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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Geologia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cisuraliarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cisuraliarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cisuraliarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cisuraliarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asseliarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asseliarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Asseliarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asseliarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sakmariarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sakmariarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Sakmariarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sakmariarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artinskiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artinskiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Artinskiarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artinskiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kungurriarrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kungurriarrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Kungurriarrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kungurriarrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guadalupiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guadalupiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Guadalupiarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guadalupiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lopingiarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lopingiarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lopingiarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lopingiarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleogeografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izaki_bizidunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izaki_bizidunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izaki bizidunak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Izaki_bizidunak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Izaki bizidunak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Izaki_bizidunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna_itsastarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_itsastarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Fauna itsastarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna_itsastarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_lurtarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_lurtarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Fauna lurtarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna_lurtarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permo-Triasiar_iraungipen_masiboa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permo-Triasiar_iraungipen_masiboa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permo-Triasiar_iraungipen_masiboa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Eduki-taula" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Permiar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 86 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologie)" title="Perm (geologie) – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Perm (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A" title="العصر البرمي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر البرمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permianu" title="Permianu – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Permianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Perm dövrü – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perm dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Пермскі перыяд – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пермскі перыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Пермскі пэрыяд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пермскі пэрыяд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Перм (период) – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перм (период)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(period)" title="Perm (period) – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Perm (period)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Permià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AA-di%C4%95k-g%C4%AB" title="Nê-diĕk-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nê-diĕk-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaidd" title="Permaidd – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Permaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πέρμια περίοδος – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέρμια περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permio" title="Permio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Permio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9rmico" title="Pérmico – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pérmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geoloogia)" title="Perm (geoloogia) – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Perm (geoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikausi" title="Permikausi – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Permikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permien" title="Permien – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Permien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologii)" title="Perm (Geologii) – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perm (Geologii)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9D_(%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99)" title="פרם (תור גאולוגי) – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרם (תור גאולוגי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="पर्मियाई कल्प – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्मियाई कल्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geolo%C5%A1ko_razdoblje)" title="Perm (geološko razdoblje) – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Perm (geološko razdoblje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(id%C5%91szak)" title="Perm (időszak) – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perm (időszak)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պերմի ժամանակաշրջան – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պերմի ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perem" title="Perem – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian-epoko" title="Permian-epoko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Permian-epoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permt%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Permtímabilið – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Permtímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E7%B4%80" title="ペルム紀 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペルム紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="პერმული სისტემა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერმული სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Перм кезеңі – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Перм кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%84%EA%B8%B0" title="페름기 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페름기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пермь мезгили – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пермь мезгили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permium" title="Permium – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Permium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(tiedvak)" title="Perm (tiedvak) – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Perm (tiedvak)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permas" title="Permas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Permas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perms" title="Perms – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Perms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Перм (период) – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перм (период)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പേർമിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പേർമിയൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пермиан – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пермиан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(Geologie)" title="Perm (Geologie) – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Perm (Geologie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="शैलीयुग – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शैलीयुग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(periode)" title="Perm (periode) – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perm (periode)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permtida" title="Permtida – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Permtida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پرمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiano" title="Permiano – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Permiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пермский период – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пермский период" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologija)" title="Perm (geologija) – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Perm (geologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geochronologick%C3%A1_jednotka)" title="Perm (geochronologická jednotka) – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Perm (geochronologická jednotka)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm" title="Perm – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Perm" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barmiyaan" title="Barmiyaan – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barmiyaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Перм (периода) – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Перм (периода)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(p%C3%A9riodeu)" title="Perm (périodeu) – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perm (périodeu)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_(geologi)" title="Perm (geologi) – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perm (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேர்மியன் காலம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேர்மியன் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ยุคเพอร์เมียน – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคเพอร์เมียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permiyen" title="Permiyen – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Permiyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пермський період – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пермський період" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_sistemasi" title="Perm sistemasi – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Perm sistemasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B7_Permi" title="Kỷ Permi – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỷ Permi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Permian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二叠纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgb%C3%A0_P%E1%BA%B9%CC%81rm%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Ìgbà Pẹ́rmíà – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìgbà Pẹ́rmíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二叠纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="二疊紀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="二疊紀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm-k%C3%AD" title="Perm-kí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perm-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%96%8A%E7%B4%80" title="二疊紀 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="二疊紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permiar" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eztabaida:Permiar&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida (sortu gabe) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permiar"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permiar"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Permiar" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Permiar" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&oldid=10023712" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&page=Permiar&id=10023712&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermiar"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermiar"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Permiar"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Permiar&action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permian" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76402" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:rgb(247,88,60)">Permiar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permiar</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background:rgb(254,214,123); background-color: rgba(254,217,106,0); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(254,217,106,0), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(254,217,106,0)), to(rgba(254,217,106,1)), color-stop(15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)));"><a href="/wiki/Kanbriarraurrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanbriarraurrea">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Kanbriar" title="Kanbriar">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordoviziar" title="Ordoviziar">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Siluriar" title="Siluriar">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devoniar" title="Devoniar">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.816307692308px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.65015384615px; width:17.217538461538px;"><a href="/wiki/Triasiko" title="Triasiko">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurasiko" title="Jurasiko">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Kretazeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kretazeo">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogeno" title="Paleogeno"><small>Pg</small></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogeno" title="Neogeno"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:118.83384615385px; width:15.816307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:118.83384615385px; width:15.816307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:119.83384615385px; width:13.816307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div><br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div id="Container" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align: left; padding:0.5em 0 0 0; border-style:solid; float:right;clear:right; padding:0 0.5em; margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em; overflow: hidden;"><div id="Title" style="background-color:rgb(247,88,60); font-weight:bold; padding:0.2em; text-align:center; margin:0.6em 0 1.2em 0">Permiarreko denbora-lerro grafikoa</div><div id="Contains-Timeline-Scale-Notes"><div style="text-align:right; position:relative; top:-1em;"><small><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Permiar" title="Txantiloi:Permiar"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="View this timeline in its own page">ikus</span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Permiar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Permiar (sortu gabe)"><span style="color:#002bb8;" title="Discussion about this template">ezt.</span></a> • <span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="color:#002bb8;" title="You can edit this timeline. Please use the preview button before saving."><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Permiar&action=edit">ald.</a></span></span></small></div><div id="Scale" style="width:3.1em; position:relative; top:-0.82em; float:left; height:32em; padding:0px"><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:30.888182781056em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-300 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:29.375094568013em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:27.86200635497em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-295 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:26.348918141928em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:24.835829928885em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-290 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:23.322741715842em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:21.809653502799em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-285 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:20.296565289756em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:18.783477076714em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-280 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:17.270388863671em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:15.757300650628em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-275 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:14.244212437585em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:12.731124224542em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-270 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:11.218036011499em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:9.7049477984566em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-265 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:8.1918595854138em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:6.678771372371em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-260 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:5.1656831593282em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:3.6525949462854em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-255 —</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:2.1395067332425em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">–</span></div><div style="float:right; position:absolute; right:-1px; top:0.62641852019972em;"><span style="font-size:86%;white-space:nowrap;">-250 —</span></div></div><div id="ScaleBar" style="width:1px; float:left; height:32em; padding:0; background-color:#242020"></div><div id="Timeline" class="toccolours" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; height:32em; padding:0px; float:left; width:10.5em; border:none; background-color:#000000;"><div class="bar" style="font-size:100%; background-color:rgb(146,195,160); border-style: none; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:1.7775760326827em; height:30.222423967317em; margin-left:0em; width:1.155em;"><div class="nudge" style="font-size:100%; position:relative; top:-7.86em; left:-0em;"><span 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float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div> <div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto; font-size:100%; position:absolute; text-align:center; margin-top:16em;"><div class="annot-nudge" style="text-size:100%; float:left; position:relative; text-align:left; top:-0.75em; left:-0em; width:7em;"><span style="position:relative; width:auto; z-index:10; font-size:90%; color:black; vertical-align:middle; line-height:100%; bottom:0;"></span></div></div></div></div><div id="Legend" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em; border-style:none; float:left; clear:both;"></div><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em; float:left; padding:0 auto; border-style:none; clear:both; text-align:center; width:21em"><b><a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Estratigrafia_Batzordea" title="Nazioarteko Estratigrafia Batzordea">Nazioarteko Estratigrafia Batzordearen</a> arabera, Permiarraren banaketa (2022)</b><sup id="cite_ref-icstimescale_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icstimescale-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Ardatz bertikala: orain dela milioi urte.