CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="oc" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Betum — Wikipèdia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )ocwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"oc normal","wgMonthNames":["","genièr","febrièr","març","abril","mai","junh","julhet","agost","setembre","octobre","novembre","decembre"],"wgRequestId":"36e840bc-af69-4b46-bfb7-a656db21aab3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Betum","wgTitle":"Betum","wgCurRevisionId":2439802,"wgRevisionId":2439802,"wgArticleId":167658,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"oc","wgPageContentLanguage":"oc","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Betum","wgRelevantArticleId":167658,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"oc","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"oc"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q22657","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=oc&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.23"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Betum — Wikipèdia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificar" href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipèdia (oc)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//oc.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.oc"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Betum rootpage-Betum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vejatz lo contengut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menut principal" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menut principal - Menut principau" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menut principal - Menut principau</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menut principal - Menut principau</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una pagina a l'azard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuir" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuir" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuir </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Somari" title="L'endrech per s'assabentar."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh" title="A prepaus del projècte, çò que podètz far, ont trobar d'informacions"><span>Comunautat</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments sul wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Darrièrs cambiaments</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_especialas"><span>Paginas especialas</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh_dels_nov%C3%A8ls_venguts"><span>Acuèlh dels novèls venguts</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-oc.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'enciclopèdia liura" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-oc.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Rec%C3%A8rca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Recercar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" aria-label="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparéncia"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modificar la dimension, la largor e la color del tèxte." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparéncia" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparéncia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Betum" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Betum" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas non es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Menut d'utilizator" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Contribuïr</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Betum" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Betum" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas non es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Paginas pels editors non registrats. <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-L'argela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'argela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>L'argela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'argela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_cauç" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_cauç"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La cauç</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_cauç-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Roma_antica_e_l’Opus_caementicium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Roma_antica_e_l’Opus_caementicium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>La Roma antica e l’<i>Opus caementicium</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Roma_antica_e_l’Opus_caementicium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_revolucion_industriala_e_la_cauç_idraulica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_revolucion_industriala_e_la_cauç_idraulica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>La revolucion industriala e la cauç idraulica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_revolucion_industriala_e_la_cauç_idraulica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_revolucion_industriala_e_lo_ciment_portland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_revolucion_industriala_e_lo_ciment_portland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>La revolucion industriala e lo ciment portland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_revolucion_industriala_e_lo_ciment_portland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Los_betums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Los_betums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Los betums</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Los_betums-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Los betums</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Los_betums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-betums_de_tèrra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#betums_de_tèrra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>betums de tèrra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-betums_de_tèrra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-betum_de_cauç" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#betum_de_cauç"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>betum de cauç</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-betum_de_cauç-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-betum_de_ciment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#betum_de_ciment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>betum de ciment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-betum_de_ciment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-betum_bituminoses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#betum_bituminoses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>betum bituminoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-betum_bituminoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geopolimèr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geopolimèr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Geopolimèr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geopolimèr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres_betums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres_betums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Autres betums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres_betums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repercussions_environamentalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repercussions_environamentalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Repercussions