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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> 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syndrome</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_XXYY" title="Sindrom XXYY – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sindrom XXYY" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndrome_48,XXYY" title="Syndrome 48,XXYY – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syndrome 48,XXYY" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXYY_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="XXYY 증후군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="XXYY 증후군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindrom_XXYY" title="Sindrom XXYY – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sindrom XXYY" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADndrome_XXYY" title="Síndrome XXYY – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Síndrome XXYY" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_48,_XXYY" title="Синдром 48, XXYY – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдром 48, XXYY" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXYY-syndrooma" title="XXYY-syndrooma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="XXYY-syndrooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXYY-syndrom" title="XXYY-syndrom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="XXYY-syndrom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXYY_sendromu" title="XXYY sendromu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XXYY sendromu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extra X and Y chromosome in males</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">XXYY syndrome</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">48,XXY Y Klinefelter syndrome (archaic); 48,XXYY variant of Klinefelter's syndrome (archaic)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:XXYY_syndrome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XXYY_syndrome.svg/220px-XXYY_syndrome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XXYY_syndrome.svg/330px-XXYY_syndrome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/XXYY_syndrome.svg/440px-XXYY_syndrome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">XXYY syndrome</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>XXYY syndrome</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">sex chromosome</a> anomaly in which males have two extra <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, one <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Human cell">Human cells</a> usually contain two sex chromosomes, one from the mother and one from the father. Usually, females have two X chromosomes (XX) and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The appearance of at least one Y chromosome with a properly functioning <a href="/wiki/SRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SRY">SRY</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> makes a male. Therefore, humans with XXYY are <a href="/wiki/Genotypically" class="mw-redirect" title="Genotypically">genotypically</a> male. Males with XXYY syndrome have 48 chromosomes instead of the typical 46. This is why XXYY syndrome is sometimes written as <b>48, XXYY syndrome</b> or <b>48, XXYY</b>. It affects an estimated one in every 18,000–40,000 male births.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18481271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very frequent signs and symptoms of this condition include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-GARD_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GARD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azoospermia" title="Azoospermia">Azoospermia</a></li> <li>Decreased testicular size</li> <li>Developmental delays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergonadotropic_hypogonadism" title="Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism">Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Sterility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual impairment">Intellectual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech impairment">Speech impairment</a></li></ul> <p>Other frequent signs of this condition include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-GARD_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GARD-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Abnormal <a href="/wiki/Dental_enamel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental enamel">dental enamel</a> morphology</li> <li>Abnormal shoulder morphology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) symptoms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a> disorders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharophimosis" title="Blepharophimosis">Blepharophimosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Caries">Caries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinodactyly" title="Clinodactyly">Clinodactyly</a></li> <li>Constipation</li> <li>Delayed <a href="/wiki/Tooth_eruption" title="Tooth eruption">tooth eruption</a></li> <li>Depression</li> <li>Chronic <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">otitis media</a></li> <li>Elbow dislocation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicanthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicanthus">Epicanthus</a></li> <li>Flat <a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelorism" title="Hypertelorism">Hypertelorism</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a></li> <li>Joint hyperflexibility</li> <li>Obesity</li> <li>Open bite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_feet" title="Flat feet">Flat feet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioulnar_synostosis" title="Radioulnar synostosis">Radioulnar synostosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">Strabismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_stature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall stature">Tall stature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurodontism" title="Taurodontism">Taurodontism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Tremor</li></ul> <p>Other symptoms may include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">Scoliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undescended_testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescended testes">Undescended testes</a></li> <li>Low <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>48,XXYY syndrome is a condition related to the X and Y chromosomes (the sex chromosomes). People normally have 46 chromosomes in each <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>. Two of the 46 chromosomes, known as X and Y, are called sex chromosomes because they help determine whether a person will develop male or female <a href="/wiki/Sexual_characteristics" title="Sexual characteristics">sex characteristics</a>. Females typically have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome (46,XY). 