2.256952.404923-2.457235.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.180161.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.31153.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m291.191951 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.200282-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.708528 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.51612-.168h.607309v4.312h-.676224c-.101218-2.2572308-1.007875-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.459388-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.200283-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074573-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m315.212977 27.5347692h-8.65739l-5.827586.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.269134-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.493845-.8766153v-.7064616h10.645143c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513967-.168h.607309v4.312h-.67407c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.740767v6.0975384h3.503874c1.753013 0 2.459387-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.671917c-.202437-2.0547692-.775289-2.0870769-2.661824-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.068914.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074572-.0667693c1.718557-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.933176-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m337.069656 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.6073846-2.491692 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.066761 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.548423l-10.003377-12.2618462-1.113401-1.6498461.103372 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.133522 3.3686154.167979 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.457234-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m357.253003 11.8698462c-1.143551.068923-2.289255.5750769-2.659671 1.4495384l-5.963261 14.4846154h-1.884382l-5.086755-14.7193846c-.269198-.7753846-1.651796-1.1113846-2.829804-1.2147692v-.7064616h8.353735v.7064616c-1.145704.068923-2.356016.3726153-2.59291.9110769l3.973355 11.6889231 4.444988-11.3852308c-.23474-.6396923-1.54627-1.1458462-2.694128-1.2147692v-.7064616h6.938833z"/><path d="m367.344677 27.5347692h-8.151299v-.740923c1.212466-.0667693 2.424931-.4027693 2.627367-.9089231v-13.104c-.202436-.504-1.414901-.8421539-2.627367-.9110769v-.7064616h8.151299v.7064616c-1.212465.068923-2.424931.4070769-2.627367.9110769v13.104c.202436.5061538 1.414902.8421538 2.627367.9089231z"/><path d="m377.076703 12.1067692c-.370416 0-1.111247 0-1.649642.0344616v7.7150769h1.852078c2.526149 0 3.198066-1.7532308 3.198066-4.4132308 0-1.7855384-1.07679-3.3363077-3.400502-3.3363077zm11.351518 15.5636923-2.728586-.0344615c-2.526148-.0323077-2.65967.2024615-4.210248-1.7510769-1.819774-2.324-2.65967-3.8058462-3.503874-4.9516923h-2.558452v4.5467692c.335958.8421538 1.649642 1.2470769 2.793193 1.3138462v.740923h-8.418343v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.392627-.336 2.728585-1.1781539v-12.768c-.236893-.6052308-1.51612-.9089231-2.694128-.9778461v-.7064616c2.795347 0 4.647425-.1012308 7.610751-.1012308 4.210248 0 6.163544 1.3827693 6.163544 4.2796924 0 1.6153846-1.246922 3.3686153-3.200219 4.312l3.570635 4.7147692c.844203 1.1113846 1.651795 1.6843077 1.920993 1.8544615.605156.4027693 1.987754.6052308 2.627367.7064616z"/><path d="m396.725963 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491692-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329306-8.624 5.256888 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m427.110816 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224647.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068915 3.739077.170133 4.8504616h-1.548424l-10.00553-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681945 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526148-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101218-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.459388-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.716403-1.079077-2.896564-1.148v-.7064616h7.040051z"/><path d="m451.732691 27.5347692h-7.983319v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.493845-.4027693 2.696282-.9089231l-.506092-9.4316923-.034457-2.6966154-.807592 2.0547692-5.151363 11.7578462h-1.012182l-4.479445-12.2273846-.674071-2.0224616-.066761 1.82-.708527 10.5430769c.167979.5061539 1.414901 1.0446154 2.560606 1.1113847v.740923h-6.704093v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.293562-.6052308 2.595063-1.1113847l.706374-9.2292307c.068915-.9433846.202436-2.7633846.202436-2.8646154 0-.168 0-.5384616-.034457-.8421539-.269197-.4027692-1.143551-.8076923-2.289255-.8766153v-.7064616h5.760825l.839896 2.4596923 3.671854 10.1381539 4.212401-9.9033846 1.109094-2.6944616h5.155669v.7064616c-1.180162.068923-2.054515.4393846-2.291409.8443076v.6052308c0 .2692308.135676 2.2916923.16798 3.1338462l.538395 9.4316923c.303654.5061538 1.382598.8421538 2.526148.9089231z"/><path d="m468.341097 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.178008-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202436-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513966-.168h.609463v4.312h-.676223c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.457234-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.202437-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.671917.8766154l4.076726-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m490.202083 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224648.