environamentalas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repercussions_environamentalas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Repercussions environamentalas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repercussions_environamentalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consomacion_d'energia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consomacion_d'energia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Consomacion d'energia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consomacion_d'energia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emissions_de_gases_d'efièch_de_sèrra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emissions_de_gases_d'efièch_de_sèrra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Emissions de gases d'efièch de sèrra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emissions_de_gases_d'efièch_de_sèrra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consomacion_de_fonts_naturalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consomacion_de_fonts_naturalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Consomacion de fonts naturalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consomacion_de_fonts_naturalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Despareisson_del_sable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Despareisson_del_sable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Despareisson del sable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Despareisson_del_sable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 114 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembok" title="Tembok - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tembok" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornig%C3%B3n" title="Fornigón - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fornigón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="خرسانة - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرسانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيطون - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3n" title="Formigón - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Formigón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="بتون - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedau" title="Bedau - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бэтон - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F" title="কংক্রিট - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কংক্রিট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto%C3%B1s" title="Betoñs - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Betoñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3" title="Formigó - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Formigó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کۆنکریت - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنکریت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrit" title="Concrit - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Concrit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonvaney" title="Betonvaney - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Betonvaney" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σκυρόδεμα - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκυρόδεμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betono" title="Betono - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormig%C3%B3n" title="Hormigón - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hormigón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoon" title="Betoon - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Betoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormigoi" title="Hormigoi - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hormigoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86" title="بتن - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoni" title="Betoni - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ton_de_ciment" title="Béton de ciment - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Béton de ciment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ton" title="Bèton - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bèton" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coincr%C3%A9it" title="Coincréit - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Coincréit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruadhtan" title="Cruadhtan - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cruadhtan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formig%C3%B3n" title="Formigón - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Formigón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng-k%C3%BA-li%CC%8Dt" title="Không-kú-li̍t - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Không-kú-li̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="בטון - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F" title="कंक्रीट - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कंक्रीट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բետոն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բետոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betono" title="Betono - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Betono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinsteypa" title="Steinsteypa - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steinsteypa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcestruzzo" title="Calcestruzzo - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcestruzzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="コンクリート - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンクリート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეტონი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="បេតុង - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បេតុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಂಕ್ರೀಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="콘크리트 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘크리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudus_concretum" title="Rudus concretum - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rudus concretum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABtong" title="Bëtong - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bëtong" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet%C3%B3n" title="Petón - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Petón" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botumm" title="Botumm - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Botumm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betonas" title="Betonas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betons" title="Betons - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Betons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കോൺക്രീറ്റ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോൺക്രീറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkrit" title="Konkrit - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konkrit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="कङ्क्रिट - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कङ्क्रिट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - alemany palatí" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="alemany palatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87" title="گاگره - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گاگره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concreto" title="Concreto - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concreto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urmiyun" title="Urmiyun - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urmiyun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concrete" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet%C3%B3n" title="Betón - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Betón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betoni" title="Betoni - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betong" title="Betong - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zege" title="Zege - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zege" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="பைஞ்சுதை - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பைஞ்சுதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="కాంక్రీటు - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంక్రీటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95" title="คอนกรีต - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอนกรีต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongkreto" title="Kongkreto - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kongkreto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бетон - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="کنکریٹ - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنکریٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beton" title="Beton - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concreto" title="Concreto - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Concreto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AA_t%C3%B4ng" title="Bê tông - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bê tông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkreto" title="Konkreto - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Konkreto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="混凝土" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekhonkrithi" title="Ekhonkrithi - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ekhonkrithi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბეტონი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בעטאן - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F" title="混凝土 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混凝土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C5%8Dng-ku-l%C3%AD" title="Khōng-ku-lí - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khōng-ku-lí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%B1%8E" title="石屎 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石屎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betum" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Betum&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina non existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betum"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Betum"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General - Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Betum" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Betum" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguiment dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&oldid=2439802" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Betum&id=2439802&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBetum"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBetum"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Betum"><span>Crear un libre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Betum&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telecargar coma PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&printable=yes" title="Version imprimibla d'aquesta pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Imprimir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dins d'autres projèctes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Concrete" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22657" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparéncia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparéncia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2456874">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .meta{margin-top:0px;background:#f8f9fa;font-style:italic;font-size:12px;color:#848687}}</style> <table class="noprint meta" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-left: 20px;"><i>Pels articles omonims, vejatz <a href="/wiki/Betum_%26_bitum_(omonimia)" class="mw-disambig" title="Betum & bitum (omonimia)">betum & bitum (omonimia)</a>.</i></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lo <b>betum</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es un assemblatge de materials de natura mai sovent minerala. Rassembla de matèrias inèrtas (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravilha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravilha (la pagina existís pas)">gravilhas</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agregat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agregat (la pagina existís pas)">agregats</a> coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravilhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravilhon (la pagina existís pas)">gravilhons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arenas</a>, etc), e un ligant (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciment (la pagina existís pas)">ciment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bitum" title="Bitum">bitum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argela" class="mw-redirect" title="Argela">argela</a>), es a dire una matèria capabla de n'aglomerar d'autras coma d'adjuvants que modifican las proprietats fisicas e quimicas de la mescla. Mesclats amb d'aiga, s'obten una pasta, d'omogeneïtat variabla, que pòt, segon lo material, èsser motlada en talhièr (pèira artificiala) o perduda sus l'obrador. Lo betum, alara, fa «presa , es a dire que se solidifica. </p> <ul><li>Quand l'argela es utilizada, li dison «<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia">tàpia</a>» o «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palhabard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palhabard (la pagina existís pas)">palhabard</a>», benlèu dins lo betums mai ancians.</li> <li>Quand lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciment (la pagina existís pas)">ciment</a> es utilizat coma ligant s'obten lo «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_de_ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton de ciment (la pagina existís pas)">betum de ciment</a>». Quand los agregats utilizats amb lo ligant idraulic son exclusivament d'<a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arenas</a>, alara li dison <a href="/wiki/Morti%C3%A8r_(construccion)" title="Mortièr (construccion)">mortièr</a>.</li> <li>Un ligant <i>idrocarbonat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bitume" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitume">bitum</a>) tanben se pòt utilizar, çò que mena al «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_bitumin%C3%B3s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton bituminós (la pagina existís pas)">betum bituminós</a>».</li> <li>Una novèla classa de betum emergís que pren lo nom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geopolim%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geopolimèr (la pagina existís pas)">geopolimèr</a>. La geopolimerizacion remplaça la <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">cauç</a> per de basas mai poderosas coma lo <a href="/wiki/Potassi" title="Potassi">potassi</a> o lo <a href="/wiki/Idroxid_de_s%C3%B2di" title="Idroxid de sòdi">sòdi</a>, que reagisson amb las argelas per formar una matritz veirenca que liga los grans entre si<sup id="cite_ref-Rainer.p.223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainer.p.223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>etc.