48,XXYY syndrome results from the presence of an extra copy of both sex chromosomes in each of a male's cells (48,XXYY). Extra copies of genes on the X chromosome interfere with male sexual development, preventing the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testes</a> from functioning normally and reducing the levels of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. Many genes are found only on the X or Y chromosome, but genes in areas known as the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoautosomal_region" title="Pseudoautosomal region">pseudoautosomal regions</a> are present on both sex chromosomes. Extra copies of genes from the pseudoautosomal regions of the extra X and Y chromosome contribute to the signs and symptoms of 48,XXYY syndrome; however, the specific genes have not yet been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-rarediseases_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarediseases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghr_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghr-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The condition 48,XXYY is not <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a>; it usually occurs as a random event during the formation of <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive cells">reproductive cells</a> (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called <a href="/wiki/Nondisjunction" title="Nondisjunction">nondisjunction</a> results in a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. In 48,XXYY syndrome, the extra sex chromosomes almost always comes from a <a href="/wiki/Sperm_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperm cell">sperm cell</a>. Nondisjunction may cause a sperm cell to gain two extra sex chromosomes, resulting in a sperm cell with three sex chromosomes (one X and two Y chromosomes). If that sperm cell fertilizes a normal egg cell with one X chromosome, the resulting child will have two X chromosomes and two Y chromosomes in each of his body's cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a small percentage of cases, 48,XXYY syndrome results from nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes in a 46,XY <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> very soon after <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a> has occurred. This means that a normal sperm cell with one Y chromosome fertilized a normal egg cell with one X chromosome, but right after fertilization, nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes caused the embryo to gain two extra sex chromosomes, resulting in a 48,XXYY embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-rarediseases_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarediseases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> is done to diagnose XXYY syndrome. Treatment consists of medications, behavioral therapies, and intensive community support.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients generally need to be followed by an <a href="/wiki/Endocrinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrinologist">endocrinologist</a>. If <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> is present, testosterone treatment should be considered in all individuals regardless of <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> abilities due to positive effects on bone health, muscle strength, fatigue, and endurance, with possible mental health/behavioral benefits, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18481271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most children with XXYY have some developmental delays and learning disabilities. Therefore, these aspects should be checked and monitored: psychology (cognitive and social–emotional development), speech/language therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. Consultation with a developmental pediatrician, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a> to develop a treatment plan including therapies, behavioral interventions, educational supports, and <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic medication">psychotropic medications</a> for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms should be arranged.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common diagnoses such as learning disability/ID, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, mood disorders, tic disorders, and other mental health problems should be considered, screened for, and treated. Good responses to standard medication treatments for <a href="/wiki/Inattention" class="mw-redirect" title="Inattention">inattention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">impulsivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and mood instability are seen in this group, and such treatment can positively impact academic progress, emotional wellbeing, and long-term outcome. Poor <a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_coordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine motor coordination">fine-motor coordination</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">intention tremor</a> can make handwriting slow and laborious, and occupational therapy and <a href="/wiki/Keyboarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyboarding">keyboarding</a> should be introduced at an early age to facilitate schoolwork and self-help skills. Educational difficulties should be evaluated with a full psychological evaluation to identify discrepancies between verbal and performance skills and to identify individual academic needs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Expressive language skills are often affected throughout life, and speech therapy interventions targeting expressive language skills, <a href="/wiki/Dyspraxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspraxia">dyspraxia</a>, and language pragmatics may be needed into adulthood. Adaptive skills (life skills) are a significant area of weakness, necessitating community-based supports for almost all individuals in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18481271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional treatment recommendations based on the individual strengths and weaknesses in XXYY syndrome may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patients have an essentially normal life expectancy, but require regular medical follow-ups.