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068914 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.54627l-10.005531-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.315837-1.0101539-2.459387-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.185819l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.133522-4.3787692-.239047-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m508.761631 15.8458462h-.67407c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.099001-3.3686154l-2.763043-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.297003v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234676-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763042.0323077c-1.852079.0344615-3.03224 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.63746c.338112.0990769.67407.2003077 1.518273.2003077h11.653019c.605156 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/></g></svg> <span class="show-for-sr">Visit the Yale School of the Environment homepage</span> </a> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze mobile-menu-button" data-button-open-text="Open the main menu" data-button-close-text="Close the main menu" data-button-enable-at="0" data-button-open-class="mobile-menu-open" > <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="toggle-text show-for-sr"></span> </button> </div> <div class="site-header__main"> <div class="site-header__top"> <nav id="utility-menu" class="utility-menu"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/forest-school" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">The Forest School</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/giving" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Giving</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Alumni</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one"> <a href="https://resources.environment.yale.edu/calendar">Calendar</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one"> <a href="https://resources.environment.yale.edu/resources">YSE Resources</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="site-search"> <button class="site-search__toggle" data-button-open-text="Open the search panel" data-button-close-text="Close the search panel" data-button-enable-at="1024" data-button-open-class="search-panel-open"> <span class="toggle-text show-for-sr">Open the search panel</span> </button> <form class="search-form search-block-form oho-search-api-form" data-drupal-selector="oho-search-api-form-2" action="/search/all/list" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys-3" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" placeholder="Search&hellip;" type="text" id="ft" name="ft" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text"> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-keys-3--2"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Go" class="button js-form-submit form-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__bottom"> <nav id="main-menu" class="main-menu accessible-menu" data-menu-open-text="Open the %s menu quick" data-menu-close-text="Close the %s menu now" data-menu-link-text="%s Overview"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academics" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28">Academic Programs</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academics/masters" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Master鈥檚 Programs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academics/doctoral" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30">Doctoral Program</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academic-programs/certificate-programs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">Certificate Programs</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://resources.environment.yale.edu/courses">Courses</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academics/calendar" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/33">Academic Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Admissions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions/masters" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54">Master鈥檚 Admissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions/doctoral" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/55">Doctoral Admissions</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions/certificate-program-admissions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60">Certificate Program Admissions</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/campus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/185">Visit Campus</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions/why-choose-yse" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/216">Why Choose YSE?</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Learning Communities</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/business" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Business and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/climate-change" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Climate Change Science and Solutions</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/ecosystem" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">Ecosystem Management and Conservation</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/energy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/65">Energy and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/policy" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Environmental Policy Analysis</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/forestry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Forestry</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/industrial-ecology-and-green-chemistry" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68">Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/people-equity-and-environment" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69">People, Equity, and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/urban" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Urban</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities/water" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Water Resource Science and Management</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Research &amp; Impact</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/profiles/faculty" data-drupal-link-query="{&quot;facultytype&quot;:&quot;14&quot;}" data-drupal-link-system-path="profiles/faculty">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/research/explore" title="Search publications, news, and faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="research/explore">Explore Our Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/research/centers" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/86">Centers, Programs, and Initiatives</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/research/contacts" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/142">Research Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Student Experience</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/student-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/188">Student Life</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/careers">Career and Professional Development</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/campus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/185">YSE Campus and Virtual Tours</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/yale-campus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/186">Yale Campus</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/living-new-haven" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/187">Living in New Haven</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience/student-affairs" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/105">Student Affairs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item--expanded li--level-one"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">About</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/careers/for-employers">Hire Our Graduates</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/leadership" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/vision-and-mission" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Vision and Mission</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/strategic-plan" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Strategic Plan</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/diversity-equity-and-inclusion" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/58">Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/our-campus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/59">Our Campus</a> </li> <li class="li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">History</a> </li> <li class="menu-item--collapsed li--level-two"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2219">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="page-wrapper"> <main id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="block-yse-content"> <section class="hero section--global-spacing hero--img"> <div class="hero__background" style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"></div> <div class="grid-container"> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> </section> <div class="grid-container"> <!-- theme/layouts/two_column --> <div class="content contain two_column"> <div class="primary column col75"> <div class="content_pad"><!-- generated: 2024-11-23 03:33:19 pm --><div class="breadcrumbs_top"><span class="breadcrumbs_homelink"><a href="/" title="home">Home</a> &raquo; </span> <a href="/courses">Courses</a> &raquo; ENV 756a</div><!-- /.breadcumbs_top --><div class="course_detail" style="margin-top: 5px;"><h2>ENV 756a () / 2024-2025</h2> <h1>Modeling Geographic Objects</h1> <table width="100%"> <tr> <td width="70%" valign="top"> <!-- strong style="color:#930;">2024-2025</strong> <br --><strong>Credits:</strong> 3 <br><strong>Fall 2024:</strong> Th, 1:00-3:50, Bowers <br />&nbsp; </td> <td align="left" valign="top"> <br />&nbsp; </td> </tr> </table> <p> This course offers a broad and practical introduction to the nature and use of drawing-based (vector) geographic information systems (GIS) for the preparation, interpretation, and presentation of digital cartographic data. In contrast to ENV 755b, the course is oriented more toward discrete objects in geographical space (e.g., water bodies, land parcels, or structures) than the qualities of that space itself (e.g., proximity, density, or interspersion). Three hours lecture, problem sets. No previous experience is required.</p> </div><!-- course_detail --> <div class="related_links" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 50%;"><h2 class="visual_h3">Faculty</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/directory/faculty/charles-dana-tomlin/">Charles Dana Tomlin</a></li> </ul> </div> &nbsp;<br style='clear: both;' /> </div><!-- related links --> </div> </div> <div class="secondary column col25"> <div class="nav_c"> <ul> <!-- li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/all/">2024-2025 All FES Courses (by Number)</a></li> <li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/fall/">2024-2025 Fall Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/spring/">2024-2025 Spring Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/faculty/">2024-2025 By Faculty Member</a></li> <li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/subjects/">2024-2025 By Subject of Instruction</a></li --> <!-- li><a href="/courses/systems/">By System</a></li> <li><a href="/courses/perspectives/">By Perspective</a></li --> <!-- li><a href="/courses/2024-2025/types/">2024-2025 By Type</a></li --> <li><a href="https://courses.yale.edu/" title="Yale Course Information website">Yale Course Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://bulletin.yale.edu/" title="Yale Bulletins and course listings">Yale Academic Bulletins</a></li> <!-- li><a href="/courses/mem/">MEM Foundations and Integrative Frameworks Schedule</a></li --> </ul> </div><!-- .nav_c --> </div> </div><!