</li></ul> <p>Lo betum de ciment associat amb d'acièr permet d'obtenir lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_armat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton armat (la pagina existís pas)">betum armat</a>. Lo betum associat amb de fibras permet d'obtenir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_fibra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton fibra (la pagina existís pas)">betum fibra</a>t. </p><p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_de_ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton de ciment (la pagina existís pas)">betum de ciment</a> es, a l'ora d'ara, un dels materials de construccion mai utilizat al mond (dos terces de las demoranças pel mond<sup id="cite_ref-arte_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arte-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Es tanben lo segond material mineral mai utilizat per l'Òme après l'aiga potabla: 1 m<sup>3</sup> per an e per abitant<sup id="cite_ref-Cudeville_2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cudeville_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son utilizacion energivòra es font de multiples damatges environamental: la produccion del<i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinker (la pagina existís pas)">clinker</a> </i>dintrant dins la composicion dels ligants es responsable d’unes 5 % des emissions dels <a href="/wiki/Gas_d%27efi%C3%A8ch_de_s%C3%A8rra" title="Gas d'efièch de sèrra">gases d'efièch de sèrra</a> (GES) antropics<sup id="cite_ref-CC_perspectives_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC_perspectives-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, màger responsables de l'<a href="/wiki/Escalfament_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalfament global">escalfament global</a>. Mai la quita perpetuala d’agregats adaptats coma lo <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">sable</a>, menèt a la subrexploitation de 75 % de las plajas de la Tèrra, destrusent fòrça ecosistèmas <a href="/wiki/Litorau" title="Litorau">litorals</a>. </p><p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_de_t%C3%A8rra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton de tèrra (la pagina existís pas)">betum de tèrra</a> es un material que subrevisquèt mal a la revolucion industriala. Son usatge es motivat per de rasons economicas (material gratuit disponible al quite sòl), ecologicas (perque demandon pas de procediments quimics de transformacion energivòrs o polluents e non fan pas de desgalhs non desirables) e politicas. Mas interessa pas gaire l'industria, en rason d'un procediment de transformacion complèxe, ni lo comèrci, a causa de sa disponibilitat immediata. D'emplèga encara en los païses del <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A8r%C3%A7_Mond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tèrç Mond (la pagina existís pas)">Tèrç Mond</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'argela"><span id="L.27argela"></span>L'argela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : L'argela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: L'argela"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Summer_Vacation_2007,_263,_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light,_Dunhuang,_Gansu_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/250px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/330px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg/500px-Summer_Vacation_2007%2C_263%2C_Watchtower_In_The_Morning_Light%2C_Dunhuang%2C_Gansu_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2561" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Rèste de la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Han" title="Dinastia Han">dinastia Han</a>, Dunhuang, Província Gansu (<a href="/wiki/-206" class="mw-redirect" title="-206">206</a> av. J.-C. à <a href="/wiki/220" class="mw-redirect" title="220">220</a> ap. J.-C.). Tàpia</figcaption></figure> <p>Dins una definicion mai larga del betums, los obratges de tàpia son considerats coma de betums. Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_de_t%C3%A8rra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton de tèrra (la pagina existís pas)">betum de tèrra</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia">tàpia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bard%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bardís (la pagina existís pas)">bardís</a> o palhabard) es lo primièr de totes los betums<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'argela, o de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rraf%C3%B2rt" title="Tèrrafòrt">tèrrafòrt</a>, sota la sisa d'<a href="/wiki/Um%C3%BAs" title="Umús">umús</a> es present dins fòrça sòls, e constituís un mortièr que pòt èsser aisidament utilizat pel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motlatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motlatge (la pagina existís pas)">motlatge</a> dins de tecnicas de brica cruda o de cofratge. </p><p>Las primièras ciutadas descobertas dins l'anciana <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> èran bastidas de tèrra cruda, quitament abans l'invencion de l'escritura. Aqueste material se damatge mai rapidament que la pèira, e i a paucas rèstas tant marcants com las piramidas d'Egipte. Atal en Mejan Orient e Asia centrala i a fòrça sites excepcionals coma Tchoga Zanbil (Iran), Mari (Siria), Shibam (<a href="/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n" title="Iemèn">Iemèn</a>) o Merv (Turcmenistan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_cauç"><span id="La_cau.C3.A7"></span>La cauç</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La cauç" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La cauç"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se vei enseguida la cauç associada a d'autres materials. La primièra utilizacion del ciment ven de <a href="/wiki/Egipte_antica" class="mw-redirect" title="Egipte antica">l'antiquitat egipciana</a>. En efièch, un dels <a href="/wiki/Morti%C3%A8r_(construccion)" title="Mortièr (construccion)">mortièrs</a> mai ancians, compausat de <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">cauç</a>, d’argela, de sable e d’aiga, foguèt utilizat dins la concepcion de la piramida d’Abu Rawash, erigida vèrs 2600 AbC, jos la dinastia IV, mas tanben per d’autres obradors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Roma_antica_e_l’Opus_caementicium"><span id="La_Roma_antica_e_l.E2.80.99Opus_caementicium"></span>La Roma antica e l’<i>Opus caementicium</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La Roma antica e l’Opus caementicium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La Roma antica e l’Opus caementicium"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Anderson,_Domenico_(1854-1938)_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg/220px-Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg/330px-Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg/440px-Anderson%2C_Domenico_%281854-1938%29_-_n._0116_-_Roma_-_Terme_di_Caracalla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Tèrmes de Caracalla, <a href="/wiki/Opus_caementicium" title="Opus caementicium">Opus caementicium</a>, 216 ApC</figcaption></figure> <p>Vèrs lo Sègle I ApC, la <a href="/wiki/Roma_antica" title="Roma antica">Roma antica</a> utilizèt aquesta tecnica en la melhorant en i apondre de sable volcanic de <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> o de tèsts trissats. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pozzuolana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pozzuolana (la pagina existís pas)">pozzuolana</a> es associada a la cauç e maçonada  de materials bruts, los <i>caementa</i>. Forma una mena de betum fòrça resistent. Coma dich <a href="/wiki/Vitruvi" title="Vitruvi">Vitruvi</a> dins son <i><a href="/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura">De architectura</a></i> (Libre II, Capítol 6), lo mortièr pòt resistir a l'aiga e quitament far presa en mitan fòrça umid. Aqueste qualitat es deguda a la preséncia d'una granda quantitat de silicat d'alumini. Apondent a la <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">cauç</a> aeriana de pozzuolana o testons, ven artificialment de <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">alç idraulica</a>. Es sonque en <a href="/wiki/1818" class="mw-redirect" title="1818">1818</a> que <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Vicat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Vicat (la pagina existís pas)">Louis Vicat</a> expliquèt los principis d'aquesta reaccion, dins sa teoria de l'idraulicitat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'<i><a href="/wiki/Opus_caementicium" title="Opus caementicium">Opus caementicium</a></i> es una maçonariá de blocatge, un conglomerat sovent realizat entre doas parets d'aparelh pichon. Permet de realizar los volums considerables de maçonariá d'<a href="/wiki/Aq%C3%BCeducte" title="Aqüeducte">aqüeductes</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2nt" title="Pònt">ponts</a>, basilicas, etc. Aqueste sistèma de bastir es performant, economic, rapid, e demanda pas cap de qualificacion de la man d'òbra, una bona partida dels materials essent utilizat sens preparacion prealabla<sup id="cite_ref-Stefano_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefano-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lo Panteon de Roma es atal realizat dins una mena de betum<sup id="cite_ref-PM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>A l'Edat Mejana, los artesans passan d'utilizar aquesta pèira factícia de <a href="/wiki/Pozzuoli" title="Pozzuoli">Pozzuoli</a> e oblidan son usatge. emEs sonque a partir de las <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_de_las_Luses" title="Sègle de las Luses">Luses</a> qu'unes sabents tornan i portar interés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_revolucion_industriala_e_la_cauç_idraulica"><span id="La_revolucion_industriala_e_la_cau.C3.A7_idraulica"></span>La revolucion industriala e la cauç idraulica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : La revolucion industriala e la cauç idraulica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La revolucion industriala e la cauç idraulica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Del temps de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Forest_de_B%C3%A9lidor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Forest de Bélidor (la pagina existís pas)">Bernard Forest de Bélidor</a> (sègle XVIII) se fasiá dins l'aiga fòrça de fondacions amb de pèiras que se getava al luòc ont se volgava establir de fondacions; se plaçava amb aquestas pèiras de mortièr susceptible d'enduresir dins l'aiga (Que s'obten encara per una mescla de cauç aeriana, de testons o de pozzuolana, e de sable). Aqueste metòde aviá lo grand inconvenient d'expausar a metre tròp de mortièr a unes luòcs e pas pro a d'autres que se fondava a una granda prigondor sota l'aiga la mala visibilitat empachava de distribuir plan lo mortièr. La pèrda del betum sota l'aiga se fasiá per diferents biais: tremuèjas, caissas tampadas per evitar que lo mortièr siá delavat lo temps de son immersion, etc<sup id="cite_ref-Treussart.p.x1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treussart.p.x1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. enseguida Vicat dona le nom de mortièr idraulic a aqueste qu'a la proprietat de durcir dins l'aiga.<sup id="cite_ref-Treussart.p.x2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treussart.p.x2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_revolucion_industriala_e_lo_ciment_portland">La revolucion industriala e lo ciment portland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La revolucion industriala e lo ciment portland" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La revolucion industriala e lo ciment portland"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_(Grenoble).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/220px-Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/330px-Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg/440px-Pont_b%C3%A9ton_-_Jardin_des_Plantes_%28Grenoble%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Lo pont del Jardin de las plantas de <a href="/wiki/Gren%C3%B2ble" title="Grenòble">Grenòble</a>, un dels primièrs obratges al mond de betum de ciment perdur<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bastit en 1855 per Joseph e Louis Vicat.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'opinion mai sovent admesa dins la segonda mitat del sègle XVIII es que es aquestat argela que dona a la cauç la proprietat singulara de durcir dins l'aiga. L’anglés John Smeaton l'experimenta dins la construccion del Far d'Eddystone. Fins al començament del sègle XIX, lo biais de far lo mortièr que foguèt gaireben sempre abandonada als obrièrs es l'objèxte de novèlas experimentacions, enlusidas pels progresses recents de la quimia, que foguèt pronoguda en sciéncia exacta. En 1796, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Parker (la pagina existís pas)">James Parker</a> descobrís sus l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Illa_de_Sheppey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illa de Sheppey (la pagina existís pas)">illa de Sheppey</a>, en Grand Bretanha, un calcari pro argilós poer donar après una coseson a <span title="1 652°F 1 173,2K">900 <a href="/wiki/Gra_Celsius" title="Gra Celsius">°C</a></span>, un ciment natural de prisa rapida qu'es comercializat jos la marca <i>roman cement</i>. en França en 1818, Louis Vicat, engenhaire de <i>l<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89cole_nationale_des_ponts_et_chauss%C3%A9es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="École nationale des ponts et chaussées (la pagina existís pas)">’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées</a>,</i> experimenta las calces idraulicas e la possibilitat de lea fabricar de biais artificial. Jol vam, en França, l'usatge de las calces idraulicas e ciments naturals se generiza e, a partir de las annadas 1850, los ciments artificials subrecuèchs nomenats ciment portland. </p><p>Es dins las annadas 1830 qu'apareisson los primièrs desvelopaments d'aqueste material, amb per exemple la construccion d’un ostal de tres estarges de betum  <a href="/wiki/Montalban" title="Montalban">Montalban</a>, per l'entreprenaire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-Martin_Lebrun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François-Martin Lebrun (la pagina existís pas)">François-Martin Lebrun</a>, puèi, a partir de 1852, lo betum-tàpia o betum-aglomerat de l’industrial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Coignet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Coignet (la pagina existís pas)">François Coignet</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Lambot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Lambot (la pagina existís pas)">Joseph Lambot</a> puèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Monier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Monier (la pagina existís pas)">Joseph