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rarediseases_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rarediseases-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first published report of a boy with a 48,XXYY karyotype was by Sylfest Muldal and Charles H. Ockey in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-muldal_1960_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muldal_1960-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was described in a 15-year-old mentally disabled boy who showed signs of <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome</a>; however, chromosome testing revealed 48,XXYY instead of the 47, XXY arrangement known to cause Klinefelter syndrome. Because of this, 48,XXYY syndrome was originally considered a variation of Klinefelter syndrome. Shared physical and medical features resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome include tall stature, the development of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone deficiency">testosterone deficiency</a> in adolescence and/or adulthood (<a href="/wiki/Hypergonadotropic_hypogonadism" title="Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism">hypergonadotropic hypogonadism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>. However, recent research shows some important differences in males with 48,XXYY compared to 47, XXY.<sup id="cite_ref-uc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important differences result from the effects of the extra X and Y chromosome on neurodevelopment, leading to higher rates of developmental delays in early childhood, learning disability or intellectual disability, adaptive functioning (life skills) difficulties, <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> disorders, and psychological/behavioral problems including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mood_dysregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood dysregulation">mood dysregulation</a>. Also, a larger percentage of males with XXYY have additional medical problems such as <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, congenital elbow malformations (<a href="/wiki/Radioulnar_synostosis" title="Radioulnar synostosis">radioulnar synostosis</a>), and tremor compared to males with XXY. XXYY is still considered a variation of Klinefelter syndrome by some definitions, mainly because the <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">pathophysiology</a> of the testicular dysfunction has not been shown to differ from 47, XXY, and the most current research does not suggest that there should be any differences in the evaluation and treatment of testosterone deficiency in 48,XXYY compared to 47, XXY.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-7216-0187-1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7216-0187-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for the psychological and behavioral symptoms of XXYY syndrome, more extensive evaluations, interventions, and supports are usually needed compared to 47, XXY due to more complex <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodevelopmental">neurodevelopmental</a> involvement. Significant variability is seen between individuals in the number and severity of the medical and neurodevelopmental problems associated with XXYY, and some individuals have mild symptoms, while others are more significantly affected.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18481271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome_anomalies" title="Sex chromosome anomalies">Sex chromosome anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">Aneuploidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy_X" title="Tetrasomy X">Tetrasomy X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurodontism" title="Taurodontism">Taurodontism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXYY_syndrome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113152229/https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5677/index">"48,XXYY syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"</a>. <i>rarediseases.info.nih.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5677/index">the original</a> on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rarediseases.info.nih.gov&rft.atitle=48%2CXXYY+syndrome+%7C+Genetic+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center+%28GARD%29+%E2%80%93+an+NCATS+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fdiseases%2F5677%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18481271-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18481271_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartagliaDavisHench2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tartaglia N, Davis S, Hench A, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056496">"A New Look at XXYY Syndrome: Medical and Psychological Features"</a>. <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A</i>. <b>146A</b> (12): 1509–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.32366">10.1002/ajmg.a.32366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056496">3056496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18481271">18481271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics+Part+A&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+at+XXYY+Syndrome%3A+Medical+and+Psychological+Features&rft.volume=146A&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1509-22&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3056496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18481271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.32366&rft.aulast=Tartaglia&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Davis%2C+S&rft.au=Hench%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3056496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GARD-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GARD_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GARD_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5677/48xxyy-syndrome">"48,XXYY