-- /.content --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="sock"> <div class="sock__box blue--dark topographic-map"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>Connect with us</h2> </div> </div> <ul class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="https://apply.environment.yale.edu/register/inquiry/" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Request Information</span></a></li> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="https://apply.environment.yale.edu/portal/main-event-page" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Visit Virtually</span></a></li> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Apply</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="site-footer__primary grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell medium-6"> <a class="site-footer__logo" href="https://environment.yale.edu/"> <svg height="28" viewBox="0 0 510 28" width="510" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m60.0870228 15.8221538c0-2.0827692-1.2986084-3.9695384-3.1054617-3.9695384-1.9662181 0-3.3402018 1.5723077-3.8118358 4.0492308zm3.8527538 8.6476924c-2.2418763 2.044-4.0896475 3.3793846-7.3114025 3.3793846-4.128412 0-7.309249-3.2609231-7.309249-7.8206154 0-5.5827692 3.4198843-9.3950769 8.2525168-9.3950769 3.8915183 0 6.0515585 2.2012307 6.0515585 5.6990769v.7086154l-10.6106864-.0796923c-.0775288.432923-.1184468 1.1393846-.1184468 2.0052307 0 4.0083077 2.5153809 6.6424616 5.8577363 6.6424616 2.002829 0 3.0257793-.7064616 4.5978923-2.044zm-16.7419273 3.064923h-8.7263043v-.9046154c1.7680888-.1163076 2.2784871-.5104615 2.5929097-1.1781538v-20.36030769c0-1.33753846-.1959757-1.88676923-2.9073324-2.12153846v-.7883077l7.1908021-1.80707692.2368938.66769231-1.1392436 1.41507692v22.99446154c.3919515.7861538 1.1392436 1.0618462 2.7522747 1.1781538zm-16.0764713-8.1738461c-1.0207967.4695384-3.5361776 1.5723077-4.6388104 2.1215384-.1550577.6289231-.2735046 1.1803077-.2735046 2.044 0 1.1781539.6676097 2.3584616 1.9640646 2.3584616 1.1801616 0 1.8477712-.3941539 2.9094859-1.2190769zm6.9969799 6.2870769c-.865739 1.0230769-2.3990876 2.24-3.7730714 2.24-2.1234294 0-3.1442261-1.4516923-3.2239085-2.4747692-1.3352193 1.4150769-3.0645437 2.4747692-4.7163392 2.4747692-2.1212759 0-3.9302827-1.2966154-3.9302827-3.5366154 0-1.1006154.2756582-2.24.8269746-3.1446154l7.8196473-2.828v-2.9098461c0-1.7683077-.824821-3.4590769-2.5929098-3.4590769-1.0617147 0-2.0825114 1.2966153-2.1621939 3.3018461l-3.5383311.5901539v-.3941539c1.1801615-3.5366154 5.0716798-4.9129231 6.9582155-4.9129231 3.5770956 0 4.8713969 1.8867693 4.834786 4.7944616l-.1184468 8.2556923c-.0409181 1.6110769.8248209 2.0030769 1.6108775 2.0030769.6288452 0 1.2576904-.392 2.0049825-1.1393846zm-12.1052706-22.08984615c-2.1234294.0796923-3.4995668.78615384-4.5612815 2.59538461l-6.4822744 10.92646154v7.3489231c.7451385 1.7704615 2.6316742 2.0073846 4.440681 2.0849231v1.020923h-12.69319781v-1.020923c1.80469966-.0775385 4.00781151-.3532308 4.59573871-1.5335385v-7.5858462l-6.60287484-11.16338458c-1.13709-1.88676923-2.23972272-2.5156923-4.44068102-2.67292307v-1.02092308h11.04355586v1.02092308c-2.0803578.11846153-2.75012104.51046153-3.33804825.98430769l6.12908735 10.61199996 6.0127941-10.57323073c-.6288452-.47169231-1.4536662-.90461539-3.5361776-1.02307692v-1.02092308h9.4326784z"/><path d="m81.2954742 27.9052308c-2.0889722 0-3.8053751-.6052308-4.8520147-1.0446154l-.4694804-4.4110769h.7408314c.2347401 1.076923 1.0444861 2.492 1.9856003 3.1984615.6396131.4738462 1.8865357 1.1803077 2.9999363 1.1803077 2.1557331 0 3.2992839-1.3483077 3.2992839-2.8301539 0-1.8867692-1.2103117-2.3907692-3.2325229-3.232923-3.8053751-1.6175385-5.1535159-2.5953846-5.1535159-5.1541539 0-2.8646154 2.8642608-4.8181538 6.6674823-4.8181538 1.7853174 0 3.1679155.4716923 4.0767261.8766154v4.2775384h-.7063741c-.1012183-1.1458461-.5383949-2.492-1.51612-3.0993846-.3704157-.2347692-1.4149018-.9089231-2.5929098-.9089231-2.1234294 0-3.2023728 1.3138462-3.2023728 2.5932308 0 1.7187692.8786605 2.4252308 3.4715703 3.4375385 3.5361776 1.412923 4.9489257 2.5243077 4.9489257 5.0184615 0 3.0649231-2.8944109 4.9172308-6.4650457 4.9172308"/><path d="m106.451437 22.7532308-.908811 4.2086154c-1.953296.6073846-2.595063.9110769-5.6596068.9110769-5.3193415 0-9.1613274-3.8058462-9.1613274-8.6584616 0-4.9516923 4.0767261-8.3870769 9.2302419-8.3870769 2.5584523 0 3.9733543.4716923 5.9288043.9433846v4.4476923h-.710681c-.099065-1.148-.570699-2.4273846-1.513966-3.0326153-.469481-.3381539-1.649642-1.2793847-3.941051-1.2793847-3.6718531 0-5.7608253 3.0627693-5.7608253 6.7027693 0 4.7836923 2.6962816 8.1523077 6.9754443 8.1523077 1.378291 0 2.356016-.5729231 2.795346-.9433847 1.007875-.7753846 1.716403-1.988 1.953297-3.2006153z"/><path d="m128.325344 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.202437.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.459388.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256952-.3704616 2.457235-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.200283-.504-1.313684-.84-2.457235-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.145704.068923-2.256951.404923-2.459388.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.313683.