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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygenism_and_racial_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygenism_and_racial_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Polygenism and racial theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polygenism_and_racial_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Polygenism and racial theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Polygenism_and_racial_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asia hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embryology_and_recapitulation_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryology_and_recapitulation_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Embryology and recapitulation theory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Embryology_and_recapitulation_theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Embryology and recapitulation theory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Embryology_and_recapitulation_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Darwin,_Naturphilosophie_and_Lamarck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin,_Naturphilosophie_and_Lamarck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin,_Naturphilosophie_and_Lamarck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embryological_drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embryological_drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Embryological drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embryological_drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Monographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenger_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenger_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span><i>Challenger</i> reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenger_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_on_biology_and_its_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_on_biology_and_its_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Books on biology and its philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_on_biology_and_its_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Travel books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessments_of_potential_influence_on_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessments_of_potential_influence_on_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Assessments of potential influence on Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessments_of_potential_influence_on_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="إرنست هيكل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست هيكل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hekkel" title="Ernst Hekkel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernst Hekkel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ارنست هکل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست هکل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আর্নস্ট হেকেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্নস্ট হেকেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрнст Генрых Гекель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Генрых Гекель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ернст Хекел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Хекел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрнст Генрих Геккель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрнст Генрих Геккель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Ερνστ Χέκελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνστ Χέκελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ارنست هکل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست هکل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%97%A4%EC%BC%88" title="에른스트 헤켈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 헤켈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Էռնստ Հեկկել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Հեկկել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="एर्न्स्ट हेक्केल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एर्न्स्ट हेक्केल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9C" title="ארנסט הקל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט הקל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрнст Геккель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнст Геккель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Эрнст Геккель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эрнст Геккель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Haeckel" title="Ernestus Haeckel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Hekels" title="Ernsts Hekels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Hekels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ернст Хекел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Хекел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="ഏണസ്റ്റ് ഹെക്കൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഏണസ്റ്റ് ഹെക്കൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ერნსტ ჰეკელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერნსტ ჰეკელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84" title="ارنست هيكل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست هيكل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Эрнст Хеккел – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрнст Хеккел" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB" title="エルンスト・ヘッケル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・ヘッケル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅਰਨਸਟ ਹੈੱਕਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਨਸਟ ਹੈੱਕਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ارنسٹ ہیکل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ ہیکل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%84" title="ارنست هېکل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارنست هېکل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Геккель, Эрнст Генрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геккель, Эрнст Генрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ернст Хекел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернст Хекел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ernst Haeckel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German biologist, philosopher, physician, and artist (1834–1919)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Haeckel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Haeckel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Haeckel (disambiguation)">Haeckel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ernst Haeckel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg/220px-Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg/330px-Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg/440px-Ernst_Haeckel_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1956" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1834-02-16</span>)</span>16 February 1834<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-08-09)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Recapitulation theory</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Sethe, Agnes Huschke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wallace_Medal" title="Darwin–Wallace Medal">Darwin–Wallace Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Silver, 1908)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Zoology</li><li>Natural History</li><li>Eugenics</li><li>Philosophy</li><li>Marine Biology</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Haeckel</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">Author abbrev. (zoology)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Haeckel</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg/150px-Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg/225px-Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg/300px-Ernst_Haeckel_Signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛʁnst<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈhɛkl̩]</a></span>; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>, physician, professor, <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologist</a> and artist. He discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a <a href="/wiki/Genealogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical">genealogical</a> tree relating all life forms and coined many terms in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel promoted and popularised <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s work in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts_et_al.,_2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and developed the debunked but influential <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory" title="Recapitulation theory">recapitulation theory</a> ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"), falsely claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>, parallels and summarizes its species' evolutionary development, or <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>, using incorrectly redrawn images of human embryonic development, images which heavily influenced the public to believe in the theory of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-cam.ac.uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam.ac.uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether he intentionally falsified the images or drew them poorly by accident is a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-cam.ac.uk_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam.ac.uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour <a href="/wiki/Biological_illustration" title="Biological illustration">illustrations of animals and sea creatures</a>, collected in his <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> ("Art Forms of Nature"), a book which would go on to influence the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> artistic movement. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote <i>Die Welträthsel</i> (1895–1899; in English: <i>The Riddles of the Universe</i>, 1900), the genesis for the term "<a href="/wiki/World_riddle" title="World riddle">world riddle</a>" (<i>Welträtsel</i>); and <i>Freedom in Science and Teaching</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to support teaching evolution. </p><p>Haeckel promoted <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and embraced the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts_et_al.,_2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first person to characterize the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a> as the "first" World War, which he did as early as 1914. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg/170px-Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg/255px-Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg/340px-Ernst_Haeckel_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Christmas of 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Ernst Haeckel was born on 16 February 1834, in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, Haeckel completed studies at the <i>Domgymnasium</i>, the cathedral high-school of <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="WP:CIRCULAR (November 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He then studied medicine in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leydig" title="Franz Leydig">Franz Leydig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (with whom he later worked briefly as assistant), and with the anatomist-physiologist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1801–1858).<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Steudner" title="Hermann Steudner">Hermann Steudner</a> he attended <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> lectures in Würzburg. In 1857 Haeckel attained a doctorate in medicine, and afterwards he received the license to practice medicine. The occupation of physician appeared less worthwhile to Haeckel after contact with suffering patients.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haeckel studied under <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> for three years. In 1861 he earned a <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> and became a professor of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University at Jena</a>, where he remained for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Between 1859 and 1866, Haeckel worked on many phyla, such as <a href="/wiki/Radiolarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolarian">radiolarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poriferan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poriferan">poriferans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> (segmented worms).<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelUCB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, Haeckel named nearly 150 new species of radiolarians.