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sharing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanti%C3%A9ma" title="Tantiéma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tantiéma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewinnbeteiligung" title="Gewinnbeteiligung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewinnbeteiligung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participaci%C3%B3n_en_los_beneficios" title="Participación en los beneficios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Participación en los beneficios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سهیم کردن کارگران در سود کارخانه‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سهیم کردن کارگران در سود کارخانه‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Շահույթի բաշխում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շահույթի բաշխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantjema" title="Tantjema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tantjema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_Participa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_nos_Lucros_e_Resultados" title="Programa de Participação nos Lucros e Resultados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Programa de Participação nos Lucros e Resultados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantieme" title="Tantieme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tantieme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тантьема – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тантьема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainsharing" title="Gainsharing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gainsharing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тантијема – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plan where employees share in profits</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of business incentive plan for employees. For a method of finance used in Islamic banking, see <a href="/wiki/Profit_and_loss_sharing" title="Profit and loss sharing">Profit and loss sharing</a>. For the retirement plan, see <a href="/wiki/Profit-sharing_pension_plan" title="Profit-sharing pension plan">Profit-sharing pension plan</a>.</div> <p><b>Profit sharing</b> refers to various <a href="/wiki/Incentive" title="Incentive">incentive</a> plans introduced by <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> which provide direct or indirect payments to <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a>, often depending on the company's profitability, employees' regular <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">bonuses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Publicly_traded_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly traded companies">publicly traded companies</a>, these plans typically amount to allocation of <a href="/wiki/Shares" class="mw-redirect" title="Shares">shares</a> to employees. </p><p>The profit sharing plans are based on predetermined <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> sharing rules that define the split of gains between the company as a principal and the employee as an agent.<sup id="cite_ref-sharing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, suppose the profits are <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" /></span>, which might be a random variable.<sup id="cite_ref-sharing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before knowing the profits, the principal and agent might agree on a sharing rule <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10f51eec88706f1a26ac7430dc71d92c15e71a6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.229ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s(x)}" /></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-sharing_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, the agent will receive <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10f51eec88706f1a26ac7430dc71d92c15e71a6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.229ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s(x)}" /></span> and the principal will receive the residual gain <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x-s(x)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x-s(x)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10c85b2b8dbf392430063864b3ed443f1eb52d90" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.4ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x-s(x)}" /></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-sharing_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profit-sharing tends to lead to less conflict and more cooperation between labor and their employers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American politician <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> had profit-sharing institutions on his glass works in the 1790s. Another of early pioneers of profit sharing was English politician <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Taylor_(politician)" title="Theodore Taylor (politician)">Theodore Taylor</a>, who is known to have introduced the practice in his woollen mills during the late 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom, profit-sharing became prominent in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889, economist Nicholas Paine Gilman documented 135 cases of profit-sharing in the United States and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economists debated profit-sharing in major economic journals in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Procter" title="William Cooper Procter">William Cooper Procter</a> established a profit-sharing plan in <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profit-sharing has historically been a prevalent practice in the Hollywood motion picture industry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Profit-sharing partnerships are also prevalent in industries such as law, accounting, medicine, investment banking, architecture, advertising, and consulting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Harvard economist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Weitzman" title="Martin Weitzman">Martin L. Weitzman</a> was a prominent proponent of profit-sharing in the 1980s, influencing governments to incentivize the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weitzman argued that profit-sharing could be a way to reduce unemployment without increasing inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists have debated the effects of profit-sharing on different outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management's_share_of_profits"><span id="Management.27s_share_of_profits"></span>Management's share of profits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Management's share of profits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The share of profits paid to the management or to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Directors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Directors">board of directors</a> is sometimes called the <b>tantième</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> term is generally applied in describing the business and finance practices of certain European countries, including Germany, France, Belgium, and Sweden. It is usually paid in addition to the manager's (or director's) fixed salary and bonuses (bonuses usually depend on profits as well, and often bonuses and tantieme are treated as the same thing); laws vary from country to country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Profit-sharing_pension_plan" title="Profit-sharing pension plan">profit sharing plan</a> can be set up where all or some of the employee's profit sharing amount can be contributed to a <a href="/wiki/Retirement_plans_in_the_United_States" title="Retirement plans in the United States">retirement plan</a>. These are often used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/401(k)" title="401(k)">401(k) plans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gainsharing">Gainsharing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gainsharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gainsharing is a program that returns cost savings to the employees, usually as a lump-sum bonus. It is a productivity measure, as opposed to profit-sharing which is a profitability measure. There are three major types of gainsharing: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scanlon_plan" title="Scanlon plan">Scanlon plan</a>: This program dates back to the 1930s and relies on committees to create cost-sharing ideas. Designed to lower labor costs without lowering the level of a firm's activity. The incentives are derived as a function of the ratio between labor costs and sales value of production (SVOP).</li> <li>Rucker plan: This plan also uses committees, but although the committee structure is simpler the cost-saving calculations are more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ratio is calculated that expresses the value of production required for each dollar of total wage bill.</li> <li>Improshare: Improshare stands for "Improved productivity through sharing" and is a more recent development. With this plan, a standard is developed that identifies the expected number of hours to produce something, and any savings between this standard and actual production are shared between the company and the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">Employee stock ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">Mutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_plans_in_the_United_States" title="Retirement plans in the United States">Retirement plans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Weitzman, Martin L. (1985). "The Simple Macroeconomics of Profit Sharing". The American Economic Review. 75 (5): 937–953. ISSN 0002-8282.</li> <li>Weitzman, Martin L. (1985). "Profit Sharing as Macroeconomic Policy". The American Economic Review. 75 (2): 41–45. ISSN 0002-8282.</li> <li>Weitzman, Martin L. (1987). "Steady State Unemployment Under Profit Sharing". The Economic Journal. 97 (385): 86–105. doi:10.2307/2233324. ISSN 0013-0133.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Profit_sharing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1896" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, Paul (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761478">"Profit Sharing in the United States"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>1</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">685–</span>709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F210565">10.1086/210565</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761478">2761478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Profit+Sharing+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E685-%3C%2Fspan%3E709&rft.date=1896&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2761478%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F210565&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2761478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfit+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1899" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, Paul (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761583">"Profit-Sharing and Cooperation. I"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>4</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">593–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F210833">10.1086/210833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761583">2761583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Profit-Sharing+and+Cooperation.+I&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E593-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.date=1899&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2761583%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F210833&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2761583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProfit+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonroe1899" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, Paul (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761863">"Profit-Sharing and Cooperation. 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