syndrome"</a>. <i>Genetics and Rare Diseases Information Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center&rft.atitle=48%2CXXYY+syndrome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fdiseases%2F5677%2F48xxyy-syndrome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rarediseases-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rarediseases_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarediseases_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rarediseases_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/5677/48xxyy-syndrome">"48,XXYY syndrome"</a>. <i>Genetics and Rare Diseases Information Center</i>. NIH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetics+and+Rare+Diseases+Information+Center&rft.atitle=48%2CXXYY+syndrome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frarediseases.info.nih.gov%2Fdiseases%2F5677%2F48xxyy-syndrome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghr-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghr_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/48xxyy-syndrome">"48,XXYY syndrome"</a>. <i>Genetics Home Reference</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+define+characteristics%2C+treatment+options+for+XXYY+Syndrome&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityofcalifornia.edu%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F18430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisootsakRosnerDykensTartaglia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Visootsak J, Rosner B, Dykens E, Tartaglia N, Graham JM, Jr (2007). "Behavioral phenotype of sex chromosome aneuploidies: 48, XXYY, 48, XXXY, and 49,XXXXY". <i>American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A</i>. <b>143A</b> (11): 1198–1203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31746">10.1002/ajmg.a.31746</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17497714">17497714</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25732790">25732790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics+Part+A&rft.atitle=Behavioral+phenotype+of+sex+chromosome+aneuploidies%3A+48%2C+XXYY%2C+48%2C+XXXY%2C+and+49%2CXXXXY&rft.volume=143A&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1198-1203&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25732790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17497714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.31746&rft.aulast=Visootsak&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rosner%2C+B&rft.au=Dykens%2C+E&rft.au=Tartaglia%2C+N&rft.au=Graham%2C+JM&rft.au=Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorsiniSarda" class="citation web cs1">Corsini, Carole; Sarda, Pierre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Expert=10">"48,XXYY syndrome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orphanet&rft.atitle=48%2CXXYY+syndrome&rft.aulast=Corsini&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft.au=Sarda%2C+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orpha.net%2Fconsor%2Fcgi-bin%2FOC_Exp.php%3FExpert%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muldal_1960-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muldal_1960_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldalOckey1960" class="citation journal cs1">Muldal S, Ockey CH (August 27, 1960). "The "double male": a new chromosome constitution in Klinefelter's syndrome". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">Lancet</a></i>. <b>276</b> (7147): 492–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2860%2991624-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(60)91624-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=The+%22double+male%22%3A+a+new+chromosome+constitution+in+Klinefelter%27s+syndrome&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=7147&rft.pages=492-3&rft.date=1960-08-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2860%2991624-X&rft.aulast=Muldal&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Ockey%2C+CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-7216-0187-1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-0187-1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotran,_Ramzi_S.Kumar,_VinayFausto,_NelsonNelso_Fausto2005" class="citation book cs1">Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. (2005). <i>Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease</i>. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0187-8"><bdi>978-0-7216-0187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robbins+and+Cotran+pathologic+basis+of+disease&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Mo&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0187-8&rft.au=Cotran%2C+Ramzi+S.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Vinay&rft.au=Fausto%2C+Nelson&rft.au=Nelso+Fausto&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Stanley+L.&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Abul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXXYY+syndrome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8042649" class="extiw" title="d:Q8042649">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: Q98.8</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chromosomal_abnormalities" title="Template:Chromosomal abnormalities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chromosomal_abnormalities" title="Template talk:Chromosomal abnormalities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomal_abnormalities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chromosomal abnormalities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chromosome_abnormalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_abnormality" title="Chromosome abnormality">Chromosome abnormalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">Autosomal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duplications,<br />including <a href="/wiki/Trisomy" title="Trisomy">trisomies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1q21.1_duplication_syndrome" title="1q21.1 duplication syndrome">1q21.1 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndactyly-nystagmus_syndrome_due_to_2q31.1_microduplication" title="Syndactyly-nystagmus syndrome due to 2q31.1 microduplication">2q31.1 microduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_8" title="Trisomy 8">Trisomy 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_9" title="Trisomy 9">Trisomy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy_9p" title="Tetrasomy 9p">Tetrasomy 9p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_trisomy_10q" title="Distal trisomy 10q">Distal trisomy 10q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patau_syndrome" title="Patau syndrome">Patau syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_13" title="Chromosome 13">13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_16" title="Trisomy 16">Trisomy 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16p11.2_duplication_syndrome" title="16p11.2 duplication syndrome">16p11.2 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_18" title="Trisomy 18">Trisomy 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_21" title="Chromosome 21">21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22q11.2_duplication_syndrome" title="22q11.2 duplication syndrome">22q11.2 duplication syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_22" title="Trisomy 22">Trisomy 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_eye_syndrome" title="Cat eye syndrome">Cat-eye syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">Deletions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/1q21.1_copy_number_variations" title="1q21.1 copy number variations">1q21.1 copy number variations</a>/<a href="/wiki/1q21.1_deletion_syndrome" title="1q21.1 deletion syndrome">1q21.1 deletion syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/1q21.1_duplication_syndrome" title="1q21.1 duplication syndrome">1q21.1 duplication syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/TAR_syndrome" title="TAR syndrome">TAR syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/1p36_deletion_syndrome" title="1p36 deletion syndrome">1p36 deletion syndrome</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1" title="Chromosome 1">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Hirschhorn_syndrome" title="Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome">Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_4" title="Chromosome 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri_du_chat_syndrome" title="Cri du chat syndrome">Cri du chat syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5q_deletion_syndrome" title="Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome">Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_5" title="Chromosome 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_syndrome" title="Williams syndrome">Williams syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_7" title="Chromosome 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobsen_syndrome" title="Jacobsen syndrome">Jacobsen syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Dieker_syndrome" title="Miller–Dieker syndrome">Miller–Dieker syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Magenis_syndrome" title="Smith–Magenis syndrome">Smith–Magenis syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/17q12_microdeletion_syndrome" title="17q12 microdeletion syndrome">17q12 microdeletion syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_17" title="Chromosome 17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome" title="DiGeorge syndrome">DiGeorge syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22q11.2_distal_deletion_syndrome" title="22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome">22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22q13_deletion_syndrome" title="22q13 deletion syndrome">22q13 deletion syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">genomic imprinting</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prader%E2%80%93Willi_syndrome" title="Prader–Willi syndrome">Prader–Willi syndrome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromosome_15" title="Chromosome 15">15</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_18q-" title="Distal 18q-">Distal 18q-</a>/<a href="/wiki/Proximal_18q-" title="Proximal 18q-">Proximal 18q-</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X</a>/<a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y</a> linked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosomy" title="Monosomy">Monosomies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome (45,X)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisomy" title="Trisomy">Trisomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy" title="Tetrasomy">tetrasomies</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">other karyotypes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(genetics)" title="Mosaic (genetics)">mosaics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klinefelter_syndrome" title="Klinefelter syndrome">Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXY_syndrome" title="XXXY syndrome">XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXYY_syndrome" title="XXXYY syndrome">XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXXY_syndrome" title="XXXXY syndrome">XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisomy_X" title="Trisomy X">Trisomy X (47,XXX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasomy_X" title="Tetrasomy X">Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasomy_X" title="Pentasomy X">Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XYY_syndrome" title="XYY syndrome">XYY syndrome (47,XYY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XYYY_syndrome" title="XYYY syndrome">XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XYYYY_syndrome" title="XYYYY syndrome">XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45,X/46,XY_mosaicism" title="45,X/46,XY mosaicism">45,X/46,XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46,XX/46,XY" title="46,XX/46,XY">46,XX/46,XY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation" title="Chromosomal