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src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/Issue/434/1/0/m_mnras434_1.cover.gif?Expires=1736076906&Signature=l87TSMn3Qs11TOkmVZ22Eqjahx-1QemNI3k652rX-W9r6FsWpfVlDUudbjQDeL9a9UZvLiBNLyizvHpu55XMD7-~qPvE-xofhDdlttL4nuORcykt3zE70XXH-4GApTCX6YAWt4YSLtJCe2oy9mH2QGXq5j9C7HbjaPaT1xE2KizWnQgmulE~WkoCOrsH-gCyBmP9O7kpUDdmZNHyX~S86CCbMW~LDrzC6jbBZxlQplgfxR5P35b7sHGxfOVjQUSb~lNQCa34aB-da9iP3e0PkjUmdxS~0S7eCXgHZB0-oS8Ft61e8RHrh8VHwVTNlxilUMlMtpFJzduzbkIP8aisYw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Issue Cover" /> </div> <div class="article-issue-info"> <div class="volume-issue__wrap"> <div class="volume trailing-comma">Volume 434</div> <div class="issue">Issue 1</div> </div> <div class="ii-pub-date"> 01 September 2013 </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="content-nav"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleJumpLinks widget-instance-OUP_ArticleJumpLinks_Widget"> <h3 class="contents-title" >Article Contents</h3> <ul class="jumplink-list js-jumplink-list"> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983514"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983514">Abstract</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983516"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983516">INTRODUCTION</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983525"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983525">INTRODUCING THE OBSERVATIONS</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983533"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983533">DERIVING THE ANGULAR DIAMETERS</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983551"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983551">STUDYING THE SENSITIVITY TO MODEL PARAMETERS</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983557"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983557">STUDYING THE TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF THE ANGULAR DIAMETER</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983561"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983561">COMPUTING THE FINAL ANGULAR DIAMETER</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983563"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983563">CONFRONTING OUR RESULTS WITH THOSE OF THE LITERATURE</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983567"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983567">HERTZSPRUNG–RUSSELL DIAGRAM</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983580"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983580">TECHNETIUM</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983587"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983587">PERIOD–LUMINOSITY RELATION</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1" link-destination="91983592"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983592">CONCLUSION</a> </div> </li> <li class="section-jump-link head-1 backReferenceLink" link-destination="91983607"> <div class="section-jump-link__link-wrap"> <a class="js-jumplink scrollTo" href="#91983607">REFERENCES</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleNavLinks widget-instance-OUP_ArticleNavLinks_Article"> <ul class="inline-list"> <li class="prev arrow"> <a href="/mnras/article/434/1/423/999340">< Previous</a> </li> <li class="next arrow"> <a href="/mnras/article/434/1/451/998175">Next ></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> 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Chesneau</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> O. Chesneau </div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/mnras/search-results?f_Authors=O.+Chesneau" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Chesneau O.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-ads"> <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?return_req=no_params&author=Chesneau,O">ADS</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</em>, Volume 434, Issue 1, 01 September 2013, Pages 437–450, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1037'>https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1037</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">03 July 2013</div> </div> <a href="javascript:;" class="history-label js-history-dropdown-trigger st-article-history at-ArticleHistory"> <span>Article history</span><i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </a> </div> <div class="ww-history js-history-entries-wrap at-history-entries-wrap"> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Received:</div> <div class="wi-date">18 March 2013</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Revision received:</div> <div class="wi-date">27 May 2013</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Accepted:</div> <div class="wi-date">06 June 2013</div> </div> <div class="history-entry at-history-entry"> <div class="wi-state">Published:</div> <div class="wi-date">03 July 2013</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); 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class="navbar-search-advanced"><a href="/mnras/advanced-search" class="advanced-search js-advanced-search">Advanced Search</a></div> </div> <div class="navbar-search-collapsed"><a href="javascript:;" class="icon-menu_search js_expand-navsearch"><span class="screenreader-text">Search Menu</span></a></div> </div> </div> <input id="routename" name="RouteName" type="hidden" value="mnras" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ContentTab" class="content active"> <div class="widget widget-ArticleFulltext widget-instance-OUP_Article_FullText_Widget"> <div class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983514 id="91983514" class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title" >Abstract</h2> <section class="abstract"><p class="chapter-para">Thanks to their large angular dimension and brightness, red giants and supergiants are privileged targets for optical long-baseline interferometers. 16 red giants and supergiants have been observed with the VLTI/AMBER facility over a 2-year period, at medium spectral resolution (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠|${\scr {R}=1500}$|⁠</span>) in the <em>K</em> band. The limb-darkened angular diameters are derived from fits of stellar atmospheric models on the visibility and the triple product data. The angular diameters do not show any significant temporal variation, except for one target: TX Psc, which shows a variation of 4 per cent using visibility data. For the eight targets previously measured by long-baseline interferometry (LBI) in the same spectral range, the difference between our diameters and the literature values is less than 5 per cent, except for TX Psc, which shows a difference of 11 per cent. For the eight other targets, the present angular diameters are the first measured from LBI. Angular diameters are then used to determine several fundamental stellar parameters, and to locate these targets in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HRD). Except for the enigmatic Tc-poor low-mass carbon star W Ori, the location of Tc-rich stars in the HRD matches remarkably well the thermally-pulsating asymptotic giant branch, as it is predicted by the stellar evolution models. For pulsating stars with periods available, we compute the pulsation constant and locate the stars along the various sequences in the period–luminosity diagram. We confirm the increase in mass along the pulsation sequences, as predicted by theory, except for W Ori which, despite being less massive, appears to have a longer period than T Cet along the first-overtone sequence.</p></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""methods: data analysis"">methods: data analysis</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""techniques: interferometric"">techniques: interferometric</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""stars: atmospheres"">stars: atmospheres</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""stars: fundamental parameters"">stars: fundamental parameters</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword=""stars: late-type"">stars: late-type</a></div> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983516 id="91983516" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec1>INTRODUCTION</h2> <p class="chapter-para">The direct measurement of stellar angular diameters has been the principal goal of most attempts with astronomical interferometers since the pioneering work of Michelson & Pease (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib91"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib91" data-open="bib91" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1921</a>). For stars of known distance, the angular diameter ϕ, combined with the parallax ϖ, yields the stellar radius <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {R}=0.5{\phi }/{\varpi }}$|⁠</span>, where <em>R</em> is in au. When combined with the emergent flux at the stellar surface, linked to the effective temperature <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>, the stellar radius <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}$|</span> leads to the absolute luminosity <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {L}=4\pi \mathcal {R}^2\sigma T_\mathrm{eff}^4}$|⁠</span>, where σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.</p><p class="chapter-para">These quantities are essential links between the observed properties of stars and the results of theoretical calculations on stellar structures and atmospheres (Baschek, Scholz & Wehrse <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib10"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib10" data-open="bib10" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1991</a>; Scholz <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib122"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib122" data-open="bib122" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1997</a>; Dumm & Schild <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib41"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib41" data-open="bib41" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>).</p><p class="chapter-para">Because of their comparatively large dimension, late-type giants and supergiants are suitable targets for modern Michelson interferometers, reaching accuracies better than a few per cent (see e.g. van Belle et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib131"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib131" data-open="bib131" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1996</a>; Millan-Gabet et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib92"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib92" data-open="bib92" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2005</a>). With radii larger than 1 au, many nearby giants subtend relatively large angular diameters (>20 mas at 100 pc). They also have high brightnesses in the near-infrared, allowing interferometric measurements with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).