Monier</a> desvolopan los ciments armats, que vedran los betums armats jos vam de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hennebique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hennebique (la pagina existís pas)">François Hennebique</a> o de l'arquitècte e entreprenaire <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Perret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auguste Perret (la pagina existís pas)">Auguste Perret</a>, aqueste declara<span>: « Fasent al betum l'onor de lo talhar, de l'escodar, de lo ciselar, avèm obtenguts de superfícias que la beutat feriá trmolar los peirièrs »</span>. </p><p>L'arquitècte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tony_Garnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tony Garnier (la pagina existís pas)">Tony Garnier</a> preconisa l’utilizacion del betum e dels novèls betums armats per las òbras que li confia lo cònsol de <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> afirma dins sa carta d'Atenas : « Lo betum es un material qu'engana pas » . </p><p>En 1929, es <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Freyssinet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Freyssinet (la pagina existís pas)">Eugène Freyssinet</a>, que revoluciona lo mond de la construccion inventant lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_preconstrench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton preconstrench (la pagina existís pas)">betum preconstrench</a>. </p><p>Pendent la <a href="/wiki/Dusau_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusau Guèrra Mondiau">Segonda Guèrra mondiala</a>, l'arquitècte nazi <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> utiliza 17 milions de cubs d'« <i>Eisenbeton</i> » per bastir lo mur de l'Atlantica. Après lo conflicte, cal lotjar rapidament las populacions que las demorança avián estat destruchas e tornar bastir de vilas rasadas coma <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> o <a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a>; s'utiliza lo betum. Quitament, lo desvelopament dels grands ensembles pendent la Trenta Gloriosas e la democratizacion del torisme dins las estacions balneàrias coma <a href="/wiki/La_Mota_Granda" title="La Mota Granda">La Mota granda</a> mobilizan aqueste materials. </p><p>A la fin de las annadas 1980, apareisson los betums de nautas performanças e en seguida de novèls grands novelums coma los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_autopla%C3%A7ant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton autoplaçant (la pagina existís pas)">betums autoplaçants</a> (BAP) e los betums fibrats de ultra nautas performanças (BFUP). </p><p>Lo betum de ciment es, a l'ora d'ara, lo material de construccion mai utilizat al mond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Los_betums">Los betums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Los betums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Los betums"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="betums_de_tèrra"><span id="betums_de_t.C3.A8rra"></span>betums de tèrra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : betums de tèrra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: betums de tèrra"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>"betum de tèrra"</i> es un tèrme modèrne matériau per designat <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia">tàpia</a>,</b> bardís, palhabard, etc </p><p>Los materials de basa d'un betum de tèrra son: l'<a href="/wiki/Argila" title="Argila">argela</a> (la mai pura es lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caolin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caolin (la pagina existís pas)">caolin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">sable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grava" title="Grava">gravas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>. Amb sa coesion intèrne, l'argela jòga lo ròtle de ligant, la grava e lo sable son l'esqueleta intèrna, l'aiga es lo lubrificant. Lo betum de tèrra a a pasmens pas de la resisténcia mecanica que cal per far de superestructuras. </p><p>L'argela, que pòt presentar de variacions de volum en cas de modificacion del taus en aiga, se pòt establizar per apond de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciment (la pagina existís pas)">ciment Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">calces</a>, d'armaduras vegetalas (<a href="/wiki/Palha" title="Palha">palha</a> secada talhas, <a href="/wiki/Cambe" title="Cambe">cambe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisal (la pagina existís pas)">sisal</a>, fibras de fuèlha de <a href="/wiki/Palmi%C3%A8r" title="Palmièr">palmièr</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riban (la pagina existís pas)">riban</a> du fusta, <a href="/wiki/Rusca" title="Rusca">ruscas</a>, etc), per apond d'asfalt, d'òli de cocòt, etc per assegurar l'impermeabilizacion, per tractament quimic (cauç, urina de bestials, etc), geopolimerizacion, etc </p><p>Lo betum de tèrra es utilizat dins las tecnicas de <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0pia" title="Tàpia">tàpias</a> (sus pans de fusta o cledon), de bard, de terratge o bricas motladas mecanicament, etc </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="betum_de_cauç"><span id="betum_de_cau.C3.A7"></span>betum de cauç</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : betum de cauç" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: betum de cauç"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dins lo cas del betum de cauç, es la cauç idraulica que sevís de ligant. Aqueste tipe de betum es per exemple utilizat per realizar de molons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="betum_de_ciment">betum de ciment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : betum de ciment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: betum de ciment"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_de_ciment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton de ciment (la pagina existís pas)">betum de ciment</a>, o simplament « betum », es una mescla de ciment, de granulats, d'aiga e d'adjuvants. </p> <dl><dt>Denominacion particuliara dels betums de ciment</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_armat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton armat (la pagina existís pas)">betum armat</a> - material composit, compausat d'una armadura en <a href="/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr">acièr</a> cobèrta de betum.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_extrudat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton extrudat (la pagina existís pas)">betum extrudat</a> - en tecnica rotièra, lo betum extrudat es un betum perdur en plaça mejans de maquinas amb de cofratges limpant, nomenadas maquinas d'extrudar. Permet de realizar de mureta de seguretat, de borduras e de dispositius de retenguda sus de longors importantas.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_progetat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton progetat (la pagina existís pas)">betum progetat</a>;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_autopla%C3%A7ant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton autoplaçant (la pagina existís pas)">betum autoplaçant</a> - betum de ciment capable, jos le sol efièch de la pesantor, de se metre en plaça dins los cofratges quitament mai complèxes e sens utilizar de mejans de vibracion per consolidar la mescla;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_cellular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton cellular (la pagina existís pas)">betum cellular</a> - blòt isolant realisé en autoclau;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_ciclop%C3%A8u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton ciclopèu (la pagina existís pas)">betum ciclopèu</a> - betum contenent de bòts grosse (pèires, molons, còdols ...)