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m138.169356 11.9387692c-2.42493 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256952 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.558453 0 4.95108-2.5953847 4.95108-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.493845-8.1523077-6.4672-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.190126 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143488-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.254734 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m158.664973 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.33146-8.624 5.254734 0 8.183602 3.6055384 8.183602 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m183.88985 27.5347692h-14.146864v-.740923c1.044486-.0667693 2.627367-.336 2.965479-1.1781539v-12.8692308c-.202436-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.459388-.8766153v-.7064616h8.047927v.7064616c-1.143551.068923-2.491692.4070769-2.694128.9110769v13.5089231l4.649578-.1356924c1.75086-.0667692 2.896565-1.7187692 2.931022-3.8726153h.706374z"/><path d="m201.745178 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256951 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.256887 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m225.876037 15.3073846h-.708528c-.101218-2.2572308-1.042332-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.637396v6.3667692l3.503874-.1356923c1.684099-.0667692 2.42493-.1012308 2.65967-1.988h.671917v5.5246154h-.706374c-.200283-2.0870769-.874353-2.1215385-2.625213-2.1215385l-3.503874-.0344615v5.4578461c.335958.8421539 1.817621 1.2126154 2.997783 1.2793847v.740923h-8.622933v-.740923c1.145704-.0667693 2.392627-.3015385 2.728585-1.1458462v-12.8003077c-.23474-.5707692-1.414901-.9089231-2.592909-.9412308v-.7430769h10.64299c.572852 0 1.14355-.0323077 1.513966-.168h.641767z"/><path d="m252.250925 15.8458462h-.671916c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.101155-3.3686154l-2.760889-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.299157v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234677-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763043.0323077c-1.849925.0344615-3.030086 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.639613c.335959.0990769.674071.2003077 1.51612.2003077h11.653019c.60731 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/><path d="m274.450023 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.200283.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.457235.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256951-.3704616 2.459388-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.84-2.459388-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.143551.068923-2.256952.404923-2.457235.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.180161.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.31153.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m291.191951 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.200282-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.708528 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.51612-.168h.607309v4.312h-.676224c-.101218-2.2572308-1.007875-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.459388-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.200283-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074573-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m315.212977 27.5347692h-8.65739l-5.827586.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.269134-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.493845-.8766153v-.7064616h10.645143c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513967-.168h.607309v4.312h-.67407c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.740767v6.0975384h3.503874c1.753013 0 2.459387-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.671917c-.202437-2.0547692-.775289-2.0870769-2.661824-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.068914.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074572-.0667693c1.718557-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.933176-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m337.069656 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.6073846-2.491692 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.066761 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.548423l-10.003377-12.2618462-1.113401-1.6498461.103372 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.133522 3.3686154.167979 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.457234-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m357.253003 11.8698462c-1.143551.068923-2.289255.5750769-2.659671 1.4495384l-5.963261 14.4846154h-1.884382l-5.086755-14.7193846c-.269198-.7753846-1.651796-1.1113846-2.829804-1.2147692v-.7064616h8.353735v.7064616c-1.145704.068923-2.356016.3726153-2.59291.9110769l3.973355 11.6889231 4.444988-11.3852308c-.23474-.6396923-1.54627-1.1458462-2.694128-1.2147692v-.7064616h6.938833z"/><path d="m367.344677 27.5347692h-8.151299v-.740923c1.212466-.0667693 2.424931-.4027693 2.627367-.9089231v-13.104c-.202436-.504-1.414901-.8421539-2.627367-.9110769v-.7064616h8.151299v.7064616c-1.212465.068923-2.424931.4070769-2.627367.9110769v13.104c.202436.5061538 1.414902.8421538 2.627367.9089231z"/><path d="m377.076703 12.1067692c-.370416 0-1.111247 0-1.649642.0344616v7.7150769h1.852078c2.526149 0 3.198066-1.7532308 3.198066-4.4132308 0-1.7855384-1.07679-3.3363077-3.400502-3.3363077zm11.351518 15.5636923-2.728586-.0344615c-2.526148-.0323077-2.65967.2024615-4.210248-1.7510769-1.819774-2.324-2.65967-3.8058462-3.503874-4.9516923h-2.558452v4.5467692c.335958.8421538 1.649642 1.2470769 2.793193 1.3138462v.740923h-8.418343v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.392627-.336 2.728585-1.1781539v-12.768c-.236893-.6052308-1.51612-.9089231-2.694128-.9778461v-.7064616c2.795347 0 4.647425-.1012308 7.610751-.1012308 4.210248 0 6.163544 1.3827693 6.163544 4.2796924 0 1.6153846-1.246922 3.3686153-3.200219 4.312l3.570635 4.7147692c.844203 1.1113846 1.651795 1.6843077 1.920993 1.8544615.605156.4027693 1.987754.6052308 2.627367.7064616z"/><path d="m396.725963 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491692-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329306-8.624 5.256888 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m427.110816 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224647.