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelUCB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1866 to 1867 Haeckel made an extended journey to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fol" title="Hermann Fol">Hermann Fol</a>. On 17 October 1866 he arrived in London. Over the next few days he met <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, and visited <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> and family at their home. On 21 October he visited <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a> in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867 he married Agnes Huschke. Their son Walter was born in 1868, their daughters Elizabeth in 1871 and Emma in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869 he traveled as a researcher to <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, in 1871 to <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (where he lived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Hvar" title="Hvar">Hvar</a> in a monastery),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1873 to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907 he had <a href="/wiki/Jena_Phyletisches_Museum" title="Jena Phyletisches Museum">a museum</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> to teach the public about <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. Haeckel retired from teaching in 1909, and in 1910 he withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Prussia">Evangelical Church of Prussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErnstHaeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ErnstHaeckel.jpg/170px-ErnstHaeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ErnstHaeckel.jpg/255px-ErnstHaeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ErnstHaeckel.jpg/340px-ErnstHaeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In later life</figcaption></figure> <p>On the occasion of his 80th birthday celebration he was presented with a two-volume work entitled <i>Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel)</i>, edited at the request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1864, his first wife, Anna Sethe, died. Haeckel dedicated some species of jellyfish that he found beautiful (such as <i>Desmonema annasethe</i>) to her.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Innes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haeckel's second wife, Agnes, died in 1915, and he became substantially frailer, breaking his leg and arm.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sold his "Villa Medusa" in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> in 1918 to the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Zeiss foundation">Carl Zeiss foundation</a>, which preserved his library.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel died on 9 August 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>Monism as Connecting Religion and Science</i> (1892), he argued in favor of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> as the view most compatible with the current scientific understanding of the natural world. His perspective of monism was pantheistic and impersonal. </p><blockquote><p>The monistic idea of God, which alone is compatible with our present knowledge of nature, recognizes the divine spirit in all things. It can never recognise in God a "personal being," or, in other words, an individual of limited extension in space, or even of human form. God is everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Haeckel became the most famous proponent of <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1906 Haeckel belonged to the founders of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monist_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monist League (page does not exist)">Monist League</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Monistenbund" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Monistenbund">Deutscher Monistenbund</a>), which took a stance against philosophical materialism and promote a "natural Weltanschauung".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization lasted until 1933 and included such notable members as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Arco" title="Georg von Arco">Georg von Arco</a> (1869–1940), <a href="/wiki/Helene_St%C3%B6cker" title="Helene Stöcker">Helene Stöcker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Arthur_Berendsohn" title="Walter Arthur Berendsohn">Walter Arthur Berendsohn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haeckel's affinity for the German <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic movement</a>, coupled with his acceptance of a form of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>, influenced his political beliefs. Rather than being a strict <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Darwinian</a>, Haeckel believed that the characteristics of an organism were acquired through interactions with the environment and that <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> reflected <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>. He saw the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> as instances of "applied biology", and that phrase was picked up and used for Nazi propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelUCB-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the first person to use the term "first world war" about <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shapiro329_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro329-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Haeckel's books were banned by the Nazi Party, which refused Monism and Haeckel's freedom of thought. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that Haeckel had often overtly recognized the great contribution of educated Jews to the German culture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg/170px-Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg/255px-Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg/340px-Haeckel_Actiniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="4615" /></a><figcaption>Sea anemones from Ernst Haeckel's <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (Art forms of Nature) of 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>Haeckel was a <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a>, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a>. Although Haeckel's ideas are important to the history of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a>, and although he was a competent <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomist">anatomist</a> most famous for his work on <a href="/wiki/Radiolaria" title="Radiolaria">radiolaria</a>, many speculative concepts that he championed are now considered incorrect. For example, Haeckel described and named hypothetical ancestral <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> that have never been found.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the first to consider <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. He also proposed the kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1866. His chief interests lay in <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and life development processes in general, including development of nonrandom form, which culminated in the beautifully illustrated <i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (<i>Art forms of nature</i>). Haeckel did not support <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, rather believing in <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg/370px-Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg/555px-Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg/740px-Haeckel_vs_von_Baer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Embryology theories of Ernst Haeckel and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> compared</figcaption></figure> <p>Haeckel advanced a version of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory" title="Recapitulation theory">recapitulation theory</a> previously set out by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Serres" title="Étienne Serres">Étienne Serres</a> in the 1820s and supported by followers of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a> including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It proposed a link between <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> (development of form) and <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> (evolutionary descent), summed up by Haeckel in the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Ontogeny_recapitulates_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny">ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny</a>". His concept of recapitulation has been refuted in the form he gave it (now called "strong recapitulation"), in favour of the ideas <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer#Baer's_laws_(embryology)" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">first advanced by Karl Ernst von Baer</a>. The strong recapitulation hypothesis views ontogeny as repeating forms of adult ancestors, while weak recapitulation means that what is repeated (and built upon) is the ancestral embryonic development process.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel supported the theory with <a href="/wiki/Embryo_drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryo drawings">embryo drawings</a> that have since been shown to be oversimplified and in part inaccurate, and the theory is now considered an oversimplification of quite complicated relationships, however comparison of embryos<sup id="cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watts_et_al.,_2019-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains a powerful way to demonstrate that all animals are related. Haeckel introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">heterochrony</a>, the change in timing of <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a> over the course of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Horder_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horder-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2003_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2003-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg/170px-Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg/255px-Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg/340px-Ernst_Haeckel_and_von_Miclucho-Maclay_1866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Haeckel (left) with <a href="/wiki/Nicholai_Miklukho-Maklai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai">Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai</a>, his assistant, in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a>, 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg/220px-Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg/330px-Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg/440px-Pithecanthropus_Alalus.1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of two ''P. alalus'', speculative species</figcaption></figure> <p>Haeckel was a flamboyant figure, who sometimes took great, non-scientific leaps from available evidence. For example, at the time when Darwin published <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species_by_Means_of_Natural_Selection" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection">On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection</a></i> (1859), Haeckel postulated that evidence of human evolution would be found in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>). At that time, no remains of human ancestors had yet been identified. He described these theoretical remains in great detail and even named the as-yet unfound species, <i>Pithecanthropus alalus</i>, and instructed his students such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hertwig" title="Richard Hertwig">Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Hertwig" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Hertwig">Oskar Hertwig</a> to go and find it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One student did find some remains: a Dutchman named <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dubois" title="Eugène Dubois">Eugène Dubois</a> searched the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> from 1887 to 1895, discovering the remains of <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a> in 1891, consisting of a skullcap, thighbone, and a few teeth. These remains are among the oldest hominid remains ever found. Dubois classified Java Man with Haeckel's <i>Pithecanthropus</i> label, though they were later reclassified as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>. Some scientists of the day suggested<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubois' Java Man as a potential intermediate form between modern humans and the common ancestor we share with the other <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a>. The current consensus of anthropologists is that the direct ancestors of modern humans were African populations of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (possibly <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i>), rather than the Asian populations exemplified by Java Man and <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>. (Ironically, a new human species, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>, a dwarf human type, has recently been discovered in the island of Flores).