</p><p class="chapter-para">Using the ESO/VLTI facility, we initiated in 2009 a long-term programme with the ultimate goal of investigating the presence of surface brightness asymmetries (SBAs), and of their temporal behaviour, following the pioneering work of Ragland et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib110"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib110" data-open="bib110" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>). This issue is addressed in a companion paper (Cruzalèbes et al. 2013b). The AMBER instrument is well suited for that purpose, since it provides phase closures at medium spectral resolution in <em>K</em>. This goal prompted us to select our targets all over the red-giant and supergiant regions of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (HRD). Investigation of SBAs is important in the framework of the <em>GAIA</em> astrometric satellite (Perryman et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib105"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib105" data-open="bib105" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>; Lindegren et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib83"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib83" data-open="bib83" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>), since the presence of time-variable SBAs may hinder its ability to derive accurate parallaxes for such stars (see the discussions by Bastian & Hefele <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib11"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib11" data-open="bib11" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2005</a>; Eriksson & Lindegren <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib51"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib51" data-open="bib51" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2007</a>; Pasquato, Pourbaix & Jorissen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib103"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib103" data-open="bib103" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>; Chiavassa et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib27"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib27" data-open="bib27" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>).</p><p class="chapter-para">In this paper, we present new determinations of the angular diameters of 16 red giants and supergiants, obtained by combining the fits of limb-darkened disc models using two SPectro-Interferometric (SPI) observables: the visibility amplitude and the triple product. The visibility is defined as the ratio of the modulus of the coherent to the incoherent flux and the triple product as the ratio of the bispectrum to the cubed incoherent flux (see Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a> for details). In Section 2, we describe the measurement technique, and the sample of observed sources; in Section 3, we describe the model-fitting procedure; in Section 4, we study the sensitivity of our results with respect to the fundamental parameters of the model: linear radius, effective temperature, surface gravity and microturbulence velocity; in Section 5, we study the possible temporal variability of the angular diameter; in Section 6, we describe the method for deriving the final angular diameter; in Section 7, we confront our results with those of the literature.</p><p class="chapter-para">Then, our stellar radii are used to infer various fundamental stellar characteristics: (i) location in the HRD, and masses derived from a comparison with evolutionary tracks (Section 8); (ii) luminosity threshold for the occurrence of technetium on the asymptotic giant branch (AGB), since technetium, having no stable isotopes, is a good diagnosis of the s-process of nucleosynthesis (Section 9); and (iii) pulsation mode from the location in the period–luminosity (<em>P</em>–<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}$|⁠</span>) diagram (Section 10).</p><p class="chapter-para">The results and graphical outputs presented in the paper were obtained using the modular software suite <span class="small-caps">spidast</span>,<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fn2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="fn2" data-open="fn2" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-fn js-xref-fn"><sup>1</sup></a> created to calibrate and interpret SPI measurements, particularly those obtained with VLTI/AMBER (Cruzalèbes, Spang & Sacuto <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib30"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib30" data-open="bib30" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>; Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib31"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib31" data-open="bib31" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a>).</p><p class="chapter-para">Throughout the present paper, uncertainties are reported using the concise notation, according to the recommendation of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM-WG1 <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib68"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib68" data-open="bib68" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>). The number between parentheses is the numerical value of the standard uncertainty referred to the associated last digits of the quoted result.</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983525 id="91983525" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec2>INTRODUCING THE OBSERVATIONS</h2> <h3 scrollto-destination=91983526 id="91983526" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec2-1>Selecting the science targets for the programme</h3> <p class="chapter-para">The sample contains supergiants and long-period variables, bright enough (<em>m</em><sub><em>K</em></sub> < 2) to be measured by the VLTI subarray [1.80 m auxiliary telescopes (ATs)] with high SNR. In Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl1" data-open="tbl1" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">1</a>, we compile their relevant observational parameters, including possible multiplicity and variability. On one hand, the scientific targets must be resolved well enough, which results in visibilities clearly smaller than unity. On the other hand, visibilities higher than ∼0.1 (<em>H</em> band) are necessary to allow the fringe-tracker FINITO<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fn3"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="fn3" data-open="fn3" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-fn js-xref-fn"><sup>2</sup></a> to work under optimal conditions (Gai et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib55"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib55" data-open="bib55" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2004</a>). These two contradictory constraints impose the usable range of the spatial frequencies <em>f</em> = <em>B</em>/λ, where <em>B</em> is the baseline length and λ the observation wavelength, to be that associated with the second lobe of the uniform-disc (UD) visibility function. In the following, we use the term <em>resolution criterion</em> to summarize these constraints. They require that the maximum value of the dimensionless parameter <em>z</em> = πϕ<em>f</em>, where ϕ is the angular diameter, remains between 3.832, where the first zero of the UD visibility function appears, and 7.016 (second zero). For instance, observations in the <em>K</em> band with AMBER of scientific targets with angular diameters of 10 mas impose to the longest VLTI baseline length to be between 55 and 101 m (first and second zero). The choice of the <em>K</em> band is driven by the presence of the strong CO first-overtone transition around 2.33 μm, allowing to probe different layers in the photosphere within the same filter.</p> <a id="91983528" scrollto-destination="91983528"></a> <div content-id="tbl1" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl1" data-id="tbl1"><span class="label title-label" id="label-88520">Table 1.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983528" aria-describedby="label-88520"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-88520"><p class="chapter-para">Relevant observational parameters of the observed sample of science targets.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-88520" aria-describedby="
 caption-88520"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Spectral type<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϖ<sub>Hip</sub><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>K</em></sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>A</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(<em>V</em> − <em>K</em>)<sub>0</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Component<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Separation<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Position angle<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Δ<em>V</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Variable type<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Period<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Tc<sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Calib<sup><em>h</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(arcsec)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(°)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>F0II<sup>8</sup></td><td>10.6(6)</td><td>−1.3(3)</td><td>−0.62(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>0.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Col</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>K0III<sup>13</sup></td><td>33.9(2)</td><td>−0.3(4)</td><td>1.96–2.11</td><td>0.03(19)</td><td>2.3(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB<sup>17</sup></td><td>37(4)<sup>17</sup></td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Cet</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>K2II<sup>14</sup></td><td>8.4(2)</td><td>−1.2(1)</td><td>1.91(5)</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>3.1(2)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>K3II–III<sup>2</sup></td><td>18.1(2)</td><td>−1.1(2)</td><td>1.93–2.01</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>3.1(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>283</td><td>153</td><td>8</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>λ Hya</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AC</td><td>210</td><td>90</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>K3III<sup>3</sup></td><td>6.7(2)</td><td>−0.6(2)</td><td>3.12(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>3.7(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA/o Sgr</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>M0.5III<sup>2</sup></td><td>19.1(2)</td><td>−1.2(2)</td><td>2.72–2.75</td><td>0.03(15)</td><td>3.9(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>66</td><td>294</td><td>9</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>γ Lib/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>M2III<sup>1</sup></td><td>15.2(1)</td><td>−1.0(4)</td><td>3.32–3.38</td><td>0.04(16)</td><td>4.2(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>M3III<sup>5</sup></td><td>5.0(7)</td><td>−0.7(2)</td><td>4.65–4.88</td><td>0.16(17)</td><td>5.2(2)</td><td>AB<sup>7</sup></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>11.7</td><td>SRB</td><td>30(1)</td><td>yes<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>HR 2411</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>M3.5III<sup>4</sup></td><td>11.3(3)</td><td>−1.4(2)</td><td>3.20–3.46</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>4.