<br /></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(247,88,60)">Kronologia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hasiera</th><td class="infobox-data">duela 298.900.000 urte</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Amaiera</th><td class="infobox-data"><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-803f3cd9">Lua errorea:bad argument #2 to 'formatDate': invalid timestamp '251902'.</span></strong></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Honen parte da</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko">Paleozoiko</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICS_Standard_Global_Chronostratigraphic_(Geochronologic)_Scale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICS Standard Global Chronostratigraphic (Geochronologic) Scale (sortu gabe)">ICS Standard Global Chronostratigraphic (Geochronologic) Scale</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63463770?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Osatuta</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cisuraliar" title="Cisuraliar">Cisuraliar</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupian (sortu gabe)">Guadalupian</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077376?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingiar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopingiar (sortu gabe)">Lopingiar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(247,88,60)">Etimologia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Honen izena darama</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Perm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Perm (sortu gabe)">Great Perm</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385084?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perm_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perm Governorate (sortu gabe)">Perm Governorate</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124098?uselang=eu"><img alt="Itzuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><hr /> <table style="width:100%; line-height: 1.4em; vertical-align: top"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;">←<a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">Karbonifero</a> </td> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;">Permiar </td> <td style="width: 33%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;">→<a href="/wiki/Triasiko" title="Triasiko">Triasiko</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Permiarra <a href="/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko">Paleozoiko</a> aroko azken <a href="/wiki/Periodo_(geologia)" title="Periodo (geologia)">periodo geologikoa</a> da. Orain dela 299 milioi urte hasi zen, eta duela 251 milioi urteko iraungipen masiboarekin amaitu zen. </p><p>Periodo honi <a href="/wiki/Perm" title="Perm">Perm</a> hiri errusiarrak ematen dio, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> eskoziarrak Permen 1841ean aro hori identifikatu zuelako lehena aldiz. </p><p>Garai honetan, mundua bi kontinentetan bananduta zegoen, <a href="/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> superkontinentearen eta Cathaysia kontinentearen artean. Bi kontinenteak <a href="/wiki/Pantalasa" title="Pantalasa">Panthalassa</a> izeneko ozeano global batez inguratuta zeuden. Ondorioz, Permiarren klimatologia askotan askoz lehorragoa zen pasa den <a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">Karbonifero</a> periodoaren klimatologiarekin konparatzen badugu. Oihan karboniferoaren erortzeak basamortuko eremu zabalak utzi zituen barnealde kontinentalaren barruan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniotoak</a>, baldintza lehorrago horiei hobeto aurre egin ziezaieketen, eta, beraz, beren arbaso <a href="/wiki/Anfibio" title="Anfibio">anfibioak</a> ordezkatu zituzten. Permiar periodoan lehenengo amniotoak dibertsifikatu ziren <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">sinapsidoetan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">sauropsidoetan</a>. Bi klado horietatik, ugaztunak, dortokak, lepidosauriosak eta arkosausarioak garatu ziren Mesozoikoan zehar. </p><p>Zenbait autorek iraungitze-gertaerak baieztatzen dituzte Permiarrean. Permiako Goiztiarraren amaieran (Cisuraliarra), fauna errotazio handia ikusi zen. "<a href="/wiki/Pelikosauro" title="Pelikosauro">Pelycosaurio</a>" sinapsi primitiboen leinu gehienak desagertu egin ziren, eta <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">terapsido</a> aurreratuagoek ordezkatu zituzten. Permiarra Permo-Triasiko iraungitze-ekitaldiarekin amaitu zen. Lurraren historiako suntsipen masibo handiena izan da momentuz (Permiarrean gertatu ziren hiruzpalau krisietatik azkena). Itsas espezieen ia % 81 eta lehorreko espezieen % 70 hil ziren, <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(kontinentea)" title="Siberia (kontinentea)">Siberiako trapen</a> erupzioarekin lotuta. Garaiko <a href="/wiki/Biosfera" title="Biosfera">biosferak</a> denbora asko behar izan zuen hondamendi honetatik errekuperatzeko. Periodo triasikoa hasterakoan, 30 milioi urte pasa ziren ekosistemen pasa den biodibertsitatea leheneratu baino lehen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Permiar hitza ezarri  aurretik, periodo honetako arrokei Rotliegend eta Zechstein izena eman zitzaien <a href="/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania">Alemanian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Britainia_Handia" title="Britainia Handia">Britainia Handian</a>, aldiz, Hareharri Gorri Berria izenarekin ezagutzen zituzten Permiar aroko arrokak.