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polygenism_and_racial_theory">Polygenism and racial theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polygenism and racial theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>, which presented human <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">races</a> as separately created <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, who argued for the <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> species and the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">African origin of modern humans</a>. Haeckel put forward a racist<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist <a href="/wiki/August_Schleicher" title="August Schleicher">August Schleicher</a>, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman <i>Urmenschen</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">proto-humans</i>), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved – in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckian</a> use-inheritance – as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. From this, Haeckel drew the implication that languages with the most potential yield the human races with the most potential, led by the Semitic and Indo-Germanic groups, with Berber, Jewish, Greco-Roman and Germanic varieties to the fore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008259–260_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008259–260-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Haeckel stated:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We must mention here one of the most important results of the comparative study of languages, which for the Stammbaum of the species of men is of the highest significance, namely that human languages probably had a multiple or polyphyletic origin. Human language as such probably developed only after the species of speechless <i>Urmenschen</i> or <i>Affenmenschen</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">ape-men</i>) had split into several species or kinds. With each of these human species, language developed on its own and independently of the others. At least this is the view of Schleicher, one of the foremost authorities on this subject. ... If one views the origin of the branches of language as the special and principal act of becoming human, and the species of humankind as distinguished according to their language stem, then one can say that the different species of men arose independently of one another.</p></blockquote> <p>Haeckel's view can be seen as a forerunner of the views of <a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton Coon</a>, who also believed that human races evolved independently and in parallel with each other. These ideas eventually fell from favour.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haeckel also applied the hypothesis of polygenism to the modern diversity of human groups. He became a key figure in <a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">social darwinism</a> and leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, stating for instance:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Caucasian, or Mediterranean man (<i>Homo Mediterraneus</i>), has from time immemorial been placed at the head of all the races of men, as the most highly developed and perfect. It is generally called the Caucasian race, but as, among all the varieties of the species, the Caucasian branch is the least important, we prefer the much more suitable appellation proposed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCller_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Müller (linguist)">Friedrich Müller</a>, namely, that of <i>Mediterranese</i>. For the most important varieties of this species, which are moreover the most eminent actors in what is called "Universal History", first rose to a flourishing condition on the shores of the Mediterranean. ... This species alone (with the exception of the Mongolian) has had an actual history; it alone has attained to that degree of civilisation which seems to raise men above the rest of nature.</p></blockquote> <p>Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a> was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, 'Negroes' were savages and Whites were the most civilised: for instance, he claimed that '[t]he Negro' had stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race, which, he argued, was evidence of their being less evolved, and which led him to compare them to <span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"four-handed" Apes'.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahoda_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahoda-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)">Ontogeny and Phylogeny</a></i> Harvard paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> wrote: "[Haeckel's] evolutionary racism; his call to the German people for racial purity and unflinching devotion to a 'just' state; his belief that harsh, inexorable laws of evolution ruled human civilization and nature alike, conferring upon favored races the right to dominate others ... all contributed to the rise of Nazism."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party</a> ideologue <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>'s 1930 book, <i>[The Myth of the Twentieth Century]</i>, Peter Peel affirms that Rosenberg had indeed read Haeckel.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same line of thought, historian <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gasman" title="Daniel Gasman">Daniel Gasman</a> states that Haeckel's ideology stimulated the birth of <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascist</a> ideology in Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 2009 <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. Richards">Robert J. Richards</a> noted: "Haeckel, on his travels to Ceylon and Indonesia, often formed closer and more intimate relations with natives, even members of the untouchable classes, than with the European colonials." and says the Nazis rejected Haeckel, since he opposed antisemitism, while supporting ideas they disliked (for instance atheism, feminism, internationalism, pacifism etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jena_Declaration" title="Jena Declaration">Jena Declaration</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/German_Zoological_Society" title="German Zoological Society">German Zoological Society</a>, rejects the idea of human "<a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</a>" and distances itself from the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">racial theories</a> of Ernst Haeckel and other 20th century scientists. It claims that <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variation</a> between <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">human populations</a> is smaller than within them, demonstrating that the biological concept of "races" is invalid. The statement highlights that there are no specific <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic markers</a> that match with conventional racial <a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">categorizations</a>. It also indicates that the idea of "races" is based on <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> rather than any <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> factuality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_hypothesis">Asia hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Haeckel_1882.jpg/220px-Haeckel_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Haeckel_1882.jpg/330px-Haeckel_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Haeckel_1882.jpg/440px-Haeckel_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Haeckel in Ceylon, 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Haeckel claimed the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia: he believed that <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a> (Indian subcontinent) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haeckel later claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil#Missing_links" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a> was to be found on the lost continent of <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a> located in the Indian Ocean. He believed that Lemuria was the home of the first humans and that Asia was the home of many of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>; he thus supported that Asia was the cradle of hominid evolution. Haeckel also claimed that Lemuria connected Asia and Africa, which allowed the <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration of humans</a> to the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Haeckel's book <i>The History of Creation</i> (1884) he included <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> routes which he thought the first humans had used outside of Lemuria.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embryology_and_recapitulation_theory">Embryology and recapitulation theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Embryology and recapitulation theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory" title="Recapitulation theory">Recapitulation theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg/220px-Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg/330px-Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg/440px-Haeckel-embryos-weeks4-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations of dog and human embryos, looking almost identical at 4 weeks then differing at 6 weeks, shown above a 6-week turtle embryo and 8-day hen embryo, presented by Haeckel in 1868 as convincing proof of evolution. The pictures of the earliest embryonic stages are now considered inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When Haeckel was a student in the 1850s he showed great interest in <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>, attending the rather unpopular lectures twice and in his notes sketched the visual aids: textbooks had few illustrations, and large format plates were used to show students how to see the tiny forms under a reflecting microscope, with the translucent tissues seen against a black background. Developmental series were used to show stages within a species, but inconsistent views and stages made it even more difficult to compare different species. It was agreed by all European evolutionists that all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> looked very similar at an early stage, in what was thought of as a common ideal type, but there was a continuing debate from the 1820s between the Romantic <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory" title="Recapitulation theory">recapitulation theory</a> that human embryos developed through stages of the forms of all the major groups of adult animals, literally manifesting a sequence of organisms on a <a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">linear chain of being</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a>'s opposing view, stated in <a href="/wiki/Von_Baer%27s_laws_(embryology)" title="Von Baer's laws (embryology)">von Baer's laws of embryology</a>, that the early general forms diverged into four major groups of specialised forms without ever resembling the adult of another species, showing affinity to an <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> but no relation to other types or any <a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transmutation of species</a>. By the time Haeckel was teaching he was able to use a textbook with woodcut illustrations written by his own teacher <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>, which purported to explain human development while also using other mammalian embryos to claim a coherent sequence. Despite the significance to ideas of transformism, this was not really polite enough for the new popular science writing, and was a matter for medical institutions and for experts who could make their own comparisons.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 264–267">: 264–267 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin,_Naturphilosophie_and_Lamarck"><span id="Darwin.2C_Naturphilosophie_and_Lamarck"></span>Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Darwin, Naturphilosophie and Lamarck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darwin's <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, which made a powerful impression on Haeckel when he read it in 1864, was very cautious about the possibility of ever reconstructing the history of life, but did include a section reinterpreting von Baer's embryology and revolutionising the field of study, concluding that "Embryology rises greatly in interest, when we thus look at the embryo as a picture, more or less obscured, of the common parent-form of each great class of animals." It mentioned von Baer's 1828 anecdote (misattributing it to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>) that at an early stage embryos were so similar that it could be impossible to tell whether an unlabelled specimen was of a mammal, a bird, or of a reptile, and Darwin's own research using embryonic stages of <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> to show that they are <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, while cautioning against the idea that one organism or embryonic stage is "higher" or "lower", or more or less evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel disregarded such caution, and in a year wrote his massive and ambitious <i>Generelle Morphologie</i>, published in 1866, presenting a revolutionary new synthesis of Darwin's ideas with the German tradition of <i><a href="/wiki/Naturphilosophie" title="Naturphilosophie">Naturphilosophie</a></i> going back to <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> and with the progressive evolutionism of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarck</a> in what he called <i>Darwinismus</i>. He used <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> to reconstruct the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">evolutionary history of life</a>, in the absence of fossil evidence using embryology as evidence of ancestral relationships. He invented new terms, including <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>, to present his evolutionised recapitulation theory that "ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny". The two massive volumes sold poorly, and were heavy going: with his limited understanding of German, Darwin found them impossible to read. Haeckel's publisher turned down a proposal for a "strictly scholarly and objective" second edition.