<br /></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_nautas_performan%C3%A7as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton nautas performanças (la pagina existís pas)">betum nautas performanças</a> - betum caracterizat per una pla fòrta resisténcia a la compression;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_translucid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton translucid (la pagina existís pas)">betum translucid</a> - material de construccion de betum avent la proprietat de transmetre la lutz amb d'elements optics integrat;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairon_(ma%C3%A7onari%C3%A1)" title="Cairon (maçonariá)">blòt de betum</a> - element de maçonariá motlada.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_desactivat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton desactivat (la pagina existís pas)">betum desactivat</a> - nom donat a un betum que la superfícia daissa pareisser los granulats de color. Se realiza per pulverizacion d'un desactivant sus la superfícia fresca d'un betum al moment de sa pèrda<sup id="cite_ref-Francebéton_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francebéton-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enseguida, un còp secat, un refrescatge de nauta pression de la superfícia fa apareisser los granulats.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="betum_bituminoses">betum bituminoses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : betum bituminoses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: betum bituminoses"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beton_bitumin%C3%B3s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beton bituminós (la pagina existís pas)">betum bituminós</a> (o revestiment bituminós) es compausat de diferentas fraccions de gravas, de sable, de <i>filler</i> e de <a href="/wiki/Bitume" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitume">bitume</a> utilizat coma ligant. Costituís mai sovent la sisa superiora de las cauçada. Es un procediment de fabrication continú o pastats. Se realiza a caus (unes 150 <span title="302°F 423,2K">150 <a href="/wiki/Gra_Celsius" title="Gra Celsius">°C</a></span>). L'efièch de "presa" apareis a partir del refergir (< <span title="194°F 363,2K">90 <a href="/wiki/Gra_Celsius" title="Gra Celsius">°C</a></span>), cal tanben compactar lo betum bituminós abans que siá freg. Al contrari del betum de ciment, es utilisable gaireben sul pic après sa realizacion. </p><p>Lo bitume essent un derivat <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petrolièr</a>, lo betum bituminós es sensible als <a href="/wiki/Idrocarbur" title="Idrocarbur">idrocarburs</a> perduts per las automobilas. Dins los luòcs expausats (estacions servicis) puslèu s'utiliza lo <a href="/wiki/Quitran" title="Quitran">quitran</a>. Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarmac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarmac (la pagina existís pas)">tarmacadam</a> dels aerodròmas es lo nom comercial d'un betum de quitran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geopolimèr"><span id="Geopolim.C3.A8r"></span>Geopolimèr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Geopolimèr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Geopolimèr"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres_betums">Autres betums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Autres betums" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Autres betums"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lo betum de cambe es un betum isolant mesclant de la <a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7" title="Calç">cauç formulada</a> amb de <a href="/wiki/Cambe" title="Cambe">cambe</a> presentat jos forma de blòts, conglomerat isolant, o progectat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repercussions_environamentalas">Repercussions environamentalas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Repercussions environamentalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Repercussions environamentalas"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consomacion_d'energia"><span id="Consomacion_d.27energia"></span>Consomacion d'energia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Consomacion d'energia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Consomacion d'energia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La màger partida de la consomacion d’energia deguda al betum ven d'activitats consomatriças d’energia que provòca una emission mai o mens fòrta de CO<sub>2</sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub><sub></sub>: </p> <ul><li>lo caminament (derivats du <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> pel transpòrt en camion del betum o de las matèrias primièras);</li> <li>la realizacion (dins le cas del betum de ciment, masot o autre combustible per còser la ròca en ciment);</li> <li>la consomacion electrica per mesclar mecanicament de grandas quantitats de betums.</li></ul> <p>Se la consomacion d'energia es importanta per du betum de ciment o de betum bituminós, l'energia grisa del blòt de cambe (energia necessària a l’ensemble de la fabricacion d’un produch) es inferiora a totes los autres materials isolants dins la massa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emissions_de_gases_d'efièch_de_sèrra"><span id="Emissions_de_gases_d.27efi.C3.A8ch_de_s.C3.A8rra"></span>Emissions de gases d'efièch de sèrra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Emissions de gases d'efièch de sèrra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Emissions de gases d'efièch de sèrra"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'impacte carbòni varia fòrça segon lo tipe de betum. </p><p>Es important dins lo cas del betum de ciment: l'utilizacion energivòra del betum de ciment es font de multiples damatges de l'environament: la produccion del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinker (la pagina existís pas)">clinker</a> dintrant dins la composicion dels ligants es responsable d’unes 5 % de las emissions de gases a efièch de sèrra (GES) antropics, màger responsables de l'<a href="/wiki/Escalfament_global" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalfament global">escalfament climatic</a>. </p><p>Lo blòt de cambe a al contrari un bilanç <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Dioxid de carbòni">CO<sub>2</sub></a> negatiu (sèrva de CO<sub>2</sub>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consomacion_de_fonts_naturalas">Consomacion de fonts naturalas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Consomacion de fonts naturalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Consomacion de fonts naturalas"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Despareisson_del_sable">Despareisson del sable</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Despareisson del sable" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Despareisson del sable"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dins lo cas del betum de ciment, la quista perpetuala d’agregats adaptats coma lo <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">sable</a> menèt a la subrexpleitacion de 75 % de las plajas de la planèta, destrusent nombre d'ecosistèmas <a href="/wiki/Litorau" title="Litorau">litorals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betum&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cal evitar lo francesisme «beton».