CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of the Chinese Communist Party - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"566d512d-ca38-45c3-a057-75811bbe53c1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","wgTitle":"History of the Chinese Communist Party","wgCurRevisionId":1255287825,"wgRevisionId":1255287825,"wgArticleId":19768766,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2022","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022", "Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2024","Commons link is locally defined","History of the Chinese Communist Party"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","wgRelevantArticleId":19768766,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2510674","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript" :"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of the Chinese Communist Party - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party rootpage-History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_CCP_(1905–1922)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_CCP_(1905–1922)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins of the CCP (1905–1922)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_of_the_CCP_(1905–1922)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins of the CCP (1905–1922) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_CCP_(1905–1922)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_the_First_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_First_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before the First Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_First_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_United_Front_(1922–1927)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_United_Front_(1922–1927)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First United Front (1922–1927)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_United_Front_(1922–1927)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War_(1927–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Civil_War_(1927–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chinese Civil War (1927–1937)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chinese_Civil_War_(1927–1937)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chinese Civil War (1927–1937) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War_(1927–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Long March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Second_United_Front_(1937–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_the_Second_United_Front_(1937–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II and the Second United Front (1937–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_the_Second_United_Front_(1937–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_under_Mao_(1946–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_under_Mao_(1946–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>China under Mao (1946–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_under_Mao_(1946–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_economic_reforms_(1976–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_economic_reforms_(1976–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political and economic reforms (1976–2012)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_economic_reforms_(1976–2012)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political and economic reforms (1976–2012) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_economic_reforms_(1976–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hua_Guofeng" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hua_Guofeng"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hua Guofeng</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hua_Guofeng-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Deng_Xiaoping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Deng_Xiaoping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Leadership of Deng Xiaoping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Deng_Xiaoping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Leadership of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Xi_Jinping_(2012–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Xi_Jinping_(2012–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Under Xi Jinping (2012–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Xi_Jinping_(2012–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Chinese Communist Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تاريخ الحزب الشيوعي الصيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ الحزب الشيوعي الصيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ ইতিহাস – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা কমিউনিষ্ট পাৰ্টিৰ ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiske_partis_historie" title="Kinas kommunistiske partis historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinas kommunistiske partis historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistpartis_historie" title="Kinas kommunistpartis historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinas kommunistpartis historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="История Коммунистической партии Китая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Коммунистической партии Китая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiska_partis_historia" title="Kinas kommunistiska partis historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinas kommunistiska partis historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_Kom%C3%BCnist_Partisi_tarihi" title="Çin Komünist Partisi tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin Komünist Partisi tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="中國共產黨歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中國共產黨歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2510674#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1255287825" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&id=1255287825&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2510674" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #AAAAAA;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="border-bottom: 0.2em solid #CE294E00;"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/100px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/150px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/200px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Leadership</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">Leadership generations</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_power_in_China" title="Succession of power in China">Succession of power</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E2%80%93Wen_Administration" title="Hu–Wen Administration">Hu–Wen Administration</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping%E2%80%93Li_Keqiang_Administration" title="Xi Jinping–Li Keqiang Administration">Xi–Li Administration</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi Administration</a> (since 2017) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">4th Leadership Core</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Politburo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">14th State Council</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Current_office_holders" title="List of leaders of the People's Republic of China">Current state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Chinese_provincial_leaders" title="List of current Chinese provincial leaders">Current provincial leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Party_and_state_leaders" title="Party and state leaders">Party and state leaders</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">Orders of precedence</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of the People's Republic of China">First lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party leader</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">Head of government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Congress Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">Commander-in-chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo Standing Committee longest-serving members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related systems</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Service of China">Civil service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Constitutional history of the People's Republic of China">Previous constitutions</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">"People's democratic dictatorship" (Article 1)</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism (Article 3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_oath_of_office_of_China" title="Constitutional oath of office of China">Constitutional oath of office (Article 27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Protection of human rights (Article 33)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion (Article 36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_organ_of_state_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest organ of state power">Highest state organ of power (Article 57)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese legal system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law tradition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislation_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Legislation Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statutes_of_China" title="List of statutes of China">List of statutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Principles_of_the_Civil_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>General Principles of the Civil Law</i></a> (to 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Code of People's Republic of China"><i>Civil Code</i></a> (From 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law"><i>Marriage Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_labour_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese labour law">Labour law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Law</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Contract_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Labour Contract Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Labour Contract Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Property Law</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_China" title="Intellectual property in China">Intellectual property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patent_law_of_China" title="Patent law of China">Patent law</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_China" title="Administrative law in China">Administrative law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Procedure_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China"><i>Administrative Procedure Law</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_China" title="Capital punishment in China">Capital punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_offences_in_China" title="Capital offences in China">Capital offences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">Principal leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">Constitution</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Admission_Oath" title="Chinese Communist Party Admission Oath">Admission Oath (Article 6)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Four_Comprehensives" title="Four Comprehensives">Four Comprehensives</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Two_Establishes_and_Two_Safeguards" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Establishes and Two Safeguards">Two Establishes and Two Safeguards</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Party Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party">list</a>)</span> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>) <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Secretariat</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>:</div> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Vice-Chairman:</div> <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Directors:</div> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></span></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial & Economic Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Office Chief: <a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_for_the_Protection_of_State_Secrets" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration for the Protection of State Secrets">Office of the Central Secrecy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a> (<a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Central Leading Group for Inspection Work</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Provincial committee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Provincial_Standing_Committee" title="Chinese Communist Party Provincial Standing Committee">Standing committee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Deputy_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary">Deputy secretaries</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_group" title="Party group">Party group</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> (<a href="/wiki/14th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="14th National People's Congress">14th</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (page does not exist)">14th</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chairpersons" title="Council of Chairpersons">Council of Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Vice Chairperson of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhong" title="Li Hongzhong">Li Hongzhong</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General of the National People's Congress">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(politician,_born_1957)" title="Liu Qi (politician, born 1957)">Liu Qi</a></span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Special Committee of the National People's Congress">Special Committees</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Affairs_Committee" title="Ethnic Affairs Committee">Ethnic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_and_Law_Committee" title="Constitution and Law Committee">Constitution and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisory_and_Judicial_Affairs_Committee" title="Supervisory and Judicial Affairs Committee">Supervisory and Judicial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Committee" title="Financial and Economic Affairs Committee">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Science,_Culture_and_Public_Health_Committee" title="Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee">Education, Science, Culture and Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Committee" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee">Overseas Chinese Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_and_Resources_Conservation_Committee" title="Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation Committee">Environmental Protection and Resources Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Rural_Affairs_Committee" title="Agriculture and Rural Affairs Committee">Agriculture and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Development_Affairs_Committee" title="Social Development Affairs Committee">Social Development Affairs</a></li></ol></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Presidium of the National People's Congress">Presidium</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>State representative</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the President of the People's Republic of China">Presidential Office</a> <dl><dd>Chief: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Executive organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council (Central People's Government)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qiang Government">Li Qiang Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice-Premiers</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_premiers_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice premiers of the People's Republic of China">list</a>) <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Lifeng" title="He Lifeng">He Lifeng</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoqing" title="Zhang Guoqing">Zhang Guoqing</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Guozhong" title="Liu Guozhong">Liu Guozhong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_councillor" title="State councillor">State Councilors</a> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhenglong" title="Wu Zhenglong">Wu Zhenglong</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_departments_of_the_State_Council" title="Constituent departments of the State Council">Cabinet-level departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development & Reform Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)" title="National Audit Office (China)">National Audit Office</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_State_Council" title="General Office of the State Council">General Office</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Secretary-General of the State Council">Secretary-General</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_State_Council" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council">Deputy Secretaries-General</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_Assets_Supervision_and_Administration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission">State-owned Assets Supervision & Administration Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government-owned_companies_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government-owned companies of China">most Central Enterprises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Military organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission (CMC)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Military_Command_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Military Command of the People's Republic of China">supreme commander</a>): <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission">Vice Chairmen</a>: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Youxia" title="Zhang Youxia">Zhang Youxia</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/He_Weidong" title="He Weidong">He Weidong</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Members: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></span></li></ul></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Departments: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="General Office of the Central Military Commission">General Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhong_Shaojun" title="Zhong Shaojun">Zhong Shaojun</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Staff_Department_(China)" title="Joint Staff Department (China)">Joint Staff Dept.</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">Chief</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhenli_(general)" title="Liu Zhenli (general)">Liu Zhenli</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Work_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission">Political Work Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Miao_Hua" title="Miao Hua">Miao Hua</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_Support_Department" title="Logistic Support Department">Logistic Support Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lin_(general)" title="Zhang Lin (general)">Zhang Lin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_Development_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission">Equipment Development Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xueqiang" title="Xu Xueqiang">Xu Xueqiang</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_and_Administration_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Training and Administration Department of the Central Military Commission">Training and Administration Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Peng_(lieutenant_general)" title="Wang Peng (lieutenant general)">Wang Peng</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">National Defense Mobilization Dept.</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Faqing" title="Liu Faqing">Liu Faqing</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission">Discipline Inspection Commission</a> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Shengmin" title="Zhang Shengmin">Zhang Shengmin</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Political and Legal Affairs Commission of the Central Military Commission">Politics and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Commission_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Science and Technology Commission of the Central Military Commission">Science and Technology Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Strategic_Planning_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for Strategic Planning of the Central Military Commission">Strategic Planning Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Reform_and_Organizational_Structure" title="Office for Reform and Organizational Structure">Reform & Organizational Structure Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">Int'l Military Cooperation Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_Office_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Audit Office of the Central Military Commission">Audit Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Offices_Administration_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Agency for Offices Administration of the Central Military Commission">Offices Administration Agency</a></li></ol></dd> <dd>National armed forces: <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/23px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/35px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/46px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Theater_command" title="Theater command">Theater commands</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_(CAPF)_cap_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force"><img alt="Cap insignia of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/21px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/32px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg/42px-Chinese_People%27s_Armed_Police_Force_%28CAPF%29_cap_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="775" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_(2024).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Coast Guard"><img alt="Emblem of the Coast Guard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/21px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/32px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png/42px-Emblem_of_China_Coast_Guard_%282024%29.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="502" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">China Coast Guard</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Mobilization_Commission" title="National Defense Mobilization Commission">National Defense Mobilization Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Minister of National Defense (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a></div></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Veterans_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Veterans Affairs (China)">Ministry of Veterans Affairs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_for_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="State Administration for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence">State Administration for Sci., Tech. & Industry for National Defense</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="History of the People's Liberation Army">Military history</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of wars involving the People's Republic of China">Armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Modernization of the People's Liberation Army">Military modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_People%27s_Republic_of_China_military_reform" title="2015 People's Republic of China military reform">Military reform since 2015</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">CMC Leading Group for Military Reform</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Supervisory organ</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jinguo" title="Liu Jinguo">Liu Jinguo</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">Anti-corruption campaign since 2012</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Judicial organs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="President of the Supreme People's Court">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(politician)" title="Zhang Jun (politician)">Zhang Jun</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Courts Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Procurator-General_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate">Procurator-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">People's Procuratorates Judicial Police</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Hong_Kong" title="Judiciary of Hong Kong">Judiciary of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Court of Final Appeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Justice (Hong Kong)">Department of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutions_Division_(Hong_Kong)" title="Prosecutions Division (Hong Kong)">Prosecutions Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hong_Kong" title="Law enforcement in Hong Kong">Law enforcement in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_Services" title="Disciplined Services">Disciplined Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Bureau_(Hong_Kong)" title="Security Bureau (Hong Kong)">Security Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Macau" title="Judiciary of Macau">Judiciary of Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Final_Appeal_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Final Appeal (Macau)">Court of Final Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecutions_Office_(Macau)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecutions Office (Macau) (page does not exist)">Public Prosecutions Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_Security_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat for Security (Macau)">Secretariat for Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Security_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Security Force">Macau Security Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_Police_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary Police Services (page does not exist)">Unitary Police Services</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:警察總局">zh</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Security_Police_Force" title="Public Security Police Force">Public Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macau_Judiciary_Police&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macau Judiciary Police (page does not exist)">Judiciary Police</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法警察局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">National Committee</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairperson_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Vice Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Vice-Chairpersons</a> <dl><dd>Top-ranked: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Secretary-General of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongfeng" title="Wang Dongfeng">Wang Dongfeng</a></dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">CCP (ruling)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a> <dl><dd>Head: <a href="/wiki/Shi_Taifeng" title="Shi Taifeng">Shi Taifeng</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Kuomintang" title="Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang">RCCK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">CDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Democratic_Construction_Association" title="China National Democratic Construction Association">CNDCA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Association_for_Promoting_Democracy" title="China Association for Promoting Democracy">CAPD</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Peasants%27_and_Workers%27_Democratic_Party" title="Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party">CPWDP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Zhi_Gong_Party" title="China Zhi Gong Party">CZGP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jiusan_Society" title="Jiusan Society">JS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Democratic_Self-Government_League" title="Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League">TDSL</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd>Historical parties: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">KMT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="China Democratic Socialist Party">CDSP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">YCP</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Industry_and_Commerce" title="All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce">Federation of Industry and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">CCP Central Politics and Law Commission</a></div> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Wenqing" title="Chen Wenqing">Chen Wenqing</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of Public Security (China)">Ministry of Public Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Security_(China)" title="Minister