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269–270">: 269–270 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryological_drawings">Embryological drawings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Embryological drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/170px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/255px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/340px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Haeckel's <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Haeckel's aim was a reformed morphology with evolution as the organising principle of a cosmic synthesis unifying science, religion, and art. He was giving successful "popular lectures" on his ideas to students and townspeople in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, in an approach pioneered by his teacher <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>. To meet his publisher's need for a popular work he used a student's transcript of his lectures as the basis of his <i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i> of 1868, presenting a comprehensive presentation of evolution. In the Spring of that year he drew figures for the book, synthesising his views of specimens in Jena and published pictures to represent types. After publication he told a colleague that the images "are completely exact, partly copied from nature, partly assembled from all illustrations of these early stages that have hitherto become known". There were various styles of <a href="/wiki/Embryological_drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryological drawings">embryological drawings</a> at that time, ranging from more schematic representations to "naturalistic" illustrations of specific specimens. Haeckel believed privately that his figures were both exact and synthetic, and in public asserted that they were schematic like most figures used in teaching. The images were reworked to match in size and orientation, and though displaying Haeckel's own views of essential features, they support von Baer's concept that vertebrate embryos begin similarly and then diverge. Relating different images on a grid conveyed a powerful evolutionary message. As a book for the general public, it followed the common practice of not citing sources.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270–274">: 270–274 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embryo_-_copies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Embryo_-_copies.jpg/220px-Embryo_-_copies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Embryo_-_copies.jpg/330px-Embryo_-_copies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Embryo_-_copies.jpg/440px-Embryo_-_copies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>In 1868 Haeckel illustrated von Baer's observation that early embryos of different species could not be told apart by using the same woodcut three times as dog, chick and turtle embryos: he changed this in the next edition.</figcaption></figure> <p>The book sold very well, and while some anatomical experts hostile to Haeckel's evolutionary views expressed some private concerns that certain figures had been drawn rather freely, the figures showed what they already knew about similarities in embryos. The first published concerns came from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_R%C3%BCtimeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Rütimeyer">Ludwig Rütimeyer</a>, a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> who had placed fossil mammals in an evolutionary lineage early in the 1860s and had been sent a complimentary copy. At the end of 1868 his review in the <i>Archiv für Anthropologie</i> wondered about the claim that the work was "popular and scholarly", doubting whether the second was true, and expressed horror about such public discussion of man's place in nature with illustrations such as the evolutionary trees being shown to non-experts. Though he made no suggestion that embryo illustrations should be directly based on specimens, to him the subject demanded the utmost "scrupulosity and conscientiousness" and an artist must "not arbitrarily model or generalise his originals for speculative purposes" which he considered proved by comparison with works by other authors. In particular, "one and the same, moreover incorrectly interpreted woodcut, is presented to the reader three times in a row and with three different captions as [the] embryo of the dog, the chick, [and] the turtle". He accused Haeckel of "playing fast and loose with the public and with science", and failing to live up to the obligation to the truth of every serious researcher. Haeckel responded with angry accusations of bowing to religious prejudice, but in the second (1870) edition changed the duplicated embryo images to a single image captioned "embryo of a mammal or bird". Duplication using galvanoplastic stereotypes (<a href="/wiki/Stereotype_(printing)" title="Stereotype (printing)">clichés</a>) was a common technique in textbooks, but not on the same page to represent different eggs or embryos. In 1891 Haeckel made the excuse that this "extremely rash foolishness" had occurred in undue haste but was "bona fide", and since repetition of incidental details was obvious on close inspection, it is unlikely to have been intentional deception.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 275–276, 282–286">: 275–276, 282–286 </span></sup> </p><p>The revised 1870 second edition of 1,500 copies attracted more attention, being quickly followed by further revised editions with larger print runs as the book became a prominent part of the optimistic, nationalist, anticlerical "culture of progress" in <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. The similarity of early vertebrate embryos became common knowledge, and the illustrations were praised by experts such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist)" title="Michael Foster (physiologist)">Michael Foster</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. In the introduction to his 1871 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i>, Darwin gave particular praise to Haeckel, writing that if <i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i> "had appeared before my essay had been written, I should probably never have completed it". The first chapter included an illustration: "As some of my readers may never have seen a drawing of an embryo, I have given one of man and another of a dog, at about the same early stage of development, carefully copied from two works of undoubted accuracy" with a footnote citing the sources and noting that "Häckel has also given analogous drawings in his <i>Schöpfungsgeschichte.</i>" The fifth edition of Haeckel's book appeared in 1874, with its frontispiece a heroic portrait of Haeckel himself, replacing the previous controversial image of the heads of apes and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 285–288">: 285–288 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg/220px-Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg/330px-Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg/440px-Haeckel_Anthropogenie_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>1874 illustration from <i>Anthropogenie</i> showing "very early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of embryos of fish (F), salamander (A), turtle (T), chick (H), pig (S), cow (R), rabbit (K), and human (M)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later in 1874, Haeckel's simplified embryology textbook <i>Anthropogenie</i> made the subject into a battleground over Darwinism aligned with Bismarck's <i><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></i> ("culture struggle") against the Catholic Church. Haeckel took particular care over the illustrations, changing to the leading zoological publisher Wilhelm Engelmann of Leipzig and obtaining from them use of illustrations from their other textbooks as well as preparing his own drawings including a dramatic double page illustration showing "early", "somewhat later" and "still later" stages of 8 different vertebrates. Though Haeckel's views had attracted continuing controversy, there had been little dispute about the embryos and he had many expert supporters, but <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_His_Sr." title="Wilhelm His Sr.">Wilhelm His</a> revived the earlier criticisms and introduced new attacks on the 1874 illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others joined in: both expert anatomists and Catholic priests and supporters were politically opposed to Haeckel's views. Specifically, Haeckel's critics accused him of manipulating the embryo drawings to make the early stages of different species look more similar. They claimed that the drawings of four-week dog and human embryos had been copied without attribution from other sources, and changed by expanding dog's head and reducing the human head, moving the eye, and exaggerating the size of the human tail. Haeckel himself considered the drawings stylized and illustrative, but his detractors considered them forgery and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-hopwood2006_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopwood2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270–271, 288–296, 299">: 270–271, 288–296, 299 </span></sup> </p><p>While it has been widely claimed that Haeckel was charged with fraud by five professors and convicted by a university court at Jena, there does not appear to be an independently verifiable source for this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent analyses (Richardson 1998, Richardson and Keuck 2002) have found that some of the criticisms of Haeckel's embryo drawings were legitimate, but others were unfounded.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were multiple versions of the embryo drawings, and Haeckel rejected the claims of fraud. It was later said that "there is evidence of sleight of hand" on both sides of the feud between Haeckel and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_His_Sr." title="Wilhelm His Sr.">Wilhelm His</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. Richards">Robert J. Richards</a>, in a paper published in 2008, defends the case for Haeckel, shedding doubt against the fraud accusations based on the material used for comparison with what Haeckel could access at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haeckel was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the title of Excellency by Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a> in 1907<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>'s prestigious <a href="/wiki/Darwin-Wallace_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin-Wallace Medal">Darwin-Wallace Medal</a> in 1908. In the United States, <i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Haeckel" title="Mount Haeckel">Mount Haeckel</a></i>, a 13,418 ft (4,090 m) summit in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, overlooking the Evolution Basin, is named in his honour, as is another <i>Mount Haeckel</i>, a 2,941 m (9,649 ft) summit in <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_New_Zealand_by_height" title="List of mountains of New Zealand by height">New Zealand</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/12323_Haeckel" class="mw-redirect" title="12323 Haeckel">12323 Haeckel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jena he is remembered with a monument at Herrenberg (erected in 1969),<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an exhibition at Ernst-Haeckel-Haus,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Jena_Phyletic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jena Phyletic Museum">Jena Phyletic Museum</a>, which continues to teach about evolution and share his work to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ratfish, <i><a href="/wiki/Harriotta_haeckeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriotta haeckeli">Harriotta haeckeli</a></i> is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research vessel <i>Ernst Haeckel</i> is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, a botanical journal called <i>Ernstia</i> was started being published in the city of <a href="/wiki/Maracay" title="Maracay">Maracay</a>, Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/Ernstia" title="Ernstia">Ernstia</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous sponges">calcareous sponges</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Clathrinidae" title="Clathrinidae">Clathrinidae</a>. The genus was erected to contain five species previously assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Clathrina" title="Clathrina">Clathrina</a></i>. The genus name honors Ernst Haeckel for his contributions towards sponge taxonomy and phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-Klautauetal2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klautauetal2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/170px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/255px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg/340px-Haeckel_Muscinae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="3281" /></a><figcaption><i>Kunstformen</i> – plate 72: <a href="/wiki/Muscinae" title="Muscinae">Muscinae</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg/170px-Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg/255px-Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg/340px-Haeckel_Chaetopoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="3303" /></a><figcaption><i>Kunstformen</i> – plate 96: <a href="/wiki/Chaetopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaetopoda">Chaetopoda</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png/220px-Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png/330px-Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png/440px-Aeginura_grimaldii_by_Haeckel.