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>20(1)</td><td>no<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>51 Hya/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>M4III<sup>3</sup></td><td>7.0(1)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.42–4.64</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>4.9(4)</td><td>AB</td><td>0.2</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SR</td><td>25(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>M2Iab-b<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.9(2)</td><td>4.23–4.54</td><td>0.29(19)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>165(1)</td><td>doubt.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>M5.5Ib/II<sup>8</sup></td><td>3.7(5)</td><td>−0.8(3)</td><td>4.96–6.9</td><td>0.08(19)</td><td>6.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>159.3(1)</td><td>prob.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ι Eri/γ Scl</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>C7,2(N0)(Tc)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.6(4)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.79–5.20</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>5.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>LB</td><td>220(1)<sup>9</sup></td><td>yes<sup>6, 16</sup></td><td>θ Psc</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>C5,4(N5)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.6(10)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.5(4)</td><td>5.5–6.9</td><td>0.11(15)</td><td>6.4(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>212(1)</td><td>no<sup>12, 16</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori/HR 2113</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>C6,5ea(Np)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.1(15)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.1(1)</td><td>9.1–12.9</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>6.6(2)</td><td>AB<sup><em>f</em></sup></td><td>10</td><td>234</td><td>12</td><td>SRB</td><td>370(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ι Eri</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>C5,5(Nb)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.7(12)<sup>15</sup></td><td>0.5(4)</td><td>11.6–13.8</td><td>0.10(16)</td><td>7.0(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>185(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>o Sgr/γ Lib</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Spectral type<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϖ<sub>Hip</sub><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>K</em></sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>A</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(<em>V</em> − <em>K</em>)<sub>0</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Component<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Separation<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Position angle<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Δ<em>V</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Variable type<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Period<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Tc<sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Calib<sup><em>h</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(arcsec)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(°)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>F0II<sup>8</sup></td><td>10.6(6)</td><td>−1.3(3)</td><td>−0.62(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>0.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Col</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>K0III<sup>13</sup></td><td>33.9(2)</td><td>−0.3(4)</td><td>1.96–2.11</td><td>0.03(19)</td><td>2.3(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB<sup>17</sup></td><td>37(4)<sup>17</sup></td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Cet</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>K2II<sup>14</sup></td><td>8.4(2)</td><td>−1.2(1)</td><td>1.91(5)</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>3.1(2)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>K3II–III<sup>2</sup></td><td>18.1(2)</td><td>−1.1(2)</td><td>1.93–2.01</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>3.1(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>283</td><td>153</td><td>8</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>λ Hya</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AC</td><td>210</td><td>90</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>K3III<sup>3</sup></td><td>6.7(2)</td><td>−0.6(2)</td><td>3.12(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>3.7(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA/o Sgr</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>M0.5III<sup>2</sup></td><td>19.1(2)</td><td>−1.2(2)</td><td>2.72–2.75</td><td>0.03(15)</td><td>3.9(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>66</td><td>294</td><td>9</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>γ Lib/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>M2III<sup>1</sup></td><td>15.2(1)</td><td>−1.0(4)</td><td>3.32–3.38</td><td>0.04(16)</td><td>4.2(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>M3III<sup>5</sup></td><td>5.0(7)</td><td>−0.7(2)</td><td>4.65–4.88</td><td>0.16(17)</td><td>5.2(2)</td><td>AB<sup>7</sup></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>11.7</td><td>SRB</td><td>30(1)</td><td>yes<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>HR 2411</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>M3.5III<sup>4</sup></td><td>11.3(3)</td><td>−1.4(2)</td><td>3.20–3.46</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>4.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>20(1)</td><td>no<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>51 Hya/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>M4III<sup>3</sup></td><td>7.0(1)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.42–4.64</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>4.9(4)</td><td>AB</td><td>0.2</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SR</td><td>25(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>M2Iab-b<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.9(2)</td><td>4.23–4.54</td><td>0.29(19)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>165(1)</td><td>doubt.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>M5.5Ib/II<sup>8</sup></td><td>3.7(5)</td><td>−0.8(3)</td><td>4.96–6.9</td><td>0.08(19)</td><td>6.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>159.3(1)</td><td>prob.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ι Eri/γ Scl</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>C7,2(N0)(Tc)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.6(4)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.79–5.20</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>5.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>LB</td><td>220(1)<sup>9</sup></td><td>yes<sup>6, 16</sup></td><td>θ Psc</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>C5,4(N5)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.6(10)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.5(4)</td><td>5.5–6.9</td><td>0.11(15)</td><td>6.4(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>212(1)</td><td>no<sup>12, 16</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori/HR 2113</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>C6,5ea(Np)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.1(15)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.1(1)</td><td>9.1–12.9</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>6.6(2)</td><td>AB<sup><em>f</em></sup></td><td>10</td><td>234</td><td>12</td><td>SRB</td><td>370(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ι Eri</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>C5,5(Nb)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.7(12)<sup>15</sup></td><td>0.5(4)</td><td>11.6–13.8</td><td>0.10(16)</td><td>7.0(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>185(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>o Sgr/γ Lib</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn1"></span><div content-id="tblfn1" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup>1</sup>Landi Dessy & Keenan (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib78"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib78" data-open="bib78" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1966</a>); <sup>2</sup>Morgan & Keenan (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib95"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib95" data-open="bib95" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1973</a>); <sup>3</sup>Houk & Cowley (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib65"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib65" data-open="bib65" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1975</a>); <sup>4</sup>Houk (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib64"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib64" data-open="bib64" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1978</a>); <sup>5</sup>Smith & Lambert (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib126"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib126" data-open="bib126" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1985</a>); <sup>6</sup>Little, Little-Marenin & Bauer (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib84"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib84" data-open="bib84" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1987</a>); <sup>7</sup>Ake & Johnson (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib4" data-open="bib4" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1988</a>); <sup>8</sup>Houk & Smith-Moore (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib66"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib66" data-open="bib66" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1988</a>); <sup>9</sup>Wasatonic (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib137"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib137" data-open="bib137" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1997</a>); <sup>10</sup>Kholopov et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib73"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib73" data-open="bib73" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>); <sup>11</sup>Lebzelter & Hron (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib80"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib80" data-open="bib80" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1999</a>); <sup>12</sup>Abia et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib1" data-open="bib1" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>); <sup>13</sup>Montes et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib93"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib93" data-open="bib93" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>); <sup>14</sup>Bordé et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib24"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib24" data-open="bib24" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2002</a>); <sup>15</sup>Knapp et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib74"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib74" data-open="bib74" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2003</a>); <sup>16</sup>Lebzelter & Hron (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib81"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib81" data-open="bib81" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2003</a>); <sup>17</sup>Otero & Moon (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib101"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib101" data-open="bib101" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn2"></span><div content-id="tblfn2" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>a</em></sup>Unless quoted, from the New HIPPARCOS Astrometric Catalogue (van Leeuwen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib136"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib136" data-open="bib136" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2007</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn3"></span><div content-id="tblfn3" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>b</em></sup>From the 2MASS Catalogue (Skrutskie et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib123"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib123" data-open="bib123" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn4"></span><div content-id="tblfn4" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>c</em></sup>Magnitude variations, variability type and period of variability taken (unless quoted) from the AAVSO-VSX Database (Watson et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib138"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib138" data-open="bib138" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>). ‘Susp.’ stands for suspected variability.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn5"></span><div content-id="tblfn5" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>d</em></sup>Calculated, thanks the numerical algorithm of Hakkila et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib60"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib60" data-open="bib60" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1997</a>), including the studies of Fitzgerald (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib53"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib53" data-open="bib53" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1968</a>), Neckel & Klare (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib97"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib97" data-open="bib97" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1980</a>), Berdnikov & Pavlovskaya (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib15"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib15" data-open="bib15" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1991</a>), Arenou, Grenon & Gomez (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib8"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib8" data-open="bib8" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1992</a>), Chen et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib26"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib26" data-open="bib26" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>) and Drimmel & Spergel (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib40"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib40" data-open="bib40" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>), plus a sample of studies of high-galactic-latitude clouds.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn6"></span><div content-id="tblfn6" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>e</em></sup>Multiplicity parameters from the WDS Catalogue (Mason et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib87"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib87" data-open="bib87" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn7"></span><div content-id="tblfn7" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>f</em></sup>The A component is seen twice by Maercker et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib85"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib85" data-open="bib85" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2012</a>) with ALMA.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn8"></span><div content-id="tblfn8" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>g</em></sup>Qualitative information on the technetium content (unkn. stands for ‘unknown’, doubt. for ‘doubtful’ and prob. for ‘probable’).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn9"></span><div content-id="tblfn9" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>h</em></sup>Associated calibrator(s), with the angular diameter given by Cruzalèbes et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a>).</p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl1" data-id="tbl1"><span class="label title-label" id="label-88520">Table 1.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983528" aria-describedby="label-88520"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-88520"><p class="chapter-para">Relevant observational parameters of the observed sample of science targets.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-88520" aria-describedby="
 caption-88520"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Spectral type<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϖ<sub>Hip</sub><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>K</em></sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>A</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(<em>V</em> − <em>K</em>)<sub>0</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Component<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Separation<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Position angle<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Δ<em>V</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Variable type<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Period<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Tc<sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Calib<sup><em>h</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(arcsec)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(°)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>F0II<sup>8</sup></td><td>10.6(6)</td><td>−1.3(3)</td><td>−0.62(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>0.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Col</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>K0III<sup>13</sup></td><td>33.9(2)</td><td>−0.3(4)</td><td>1.96–2.11</td><td>0.03(19)</td><td>2.3(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB<sup>17</sup></td><td>37(4)<sup>17</sup></td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Cet</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>K2II<sup>14</sup></td><td>8.4(2)</td><td>−1.2(1)</td><td>1.91(5)</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>3.1(2)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>K3II–III<sup>2</sup></td><td>18.1(2)</td><td>−1.1(2)</td><td>1.93–2.01</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>3.1(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>283</td><td>153</td><td>8</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>λ Hya</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AC</td><td>210</td><td>90</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>K3III<sup>3</sup></td><td>6.7(2)</td><td>−0.6(2)</td><td>3.12(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>3.7(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA/o Sgr</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>M0.5III<sup>2</sup></td><td>19.1(2)</td><td>−1.2(2)</td><td>2.72–2.75</td><td>0.03(15)</td><td>3.9(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>66</td><td>294</td><td>9</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>γ Lib/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>M2III<sup>1</sup></td><td>15.2(1)</td><td>−1.0(4)</td><td>3.32–3.38</td><td>0.04(16)</td><td>4.2(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>M3III<sup>5</sup></td><td>5.0(7)</td><td>−0.7(2)</td><td>4.65–4.88</td><td>0.16(17)</td><td>5.2(2)</td><td>AB<sup>7</sup></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>11.7</td><td>SRB</td><td>30(1)</td><td>yes<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>HR 2411</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>M3.5III<sup>4</sup></td><td>11.3(3)</td><td>−1.4(2)</td><td>3.20–3.46</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>4.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>20(1)</td><td>no<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>51 Hya/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>M4III<sup>3</sup></td><td>7.0(1)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.42–4.64</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>4.9(4)</td><td>AB</td><td>0.2</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SR</td><td>25(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>M2Iab-b<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.9(2)</td><td>4.23–4.54</td><td>0.29(19)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>165(1)</td><td>doubt.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>M5.5Ib/II<sup>8</sup></td><td>3.7(5)</td><td>−0.8(3)</td><td>4.96–6.9</td><td>0.08(19)</td><td>6.