of Public Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaohong" title="Wang Xiaohong">Wang Xiaohong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Public Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Immigration_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="State Immigration Administration">State Immigration Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security_bureau_(China)" title="Public security bureau (China)">Local public security bureaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">Ministry of State Security</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Minister of State Security (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yixin" title="Chen Yixin">Chen Yixin</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">State Security Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(China)" title="Ministry of Justice (China)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(China)" title="Minister of Justice (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/He_Rong" title="He Rong">He Rong</a></div></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Police_(China)" title="People's Police (China)">Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Justice_Bureau_of_Prison_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of Justice Bureau of Prison Administration (page does not exist)">Bureau of Prison Administration</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" class="extiw" title="zh:司法部监狱管理局">zh</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_management_and_law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban management and law enforcement">Urban Management <i>(chengguan)</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Leader: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Leaders: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yiqin" title="Shen Yiqin">Shen Yiqin</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd> <dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Head: <a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Administration_of_Press_and_Publication" title="General Administration of Press and Publication">General Administration of Press and Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Film_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="China Film Administration">China Film Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_Information_Office" title="State Council Information Office">State Council Information Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Tourism_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture and Tourism (China)">Ministry of Culture and Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">National Radio and Television Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Media_Group" title="China Media Group">China Media Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Global_Television_Network" title="China Global Television Network">China Global Television Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Radio" title="China National Radio">China National Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Radio_International" title="China Radio International">China Radio International</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reference_News" title="Reference News">Reference News</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_News_Service" title="China News Service">China News Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Today" title="China Today">China Today</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming_in_China" title="Radio jamming in China">Radio jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Overseas censorship of Chinese issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal media of China">Internal media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing_industry_in_China" title="Publishing industry in China">Publishing industry in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Firewall" title="Great Firewall">Great Firewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Cannon" title="Great Cannon">Great Cannon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Cai_Qi" title="Cai Qi">Cai Qi</a></div></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Cyberspace Administration of China</a> <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Director: <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Rongwen" title="Zhuang Rongwen">Zhuang Rongwen</a></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Ding_Xuexiang" title="Ding Xuexiang">Ding Xuexiang</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">HK & Macau Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xia_Baolong" title="Xia Baolong">Xia Baolong</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Liaison Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">John Lee Ka-chiu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics of Hong Kong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Beijing camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-democracy camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Hong_Kong_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & HK CEPA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macao_Basic_Law" title="Macao Basic Law">Macao Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Macau" title="Chief Executive of Macau">Chief Executive</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat-seng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Iat-seng">Ho Iat-seng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macau" title="Government of Macau">Macau SAR Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" title="Politics of Macau">Politics of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_and_Macau_Closer_Economic_Partnership_Arrangement" title="Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement">Mainland & Macau CEPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">"Taiwan Province", PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_Service_Trade_Agreement" title="Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement">Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Leader: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang Huning</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Taiwan Affairs Office</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Song_Tao_(diplomat)" title="Song Tao (diplomat)">Song Tao</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Relations_Across_the_Taiwan_Straits" title="Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits">Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> <dl><dd>Director: <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd> <dd>Deputy Director: <a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></dd> <dd>Secretary-General: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_spokespersons_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" title="List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Spokespersons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid from China</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">International Development Cooperation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(China)" title="Ministry of Commerce (China)">Ministry of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exim_Bank_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Exim Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Development_Bank" title="China Development Bank">China Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_Fund" title="Silk Road Fund">Silk Road Fund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_International_Military_Cooperation_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Office for International Military Cooperation of the Central Military Commission">International Military Cooperation Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress">NPC Foreign Affairs Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Foreign_Experts_Affairs" title="State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs">State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese_Affairs_Office" title="Overseas Chinese Affairs Office">Overseas Chinese Affairs Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_passport" title="Chinese passport">Chinese passports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macao_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Macao Special Administrative Region passport">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens">Visa requirements for Chinese citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Chinese_citizens_of_Macau" title="Visa requirements for Chinese citizens of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa policy of China">Visa policy of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Visa policy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Macau" title="Visa policy of Macau">Macau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Administration" title="National Immigration Administration">National Immigration Administration</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Beijing Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Common_Destiny" title="Community of Common Destiny">Community of Common Destiny</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="China and the World Trade Organization">China and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa–China relations">China–Africa relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">China–Arab relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean%E2%80%93People%27s_Republic_of_China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean–People's Republic of China relations">China–Caribbean relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Latin America relations">China–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">China–Pacific relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left: 0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukou_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukou system">Hukou system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Family planning policy">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">Ethnic minorities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-color: #AAAAAA;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_China" title="Template talk:Politics of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the Chinese Communist Party</b> began with its establishment in July 1921. A study group led by <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> professors <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a> to discuss <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, led to intellectuals officially founding the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in July 1921. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> invited the CCP to form a <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">United Front</a>, and to join his nationalist party, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), in Canton for training under representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s international organization. The Soviet representatives reorganized both parties into <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> parties. Rather than the loose organization that characterized the two parties until then, the Leninist party operated on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> set standards for membership and an all-powerful <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> determined the <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a>, which all members must follow. </p><p>The CCP grew rapidly in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> (1925–1927), a military unification campaign led by Sun Yat-sen's successor, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. The party, still led by urban intellectuals, developed a radical agenda of mass mobilization, labor organization, rural uprisings, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, and national unification. As the Northern Expedition neared success, Chiang in December 1927 unleashed a <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(mainland_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Terror (mainland China)">White Terror</a> that virtually wiped out the CCP in the cities. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a> had been a spectacular failure in mobilizing local peasants, became the leader of the CCP and established rural bases and to protect them, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Chinese Red Army</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945) Mao led a <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">rectification campaign</a> to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and his leadership of the party and after the war, he led the CCP to victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1945–1949). </p><p>In the years after 1949, the structure of the CCP remained Leninist, but the CCP's style of leadership changed several times. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_CCP_(1905–1922)"><span id="Origins_of_the_CCP_.281905.E2.80.931922.29"></span>Origins of the CCP (1905–1922)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of the CCP (1905–1922)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_First_Congress">Before the First Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the First Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Chinese Communist Party</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(Pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Chinese Communist Party before the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/220px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/330px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg/440px-Location_of_the_First_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Xintiandi_Shanghai_July_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>Location of the <a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in July 1921, on <a href="/wiki/Xintiandi" title="Xintiandi">Xintiandi</a>, former <a href="/wiki/French_Concession" class="mw-redirect" title="French Concession">French Concession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> ideas began to take root in China towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> as Chinese intellectuals began studying the work of European philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest Chinese promoters of Marxism was <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Zhixin_(revolutionary)" title="Zhu Zhixin (revolutionary)">Zhu Zhixin</a>, a revolutionary author and close colleague of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> who in 1905 published the first Chinese translation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Yat-Sen was also an early proponent of certain socialist ideals, arguing that socialism and communism were both subsets of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People"><i>Minsheng</i></a>, or People's Livelihood, an idea centered around the <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">taxation of land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCP still claims descent from Sun Yat-Sen, viewing him as a <a href="/wiki/Proto-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-communist">proto-communist</a> and one of the founders of their movement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun stated, "Our Principle of Livelihood is a form of communism".