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medusa_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medusa (biology)">Medusa</a> of Aeginura grimaldii (bottom view)</figcaption></figure> <p>Darwin's 1859 book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> had immense popular influence, but although its sales exceeded its publisher's hopes it was a technical book rather than a work of popular science: long, difficult and with few illustrations. One of Haeckel's books did a great deal to explain his version of "<a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a>" to the world. It was a bestselling, provocatively illustrated book in German, titled <i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i>, published in Berlin in 1868, and translated into English as <i>The History of Creation</i> in 1876. Until 1909, eleven editions had appeared, as well as 25 translations into other languages. The <i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i> cemented Haeckel's reputation as one of Germany's most forceful popularizers of science. His <i>Welträthsel</i> were reprinted ten times after the book's first publication in 1899; ultimately, over 400,000 copies were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haeckel argued that human evolution consisted of precisely 22 phases, the 21st – the "<a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">missing link</a>" – being a halfway step between apes and humans. He even formally named this missing link <i>Pithecanthropus alalus</i>, translated as "ape man without speech".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haeckel's literary output was extensive, including many books, scientific papers, and illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs">Monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Radiolaria</i> (1862)</li> <li><i>Siphonophora</i> (1869)</li> <li><i>Monera</i> (1870)</li> <li><i>Calcareous Sponges</i> (1872)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenger_reports"><i>Challenger</i> reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Challenger reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Deep-Sea Medusae</i> (1881)</li> <li><i>Siphonophora</i> (1888)</li> <li><i>Deep-Sea Keratosa</i> (1889)</li> <li><i>Radiolaria</i> (1887)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_on_biology_and_its_philosophy">Books on biology and its philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Books on biology and its philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/170px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/255px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/340px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>"<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Monophyletischer Stammbaum der Organismen</span></span>" from <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i></span> (1866) with the three branches Plantae, Protista, Animalia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen: allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie.</i> (1866) Berlin (<i>General morphology of organisms: general foundations of form-science, mechanically grounded by the descendance theory reformed by Charles Darwin</i>)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Haeckel,_Ernst_(1868)"><i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i></a> (1868); in English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022155413/http://www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org/books/1876-Haeckel-HistCrea/Vol-I/htm/doc.html"><i>The History of Creation</i></a> (1876; 6th ed.: New York, D. Appleton and Co., 1914, 2 volumes)</li> <li><i>Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre</i> (1877), in English, <i>Free Science and Free Teaching</i></li> <li><i>Die systematische Phylogenie</i> (1894) – <i>Systematic Phylogeny</i></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=589685"><i>Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des Menschen</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: UTET. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropogenie%2C+oder%2C+Entwickelungsgeschichte+des+Menschen&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D589685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Die Welträthsel</i> (1895–1899), also spelled <i>Die Welträtsel</i> – in English <i><a href="/wiki/Riddle_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddle of the Universe">The Riddle of the Universe: At the Close of the Nineteenth Century</a></i>, Translated by Joseph McCabe, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1900.</li> <li><i>Über unsere gegenwärtige Kenntnis vom Ursprung des Menschen</i> (1898) (<i>On our current understanding of the origin of man</i>) – in English <i>The Last Link</i>, 1898</li> <li><i>Der Kampf um den Entwickelungsgedanken</i> (1905) (<i>The struggle over thought on evolution</i>) – in English <i>Last Words on Evolution: A Popular Retrospect and Summary</i>, Translated from the Second Edition by Joseph McCabe, New York: Peter Eckler, Publisher; London: A. Owen & Co., 1906.</li> <li><i>Die Lebenswunder</i> (1904) – in English <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16420977W/Wonders_of_life_A_Popular_Study_of_Biological_Philosophy">The Wonders of Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-22176">Kristallseelen : Studien über das anorganische Leben</a></i> (1917) (<i>Crystal souls: studies on inorganic life</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_books">Travel books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Travel books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Indische Reisebriefe</i> (1882) – <i>Travel notes of India</i></li> <li><i>Aus Insulinde: Malayische Reisebriefe</i> (1901) – <i>Travel notes of Malaysia</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (1904) – <i>Art forms of Nature</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-170858">Digital Edition (1924)</a></li> <li><i>Wanderbilder</i> (1905) – "Travel Images"</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visittoceylon00haecuoft">A visit to Ceylon</a></i></li></ul> <p>For a fuller list of works of and about Haeckel, see his entry in the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Ernst_Haeckel" class="extiw" title="s:de:Ernst Haeckel">German Wikisource</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="metadata botanist-bordered"><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Haeckel</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessments_of_potential_influence_on_Nazism">Assessments of potential influence on Nazism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Assessments of potential influence on Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians have seen Haeckel's social Darwinism as a forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others have denied the relationship altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008448–453_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008448–453-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evidence is in some respects ambiguous. On one hand, Haeckel was an advocate of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>. He held that evolutionary biology had definitively proven that races were unequal in intelligence and ability, and that their lives were also of unequal value, e.g., "These lower races (such as the Veddahs or Australian negroes) are psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes or dogs) than to civilised Europeans; we must therefore, assign a totally different value to their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the "struggle for existence", it followed that the "lower" races would eventually be exterminated.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a social Darwinist who believed that "survival of the fittest" was a natural law, and that struggle led to improvement of the race.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an advocate of eugenics, he also believed that about 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mentally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">congenitally ill</a> should be killed by a medical control board.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was later put into practice by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Aktion T4</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a>, praised Haeckel repeatedly, and invited him to become an honorary member. Haeckel accepted the invitation.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel also believed that Germany should be governed by an authoritarian political system, and that inequalities both within and between societies were an inevitable product of evolutionary law.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haeckel was also an extreme German nationalist who believed strongly in the superiority of German culture.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Haeckel was not an anti-Semite. In the racial hierarchies he constructed Jews tended to appear closer to the top, rather than closer to the bottom as in <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazi racial thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008273–275_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008273–275-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a pacifist until the First World War, when he wrote propaganda in favor of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008432–433_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008432–433-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal arguments of historians who deny a meaningful connection between Haeckel and Nazism are that Haeckel's ideas were very common at the time, that Nazis were much more strongly influenced by other thinkers, and that Haeckel is properly classified as a 19th-century German liberal, rather than a forerunner to Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008270–271_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008270–271-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also point to incompatibilities between evolutionary biology and Nazi ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazis themselves divided on the question of whether Haeckel should be counted as a pioneer of their ideology. <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> captain and biologist <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Br%C3%BCcher" title="Heinz Brücher">Heinz Brücher</a> wrote a biography of Haeckel in 1936, in which he praised Haeckel as a "pioneer in biological state thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion was also shared by the scholarly journal, <i>Der Biologe</i>, which celebrated Haeckel's 100th birthday, in 1934, with several essays acclaiming him as a pioneering thinker of Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Nazis kept their distance from Haeckel. Nazi propaganda guidelines issued in 1935 listed books which popularized Darwin and evolution on an "expunged list". Haeckel was included by name as a forbidden author.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gunther Hecht, a member of the Nazi Department of Race Politics, also issued a memorandum rejecting Haeckel as a forerunner of Nazism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008446_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008446-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurt Hildebrandt, a Nazi political philosopher, also rejected Haeckel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008446_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008446-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually Haeckel was rejected by Nazi bureaucrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008445_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008445-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysteleology" title="Dysteleology">Dysteleology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeckelites" title="Haeckelites">Haeckelites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haeckel%27s_Tale" title="Haeckel's Tale">Haeckel's Tale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Blossfeldt" title="Karl Blossfeldt">Karl Blossfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_artists" title="List of wildlife artists">List of wildlife artists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magosphaera_planula" title="Magosphaera planula">Magosphaera planula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(2004_film)" title="Proteus (2004 film)"><i>Proteus</i> (2004 film)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/251305">Ernst Haeckel</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haeckel, Ernst (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52177#page/454/mode/1up"><i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i></a> [<i>The General Morphology of Organisms</i>] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, (Germany): Georg Reimer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.place=Berlin%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pub=Georg+Reimer&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F52177%23page%2F454%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 286: <i>"Unter Oecologie verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle "Existenz-Bedingungen" rechnen können."</i> (By "ecology" we understand the comprehensive science of the relationships of the organism to its surrounding environment, where we can include, in the broader sense, all "conditions of existence".)