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>159.3(1)</td><td>prob.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ι Eri/γ Scl</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>C7,2(N0)(Tc)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.6(4)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.79–5.20</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>5.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>LB</td><td>220(1)<sup>9</sup></td><td>yes<sup>6, 16</sup></td><td>θ Psc</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>C5,4(N5)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.6(10)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.5(4)</td><td>5.5–6.9</td><td>0.11(15)</td><td>6.4(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>212(1)</td><td>no<sup>12, 16</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori/HR 2113</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>C6,5ea(Np)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.1(15)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.1(1)</td><td>9.1–12.9</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>6.6(2)</td><td>AB<sup><em>f</em></sup></td><td>10</td><td>234</td><td>12</td><td>SRB</td><td>370(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ι Eri</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>C5,5(Nb)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.7(12)<sup>15</sup></td><td>0.5(4)</td><td>11.6–13.8</td><td>0.10(16)</td><td>7.0(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>185(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>o Sgr/γ Lib</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Spectral type<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϖ<sub>Hip</sub><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>K</em></sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>m</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>A</em><sub><em>V</em></sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(<em>V</em> − <em>K</em>)<sub>0</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Component<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Separation<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Position angle<sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Δ<em>V</em><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Variable type<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Period<sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Tc<sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Calib<sup><em>h</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(arcsec)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(°)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>(d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>F0II<sup>8</sup></td><td>10.6(6)</td><td>−1.3(3)</td><td>−0.62(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>0.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Col</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>K0III<sup>13</sup></td><td>33.9(2)</td><td>−0.3(4)</td><td>1.96–2.11</td><td>0.03(19)</td><td>2.3(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB<sup>17</sup></td><td>37(4)<sup>17</sup></td><td>unkn.</td><td>η Cet</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>K2II<sup>14</sup></td><td>8.4(2)</td><td>−1.2(1)</td><td>1.91(5)</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>3.1(2)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>K3II–III<sup>2</sup></td><td>18.1(2)</td><td>−1.1(2)</td><td>1.93–2.01</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>3.1(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>283</td><td>153</td><td>8</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>λ Hya</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>AC</td><td>210</td><td>90</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>K3III<sup>3</sup></td><td>6.7(2)</td><td>−0.6(2)</td><td>3.12(5)</td><td>0.07(15)</td><td>3.7(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ε TrA/o Sgr</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>M0.5III<sup>2</sup></td><td>19.1(2)</td><td>−1.2(2)</td><td>2.72–2.75</td><td>0.03(15)</td><td>3.9(3)</td><td>AB</td><td>66</td><td>294</td><td>9</td><td>Susp.</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>γ Lib/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>M2III<sup>1</sup></td><td>15.2(1)</td><td>−1.0(4)</td><td>3.32–3.38</td><td>0.04(16)</td><td>4.2(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>–</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>M3III<sup>5</sup></td><td>5.0(7)</td><td>−0.7(2)</td><td>4.65–4.88</td><td>0.16(17)</td><td>5.2(2)</td><td>AB<sup>7</sup></td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>11.7</td><td>SRB</td><td>30(1)</td><td>yes<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>HR 2411</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>M3.5III<sup>4</sup></td><td>11.3(3)</td><td>−1.4(2)</td><td>3.20–3.46</td><td>0.03(14)</td><td>4.6(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>20(1)</td><td>no<sup>6, 11</sup></td><td>51 Hya/ε TrA</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>M4III<sup>3</sup></td><td>7.0(1)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.42–4.64</td><td>0.08(15)</td><td>4.9(4)</td><td>AB</td><td>0.2</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SR</td><td>25(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>α Ret</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>M2Iab-b<sup>3</sup></td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.9(2)</td><td>4.23–4.54</td><td>0.29(19)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>165(1)</td><td>doubt.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>M5.5Ib/II<sup>8</sup></td><td>3.7(5)</td><td>−0.8(3)</td><td>4.96–6.9</td><td>0.08(19)</td><td>6.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRC</td><td>159.3(1)</td><td>prob.<sup>6</sup></td><td>ι Eri/γ Scl</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>C7,2(N0)(Tc)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.6(4)</td><td>−0.5(3)</td><td>4.79–5.20</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>5.4(3)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>LB</td><td>220(1)<sup>9</sup></td><td>yes<sup>6, 16</sup></td><td>θ Psc</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>C5,4(N5)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.6(10)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.5(4)</td><td>5.5–6.9</td><td>0.11(15)</td><td>6.4(5)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>212(1)</td><td>no<sup>12, 16</sup></td><td>ϕ<sub>2</sub> Ori/HR 2113</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>C6,5ea(Np)<sup>10</sup></td><td>2.1(15)<sup>15</sup></td><td>−0.1(1)</td><td>9.1–12.9</td><td>0.11(10)</td><td>6.6(2)</td><td>AB<sup><em>f</em></sup></td><td>10</td><td>234</td><td>12</td><td>SRB</td><td>370(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>ι Eri</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>C5,5(Nb)<sup>10</sup></td><td>3.7(12)<sup>15</sup></td><td>0.5(4)</td><td>11.6–13.8</td><td>0.10(16)</td><td>7.0(4)</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>SRB</td><td>185(1)</td><td>unkn.</td><td>o Sgr/γ Lib</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn1"></span><div content-id="tblfn1" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup>1</sup>Landi Dessy & Keenan (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib78"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib78" data-open="bib78" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1966</a>); <sup>2</sup>Morgan & Keenan (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib95"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib95" data-open="bib95" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1973</a>); <sup>3</sup>Houk & Cowley (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib65"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib65" data-open="bib65" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1975</a>); <sup>4</sup>Houk (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib64"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib64" data-open="bib64" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1978</a>); <sup>5</sup>Smith & Lambert (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib126"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib126" data-open="bib126" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1985</a>); <sup>6</sup>Little, Little-Marenin & Bauer (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib84"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib84" data-open="bib84" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1987</a>); <sup>7</sup>Ake & Johnson (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib4" data-open="bib4" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1988</a>); <sup>8</sup>Houk & Smith-Moore (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib66"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib66" data-open="bib66" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1988</a>); <sup>9</sup>Wasatonic (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib137"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib137" data-open="bib137" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1997</a>); <sup>10</sup>Kholopov et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib73"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib73" data-open="bib73" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>); <sup>11</sup>Lebzelter & Hron (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib80"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib80" data-open="bib80" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1999</a>); <sup>12</sup>Abia et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib1" data-open="bib1" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>); <sup>13</sup>Montes et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib93"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib93" data-open="bib93" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>); <sup>14</sup>Bordé et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib24"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib24" data-open="bib24" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2002</a>); <sup>15</sup>Knapp et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib74"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib74" data-open="bib74" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2003</a>); <sup>16</sup>Lebzelter & Hron (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib81"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib81" data-open="bib81" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2003</a>); <sup>17</sup>Otero & Moon (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib101"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib101" data-open="bib101" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn2"></span><div content-id="tblfn2" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>a</em></sup>Unless quoted, from the New HIPPARCOS Astrometric Catalogue (van Leeuwen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib136"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib136" data-open="bib136" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2007</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn3"></span><div content-id="tblfn3" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>b</em></sup>From the 2MASS Catalogue (Skrutskie et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib123"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib123" data-open="bib123" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn4"></span><div content-id="tblfn4" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>c</em></sup>Magnitude variations, variability type and period of variability taken (unless quoted) from the AAVSO-VSX Database (Watson et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib138"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib138" data-open="bib138" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>). ‘Susp.’ stands for suspected variability.