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow, <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a>, eventually became Honorary President of the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist" style="width:19.5em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;"><a href="/wiki/New_Culture_Movement" title="New Culture Movement">New Culture Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;;font-size:0.7em;line-height:0.7em;"> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"><strong>Aftermath of <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></strong> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Coronation of Yuan Shikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a></li></ul> <p><strong><a href="/wiki/Eastward_spread_of_Western_learning" title="Eastward spread of Western learning">Eastward spread of Western learning</a></strong> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism#Criticism" title="Confucianism">Anti-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New humanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Practice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East-west_cultural_debate" title="East-west cultural debate">East-west cultural debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Westernization" title="Total Westernization">Total Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplification of Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization of Chinese languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Writing with vernacular Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">National Language Movement</a></li> <li>Translation of foreign literature</li> <li>Sorting out national heritages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">Feminist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China#Modern_era" title="History of education in China">Education reforms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Antiquity_School" title="Doubting Antiquity School">Doubting Antiquity School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Society" title="Creation Society">Creation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li>Research Clique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Moon_Society" title="Crescent Moon Society">Crescent Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Left-Wing_Writers" title="League of Left-Wing Writers">League of Left-Wing Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Major publications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Jeunesse" class="mw-redirect" title="La Jeunesse">La Jeunesse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Critical_Review_(newspaper)" title="The Critical Review (newspaper)">The Critical Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Madman_(Lu_Xun)" title="Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)">A Madman's Diary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tiger_(political_magazine)" title="The Tiger (political magazine)"><i>The Tiger</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffe5b4;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Congwen" title="Shen Congwen">Shen Congwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Dafu" title="Yu Dafu">Yu Dafu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Ziqing" title="Zhu Ziqing">Zhu Ziqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Culture_Movement" title="Template talk:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Culture_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Culture Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the 1919 <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>, communism began to gain traction in China.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1919 and 1920, reading groups focused on the study of Marxism began to develop in China, with participants who had been involved in political movements of the 1910s like <a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Dazhao" title="Li Dazhao">Li Dazhao</a>, as well as younger activists including <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> decided to assist people of the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-CI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1920, <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) agent <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Voitinsky" title="Grigori Voitinsky">Grigori Voitinsky</a> was one of several sent to China, where he met Li Dazhao and other reformers. While in China, Voitinsky financed the founding of the Socialist Youth Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 32–35">: 32–35 </span></sup> Voitinsky founded the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern at Shanghai. On 5 July, he attended a meeting of Russian communists in China to promote the establishment of the CCP. He helped Chen found the Shanghai Revolutionary Bureau, also known as the Shanghai Communist Group. Stojanovic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> went to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, Mamaev<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> went to <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, and Broway<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> went to Beijing to help Chinese establish communist groups. Voitinsky provided these groups with promotional, conference and study abroad expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 114">: 114 </span></sup> In June 1921, <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a>, a Dutch agent from the Communist International arrived in Shanghai, and arranged a meeting in a deserted girls' school in the French Concession to which thirteen of the fifty-seven declared Communists were invited. There, they proclaimed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Congress">First Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Party dates its establishment to June 1, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> Its first formal meeting took place on July 23, 1921, when 12 representatives of local Chinese groups that had met over the course of the preceding two years gathered in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>After several days of meeting, security concerns prompted the group to instead meet on a houseboat on lake in nearby <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> The General Assembly adopted <i>The First Program of the Communist Party of China</i>, stating that "the Party is to be named the Communist Party of China" and specifying its objectives: "to overthrow the power of the capitalist class[,]" to "eradicate capitalism and private ownership of property[,]" and to "join the Comintern."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key delegates in the congress were Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a>, Tan Pingshan, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a>, He Mengxiong, Lou Zhanglong and Deng Zhongxia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mao Zedong was present at the first congress as one of two delegates from a Hunan communist group. Other attendees included <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a>, Li Hanjun, <a href="/wiki/Li_Da_(philosopher)" title="Li Da (philosopher)">Li Da</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Tanqiu" title="Chen Tanqiu">Chen Tanqiu</a>, Liu Renjing, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fohai" title="Zhou Fohai">Zhou Fohai</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Shuheng" title="He Shuheng">He Shuheng</a>, Deng Enming. Two representatives from the Comintern were also present, one of them being Henk Sneevliet (also known by the single name 'Maring'<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Notably absent at this early point were future leaders <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The period of the CCP's development between 1921 and 1934 is often referred to as the "Communist International era" because the Soviet Union was the key sponsor of CCP activities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_United_Front_(1922–1927)"><span id="First_United_Front_.281922.E2.80.931927.29"></span>First United Front (1922–1927)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First United Front (1922–1927)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></div> <p>In the early 1920s, the Bolsheviks and the Communist International's leaders believe that in China, the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> should be supported as it was in their view the country's most viable progressive force.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> In August 1922, Sneevliet called a surprise special plenum of the central committee. During the meeting Sneevliet proposed that party members join the Kuomintang on the grounds that it was easier to transform the Nationalist Party from the inside than to duplicate its success. Li Dazhao, Cai Heshen and Gao Yuhan opposed the motion, whereupon Sneevliet invoked the authority of the Comintern and forced the CCP to accept his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the guidance of the Comintern, the CCP was reorganized along <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> lines in 1923, in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(1926%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Expedition (1926–1927)">Northern Expedition</a>. The Northern Expedition was intended to unify China under a single government.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> The nascent party was not held in high regard. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a>, one of the five founding leaders of the Comintern, said in November 1922 that the CCP was not highly regarded in Moscow. Moreover, the CCP was divided into two camps, one led by Deng Zhongxia and Li Dazhao on the more moderate "bourgeois, national revolution" model and the other by Zhang Guotao, Lou Zhanglong, He Mengxiong and Chen Duxiu on the strongly anti-imperialism side.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Markovich_Borodin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Markovich Borodin">Mikhail Markovich Borodin</a> negotiated with Sun Yat-sen and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> the 1923 KMT reorganization and the CCP's incorporation into the newly expanded party. CCP cadres would join the KMT while remaining under CCP discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>Borodin and General <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher" title="Vasily Blyukher">Vasily Blyukher</a> (also known as <i>Galen</i> in Chinese) worked with <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> to found the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy" title="Republic of China Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a>. Soviet advisors were the academy's instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> The academy produced officers who later became leaders of both the Nationalist forces and the Chinese Red Army.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>The CCP's reliance on the leadership of the Comintern provided a strong indication of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front's</a> fragility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party's first major involvement in large-scale urban worker militancy was the <a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> The movement also resulted in major growth for the party, with its membership growing from 1,000 members in May 1925 to more than 57,000 by 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Crean_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crean-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_Civil_War_(1927–1937)"><span id="Chinese_Civil_War_.281927.E2.80.931937.29"></span>Chinese Civil War (1927–1937)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese Civil War (1927–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div> <p>In 1927, the KMT broke the United Front, committing the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai Massacre</a> and violently suppressing the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> CCP leaders sought to respond with armed uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, which briefly seized power before being defeated by KMT forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> CCP cadres fled urban areas and, in southern China, led their small armies to establish a base at <a href="/wiki/Jinggang_Mountains" title="Jinggang Mountains">Jinggangshan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a> left Jiaggangshan following the Kuomintang's counterinsurgency campaigns. They moved into the Jiangxi-Fujian borders to establish the <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet">Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 35">: 35 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1929 <a href="/wiki/Gutian_Congress" title="Gutian Congress">Gutian Congress</a> was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">party's ideology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 280">: 280 </span></sup> In the short term, this concept was further developed in the June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p><p>By the early 1930s, the political center of the Communist movement had shifted to the rural base areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 28">: 28 </span></sup> In 1931, the CCP consolidated a number these base areas into a state, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> (CSR).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR reached its peak in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> It governed a population which exceeded 3.4 million in an area of approximately 70,000 square kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR had a central government as well as local and regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> It operated institutions including an education system, court system, and education system.