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haeckel, Ernst (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generellemorphol01haec"><i>Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</i></a> [<i>The General Morphology of Organisms</i>] (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin, (Germany): G. Reimer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generellemorphol01haec/page/28">28</a>–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.place=Berlin%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=G.+Reimer&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenerellemorphol01haec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span> Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"). <i>"Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)."</i> (However, perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] <i>Stamm</i> [i.e., race] (<i>Phylon</i>).)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Haeckel, 1866), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generellemorphol01haec/page/28">vol. 1, p. 29</a>: <i>"Die Untersuchung der Entwicklung dieser Stämme und die Feststellung der genealogischen Verwandtschaft aller Species, die zu einem Stamm gehören, halten wir für die höchste und letzte besondere Aufgabe der organischen Morphologie. Im sechsten Buche werden wir die Grundzüge dieser Phylogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte der organischen Stämme (Kreise oder "Typen") festzustellen haben."</i> (The investigation of the evolution of these phyla and the identification of the genealogical kinship of all species that belong to a phylum—we deem [this] the highest and ultimately specific task of organic morphology. In the sixth book, we will have to establish the outline of this "phylogeny" or history of the evolution of the organic phyla (groups or "types").)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Haeckel, 1866), vol. 1, pp. 215 ff. From p. 215: <i>"VII. Character des Protistenreiches."</i> (VII. Character of the kingdom of Protists.) From p. 216: <i>"VII. B. Morphologischer Character des Protistenreiches. Ba. Character der protistischen Individualitäten. Der wesentliche tectologische Character der Protisten liegt in der sehr unvollkommenen Ausbildung und Differenzirung der Individualität überhaupt, insbesondere aber derjenigen zweiter Ordnung, der Organe. Sehr viele Protisten erheben sich niemals über den morphologischen Werth von Individuen erster Ordnung oder Plastiden."</i> (VII. B. Morphological character of the kingdom of protists. Ba. Character of the protist Individualities. The essential <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tectology" class="extiw" title="wikt:tectology">tectological</a> character of protists lies in the very incomplete formation and differentiation of individuality generally, however particularly of those of the second order, the organs. Very many protists never rise above the morphological level of individuals of the first order or plastids.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watts_et_al.,_2019-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watts_et_al.,_2019_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts_ELevit_GSHossfeld_U2019" class="citation journal cs1">Watts E; Levit GS; Hossfeld U (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00277-3">"Ernst Haeckel's contribution to Evo-Devo and scientific debate: a re-evaluation of Haeckel's controversial illustrations in US textbooks in response to creationist accusations"</a>. <i>Theory Biosci</i>. <b>138</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00277-3">10.1007/s12064-019-00277-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868433">30868433</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:76663562">76663562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+Biosci&rft.atitle=Ernst+Haeckel%27s+contribution+to+Evo-Devo+and+scientific+debate%3A+a+re-evaluation+of+Haeckel%27s+controversial+illustrations+in+US+textbooks+in+response+to+creationist+accusations.&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A76663562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30868433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00277-3&rft.au=Watts+E&rft.au=Levit+GS&rft.au=Hossfeld+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12064-019-00277-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cam.ac.uk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cam.ac.uk_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cam.ac.uk_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/haeckels-embryos-the-images-that-would-not-go-away">"Haeckel's embryos: The images that would not go away | University of Cambridge"</a>. 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haeckel%27s+embryos%3A+The+images+that+would+not+go+away+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Ffeatures%2Fhaeckels-embryos-the-images-that-would-not-go-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Freedom in Science and Teaching</i>. German 1877, English 1879, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-1175-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4102-1175-4">1-4102-1175-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, Mike (1997). <i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, Mike (1997). <i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Gregorio2005" class="citation book cs1">Di Gregorio, Mario A. (2005). "1: Young Haeckel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZK004HREqgC"><i>From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith</i></a>. Religion, Theologie Und Naturwissenschaft/Religion, Theology, And Natural Science. Vol. 3. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783525569726" title="Special:BookSources/9783525569726"><bdi>9783525569726</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>. <q>On 16 February 1834 a son was born to Charlotte and Carl Gottlob Haeckel in Kanal 24a (later Yorkstrasse 7), Potsdam, Prussia. His name was Ernst Heinrich Phillip August, and he was destined to become one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of his time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Young+Haeckel&rft.btitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith&rft.place=Goettingen&rft.series=Religion%2C+Theologie+Und+Naturwissenschaft%2FReligion%2C+Theology%2C+And+Natural+Science&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783525569726&rft.aulast=Di+Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Mario+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZK004HREqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaeckelDE-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelDE_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ernst Haeckel" (article),<i>German Wikipedia</i>, 26 October 2006, webpage: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Haeckel">DE-Wiki-Ernst-Haeckel</a>: last paragraph of "Leben" (Life) section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaeckelUCB-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaeckelUCB_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ernst Haeckel" (biography), <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, 2004, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html">BerkeleyEdu-Haeckel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2008" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Robert J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dgSC0TLldq8C"><i>The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-71219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-71219-2"><bdi>978-0-226-71219-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragic+Sense+of+Life%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+the+Struggle+over+Evolutionary+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-71219-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdgSC0TLldq8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/02/22/100083143.pdf">New York Times</a> Haeckel Again Honored in Spite of Himself on his 80th Birthday, published: 22 February 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelden1914" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Felden" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Felden">Felden, Emil</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-AOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA125">"Felden Pastor an St. Martini Bremen"</a> [Pastor of St. Martini Church, Bremen, Germany]. In <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Schmidt, Heinrich</a> (ed.). <i>Was wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel): Ein Buch der Verehrung und Dankbarkeit</i> (in German). Vol. 2. Deutscher Monistenbund. Leipzig: Verlag Unesma. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>128. <q>testimony of Emil Felden in <i>Was wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken</i>, vol. ii, p. 125.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Felden+Pastor+an+St.+Martini+Bremen&rft.btitle=Was+wir+Ernst+Haeckel+Verdanken+%28What+We+Owe+to+Ernst+Haeckel%29%3A+Ein+Buch+der+Verehrung+und+Dankbarkeit&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.pub=Verlag+Unesma&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Felden&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-AOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus1914" class="citation book cs1">Carus, Paul (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLsNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA385"><i>The Open Court</i></a>. Open Court Publishing Company. p. 385. <q>PROFESSOR Ernst Haeckel's celebration of his 80th birthday, ...on this occasion we note a work of two stately volumes, entitled <i>Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken</i>, edited at the request of the German <i>Monistenbund</i> by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena. (Image of p. 385 at Google Books)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Court&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLsNAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel" class="citation book cs1">Haeckel, Ernst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/classics/all/01157/facts.the_art_and_science_of_ernst_haeckel.htm"><i>The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel</i></a>. pp. 14, 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Ernst+Haeckel&rft.pages=14%2C+50&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taschen.com%2Fpages%2Fen%2Fcatalogue%2Fclassics%2Fall%2F01157%2Ffacts.the_art_and_science_of_ernst_haeckel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innes-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Innes_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2006" class="citation journal cs1">Innes, Shelley (2006). "From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith, Religion, Theology, and Natural Science, Vol. 3 by Mario di Gregorio". <i>Journal of the History of Biology</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10739-006-0001-9">10.1007/s10739-006-0001-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4332000">4332000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189843968">189843968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith%2C+Religion%2C+Theology%2C+and+Natural+Science%2C+Vol.+3+by+Mario+di+Gregorio&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189843968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4332000%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10739-006-0001-9&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutscheraLevitHossfeld2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kutschera, Ulrich; Levit, Georgy S.; Hossfeld, Uwe (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00276-4">"Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919): The German Darwin and his impact on modern biology"</a>. <i>Theory in Biosciences</i>. <b>138</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00276-4">10.1007/s12064-019-00276-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1611-7530">1611-7530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30799517">30799517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+in+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Ernst+Haeckel+%281834%E2%80%931919%29%3A+The+German+Darwin+and+his+impact+on+modern+biology&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.issn=1611-7530&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30799517&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12064-019-00276-4&rft.aulast=Kutschera&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Levit%2C+Georgy+S.&rft.au=Hossfeld%2C+Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12064-019-00276-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1892" class="citation book cs1">Haeckel, Ernst (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/9199/pg9199-images.html"><i>Monism as Connecting Religion and Science</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monism+as+Connecting+Religion+and+Science&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F9199%2Fpg9199-images.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir, Todd H. <i>Secularism and religion in nineteenth-century Germany. The rise of the fourth confession.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Daum, Andreas W.</a> (1998). <i>Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914</i>. Munich: Oldenbourg. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56337-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56337-8"><bdi>3-486-56337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wissenschaftspopularisierung+im+19.