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn5"></span><div content-id="tblfn5" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>d</em></sup>Calculated, thanks the numerical algorithm of Hakkila et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib60"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib60" data-open="bib60" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1997</a>), including the studies of Fitzgerald (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib53"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib53" data-open="bib53" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1968</a>), Neckel & Klare (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib97"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib97" data-open="bib97" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1980</a>), Berdnikov & Pavlovskaya (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib15"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib15" data-open="bib15" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1991</a>), Arenou, Grenon & Gomez (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib8"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib8" data-open="bib8" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1992</a>), Chen et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib26"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib26" data-open="bib26" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>) and Drimmel & Spergel (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib40"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib40" data-open="bib40" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>), plus a sample of studies of high-galactic-latitude clouds.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn6"></span><div content-id="tblfn6" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>e</em></sup>Multiplicity parameters from the WDS Catalogue (Mason et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib87"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib87" data-open="bib87" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn7"></span><div content-id="tblfn7" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>f</em></sup>The A component is seen twice by Maercker et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib85"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib85" data-open="bib85" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2012</a>) with ALMA.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn8"></span><div content-id="tblfn8" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>g</em></sup>Qualitative information on the technetium content (unkn. stands for ‘unknown’, doubt. for ‘doubtful’ and prob. for ‘probable’).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn9"></span><div content-id="tblfn9" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>h</em></sup>Associated calibrator(s), with the angular diameter given by Cruzalèbes et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a>).</p></span></div></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">To increase the confidence in the measurements, we record multiple observations of each target per observing night. This observing procedure ensures obtaining sufficient amount of data to compensate for the fringe-tracking deficiency, occurring when the contrast is low or under poor-seeing conditions.</p><p class="chapter-para">According to our resolution criterion, we select the scientific targets from two catalogues: CHARM2 (Richichi, Percheron & Khristoforova <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib114"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib114" data-open="bib114" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2005</a>) and CADARS (Pasinetti Fracassini et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib102"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib102" data-open="bib102" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>), which compile angular diameter values derived from various methods. In order to observe them with similar instrumental configurations, we choose stars with approximately the same angular diameter (∼10 mas). The suitable calibrators are given in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl1" data-open="tbl1" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">1</a>. Since the angular diameter of some of them is not found in the calibrator catalogues, we had to derive it from the fit of <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> + <span class="small-caps">turbospectrum</span> synthetic spectra on spectrophotometric measurements (Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib31"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib31" data-open="bib31" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a>). For reasons of homogeneity, we applied this procedure to all calibrators.</p> <h3 scrollto-destination=91983531 id="91983531" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec2-2>Observation logbook</h3> <p class="chapter-para">A sample of 16 cool stars – 10 O-rich giants, two supergiants and four C-rich giants – were observed in 2009 May (three nights), 2009 August (two nights), 2009 November (three nights), 2010 March (three nights) and 2010 December (four nights), using the AMBER instrument at the focus of ESO/VLTI, with three ATs. All observations were done using the medium-resolution-<em>K</em>-band spectral configuration, centred on λ = 2.3 μm, providing about 500 spectral channels with <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\scr {R}=1500}$|⁠</span>. The observation logbook is given in Cruzalèbes et al. (2013b).</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983533 id="91983533" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec3>DERIVING THE ANGULAR DIAMETERS</h2> <p class="chapter-para">The true (calibrated) observables, defined hereafter, are derived from the AMBER output measurements, using the <span class="small-caps">spidast</span> modular software suite we started to develop in 2006 (Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib30"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib30" data-open="bib30" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib31"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib31" data-open="bib31" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a>). Recently made available to the community,<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fn4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="fn4" data-open="fn4" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-fn js-xref-fn"><sup>3</sup></a><span class="small-caps">spidast</span> performs the following automatized operations: weighting of non-aberrant visibility and triple product data, fine spectral calibration at subpixel level, accurate and robust determination of stellar diameters for calibrator sources, and of their uncertainties as well, correction for the degradations of the interferometer response in visibility and triple product, fitting of parametric chromatic models on SPI observables, and extraction of model parameters.</p><p class="chapter-para">We measure the angular diameter for each scientific target, by fitting synthetic limb-darkened brightness profiles on the visibility and the triple product. In an attempt to reproduce the behaviour of the true observables, especially in the second lobe of the visibility function, we use the numerical centre-to-limb variation (CLV) profile with respect to the impact parameter, given by the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> (Gustafsson et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib59"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib59" data-open="bib59" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>) + <span class="small-caps">turbospectrum</span> codes (Alvarez & Plez <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib6"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib6" data-open="bib6" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>; Plez <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib106"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib106" data-open="bib106" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2012</a>).</p> <h3 scrollto-destination=91983536 id="91983536" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec3-1>Computing reliable uncertainties</h3> <p class="chapter-para">For each observing block (OB), the angular diameter is given by the modified gradient-expansion algorithm (Bevington & Robinson <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib19"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib19" data-open="bib19" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1992</a>), a robust fitting technique based on the minimization of the weighted χ<sup>2</sup>, and adapted from Marquardt (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib86"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib86" data-open="bib86" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1963</a>). As ‘robust’, we mean a final result insensitive to small departures from the model assumptions from which the estimator is optimized (Huber & Ronchetti <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib67"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib67" data-open="bib67" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>). We improve the robustness of the results of the fitting process by removing input measurements with low SNR (< 3), as well as values considered as extremal residuals, i.e. showing exceedingly large discrepancies with the model.