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> The CSR also issued currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_March">Long March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Long March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></div> <p>Although various counter-insurgency campaigns by the Kuomintang failed to defeat the CSR, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Encirclement_Campaign_against_Jiangxi_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet">fifth encirclement campaign</a> succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCP had to give up their bases and started the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> (1934–1935) to search for a new base. </p><p>In January 1935, the Red Army reached <a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi conference</a>, party leadership addressed the events leading to the defeat of the CSR, the overall state of revolution in China, and how to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 29">: 29 </span></sup> The course set by previous leaders including <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a>, international advisor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun_(communist)" title="Otto Braun (communist)">Otto Braun</a>, Li Lisan, and Qu Qiubai were the subject of criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Although Zhou Enlai was among the criticized leaders, he remained respected and continued to hold a leadership position.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Mao Zedong was elected to the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and became the movement's most influential leader.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> Mao's elevation also reflected a theoretical shift and strategic shift to an increased focus on the rural peasantry as the primary revolutionary class.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </p><p>After the Zunyi conference, the Long March resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 31">: 31 </span></sup> The Red Army settled in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> to expand an existing base into the <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 174">: 174 </span></sup> </p><p>The Western world first got a clear view of the main base of the Chinese Communist Party through <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Snow" title="Edgar Snow">Edgar Snow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></i>. Snow was also the first person to present Mao as the main leader – he was previously seen as just a guerilla leader and mostly as second to Zhu De (Chu Teh).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, young people dominated the CCP from its lowest to its highest levels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> According to Snow, the average age of Red Army rank-and-file soldiers was nineteen as of 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> The CCP's highest-ranking leaders had been students during the May Fourth period and were thus in their mid-thirties or forties after more than a decade of leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_the_Second_United_Front_(1937–1945)"><span id="World_War_II_and_the_Second_United_Front_.281937.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World War II and the Second United Front (1937–1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II and the Second United Front (1937–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%AD%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%9B%A2%E6%88%90%E5%91%98%E5%90%88%E5%BD%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The Party leadership in 1938. Front row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Ying" title="Xiang Ying">Xiang Ying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>. Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">Second Sino-Japanese war</a> (1937–1945), the CCP and the KMT were temporarily in <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">an alliance</a> so they could fight against their common enemy. The Yan'an Soviet moved its headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Zhidan_County" title="Zhidan County">Bao'an</a> (Pao An) to Yan'an (Yenan) in December 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 175">: 175 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army</a> became army groups belonging to the national army (8th route army and New 4th Army), and the Soviet Republic of China changed its name to the <a href="/wiki/Shaan-Gan-Ning_Border_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region">Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, essentially the army and the region controlled by CCP remained independent from the KMT's government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In eight years, the CCP's membership increased from 40,000 to 1,200,000 and the size of its military forces increased – from 30,000 to approximately one million in addition to more than one million members of militia support groups.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China_under_Mao_(1946–1976)"><span id="China_under_Mao_.281946.E2.80.931976.29"></span>China under Mao (1946–1976)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: China under Mao (1946–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conclusion of World War II, the civil war resumed between the Kuomintang and the CCP. Although the CCP participated in the National Constituent Assembly, due to the attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a>, the party was officially banned by the Nationalist government in June 1946, with party leaders including Mao Zedong wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-民_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-民-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial gains by the KMT, they were eventually defeated and forced to <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuomintang retreat to Taiwan">flee to off-shore islands, most notably Taiwan</a>. In the war, the United States supported the Kuomintang and the Soviet Union supported the CCP, but both to limited extent. With the Kuomintang's defeat & retreat to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Mao Zedong established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in Beijing on 1 October 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p>On 1 October 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong formally <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclaimed the establishment of the PRC</a> before a crowd at Tiananmen Square. At the time of the PRC's establishment, the CCP had 1 million members.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> The CCP headed the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Central People's Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 118">: 118 </span></sup> From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (like Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin_birthday2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/210px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/315px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stalin_birthday2.jpg/420px-Stalin_birthday2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Chinese communists celebrate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s birthday, 1949.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soviet leader Joseph Stalin proposed a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> when Liu Shaoqi visited the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">PRC constitution</a> was enacted, which changed the previous coalition government and established the CCP's sole ruling system.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">ideological separation</a> from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, Mao had begun saying that the "<a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat</a>" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> in which millions were persecuted and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2005131_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2005131-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_economic_reforms_(1976–2012)"><span id="Political_and_economic_reforms_.281976.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Political and economic reforms (1976–2012)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political and economic reforms (1976–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hua_Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hua Guofeng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Mao's death in 1976, a contest for power between CCP chairman <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and Vice-chairman <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong200547_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200547-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao had designated Hua as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: xiii–xiv">: xiii–xiv </span></sup> </p><p>An important aspect of the contest over power arose in the <a href="/wiki/1978_Truth_Criterion_Controversy" title="1978 Truth Criterion Controversy">ideological controversy</a> involving Hua's slogan of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a> ("We will resolutely uphold whatever policy decisions Chairman Mao made and unswervingly follow whatever instructions Chairman Mao gave").<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng criticized this idea as being contrary to the tenets of Marxism and emphasized Mao's method of <a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">seeking truth from facts</a> to contend that "only through practice can the correctness of one's ideas be proved, and there is no other way of testing truth."<sup id="cite_ref-:Wang_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Wang-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Deng_Xiaoping">Leadership of Deng Xiaoping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leadership of Deng Xiaoping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deng won the struggle, and became the "paramount leader" in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong200547_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200547-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng, alongside <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a>, and introduced the ideological concept of socialism with Chinese characteristics, opening China to the world's markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012254_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012254-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reversing some of Mao's "leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist state could use the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> without itself being capitalist.<sup id="cite_ref-marketvsplanning_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketvsplanning-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While asserting the political power of the CCP, the change in policy generated significant economic growth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The new ideology, however, was contested on both sides of the spectrum, by Maoists as well as by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">those supporting political liberalization</a>. With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201225_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201225-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests having been crushed, Deng's vision on economics prevailed, and by the early 1990s the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> had been introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, Deng's beliefs (Deng Xiaoping Theory), were embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980, Deng called for a rejuvenation of the <a href="/wiki/Cadre_system_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Cadre system of the Chinese Communist Party">cadre system</a> via promotion of "revolutionary, younger, more educated, and more technically specialized" cadre.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 120">: 120 </span></sup> Subsequent regulations included establishing a cadre retirement system, age limits for leading cadres, and new recruitment and promotion rules.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 120–121">: 120–121 </span></sup> The CCP also implemented the "third echelon" policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 121">: 121 </span></sup> The policy sought to promote a total of 135,000 younger officials at all levels to prepare for the retirement for the impending retirement of older leaders in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 121–122">: 121–122 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(Pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Chinese Communist Party from 17 June 1951 to 21 July 1996</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Jiang_Zemin_and_Hu_Jintao">Leadership of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leadership of Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CCP general secretary <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> succeeded Deng as "paramount leader" in the 1990s, and continued most of his policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012100_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012100-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Jiang's administration, the highest positions in the party-state (General Secretary, Chair of the Central Military Commission, and President of China) have all been simultaneously held by a single leader.