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permiar terminoa 1841ean sortu zuen sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderick_Impey_Murchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderick Impey Murchison (sortu gabe)">Roderick Impey Murchisonek</a>, Londresko Geologia Elkarteko presidenteak, 1840 eta 1841ean <a href="/wiki/Ural_mendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural mendi">Ural Mendietan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_de_Verneuil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard de Verneuil (sortu gabe)">Édouard de Verneuilekin</a> egindako errusiar esplorazio handien ondoren. Murchisonek, <a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">Karboniferoko</a> geruzen ondoren “marga, eskisto, kareharri, hareharri eta konglomeratu estratu serie handiak" identifikatu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurkikuntza hori egin ondoren, Mirchisonek, geologo errusiarrekin elkarlanean, <a href="/wiki/Perm" title="Perm">Perm</a> inguruko eskualde errusiarraren ondorengo garaia izendatu zuen. Hortaz, bere izena Perm-etik hartzen du.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permiar terminoa aukeratzeko, mende oso bat eman zuten ikerlariek eztabaiden artean. Mende horretan zehar, alternatibak proposatu ziren. Adibidez, 1853 eta 1867 artean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_Marcou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Marcou (sortu gabe)">Jules Marcouk</a> Ipar Amerikako eremu handi batean <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> ibaitik <a href="/wiki/Colorado_(ibaia)" title="Colorado (ibaia)">Colorado</a> ibairaino dauden <a href="/wiki/Estratu" title="Estratu">estratu</a> permiarrak aurkitu zituen, eta Dyas izena proposatu zuen. Dena den, Murchisonek 1871n proposamena atzera bota zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologia">Geologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Geologia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Geologia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Permiar aroko lur-geruzak, besteak beste, bioestratigrafiarekin bereiz daitezke. <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">Amonoideak</a> baliaezinak direnez Permikoa bereizteko, <a href="/wiki/Conodon_macrops" title="Conodon macrops">konodonto</a>-fosilekin ordezten dira. Konodontoak aro Paleozoikoko <a href="/wiki/Agnatu" title="Agnatu">agnatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kordatu" title="Kordatu">kordatuak</a> ziren, eta gida fosil gisa erabilgarriak dira Triasikoko eta Permikako material geologikoa bereizteko. </p><p>Brian F. Glenister zientzialariak proposatu ondoren, 1999tik aurrera Permiarra geologikoki hiru epoketan banandu zen: Cisuraliarran, Guadalupiarran eta Lopingiarran. Era berean, epokek hainbat adin geologikoak osatzen dituzte.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cisuraliarra">Cisuraliarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Cisuraliarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cisuraliarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Cisuraliar" title="Cisuraliar">Cisuraliar</a>»</div> <p>Cisuraliarra duela 298.9 milioi urte hasi zen, eta duela 273 milioi urte amaitu zen. Cisuraliar periodoa Errusiako eta Kazajistanko Ural Mendietako mendebaldean dauden estratuak izena zor diote. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._B._Waterhousek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. B. Waterhousek (sortu gabe)">J. B. Waterhousek</a> proposatu zuen izen hori 1982an, Asseliar, Sakmariar eta Artinskianar aroak ulertzeko asmoz. Kunguriarra geroago gehitu zen. 1900ean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Auguste_Cochon_de_Lapparentek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparentek (sortu gabe)">Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparentek</a> “Uraliarra” gehitzeko proposatu zuen, baina hitzaren erabilera hutsalaren ondorioz, bertan behera utzi zen. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asseliarra">Asseliarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Asseliarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Asseliarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=V.E._Ruzhenchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V.E. Ruzhenchev (sortu gabe)">V.E. Ruzhenchev</a> errusiar estratigrafoak izendatu zuen 1954an. Ural mendietako hegoaldean dagoen Assel ibairi izena zor zion. Asseliarraren baseko GSSP-a Aidaralash ibaiaren haranean dago kokatuta , <a href="/wiki/Aktobe" title="Aktobe">Aqtöbetik</a> hurbil, eta 1996an berretsitu zen. Aro hau Streptognathodus postfusus-en agerpenarekin batera hasten da.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sakmariarra">Sakmariarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sakmariarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sakmariarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Karpinskyk izendatu zuen 1874an, eta Ural mendietako hegoaldeko <a href="/wiki/Sakmara" title="Sakmara">Sakmara</a> ibaiak ematen dio izena. Aroaren baseko GSSP-a Uraletako hegoaldeko Usolka atalean kokatzen da, eta, 2018an GSSP-a Sweetognathus binodosus-en agerpena kokatzen du.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artinskiarra">Artinskiarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Artinskiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Artinskiarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arti hiri errusiarrari izena zor dio, eta Karpinskik izendatu zuen 1874an. Artinskiarrak ez du GSSP zehatzik. Artinskiar aroa S. whitei-ren agerpenarekin hasi dela proposatzen da.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083038_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083038-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kungurriarrak">Kungurriarrak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kungurriarrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Kungurriarrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kungur hiri errusiarrari izena zor dio. Alexander Antonovich Stukenber-ek Kunguriarra izendatu zuen 1890an. Kunguriarrak ez du GSSP zehatzik. Neostreptognathodus pnevi-ren agerpena garai honen hasiera zehazten duela proposatzen da. <sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083038_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_2-20250106083038-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guadalupiarra">Guadalupiarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Guadalupiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Guadalupiarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Mexiko_Berria" title="Mexiko Berria">Mexiko Berriaren</a> artean dagoen <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe" class="mw-disambig" title="Guadalupe">Guadalupe mendikatetik</a> atera zuen bere izena epoka honek. George Herbert Girtyk jarri zion izena 1902an.