</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainer.p.223-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Rainer.p.223_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rainer">Rainer 2008</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arte-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-arte_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008192258/http://future.arte.tv/fr/sujet/nos-plages-court-de-sable">Nos plages à court de sable</a> sur future.arte.tv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cudeville_2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cudeville_2011_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaury Cudeville, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502214808/http://www.pourlascience.fr/ewb_pages/f/fiche-article-recycler-le-beton-27964.php#liresuite">Recycler le béton</a> », <i>Pour la Science</i>, octobre 2011, <abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC_perspectives-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CC_perspectives_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104131636/http://www.construction-carbone.fr/emissions-du-ciment-quelles-perspectives/">Émissions du ciment quelles perspectives</a> sur le site www.construction-carbone.fr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Le <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bois_(mat%C3%A9riau_de_construction)">bois</a>, le <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuille">feuillage</a> et les <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peau_de_b%C3%AAte">peaux d'animaux</a> furent les premiers constituants de l'architecture naissante des pays tempérés. Pour les régions du globe où la végétation est rare, ainsi pour la plupart des rivages méditerranéens, ce fut l'<a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argile">argile</a> qui fut le matériau le plus utilisé. Il est intéressant de retrouver ensuite l'argile et le bois associés, dans une architecture plus mûre, constituant les structures dites à maison à <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_%C3%A0_colombages">pans de bois</a><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Adam">Jean-Pierre Adam</a>. <i>La Construction romaine. Matériaux et techniques</i>. Sixième édition. Grands manuels picards. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Joseph Vicat, <i>Traité pratique et théorique de la composition des mortiers, ciments et gangues à pouzzolanes et de leur emploi dans toutes sortes de travaux</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6F8UAAAAQAAJ&dq=pouzzolane+Louis+Vicat&hl=fr&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Consulter en ligne.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefano-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Stefano_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefano Camporeale, Hélène Dessales, Antonio Pizzo. <i>Arqueología de la construcción</i>. CSIC, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.be/books?id=BTHqm0R4DEgC&pg=PA144&dq=trait%C3%A9+d%27archeologie+Opus+caementicium&hl=fr&ei=b1I5TpnTD4XoOd_8wcsD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">Consulter en ligne.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PM_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philibert Humm, « Matons ce béton ! », <i><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Match">Paris Match</a></i>, semaine du 9 au 15 juin 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treussart.p.x1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Treussart.p.x1_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Treussart">Treussart 1829</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> x1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mathieu_Sganzin">Joseph Mathieu Sganzin</a>. Programme ou résumé des leçons d'un cours de constructions: avec des applications tirées spécialement de l'art de l'Ingénieur des ponts et chaussées, <abbr class="abbr" title="tome">t.</abbr> 1, 1840, <abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 55. Consulter en ligne</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treussart.p.x2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Treussart.p.x2_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Treussart">Treussart 1829</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> x2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Note : Le premier ouvrage a été construit en 1840 à Grisolles par l'architecte <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Martin_Lebrun">François-Martin Lebrun</a>. Il a fait l'objet d'une présentation à l'académie des sciences en 1842. Il a été démoli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francebéton-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Francebéton_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francebeton.comé/beton_desactive.htm">"Beton désactivé" sur le site Francebéton</a></span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betum&oldid=2439802">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betum&oldid=2439802</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 30 mai de 2024 a 09.15.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. Vejatz las <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">condicions d’utilizacion</a> per mai de detalhs, e mai los credits grafics.<br /> Wikipedia® es una marca depausada de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organizacion de benfasença regida pel paragraf 501(c)(3) del còde fiscal dels Estats Units.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politica de confidencialitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Avertiments_generals">Avertiments</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Còdi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desvolopaires</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/oc.wikipedia.org">Estatisticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaracion suls cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Afichatge mobil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Recercar</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Recercar sus Wikipèdia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betum</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>114 lengas</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Apondre un subjècte</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-845f5977-4bxgv","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.073","walltime":"0.109","ppvisitednodes":{"value":741,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":3455,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":313,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":8687,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 63.177 1 -total"," 33.42% 21.113 1 Modèl:Reflist"," 26.95% 17.023 1 Modèl:Omon"," 20.89% 13.195 3 Modèl:Harvsp"," 18.70% 11.816 1 Modèl:Metapaleta_de_ligam_de_desambigüacion"," 16.01% 10.118 3 Modèl:Tmp"," 10.55% 6.663 3 Modèl:P."," 7.32% 4.628 3 Modèl:Abreviacion_discreta"," 3.89% 2.459 1 Modèl:Formula_quimica"," 2.79% 1.765 1 Modèl:,"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-dd9d54c99-b6cjw","timestamp":"20250315170802","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Betum","url":"https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22657","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q22657","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2018-03-20T16:25:12Z","dateModified":"2024-05-30T09:15:55Z"}</script> </body> </html>