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly regenerated according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership was largely selected based on rules and norms on promotion and retirement, educational background, and managerial and technical expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, the party launched the nationwide <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Education_Campaign" title="Patriotic Education Campaign">Patriotic Education Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup> The major focus of the campaign was within <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">education</a>, and text books were revised to reduce narratives of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> and to emphasize the party's role in ending the <a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">century of humiliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup>As part of the campaign, Patriotic Education Bases were established, and schools ranging from primary to the college levels were required to take students to sites of significance to the Chinese Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p>As part of Jiang Zemin's legacy, the CCP ratified the <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a> for the 2003 revision of the party's constitution, as a "guiding ideology" to encourage the party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> elements into the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Mao, Deng and Jiang Zemin, Hu laid emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> and opposed one-man dominance of the political system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insistence on focusing on economic growth led to a <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in the People's Republic of China">wide range of serious social problems</a>. To address these, Hu introduced two main ideological concepts: the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Socialist_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonious Socialist Society">Harmonious Socialist Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012329_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012329-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Under_Xi_Jinping_(2012–present)"><span id="Under_Xi_Jinping_.282012.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Under Xi Jinping (2012–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Under Xi Jinping (2012–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a> held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since taking power, Xi has initiated a wide-reaching <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">anti-corruption campaign</a>, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades. Commentators have described the campaign as a defining part of <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">Xi's leadership</a> as well as "the principal reason why he has been able to consolidate his power so quickly and effectively."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the CCP's role in China.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCP added <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a> to its constitution in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, the CCP has led efforts in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> that involve the detention of more than 1 million Uyghurs and other ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">internment camps</a>, as well as other repressive measures. These repressive measures have been <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">described as a genocide</a> by some academics, the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dutch parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the British House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-Hefffer-2021_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hefffer-2021-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a greater number of countries signed a letter penned to the Human Rights Council supporting the policies as an effort to combat terrorism in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 2021, the celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party">100th anniversary</a> of the CCP, one of the <a href="/wiki/Two_Centenaries" title="Two Centenaries">Two Centenaries</a>, took place.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="extiw" title="commons:Communist Party of China"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Communist Party of China</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>History of the Chinese Communist Party</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=History+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">History of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="History of the Communist Party of Vietnam">History of the Communist Party of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_communist_studies" title="Soviet and communist studies">Soviet and communist studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFenby2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof0000fenb"><i>The Penguin History of Modern China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 143–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191761-0"><bdi>978-0-14-191761-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+Modern+China&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191761-0&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinhistoryof0000fenb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF毛1991" class="citation book cs1">毛, 泽东 (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvpPAAAAIAAJ&q=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E6%98%AF%E5%9C%A8%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%B7%E5%8F%AC%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%8B%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%B5%B7%E6%9D%A5%E7%9A%84,%E6%98%AF%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7+%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B4%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%A5%E5%B8%AE%E5%8A%A9%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%9A%84,%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B0%E4%BC%9A"><i>中国共产党创建史研究文集</i></a>. 百家出版社出版. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787805761985" title="Special:BookSources/9787805761985"><bdi>9787805761985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.pub=%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9787805761985&rft.aulast=%E6%AF%9B&rft.aufirst=%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvpPAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E4%25BA%25A7%25E5%2585%259A%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%259C%25A8%25E5%2588%2597%25E5%25AE%2581%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%258F%25B7%25E5%258F%25AC%25E4%25B9%258B%25E4%25B8%258B%25E7%25BB%2584%25E7%25BB%2587%25E8%25B5%25B7%25E6%259D%25A5%25E7%259A%2584%2C%25E6%2598%25AF%25E5%2585%25B1%25E4%25BA%25A7%2B%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%2599%2585%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%259D%25A5%25E5%25B8%25AE%25E5%258A%25A9%25E7%25BB%2584%25E7%25BB%2587%25E7%259A%2584%2C%25E5%259C%25A8%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E6%25AC%25A1%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E4%25BC%259A%25E4%25B8%258A%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E6%259C%2589%25E5%259B%25BD%25E9%2599%2585%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25A1%25A8%25E5%2588%25B0%25E4%25BC%259A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF張1971" class="citation web cs1">張, 國燾 (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIYHAQAAIAAJ&q=%E8%88%87%E7%94%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E3%80%81+%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%84%E6%88%90%E3%80%81%E4%B8%A6%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E5%85%B6%E8%88%87%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82,%E5%A8%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%A6%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%80%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA">"我的囘憶"</a>. <i>Google Books</i>. 明報月刊出版社. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230813163632/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIYHAQAAIAAJ&q=%E8%88%87%E7%94%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%80%85%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E8%81%AF%E7%B5%A1%E3%80%81+%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%84%E6%88%90%E3%80%81%E4%B8%A6%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E5%85%B6%E8%88%87%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82,%E5%A8%81%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%A6%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%80%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%80%E6%9C%89%E8%B2%A2%E7%8D%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%98%E6%86%B6&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%B5&rft.aufirst=%E5%9C%8B%E7%87%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIYHAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E8%2588%2587%25E7%2594%25B1%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%25A6%25AC%25E5%2585%258B%25E6%2580%259D%25E4%25B8%25BB%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E8%2580%2585%25E7%2599%25BC%25E7%2594%259F%25E8%2581%25AF%25E7%25B5%25A1%25E3%2580%2581%2B%25E5%258D%2594%25E5%258A%25A9%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%2594%25A2%25E9%25BB%25A8%25E7%259A%2584%25E7%25B5%2584%25E6%2588%2590%25E3%2580%2581%25E4%25B8%25A6%25E4%25BF%2583%25E9%2580%25B2%25E5%2585%25B6%25E8%2588%2587%25E5%2585%25B1%25E7%2594%25A2%25E5%259C%258B%25E9%259A%259B%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%2597%259C%25E4%25BF%2582%2C%25E5%25A8%2581%25E9%2587%2591%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%259F%25BA%25E5%25AF%25A6%25E7%2582%25BA%25E6%259C%2580%25E5%2588%259D%25E4%25B8%2594%25E6%259C%2580%25E6%259C%2589%25E8%25B2%25A2%25E7%258D%25BB%25E7%259A%2584%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2580%258B%25E4%25BA%25BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen-Ebrahimian2019" class="citation web cs1">Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/08/the-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow/">"The Chinese Communist Party Is Still Afraid of Sun Yat-Sen's Shadow"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314084608/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/08/the-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+Is+Still+Afraid+of+Sun+Yat-Sen%27s+Shadow&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Allen-Ebrahimian&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Fthe-chinese-communist-party-is-still-afraid-of-sun-yat-sens-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2044782/tug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen">"Tug of war over China's founding father Sun Yat-sen as Communist Party celebrates his legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 10 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125141/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2044782/tug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Tug+of+war+over+China%27s+founding+father+Sun+Yat-sen+as+Communist+Party+celebrates+his+legacy&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolicies-politics%2Farticle%2F2044782%2Ftug-war-over-chinas-founding-father-sun-yat-sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodley1987" class="citation journal cs1">Godley, Michael R. (1987). "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian_Journal_of_Chinese_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs">The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs</a></i> (18): 109–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2158585">10.2307/2158585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158585">2158585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155947428">155947428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=Socialism+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+Sun+Yatsen+and+the+International+Development+of+China&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=109-125&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155947428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2158585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2158585&rft.aulast=Godley&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2015" class="citation web cs1">Sebag Montefiore, Clarissa (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151223-soon-qingling-the-mother-of-modern-china">"Soong Qingling: 'The mother of modern China'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318010255/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20151223-soon-qingling-the-mother-of-modern-china">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Soong+Qingling%3A+%27The+mother+of+modern+China%27&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Sebag+Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Clarissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20151223-soon-qingling-the-mother-of-modern-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyonFroissart2024" class="citation book cs1">Doyon, Jérôme; Froissart, Chloé, eds. (25 January 2024). <i>The Chinese Communist Party: A 100-Year Trajectory</i> (1 ed.). <a href="/wiki/ANU_Press" title="ANU Press">ANU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fccp.2024">10.22459/ccp.2024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-623-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-623-7"><bdi>978-1-76046-623-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+A+100-Year+Trajectory&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2Fccp.2024&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-623-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_9-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CI_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParty_History_Research_Office_of_the_CPC_Central_Committee1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Party History Research Office of the CPC Central Committee (1997). <bdi lang="zh">共產國際、聯共（布）與中國革命檔案資料叢書</bdi>. Beijing Library Press. pp. 39–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E3%80%81%E8%81%AF%E5%85%B1%EF%BC%88%E5%B8%83%EF%BC%89%E8%88%87%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&rft.pages=39-51&rft.pub=Beijing+Library+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Party+History+Research+Office+of+the+CPC+Central+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_I._Schwartz" title="Benjamin I. Schwartz">Schwartz, Benjamin Isadore</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesecommunism0000unse_c0g7"><i>Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-12251-2"><bdi>978-0-674-12251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Communism+and+the+Rise+of+Mao&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-674-12251-2&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Isadore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesecommunism0000unse_c0g7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2014" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3"><i>The World Transformed 1945 to the present</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-937102-0"><bdi>978-0-19-937102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Transformed+1945+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-937102-0&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldtransformed0000hunt_e9u3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). <i>An ideological history of the Communist Party of China</i>. Vol. 1. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1"><bdi>978-1-4878-0425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653">1165409653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ideological+history+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165409653&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTony_Saich" class="citation web cs1">Tony Saich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001214207/http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~asaich/chinese-communisty-party-during-comintern.pdf">"The Chinese Communist Party during the era of the Comintern (1919-1943)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksghome.harvard.edu/~asaich/chinese-communisty-party-during-comintern.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+during+the+era+of+the+Comintern+%281919-1943%29&rft.au=Tony+Saich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksghome.harvard.edu%2F~asaich%2Fchinese-communisty-party-during-comintern.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpper2020" class="citation book cs1">Opper, Marc (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23824"><i>People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam</i></a>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F23824">20.500.12657/23824</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90125-8"><bdi>978-0-472-90125-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11413902">10.3998/mpub.11413902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211359950">211359950</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118062521/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.3998/mpub.11413902.8.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Wars+in+China%2C+Malaya%2C+and+Vietnam&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11413902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211359950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90125-8&rft.aulast=Opper&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F23824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, p. 37-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Qian-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQian2024" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Ying (2024). <i>Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fqian20446">10.7312/qian20446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231204477" title="Special:BookSources/9780231204477"><bdi>9780231204477</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/qian20446">10.7312/qian20446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Becomings%3A+Documentary+Media+in+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Fqian20446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fqian20446&rft.isbn=9780231204477&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crean-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crean_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrean2024" class="citation book cs1">Crean, Jeffrey (2024). <i>The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History</i>. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-23394-2"><bdi>978-1-350-23394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fear+of+Chinese+Power%3A+an+International+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=New+Approaches+to+International+History+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-23394-2&rft.aulast=Crean&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Duan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuan2024" class="citation book cs1">Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). <i>China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+More+Joint+Strategy%3A+Assessing+Chinese+Military+Reforms+and+Militia+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:05_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). <i>An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China</i>. Vol. 1. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1"><bdi>978-1-4878-0425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653">1165409653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ideological+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Royal+Collins&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165409653&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl2010" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E. (2010). <i>Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: a Concise History</i>. Durham [NC]: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w">10.2307/j.ctv11hpp6w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4780-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-4780-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11hpp6w">j.ctv11hpp6w</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503828045">503828045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong+and+China+in+the+Twentieth-Century+World%3A+a+Concise+History&rft.place=Durham+%5BNC%5D&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503828045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11hpp6w&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4780-4&rft.aulast=Karl&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Payne_(author)" title="Robert Payne (author)">Payne, Robert</a> (1950). <a href="/wiki/Mao_Tse-tung:_Ruler_of_Red_China" title="Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China"><i>Mao Tse-tung: Ruler of Red China</i></a>. Brownell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-2521-7"><bdi>978-1-4437-2521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Tse-tung%3A+Ruler+of+Red+China&rft.pub=Brownell+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-2521-7&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285440/page/n375/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.285440/page/n375/mode/2up">The Morning Deluge</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Han_Suyin" title="Han Suyin">Han Suyin</a>, footnote on page 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlZhong2016" class="citation book cs1">Karl, Rebecca E.; Zhong, Xueping, eds. (4 February 2016). <i>Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv11312w2">10.2307/j.ctv11312w2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-7461-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-7461-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv11312w2">j.ctv11312w2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932368688">932368688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+and+Its+Narratives%3A+China%27s+Socialist+Literary+and+Cultural+Imaginaries%2C+1949-1966&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932368688&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv11312w2%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv11312w2&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-7461-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaichVan_De_Ven2015" class="citation book cs1">Saich, Tony; Van De Ven, Hans J. (4 March 2015). "The Blooming Poppy under the Red Sun: The Yan'an Way and the Opium Trade". <i>New Perspectives on the Chinese Revolution</i> (0 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 263–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315702124">10.4324/9781315702124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46391-7"><bdi>978-1-317-46391-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904437646">904437646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Blooming+Poppy+under+the+Red+Sun%3A+The+Yan%27an+Way+and+the+Opium+Trade&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Chinese+Revolution&rft.pages=263-297&rft.edition=0&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F904437646&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315702124&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46391-7&rft.aulast=Saich&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Van+De+Ven%2C+Hans+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1990" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Benjamin (1990). <i>From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March</i> (1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429042683">10.4324/9780429042683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-04268-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-04268-3"><bdi>978-0-429-04268-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Revolution+to+Politics%3A+Chinese+Communists+on+the+Long+March&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=307&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429042683&rft.isbn=978-0-429-04268-3&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-民-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-民_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李2011" class="citation book cs1">李, 新, ed. (2011). <i>中華民國史大事記</i>. Beijing: 中華書局.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Alice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-am-final.pdf">"The 19th Central Committee Politburo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Leadership Monitor, No. 55</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215022611/https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/clm55-am-final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Leadership+Monitor%2C+No.+55&rft.atitle=The+19th+Central+Committee+Politburo&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fdocs%2Fclm55-am-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF哲1991" class="citation book cs1">哲, 師 (1991). <i>在歷史巨人身邊——師哲回憶錄</i>. Beijing: 中央文獻出版社. p. 531.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%A8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B7%A8%E4%BA%BA%E8%BA%AB%E9%82%8A%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%B8%AB%E5%93%B2%E5%9B%9E%E6%86%B6%E9%8C%84&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=%E5%93%B2&rft.aufirst=%E5%B8%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF子陵2009" class="citation book cs1">子陵, 辛 (2009). <i>紅太陽的隕落：千秋功罪毛澤東</i>. Hong Kong: 書作坊. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%9A%84%E9%9A%95%E8%90%BD%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%83%E7%A7%8B%E5%8A%9F%E7%BD%AA%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=%E6%9B%B8%E4%BD%9C%E5%9D%8A&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=%E5%AD%90%E9%99%B5&rft.aufirst=%E8%BE%9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF理羣2012" class="citation book cs1">理羣, 錢 (2012). <i>毛澤東和後毛澤東時代</i>. Taipei: 聯經. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%BE%8C%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%93&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%E7%90%86%E7%BE%A3&rft.aufirst=%E9%8C%A2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornbergFaust2005103_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornbergFaust2005">Kornberg & Faust 2005</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2005131-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong2005131_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2005">Wong 2005</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong200547-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong200547_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong200547_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2005">Wong 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatwin2024" class="citation book cs1">Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). <i>The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350435711" title="Special:BookSources/9781350435711"><bdi>9781350435711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Tour%3A+Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Fight+for+China%27s+Future&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350435711&rft.aulast=Chatwin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Wang-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Wang_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2024" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Frances Yaping (2024). <i>The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197757512" title="Special:BookSources/9780197757512"><bdi>9780197757512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+State+Persuasion%3A+China%27s+Strategic+Use+of+Media+in+Interstate+Disputes&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197757512&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Frances+Yaping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012254-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012254_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marketvsplanning-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marketvsplanning_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng,_Xiaoping1984" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng, Xiaoping</a> (30 June 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1220.html">"Building a Socialism with a specifically Chinese character"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116081318/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/dengxp/vol3/text/c1220.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily&rft.atitle=Building+a+Socialism+with+a+specifically+Chinese+character&rft.date=1984-06-30&rft.au=Deng%2C+Xiaoping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2Fdengxp%2Fvol3%2Ftext%2Fc1220.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan201225-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan201225_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011682_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel 2011</a>, p. 682.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVogel2011684_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVogel2011">Vogel 2011</a>, p. 684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:032-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:032_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:032_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyon2023" class="citation book cs1">Doyon, Jérôme (2023). <i>Rejuvenating Communism: Youth Organizations and Elite Renewal in Post-Mao China</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.12291596">10.3998/mpub.12291596</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-90294-1"><bdi>978-0-472-90294-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rejuvenating+Communism%3A+Youth+Organizations+and+Elite+Renewal+in+Post-Mao+China&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.12291596&rft.isbn=978-0-472-90294-1&rft.aulast=Doyon&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012100-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012100_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2022" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chunfeng (17 November 2022). <i>Red Tourism in China: Commodification of Propaganda</i> (1 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003231783">10.4324/9781003231783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-23178-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-23178-3"><bdi>978-1-003-23178-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Tourism+in+China%3A+Commodification+of+Propaganda&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003231783&rft.isbn=978-1-003-23178-3&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Chunfeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012238_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012317_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESullivan2012329-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESullivan2012329_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSullivan2012">Sullivan 2012</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’KeeffeStech_Ferek2019" class="citation news cs1">O’Keeffe, Kate; Stech Ferek, Katy (14 November 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000">"Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115142227/https://www.wsj.com/articles/stop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Stop+Calling+China%27s+Xi+Jinping+%27President%2C%27+U.S.