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lopingiarra">Lopingiarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lopingiarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Lopingiarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Epoka honen kontzeptua garatu zen 1923an Amadeus Willian Grabauk proposatu ondoren. Hainbat meategi aurkitu ziren Txinaren hegoaldean eta, ondorioz, bere izena Txinatik <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiagxi</a> probintziako Leping hiritatik dator. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeografia">Paleogeografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Paleogeografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Paleogeografia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Permiar periodoaren zehar, egungo <a href="/wiki/Kontinente" title="Kontinente">kontinente</a> guztiek <a href="/wiki/Pangea" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> <a href="/wiki/Superkontinente" title="Superkontinente">superkontinentea</a> osatzen zuten, Cathaysiako lur mikrokontinentalekin ekialdean. Lur masa hauek <a href="/wiki/Pantalasa" title="Pantalasa">Pantalasa</a> ozeanoak inguratzen zituen, periodo horretako ozeano bakarra. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/298px-280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="298" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png/447px-280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/280_Ma_plate_tectonic_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption><b>Permiar aroko geografia</b></figcaption></figure><p>Ozeanografiari dagokionez, itsasoaren mailak behera egin zuen Permiar periodoaren hasieran, eta nahiko konstante mantendu zen Roadiensearen hasierara arte. Adin horretan, itsas-mailaren beherakada handia hasi, eta <a href="/wiki/Paleozoiko" title="Paleozoiko">Paleozoiko</a> osoko mailarik baxuenarekin amaitu zen. Itsasoaren maila gaur egungo mailaren antzekoa izan zen Wuchiapingiarren zehar. Ondoren, igoera txiki bat gertatu zen Changhsingian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permiarra beste periodo geologikoak baino hotzagoa izan zen. Dena den, tenperatura-gradiente arin bat zegoen <a href="/wiki/Ekuatore" title="Ekuatore">ekuatoretik</a> hasita. Permiarraren hasieran, Lurra Paleozoiko berantiarraren <a href="/wiki/Glaziazio" title="Glaziazio">glaziazioan</a> zegoen oraindik. Hau, <a href="/wiki/Devoniar" title="Devoniar">Devoniar</a> berantiarrean hasi eta <a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">Karbonifero</a> periodoan amaitu zen baina haren eragina oraindik nabaritzen zen. Hala ere, Permiar goiztiarra amaitzen zen heinean, Cisuralian hain zuzen ere, lurrak <a href="/wiki/Desertifikazio" title="Desertifikazio">desertifikatzeko</a> joera nabarmena aurkeztu zuen. </p><p>Permiarrean, klima nabarmen aldatzen zen urtaroen arabera. Ezaugarri bereizgarri gisa, <a href="/wiki/Montzoi" title="Montzoi">megamonzoien</a> presentzia aipatzekoa da. Klimaren aldakortasun altua zela kasua, Pangearen barrualdean lehorketa nagusitu zen.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izaki_bizidunak">Izaki bizidunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izaki bizidunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Izaki bizidunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Flora»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Flora"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>4 <a href="/wiki/Lore" title="Lore">lore</a>-erresuma ezberdin zeuden Permiar periodoan zehar: Siberiarra, Euroamerikarra, Gondwanarra eta Cathaysiarra.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karbonifero" title="Karbonifero">Karboniferoko</a> <a href="/wiki/Oihan_tropikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oihan tropikal">oihan tropikalaren</a> kolapsoaren ondorioz, zuhaitz-iratzeek Euroamerikako likosidoak baztertu zituzten eta, horren ondorioz, Euroamerikako flora eta flora Cathaysiarra bereizi egin ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> Glossopteridales orden suntsituaren landareak ziren nagusi. <a href="/wiki/Gimnospermo" title="Gimnospermo">Gimnosperma</a> zurkarak ziren, <a href="/wiki/Altzifre" class="mw-redirect" title="Altzifre">altzifre burusoilaren</a> antzekoak, eta, urez beteriko lurzoruak zituzten <a href="/wiki/Zohikaztegi" title="Zohikaztegi">zohikaztegietan</a> bizi ziren. <sup id="cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa_3-20250106083038-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mundu osoan zehar, Glossopteridales orden suntsituaren (egungo <a href="/wiki/Azeri-buztan" title="Azeri-buztan">azeri buztanen</a> arbasoak) landareek basoak sortu zituzten. Ikatzezko <a href="/wiki/Zingira" title="Zingira">zingiretan</a> bizi ziren eta bertikalki hazten ziren (<a href="/wiki/Banbu" title="Banbu">banbua</a> bezala), eta <a href="/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun">angiospermoen</a> antzeko adarkatze-ereduak zituzten. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horretaz aparte, gaur egun bizirik irauten duten hainbat talde Permiarrean agertu ziren; esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkoales</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Cycadales" title="Cycadales">Cycadales</a> ordenetako lehen espezieak.