+Jahrhundert%3A+B%C3%BCrgerliche+Kultur%2C+naturwissenschaftliche+Bildung+und+die+deutsche+%C3%96ffentlichkeit%2C+1848%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-486-56337-8&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=Andreas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Weindling" title="Paul Weindling">Paul Weindling</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1993., pp. 46, 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro329-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro329_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_R._Shapiro2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Shapiro" title="Fred R. Shapiro">Fred R. Shapiro</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&q=The+Yale+book+of+quotations"><i>The Yale Book of Quotations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10798-2"><bdi>978-0-300-10798-2</bdi></a>. <q>There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared "European War"...will become the first world war in the full sense of the word. <i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis Star">Indianapolis Star</a></i>, 20 September 1914</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10798-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5-GR-qtgXsC%26q%3DThe%2BYale%2Bbook%2Bof%2Bquotations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel" class="citation book cs1">Haeckel, Ernst. <i>The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel</i>. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+Ernst+Haeckel&rft.pages=41&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenner2022" class="citation book cs1">Jenner, Ronald A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHZ6EAAAQBAJ"><i>Ancestors in Evolutionary Biology Linear Thinking about Branching Trees</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31622-666-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31622-666-7"><bdi>978-1-31622-666-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestors+in+Evolutionary+Biology+Linear+Thinking+about+Branching+Trees&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-31622-666-7&rft.aulast=Jenner&rft.aufirst=Ronald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHZ6EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruse, M. 1979. <i>The Darwinian Revolution</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmond1989">Desmond 1989</a>, pp. 53–53, 86–88, 337–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson and Keuck, (Biol. Review (2002), 77, pp. 495–528) show that it is a simplification to suppose that Haeckel held the recapitulation theory in its strong form. They quote Haeckel as saying "If [recapitulation] was always complete, it would be a very easy task to construct whole phylogeny on the basis of ontogeny. … There is certainly, even now, a number of lower vertebrate animals (e.g. some Anthozoa and Vermes) where we are authorised to interpret each embryological form directly as the historical representation or portrait-like silhouette of an extinct ancestral form. But in a great majority of animals, including man, this is not possible because the infinitely varied conditions of existence have led the embryonic forms themselves to be changed and to partly lose their original condition (Haeckel, 1903: pp. 435–436)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horder-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horder_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorder,_Tim2006" class="citation book cs1">Horder, Tim (April 2006). "Heterochrony". <i>Encyclopedia of Life Sciences</i>. John Wiley & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heterochrony&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Life+Sciences&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Horder%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_2003-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_2003_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, B. K. (2003). "Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms". <i>International Journal of Developmental Biology</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>495. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14756324">14756324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Evo-Devo%3A+evolutionary+developmental+mechanisms&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E495&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14756324&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1987" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N26AAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Red Ape: Orang-utans and Human Origins</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395380178" title="Special:BookSources/9780395380178"><bdi>9780395380178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Ape%3A+Orang-utans+and+Human+Origins&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780395380178&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN26AAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMacLarnonPhillipsDobyns2006" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Robert D.; MacLarnon, Ann M.; Phillips, James L.; Dobyns, William B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.a.20389">"Flores hominid: New species or microcephalic dwarf?"</a>. <i>The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>288A</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1123–</span>1145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Far.a.20389">10.1002/ar.a.20389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4892">1552-4892</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17031806">17031806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anatomical+Record+Part+A%3A+Discoveries+in+Molecular%2C+Cellular%2C+and+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Flores+hominid%3A+New+species+or+microcephalic+dwarf%3F&rft.volume=288A&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1123-%3C%2Fspan%3E1145&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1552-4892&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17031806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Far.a.20389&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft.au=MacLarnon%2C+Ann+M.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Dobyns%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Far.a.20389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitHossfeld2020" class="citation journal cs1">Levit, Georgy S.; Hossfeld, Uwe (25 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247218">"Ernst Haeckel, Nikolai Miklucho-Maclay and the racial controversy over the Papuans"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Zoology</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12983-020-00358-w">10.1186/s12983-020-00358-w</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-9994">1742-9994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247218">7247218</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32489391">32489391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Zoology&rft.atitle=Ernst+Haeckel%2C+Nikolai+Miklucho-Maclay+and+the+racial+controversy+over+the+Papuans&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2020-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7247218%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1742-9994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32489391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12983-020-00358-w&rft.aulast=Levit&rft.aufirst=Georgy+S.&rft.au=Hossfeld%2C+Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7247218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008259–260-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008259–260_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, pp. 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte</i> (1868), p. 511; quoted after <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. Richards">Robert J. Richards</a>, "The linguistic creation of man: Charles Darwin, August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and the Missing Link in Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory".<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~hsci278/Readings_on_Language/Darwin_and_language_by_Richards.htm#_ftnref62">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040203111759/http://www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/~hsci278/Readings_on_Language/Darwin_and_language_by_Richards.htm#_ftnref62">Archived</a> 3 February 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrace2000" class="citation book cs1">Brace, C. Loring (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsRFuisbUk4C"><i>Evolution in an Anthropological View</i></a>. 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Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press pp. 77–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1930" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg, Alfred</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nommeraadio.ee/meedia/pdf/RRS/Alfred%20Rosenberg%20-%20The%20Myth%20of%20the%2020th%20Century.pdf">"The Myth of the 20th Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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F. C. W. Vogel, Leipzig 1875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. 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Richardson. 1998. "Haeckel's embryos continued". <i>Science</i> 281:1289, quoted in NaturalScience.com webpage <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naturalscience.com/ns/letters/ns_let17.html">Re: <i>Ontogeny and phylogeny</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114003612/http://naturalscience.com/ns/letters/ns_let17.html">Archived</a> 14 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: A Letter from Richard Bassetti; Editor's note.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While some criticisms of the drawings are legitimate, others are more tendentious", Richardson and Keuck "Haeckel's ABC of evolution and development", <i>Biol. Rev.</i> (2002), <b>77</b>, pp. 495–528. Quoted from p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson & Keuck 2001. See for example, their Fig. 7, showing His's drawing of the forelimb of a deer embryo developing a clef, compared with a similar drawing (Sakurai, 1906) showing the forelimb initially developing as a digital plate with rays. Richardson and Keuck say "Unfortunately His's embryos are mostly at later stages than the nearly identical early stage embryos illustrated by Haeckel [top row of Haeckel's drawing]. Thus they do not inform the debate and may themselves be disingenuous." p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2009" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Robert J. 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Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ontogenyphylogen00goul/page/77">77-78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674639409" title="Special:BookSources/9780674639409"><bdi>9780674639409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontogeny+and+Phylogeny&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=77-78&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780674639409&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fontogenyphylogen00goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasman1971" class="citation book cs1">Gasman, Daniel (1971). <i>The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League</i>. New Brunswick: MacDonald & co. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Origins+of+National+Socialism%3A+Social+Darwinism+in+Ernst+Haeckel+and+the+German+Monist+League&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=MacDonald+%26+co.&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Gasman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikart2004" class="citation book cs1">Weikart, Richard (2004). <i>From Darwin to Hitler</i>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403965021" title="Special:BookSources/1403965021"><bdi>1403965021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Darwin+to+Hitler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1403965021&rft.aulast=Weikart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1981" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Alfred (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell"><i>The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807814604" title="Special:BookSources/9780807814604"><bdi>9780807814604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Darwin%3A+The+Popularization+of+Darwinism+in+Germany%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780807814604&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescentofdarwinp0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008448–453-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008448–453_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, pp. 448–453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_Gregorio2005" class="citation book cs1">Di Gregorio, Mario A. (2005). <i>From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 569.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Di+Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Mario+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1904" class="citation book cs1">Haeckel, Ernst (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22567"><i>The Wonders of Life</i></a>. London: Watts & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22567/page/n422">82, 406</a>–407<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonders+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=82%2C+406-407&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.22567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Mike (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk"><i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk/page/n149">140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+European+and+American+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialdarwinisme00hawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Mike (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk"><i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk/page/n146">137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+European+and+American+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialdarwinisme00hawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1904" class="citation book cs1">Haeckel, Ernst (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22567"><i>The Wonders of Life</i></a>. London: Watts & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22567/page/n138">122</a>–124<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonders+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=122-124&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.22567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorio2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregorio, Mario A Di (2005). <i>From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 571.