+Panel+Says&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Stech+Ferek%2C+Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fstop-calling-chinas-xi-jinping-president-u-s-panel-says-11573740000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/xi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao/">"Xi Jinping's Anti-Corruption Campaign: The Hidden Motives of a Modern-Day Mao"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Research_Institute" title="Foreign Policy Research Institute">Foreign Policy Research Institute</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717101228/https://www.fpri.org/article/2018/08/xi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+Anti-Corruption+Campaign%3A+The+Hidden+Motives+of+a+Modern-Day+Mao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2018%2F08%2Fxi-jinpings-anti-corruption-campaign-the-hidden-motives-of-a-modern-day-mao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2016" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Tom (25 July 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a">"Xi's China: The rise of party politics"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221251/https://www.ft.com/content/57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Xi%27s+China%3A+The+rise+of+party+politics&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F57371736-4b69-11e6-88c5-db83e98a590a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2017" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tom (24 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution">"Xi Jinping becomes most powerful leader since Mao with China's change to constitution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024053607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/24/xi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping+becomes+most+powerful+leader+since+Mao+with+China%27s+change+to+constitution&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F24%2Fxi-jinping-mao-thought-on-socialism-china-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2020" class="citation news cs1">Kirby, Jen (28 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2020/7/28/21333345/uighurs-china-internment-camps-forced-labor-xinjiang">"Concentration camps and forced labor: China's repression of the Uighurs, explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201206013427/https://www.vox.com/2020/7/28/21333345/uighurs-china-internment-camps-forced-labor-xinjiang">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Concentration+camps+and+forced+labor%3A+China%27s+repression+of+the+Uighurs%2C+explained&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2020%2F7%2F28%2F21333345%2Fuighurs-china-internment-camps-forced-labor-xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 5 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20211028160230/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/china-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=%27Cultural+genocide%27%3A+China+separating+thousands+of+Muslim+children+from+parents+for+%27thought+education%27&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-muslim-children-uighur-family-separation-thought-education-a8989296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-china-uighurs-idUSKBN2AP2CI">"Dutch parliament: China's treatment of Uighurs is genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 25 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304135430/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-china-uighurs-idUSKBN2AP2CI">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Dutch+parliament%3A+China%27s+treatment+of+Uighurs+is+genocide&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-netherlands-china-uighurs-idUSKBN2AP2CI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hefffer-2021-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hefffer-2021_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefffer2021" class="citation news cs1">Hefffer, Greg (22 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/house-of-commons-declares-uighurs-are-being-subjected-to-genocide-in-china-12283995">"House of Commons declares Uighurs are being subjected to genocide in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422163611/http://news.sky.com/story/house-of-commons-declares-uighurs-are-being-subjected-to-genocide-in-china-12283995">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=House+of+Commons+declares+Uighurs+are+being+subjected+to+genocide+in+China&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.aulast=Hefffer&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fhouse-of-commons-declares-uighurs-are-being-subjected-to-genocide-in-china-12283995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:52_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelmi2019" class="citation web cs1">Delmi, Boudjemaa (12 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/supporting_resources/190712_joint_counterstatement_xinjiang.pdf">"Letter to the HRC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719024521/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/supporting_resources/190712_joint_counterstatement_xinjiang.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+HRC&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.aulast=Delmi&rft.aufirst=Boudjemaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsupporting_resources%2F190712_joint_counterstatement_xinjiang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiblawi2019" class="citation news cs1">Qiblawi, Tamara (17 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/17/asia/uyghurs-muslim-countries-china-intl/index.html">"Muslim nations are defending China as it cracks down on Muslims, shattering any myths of Islamic solidarity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204153142/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/17/asia/uyghurs-muslim-countries-china-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Muslim+nations+are+defending+China+as+it+cracks+down+on+Muslims%2C+shattering+any+myths+of+Islamic+solidarity&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft.aulast=Qiblawi&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F17%2Fasia%2Fuyghurs-muslim-countries-china-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinger2019" class="citation news cs1">Berlinger, Joshua (15 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/asia/united-nations-letter-xinjiang-intl-hnk/index.html">"North Korea, Syria and Myanmar among countries defending China's actions in Xinjiang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429011809/https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/asia/united-nations-letter-xinjiang-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=North+Korea%2C+Syria+and+Myanmar+among+countries+defending+China%27s+actions+in+Xinjiang&rft.date=2019-07-15&rft.aulast=Berlinger&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F07%2F15%2Fasia%2Funited-nations-letter-xinjiang-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/china/952582/inside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary">"Inside the plans for the CCP's 100th anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>. 20 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525233540/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/world-news/china/952582/inside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Inside+the+plans+for+the+CCP%27s+100th+anniversary&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fchina%2F952582%2Finside-the-plans-for-the-chinese-communist-partys-100th-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbergFaust2005" class="citation book cs1">Kornberg, Judith; Faust, John (2005). <i>China in World Politics: Policies, Processes, Prospects</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia_Press" title="University of British Columbia Press">University of British Columbia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781685853495-fm">10.1515/9781685853495-fm</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588262486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588262486"><bdi>978-1588262486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+in+World+Politics%3A+Policies%2C+Processes%2C+Prospects&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781685853495-fm&rft.isbn=978-1588262486&rft.aulast=Kornberg&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft.au=Faust%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2012" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Lawrence (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000sull_g0u2"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810872257" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810872257"><bdi>978-0810872257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810872257&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000sull_g0u2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Vogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezra Vogel">Vogel, Ezra</a> (2011). <i><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_and_the_Transformation_of_China" title="Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China">Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674055445" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674055445"><bdi>978-0674055445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deng+Xiaoping+and+the+Transformation+of+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0674055445&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2005" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Yiu-chung (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromdengxiaoping0000wong"><i>From Deng Xiaoping to Jiang Zemin: Two Decades of Political Reform in the People's Republic of China</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761830740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761830740"><bdi>978-0761830740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Deng+Xiaoping+to+Jiang+Zemin%3A+Two+Decades+of+Political+Reform+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0761830740&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Yiu-chung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromdengxiaoping0000wong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1255287825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&oldid=1255287825</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:History of the Chinese Communist Party">History of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2022">Use dmy dates from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2024">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 03:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tfx7h","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.482","walltime":"1.797","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19476,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":342987,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21798,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":276797,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1550.237 1 -total"," 26.78% 415.139 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.83% 307.430 51 Template:Rp"," 18.80% 291.443 51 Template:R/superscript"," 17.66% 273.796 31 Template:Cite_book"," 12.50% 193.818 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.38% 191.927 1 Template:Politics_of_China"," 9.45% 146.462 153 Template:R/where"," 9.18% 142.322 8 Template:Fix"," 7.16% 110.953 3 Template:Who"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.800","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9896408,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAllen-Ebrahimian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlinger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatwin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrean2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelmi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeng,_Xiaoping1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoyonFroissart2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHefffer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlZhong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornbergFaust2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquisQiao2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO’KeeffeStech_Ferek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParty_History_Research_Office_of_the_CPC_Central_Committee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQian2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiblawi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaichVan_De_Ven2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebag_Montefiore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTony_Saich\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF哲1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF子陵2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF張1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF李2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF毛1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF理羣2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Communist Party Of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"New Culture Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-primary source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 51,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cbh7h","timestamp":"20241124161819","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2510674","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2510674","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-10-14T02:21:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T03:29:20Z","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>