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fauna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Fauna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fauna_itsastarra">Fauna itsastarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fauna itsastarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Fauna itsastarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Itsas-metaketa permiarrak <a href="/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku">molusku</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonaitidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonaitidae (sortu gabe)">Gonaitidae</a> ordena) fosiletan<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" title="Brachiopoda">brakiopodoetan</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Productidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Productidae (sortu gabe)">Productidae</a> ordena) eta ekinodermoetan<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>aberatsak dira. <a href="/wiki/Trilobita" title="Trilobita">Trilobites</a> klaseko hiru familia bakarrik ezagutzen dira, Proetidae, Brachymetopidae eta Phillipsiidae<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Arrain" title="Arrain">Arrainen</a> dibertsitatea nahiko baxua izan zen, <a href="/wiki/Arrainen_eboluzioa" title="Arrainen eboluzioa">Paleoniszidoak</a> ziren nagusi. Gainera lehen <a href="/wiki/Neopterigio" title="Neopterigio">neopterigioak</a> agertu ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fauna_lurtarra">Fauna lurtarra</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fauna lurtarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Fauna lurtarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg/220px-Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg/330px-Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg/440px-Edaphosaurus_pogonias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Edaphosaurus pogonias</i> sinapsidoaren ilustrazioa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Intsektuak lehen aldiz agertu ziren eta ugariak egin ziren Karboniferoan. Permiarran izugarri dibertsifikatu ziren arren, Permiarraren amaieran, jaitsiera nabarmena egon zen haien dibertsitatean, iraungitze-gertaera masiboa dela eta. Permiar peridoan intsektu nagusiak paleopteroen, polinopteroen eta paraneoptero goiztiarrak ziren. Haien gainbehera Permiarraren amaieran hasi zen, Hemipteroek sortu zuten lehia dela eta.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amniota" title="Amniota">Amniotoei</a> dagokionez, Ipar Amerikako eta Europako lehen fauna lurtar permiarretan <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">sinapsido pelikostiko</a> primitiboak ziren nagusi, edafosaurido belarjaleak eta esfenakodontido haragijale, diadidiko eta anfibioak, esaterako. Lehenengo <a href="/wiki/Narrasti" title="Narrasti">narrasti</a> permiarrak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akleistorhinidoak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akleistorhinidoak (sortu gabe)">akleistorhinidoak</a>, intsektujale txikiak ziren gehien bat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Permo-Triasiar_iraungipen_masiboa">Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Permo-Triasiar_iraungipen_masiboa" title="Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa">Permo-Triasiar iraungipen masiboa</a>»</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Permian_fossils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Permian_fossils.jpg/250px-Permian_fossils.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Permian_fossils.jpg/330px-Permian_fossils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Permian_fossils.jpg/500px-Permian_fossils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Permiako fosil batzuk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fosil-erregistroaren bidez jakin daiteke Permiarraren azkenean gertatu zen iraungipena Lurraren historiako desagertze masiboa larriena izan zela. Zenbatespenen arabera, itsasoko espezietatik % 90-95  inguru desagertu ziren, eta lurraldeko % 70.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oraingoz, hipotesi onartuenek Siberian aurkitu diren <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>- eta <a href="/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto">basalto</a>-metaketak hartzen dituzte kontuan. Siberiako metaleku horiek ehunka urtez egon ziren aktibo, <a href="/wiki/Karbono_dioxido" title="Karbono dioxido">karbono dioxidoa</a> askatuz eta <a href="/wiki/Berotegi-efektua" title="Berotegi-efektua">berotegi-efektu</a> nabaria eraginez. Modelo larrienen arabera, Permiarren azken jarduera bolkanikoak munduko batez besteko tenperatura 5ºC igo zezakeen. Hala ere, tenperatura 5 gradu igotzea ez litzateke izango nahikoa bizitzaren % 95aren heriotza azaltzeko. Baina berotze horrek poliki-poliki igo zitzakeen ozeanoko tenperaturak, itsasertzetik gertu zeuden lur ozeanikoaren azpian zeuden <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a> izoztuen metakinak urtu arte, metano dezente kanporatuzta. Kanporaketa honek beste 5 gradu igotzea ekarriko zukeen. Hazkunde horrek hainbeste espezieren desagertze masiboa azal lezake.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hala eta guztiz ere, badaude hipotesi alternatiboak. Esaterako, beste hipotesi baten arabera, ozeanoetako <a href="/wiki/Sumendi" title="Sumendi">sumendien</a> aktibitatearen ondorioz <a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfuriko" title="Azido sulfuriko">azido sulfurikoa</a> askatu zen itsasoetan. Ondorioz, itsasoko leku askotan bakterioen koloniak garatzea ahalbidetzen zuen bioma <a href="/wiki/Anoxia_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anoxia (argipena)">anoxiko</a> bat garatu egin zen. Bakterio horiek <a href="/wiki/Azido_sulfhidriko" title="Azido sulfhidriko">azido sulfhidrikoa</a> ekoizten dute, eta atmosferara jariatzen dute.  </p><p>Azido sulfhidrikoak, atmosferan metatzen bada, gasak <a href="/wiki/Erredox_erreakzio" title="Erredox erreakzio">oxidatzen</a> ditu bere inguruan. Horrek atmosferako gas arnasgarriak desagertzea ekarriko zukeen. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_ultramorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio ultramorea">erradiazio ultramoreak</a> gas toxikotik bizirik atera ziren espezieak desagertzea ahalbidetuko zukeen.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Halaber baliteke iraunpenaren arrazoia aurreko hipotesien konbinazioa izatea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-icstimescale-1"><a href="#cite_ref-icstimescale_1-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> International Commission on Stratigraphy</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSelleyCocksPlimer2005">Selley, Richard C.; Cocks, Leonard Robert Morrison; Plimer, Ian R..  (2005). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-636380-3"><i>Encyclopedia of geology. </i></a> Elsevier-Academic press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-636380-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-636380-7">978-0-12-636380-7</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGradstein2016">Gradstein, Felix M..  (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63771-0"><i>A concise geologic time scale 2016. </i></a> Elsevier <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-444-63771-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-444-63771-0">978-0-444-63771-0</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMurchisonVerneuilKeyserling1845">Murchison, Roderick Impey; Verneuil, Edouard de; Keyserling, Alexander (Alexander).  (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geologyrussiaeu1murc/page/n213"><i>The geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural mountains. </i></a> London : J. Murray ; Paris : P. Bertrand <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLoret1866-01">Loret, M. Henri.  (1866-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1866.10825096">«De L'herbier Connu Sous Le Nom D'<i>Herbier, Magnol</i>»</a> <i>Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France</i> 13 (2): 101–106.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00378941.1866.10825096">10.1080/00378941.1866.10825096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0037-8941">0037-8941</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038-6">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038_6-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik_gabekoa-20250106083038_6-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBentonSennikov2022-01">Benton, Michael J.; Sennikov, Andrey G..  (2022-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/jgs2021-037">«The naming of the Permian System»</a> <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i> 179 (1)  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2Fjgs2021-037">10.1144/jgs2021-037</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0016-7649">0016-7649</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1U8wAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA417"><i>The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. </i></a> Taylor & Francis 1841 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHendersonDavydov_andWardlawGradstein2012-01-01">Henderson, C. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app007772020.html">«Paleoecology of the first Devonian-like sclerobiont association on Permian brachiopods from southeastern Mexico»</a> <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i> 66  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4202%2Fapp.00777.2020">10.4202/app.00777.2020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0567-7920">0567-7920</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFOlszewskiErwin2004-04">Olszewski, Thomas D.; Erwin, Douglas H..  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(2016-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gto.12150">«A last peak in diversity: the stalked echinoderms of the Permian of Timor»</a> <i>Geology Today</i> 32 (5): 179–185.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12150">10.1111/gto.12150</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0266-6979">0266-6979</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFThompsonPetsiosBottjer2017-07">Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Petsios, Elizabeth; Bottjer, David J..  (2017-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/diverse-assemblage-of-permian-echinoids-echinodermata-echinoidea-and-implications-for-character-evolution-in-early-crown-group-echinoids/D8E277DD35ED7CC3C00ACA9BEF587ECF">«A diverse assemblage of Permian echinoids (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and implications for character evolution in early crown group echinoids»</a> <i>Journal of Paleontology</i> 91 (4): 767–780.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fjpa.2016.158">10.1017/jpa.2016.158</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360">0022-3360</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLerosey-AubrilFeist2012">Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Feist, Raimund.  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(2016-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12161">«Permian– T riassic O steichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution»</a> <i>Biological Reviews</i> 91 (1): 106–147.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fbrv.12161">10.1111/brv.12161</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1464-7931">1464-7931</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFoottitH._Adler2018-06-18">Foottit, Robert G; H. 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Distinguishing Turnover From Crises in Their Fossil Record»</a> <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i> 114 (2): 99–118.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Faesa%2Fsaaa042">10.1093/aesa/saaa042</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0013-8746">0013-8746</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFModestoScottReisz2009-12-23">Modesto, Sean P.; Scott, Diane M.; Reisz, Robert R..  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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article/33/5/397-400/29629">«Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia»</a> <i>Geology</i> 33 (5): 397.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1130%2FG21295.1">10.1130/G21295.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garai_geologiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Garai geologiko">Garai geologiko</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permiar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76402" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q76402">Q76402</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permian">Permian</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q76402%22">Q76402</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> 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Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117508">ph117508</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300391470">300391470</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Permian-Period">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img 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