translocation">Translocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Leukemia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lymphoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkitt_lymphoma" title="Burkitt lymphoma">Burkitt lymphoma</a> t(8 <a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">MYC</a>;14 <a href="/wiki/IGH@" title="IGH@">IGH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_lymphoma" title="Follicular lymphoma">Follicular lymphoma</a> t(14 <a href="/wiki/IGH@" title="IGH@">IGH</a>;18 <a href="/wiki/Bcl-2" title="Bcl-2">BCL2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma" title="Mantle cell lymphoma">Mantle cell lymphoma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">Multiple myeloma</a> <a href="/wiki/T(11:14)" title="T(11:14)">t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_large-cell_lymphoma" title="Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma">Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma </a> t(2 <a href="/wiki/Anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" title="Anaplastic lymphoma kinase">ALK</a>;5 <a href="/wiki/NPM1" title="NPM1">NPM1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_lymphoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute lymphoblastic leukemia">Acute lymphoblastic leukemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myeloid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia chromosome</a> t(9 <a href="/wiki/ABL_(gene)" title="ABL (gene)">ABL</a>; 22 <a href="/wiki/BCR_(gene)" title="BCR (gene)">BCR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_myeloblastic_leukemia_with_maturation" title="Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation">Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation</a> t(8 <a href="/wiki/RUNX1T1" title="RUNX1T1">RUNX1T1</a>;21 <a href="/wiki/RUNX1" title="RUNX1">RUNX1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_promyelocytic_leukemia" title="Acute promyelocytic leukemia">Acute promyelocytic leukemia</a> t(15 <a href="/wiki/Promyelocytic_leukemia_protein" title="Promyelocytic leukemia protein">PML</a>,17 <a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoic acid receptor alpha">RARA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_megakaryoblastic_leukemia" title="Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia">Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia</a> t(1 <a href="/wiki/RBM15" title="RBM15">RBM15</a>;22 <a href="/wiki/MKL1" title="MKL1">MKL1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ewing_sarcoma" title="Ewing sarcoma">Ewing sarcoma</a> t(11 <a href="/wiki/FLI1" title="FLI1">FLI1</a>; 22 <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein_EWS" title="RNA-binding protein EWS">EWS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma" title="Synovial sarcoma">Synovial sarcoma</a> t(x <a href="/wiki/SYT1" title="SYT1">SYT</a>;18 <a href="/wiki/Synovial_sarcoma,_X_breakpoint" title="Synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint">SSX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatofibrosarcoma_protuberans" title="Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans">Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans</a> t(17 <a href="/wiki/Collagen,_type_I,_alpha_1" title="Collagen, type I, alpha 1">COL1A1</a>;22 <a href="/wiki/PDGFB" title="PDGFB">PDGFB</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxoid_liposarcoma" title="Myxoid liposarcoma">Myxoid liposarcoma</a> t(12 <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage-inducible_transcript_3" title="DNA damage-inducible transcript 3">DDIT3</a>; 16 <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein_FUS" title="RNA-binding protein FUS">FUS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmoplastic_small-round-cell_tumor" title="Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor">Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor</a> t(11 <a href="/wiki/Wilms_tumor_protein" title="Wilms tumor protein">WT1</a>; 22 <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein_EWS" title="RNA-binding protein EWS">EWS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_rhabdomyosarcoma" title="Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma">Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma</a> t(2 <a href="/wiki/PAX3" title="PAX3">PAX3</a>; 13 <a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_protein_O1" title="Forkhead box protein O1">FOXO1</a>) t (1 <a href="/wiki/PAX7" title="PAX7">PAX7</a>; 13 <a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_protein_O1" title="Forkhead box protein O1">FOXO1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniparental_disomy" title="Uniparental disomy">Uniparental disomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XX_male_syndrome" title="XX male syndrome">XX male syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/XX_male_syndrome" title="XX male syndrome">46,XX testicular disorders of sex development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marker_chromosome" title="Marker chromosome">Marker chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome" title="Ring chromosome">Ring chromosome</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring_chromosome_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring chromosome 6 (page does not exist)">6</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring_chromosome_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring chromosome 9 (page does not exist)">9</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome_14_syndrome" title="Ring chromosome 14 syndrome">14</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome_15" title="Ring chromosome 15">15</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome_18" title="Ring chromosome 18">18</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome_20_syndrome" title="Ring chromosome 20 syndrome">20</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring_chromosome_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring chromosome 21 (page does not exist)">21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_chromosome_22" title="Ring chromosome 22">22</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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