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068915 3.739077.170133 4.8504616h-1.548424l-10.00553-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681945 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526148-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101218-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.459388-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.716403-1.079077-2.896564-1.148v-.7064616h7.040051z"/><path d="m451.732691 27.5347692h-7.983319v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.493845-.4027693 2.696282-.9089231l-.506092-9.4316923-.034457-2.6966154-.807592 2.0547692-5.151363 11.7578462h-1.012182l-4.479445-12.2273846-.674071-2.0224616-.066761 1.82-.708527 10.5430769c.167979.5061539 1.414901 1.0446154 2.560606 1.1113847v.740923h-6.704093v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.293562-.6052308 2.595063-1.1113847l.706374-9.2292307c.068915-.9433846.202436-2.7633846.202436-2.8646154 0-.168 0-.5384616-.034457-.8421539-.269197-.4027692-1.143551-.8076923-2.289255-.8766153v-.7064616h5.760825l.839896 2.4596923 3.671854 10.1381539 4.212401-9.9033846 1.109094-2.6944616h5.155669v.7064616c-1.180162.068923-2.054515.4393846-2.291409.8443076v.6052308c0 .2692308.135676 2.2916923.16798 3.1338462l.538395 9.4316923c.303654.5061538 1.382598.8421538 2.526148.9089231z"/><path d="m468.341097 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.178008-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202436-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513966-.168h.609463v4.312h-.676223c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.457234-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.202437-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.671917.8766154l4.076726-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m490.202083 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224648.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068914 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.54627l-10.005531-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.315837-1.0101539-2.459387-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.185819l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.133522-4.3787692-.239047-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m508.761631 15.8458462h-.67407c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.099001-3.3686154l-2.763043-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.297003v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234676-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763042.0323077c-1.852079.0344615-3.03224 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.63746c.338112.0990769.67407.2003077 1.518273.2003077h11.653019c.605156 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/></g></svg> <span class="show-for-sr">Visit the Yale School of the Environment homepage</span> </a> <div class="site-footer__location"> <p>195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511</p> </div> <div class="site-footer__phone"> <p>(203) 432-5100</p> </div> <div class="site-footer__email"> <p><a href="mailto:admissions.yse@yale.edu">admissions.yse@yale.edu</a></p> </div> <div class="site-footer__social-media"> <h2 class="show-for-sr">Social Media Links</h2> <ul class="social-media"> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleEnvironment" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens Facebook in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">Facebook</span> <i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://twitter.com/YaleEnvironment" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens Twitter in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">Twitter</span> <i class="fab fa-twitter"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/5527901/" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens LinkedIn in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">LinkedIn</span> <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://instagram.com/EnvironmentYale" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens Instagram in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">Instagram</span> <i class="fab fa-instagram"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-3"> <nav class="site-footer__main"> <ul> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/academics">Academic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/learning-communities">Learning Communities</a></li> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/research">Research & Impact</a></li> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/student-experience">Student Experience</a></li> <li><a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about">About</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="cell medium-3"> <nav id="footer-col-third" class="footer-col-third site-footer__utility"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footerutil-menu" id="block-footerutil"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footerutil-menu">Footer Util</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="li--level-one menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about/contact/media" class="arrow-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2300">Media Inquiries</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/careers/for-employers" class="arrow-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/90">For Employers</a> </li> <li class="li--level-one menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/about#job-opportunities" class="arrow-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Job Opportunities</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__secondary grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell initial-12"><hr></div> <div class="cell medium-6"> <a href="https://subscribe.yale.edu/browse?search=yse+3" class="btn">Sign Up for Our Newsletter</a> </div> <div class="cell medium-6"> <p class="site-footer__copyright">Copyright 漏 2021, <a href="https://yale.edu">Yale University</a>. All rights reserved.</p> <div class="site-footer__bottom-links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script src="//kit.fontawesome.com/3eea39cd96.js"></script> <script> (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_66356571.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10