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith&rft.pages=571&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Mario+A+Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikart2004" class="citation book cs1">Weikart, Richard (2004). <i>From Darwin to Hitler</i>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403965021" title="Special:BookSources/1403965021"><bdi>1403965021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Darwin+to+Hitler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1403965021&rft.aulast=Weikart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Mike (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk"><i>Social Darwinism in European and American Thought</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisme00hawk/page/n148">139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+European+and+American+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialdarwinisme00hawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorio2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregorio, Mario A Di (2005). <i>From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Mario+A+Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008273–275-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008273–275_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, pp. 273–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008432–433-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008432–433_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, pp. 432–433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008270–271-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008270–271_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregorio2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregorio, Mario A Di (2005). <i>From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith</i>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 506.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Here+to+Eternity%3A+Ernst+Haeckel+and+Scientific+Faith&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gregorio&rft.aufirst=Mario+A+Di&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1981" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Alfred (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell"><i>The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807814604" title="Special:BookSources/9780807814604"><bdi>9780807814604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Darwin%3A+The+Popularization+of+Darwinism+in+Germany%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780807814604&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescentofdarwinp0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeichmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Deichmann, Ute (1996). <i>Biologists Under Hitler</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologists+Under+Hitler&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Deichmann&rft.aufirst=Ute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeichmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Deichmann, Ute (1996). <i>Biologists Under Hitler</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologists+Under+Hitler&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Deichmann&rft.aufirst=Ute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1981" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Alfred (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell"><i>The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/descentofdarwinp0000kell/page/121">121–122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807814604" title="Special:BookSources/9780807814604"><bdi>9780807814604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Darwin%3A+The+Popularization+of+Darwinism+in+Germany%2C+1860%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780807814604&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescentofdarwinp0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008446-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008446_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008446_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2008445-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2008445_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards2008">Richards 2008</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1859). <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species"><i>On the Origin of Species</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwinCosta2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a>; Costa, James T. (2011). <i>The Annotated Origin</i>. Harvard: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Origin&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Costa%2C+James+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1871). <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"><i>The Descent of Man</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian J.</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofevolut00adri"><i>The politics of evolution: morphology, medicine, and reform in radical London</i></a></span>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14374-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14374-0"><bdi>0-226-14374-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+evolution%3A+morphology%2C+medicine%2C+and+reform+in+radical+London&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-226-14374-0&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofevolut00adri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ernst Haeckel</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" class="extiw" title="c:Ernst Haeckel">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ernst_Haeckel" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ernst Haeckel">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48246" class="extiw" title="d:Q48246">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Haeckel,_Ernst_(1868)">E. Haeckel: Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte 1868 (front page of 1st edition, German)</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Haeckel,_Ernst_(1899)">E. Haeckel: Die Welträthsel 1899 (front page of 1st edition, German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/haeckel.html">University of California, Berkeley</a> – biography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2124625/">Ernst Haeckel – Evolution's controversial artist.</a> A slide-show essay</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/stueber/haeckel/kunstformen/natur.html"><i>Kunstformen der Natur</i></a> (from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolib.de/">biolib.de</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phaidra.cab.unipd.it/o:420516">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i> (Digitization from Phaidra)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://draves.org/pix/kdn/">PNG alpha-transparencies of Haeckel's "Kustformen der natur"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightfirefilms.org/proteus_home.html">Proteus</a> – Animated documentary film on Haeckel's life and work</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315074743/http://www2.uni-jena.de/biologie/ehh/haeckel.htm">Ernst Haeckel Haus</a> and Museum in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt,_H.1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmidt, H. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/9235/file/schmidt_heinrich--haeckel_high.pdf"><i>Ernst Haeckel: Denkmal eines grossen Lebens</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Jena: Walter Biedermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernst+Haeckel%3A+Denkmal+eines+grossen+Lebens.&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Walter+Biedermann&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de%2Fopus4%2Ffrontdoor%2Fdeliver%2Findex%2FdocId%2F9235%2Ffile%2Fschmidt_heinrich--haeckel_high.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErnst+Haeckel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>View works by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/1421">Haeckel</a> at the Biodiversity Heritage Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrkism.com/diatomea/">aDiatomea: artificial life experiment with 3d generated diatoms, influenced by Haeckel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cppdigitallibrary.org/items/browse?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=48&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=contains&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=Haeckel%2C+Ernst%2C+1834-1919.+Anthropogenie%2C+oder%2C+Entwickelungsgeschichte+des+menschen">Images from <i>Anthropogenie, oder, Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschen</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2037">Works by Ernst Haeckel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28Ernst+Heinrich+Philipp+August+Haeckel%29%20OR%20%28%221834-1919%22%20AND%20Haeckel%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Ernst Haeckel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3578">Works by Ernst Haeckel</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006881">Newspaper clippings about Ernst Haeckel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openscience.fr/Ernst-Haeckel-s-Radiolarians-and-Medusa-The-influence-of-his-visits-to?lang=en">Ernst Haeckel's Radiolarians and Medusa</a> – article on Haeckel in Villefranche-sur-Mer</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_history" title="Template:Natural history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_history" title="Template talk:Natural history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br />naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion576" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion576" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122818485">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73923565">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1756841/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgcWYDJQ7W39T8y4MJYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118544381">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50032763">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328331d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12328331d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00522309">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Haeckel, Ernst"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV020128">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35850550">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700655&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1299881">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/55776">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p180341928">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069377960">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90141879">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000075466&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000003919&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000166998">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=129002">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200714948">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dghbml28rpnlw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810530323705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/119891">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262374205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512885406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14285739">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0195021X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Haeckel">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=159000">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/ernst-haeckel/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ec9955c3-3d0b-44c9-909d-16c7d0395c05">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/236982">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/30756">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=2211">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118544381">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1115392">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118544381.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118544381">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032207689">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63n2mxm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&oldid=1275354761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Haeckel&oldid=1275354761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1834_births" title="Category:1834 births">1834 births</a></li><li><a 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