</p><p class="chapter-para">Since the data used for the fit are obtained from a complex cross-calibration process, we cannot ensure that the final uncertainties follow a normal distribution, but the χ<sup>2</sup> function remains usable as the merit function for finding the best-fitting model parameters. However, the formal output-parameter uncertainties, deduced from the diagonal terms of the covariance matrix of the best-fitting parameters, give irrelevant and usually underestimated values (Press et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib107"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib107" data-open="bib107" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2007</a>; Enders <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib49"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib49" data-open="bib49" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>). In our study, we deduce reliable uncertainties from the boundaries of the 68 per cent confidence interval of the residual-bootstrap distribution of the best-fitting angular diameters (Efron <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib47"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib47" data-open="bib47" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1979</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib48"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib48" data-open="bib48" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1982</a>; Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib31"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib31" data-open="bib31" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>).</p> <h3 scrollto-destination=91983539 id="91983539" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec3-2>Choosing the model input parameters</h3> <p class="chapter-para">Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl2" data-open="tbl2" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">2</a> lists the stellar parameters of the science targets: effective temperature, surface gravity, and mass, of the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models used in the regression process, with the microturbulence parameter ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 2 km s<sup>−1</sup>. We derive these parameters from the two-dimensional B-spline interpolation of the tables of log <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (de Jager & Nieuwenhuijzen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib34"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib34" data-open="bib34" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1987</a>), log <em>g</em> (Allen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib5"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib5" data-open="bib5" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>) and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L} / \mathcal {L}_{{\odot }}$|</span> (Allen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib5"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib5" data-open="bib5" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2001</a>), with respect to the spectral type.</p> <a id="91983541" scrollto-destination="91983541"></a> <div content-id="tbl2" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl2" data-id="tbl2"><span class="label title-label" id="label-88520">Table 2.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983541" aria-describedby="label-88520"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-88520"><p class="chapter-para">Fundamental parameters used as entries in the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-88520" aria-describedby="
 caption-88520"><thead><tr><th>Target(s)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}/\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[Fe/H]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[α/Fe]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>C/O<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>7000</td><td>2.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>4660</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>4350</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>4300</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>4250</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>3650</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>3500</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>3400</td><td>0.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>3250</td><td>−0.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.02</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Target(s)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}/\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[Fe/H]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[α/Fe]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>C/O<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>7000</td><td>2.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>4660</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>4350</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>4300</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>4250</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>3650</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>3500</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>3400</td><td>0.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>3250</td><td>−0.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.02</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl2" data-id="tbl2"><span class="label title-label" id="label-88520">Table 2.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983541" aria-describedby="label-88520"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-88520"><p class="chapter-para">Fundamental parameters used as entries in the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-88520" aria-describedby="
 caption-88520"><thead><tr><th>Target(s)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}/\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[Fe/H]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[α/Fe]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>C/O<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>7000</td><td>2.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>4660</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>4350</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>4300</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>4250</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>3650</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>3500</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>3400</td><td>0.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>3250</td><td>−0.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.02</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Target(s)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}/\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[Fe/H]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>[α/Fe]<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>C/O<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>7000</td><td>2.0</td><td>5.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>4660</td><td>2.1</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>4350</td><td>1.15</td><td>2.8</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>4300</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.1</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>4250</td><td>1.9</td><td>1.8</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>3650</td><td>1.3</td><td>1.2</td><td>0.25</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>3500</td><td>1.0</td><td>1.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>3450</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.9</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>3400</td><td>0.0</td><td>12.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>3250</td><td>−0.5</td><td>7.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.54</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>−0.5</td><td>0.2</td><td>1.02</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.35</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>2600</td><td>0.0</td><td>2.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>0.0</td><td>1.17</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">Because this method relies on the spectral type, which carries some level of subjectivity, we concede that it is probably not the most accurate method for the determination of fundamental stellar parameters (see also the discussion in relation with Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig5"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig5" class="link xref-fig">5</a> in Section 8). However, this method, currently used to measure the angular diameters of interferometric calibrators (Bordé et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib24"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib24" data-open="bib24" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2002</a>; Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib31"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib31" data-open="bib31" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>), provides a homogeneous way to convert various spectral types into fundamental parameters, all over the HRD. In Section 4, we investigate the sensitivity of the angular diameters to the adopted model stellar parameters, and show that this sensitivity is not an issue.</p> <h3 scrollto-destination=91983543 id="91983543" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec3-3>Fitting the model limb-darkened intensity</h3> <p class="chapter-para">The spherically symmetric <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> model atmospheres, assuming local thermodynamic and hydrostatic equilibrium, are characterized by the following parameters: effective temperature <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>, surface gravity <em>g</em>, and mass <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|⁠</span>, with <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${g = G\mathcal {M}/\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}^2}$|⁠</span>, where <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}$|</span> is the radius at τ<sub>Ross</sub> = 1. Using the <span class="small-caps">turbospectrum</span> code,<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fn5"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="fn5" data-open="fn5" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-fn js-xref-fn"><sup>4</sup></a> we compute CLVs of the monochromatic radial intensity <em>L</em><sub>λ</sub>(<em>r</em>) (also called <em>spectral radiance</em>, in W m<sup>−2</sup> μm<sup>−1</sup> sr<sup>−1</sup>), where <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${r = \mathcal {R}/\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}}$|</span> is the impact parameter. Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig1"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig1" class="link xref-fig">1</a> shows the CLV profiles, at λ = 2.2 μm, calculated with <span class="small-caps">turbospectrum</span> using a <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> model, with three different sets of input parameters (Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl2" data-open="tbl2" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">2</a>), associated with: β Cet (O-rich star, blue triangles); δ Oph (O-rich star, green squares); and TX Psc (C-rich star, red circles).</p> <a id="91983545" scrollto-destination="91983545"></a> <div data-id="fig1" data-content-id="fig1" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig1.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=0AWCTjEBWST5bC1l9thyEYjJhY-wTMkoH9VN6-Rvrk8Y2rFwZ51Hh7sF4XqxaFeRMKW3~esNCsxrnrIMXkhPXSqjPuGdBNoe1u2pB-VQfNwrny3Vwtt1h2rYHKjInBolk1PQ7FSJufHSqOn2AsJfFjpe88OdC0zAeil9m07Iyjtuz6g0H6-o0TAbeLtb5UjIG13bUSfQWDX09A3Or4YbhE8hCsydx4a-lPj7CpMYBpyd2AMox~GSiuNJBotErsLmupV0NY3vnxYmKiU3raqKtWfmySaPwLPWLW1g6Hni61UtSC4AU1crOlP5l-I2d7BVS9ZfJgvP2P0d8Zl4NOGn9g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Model CLV profiles at λ = 2.2 μm for: β Cet (blue triangles); δ Oph (green squares); and TX Psc (red circles). The dot–dashed vertical lines show the values of the impact parameter at 0.5 per cent of the intensity: 1.008 for β Cet, 1.013 for δ Oph and 1.050 for TX Psc (r is in units of the Rosseland radius)." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig1.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983545">Figure 1.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Model CLV profiles at λ = 2.2 μm for: β Cet (blue triangles); δ Oph (green squares); and TX Psc (red circles). The dot–dashed vertical lines show the values of the impact parameter at 0.5 per cent of the intensity: 1.008 for β Cet, 1.013 for δ Oph and 1.050 for TX Psc (<em>r</em> is in units of the Rosseland radius).</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983545" href="/view-large/figure/91983545/stt1037fig1.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig1.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983545" data-section="91983545" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig1.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=W002zU7aZAQJpILrnfIClAxPkXsoCp51y9kpZfQJn1F7ZZUfLFFHxie4pLGGPY92uRUXr-8tkBGqqdMRHeWU37dtnD7IlpqSFcl7-RkvsFv2Q6ROjwkikmABWZLlASxKwjCWFOgfT~V2zxSlci8GNApbxWzqRP8haVgbzAulFThC8k32c8oUyLCQfoaoFhFP8JaiHqWb2x3V5CToRWEb9a8iI83nH7fKJc7~gd9ZczxzkQmVg5CGOhVxz3pUPh8PKm5wUsC7WgmZXQks9JH-VDszcuRysUEjWfmxICnKbL0gm1e5tb7lrh3mZyQe4q2xxUfvwkS7FIqQEfXc3xOA6w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983545&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig1.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div><div class="
 block-child-p
 ">According to the Van Cittert–Zernike theorem (Goodman <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib56"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib56" data-open="bib56" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1985</a>), the monochromatic synthetic visibility of a centro-symmetric brightness distribution of the angular diameter ϕ is <div class="formula-wrap"><div class="disp-formula" id="jumplink-equ1" content-id="equ1"><div class="tex-math display-math"> \begin{equation} {V}_\lambda \left( \phi \right) = 2\pi \frac{\left| \int ^{r_\mathrm{out}}_{0} L_{\lambda }\left( r \right) \: {J}_{0}\left( \pi r \phi \frac{B}{\lambda } \right) \: r \mathrm{d}r \right|}{M_{\lambda }}, \end{equation} </div></div><span class="label title-label">(1)</span></div>where <em>J</em><sub>0</sub> is the Bessel function of the first kind of order 0, <em>r</em><sub>out</sub> is the dimensionless parameter defined as <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${r_\mathrm{out} = \mathcal {R}_\mathrm{out}/\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}}$|⁠</span>, where <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{out}$|</span> is the outer radius, and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${M_{\lambda } = 2\pi {\int ^{r_\mathrm{out}}_{0} L_{\lambda }\left( r \right) \: r {\rm d}r}}$|</span> is the monochromatic flux (also called <em>spectral radiant exitance</em>, in W m<sup>−2</sup> μm<sup>−1</sup>). Numerical integration from 0 to <em>r</em><sub>out</sub> is performed using the trapezoidal rule on a grid, with a step width decreasing from the centre to the limb.</div><p class="chapter-para">To be accurately evaluated, the integral on <em>r</em> in equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ1"></span><a href="#equ1" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">1</a>) requires <em>L</em><sub>λ</sub>(<em>r</em>) to be extended all the way to a value of <em>r</em><sub>out</sub> corresponding to the lower boundary of the sensitivity of the AMBER instrument. In the <em>K</em> band, this boundary has been measured around 0.5 per cent of the maximum emission (Absil et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib3"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib3" data-open="bib3" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>; Duvert et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib43"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib43" data-open="bib43" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>). With the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models, the lower boundaries of the Rosseland optical depth, used to compute the intensity distributions <em>L</em><sub>λ</sub>(<em>r</em>), are τ<sub>Ross</sub> = 10<sup>−6</sup> for O-rich stars, and τ<sub>Ross</sub> = 10<sup>−4</sup> for C-rich stars (Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig2"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig2" class="link xref-fig">2</a>). Thus, <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{out} = \mathcal {R}\left(\tau _{\mathrm{Ross}} = 10^{-6}\right)}$|</span> for O-rich stars, and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{out} = \mathcal {R}\left(\tau _{\mathrm{Ross}} = 10^{-4}\right)}$|</span> for C-rich stars. These bottom levels ensure that the blanketing is correctly taken into account, and that the thermal structure in the line-forming region remains unchanged with respect to atmospheres that would be computed with even smaller optical-depth boundaries. According to Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig2"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig2" class="link xref-fig">2</a>, these optical-depth lower boundaries are associated with intensity levels of <10<sup>−5</sup> and ∼10<sup>−4</sup>, respectively, thus far below the instrumental sensitivity, as it should be to work in safe conditions. Moreover, in Section 4, we evaluate the sensitivity of the angular diameter to the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> model used to compute the CLV.</p> <a id="91983548" scrollto-destination="91983548"></a> <div data-id="fig2" data-content-id="fig2" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig2.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=dKf7chH2kEhZLcQFeEFwfSCTExBn836ngKYSDf5ezf0eMx1IdmhQhBSfshOPpLTWDkq5nyEHi4Mm~TuycI~bE1UJRtV9qAo6H4~RS2gEM2ntiASR6aLUEm6RhZRMBYNhY8ZqUYIoCR~Zk7Z05KVDTt2VgMqgS5sz1sRtAebzl0G~K-is-iGnjJouZbeTt~tviehmG1vaLwm616Yzv9F37cfz8LMOKL3oAHjhi53KKRXww-4AyWPlurcuz7CLcyj~n7239noAZjh-kD0-6wC0vsEO1Vazr6XXGF0taJ-cEKJ977w6P8LUt516Ch2-JZIfePvcNC3CrHBZtias-RZ4yA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Rosseland optical depth (dots, left-hand axis) and CLV profile at λ = 2.2 μm (crosses, right-hand axis) with respect to the impact parameter (in units of the Rosseland radius) for different marcs models (left-hand and central panels: O-rich stars; right-hand panel: C-rich stars). The dot–dashed horizontal lines: limit of instrumental sensitivity (0.5 per cent)." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig2.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983548">Figure 2.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Rosseland optical depth (dots, left-hand axis) and CLV profile at λ = 2.2 μm (crosses, right-hand axis) with respect to the impact parameter (in units of the Rosseland radius) for different <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models (left-hand and central panels: O-rich stars; right-hand panel: C-rich stars). The dot–dashed horizontal lines: limit of instrumental sensitivity (0.5 per cent).</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983548" href="/view-large/figure/91983548/stt1037fig2.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig2.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983548" data-section="91983548" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig2.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=t~ive-RqU3rRPh0c3q9bkpJH~FEtaSi1~7X9mXon7G02KzOQxIcLg7bJ0H45xzDgKeUoxP2D9lmzTpMSoMekhmMppHuQk0O6ECTUuqfwGwzgvULryoIpQGKYwerdIhCRQs--zeyLpQad4HZKDpqRUtFp4MjQGZ~widkBk1lGypYuoAT5XaznVUG0-tR2YNkaSZ1bnJakzdtQaz9IWlni0afTvcNF3i0ug97HTPSyvewC9sbcvJr2KzinFFtt5KcC8-YrlNQ9qxI3iUvWBSzqTf2kFjPKVSTrwMnroZpS3LxZ7tvoEwtSQX4r28yEAjBTaRirmkXG4etyFvhlFUJlYw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983548&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig2.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig3"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig3" class="link xref-fig">3</a> shows three typical results of the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span>-CLV fits obtained with the visibility measurements of individual OBs, for β Cet, δ Oph and TX Psc. For the sake of clarity, the true visibility values are shown without error bars. In addition to the fit of the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span>-CLV profile on the true visibilities, we also compute the angular diameter using fits on triple product data (Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl4" data-open="tbl4" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">4</a>).</p> <a id="91983550" scrollto-destination="91983550"></a> <div data-id="fig3" data-content-id="fig3" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig3.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=zwIv-1IvWx3Um9SYEgAyi6~rk~J~slH3JDNh1DZDyizSFXmhUbMXuKrfgwz894zUTXxgIArRu~I58tkb4CXixE65Lwoe3ox11XT1ismJxV61Ykne24QxR-t9ZbKGOIpGEECeNkoIGtVvlbesNXjJ3m28MGQKAm4jODRYxfcvFpwWpjW0UPYYbQb64Jo-hrt5ziGngc5AdOeHvD7tgBCKdZ~QUiyaWcI-wfKJeIdnofT1mwUBRcquRiJeFs~QSWIr4dePpPNB79d2IHfhWyMoPa6xnFoLA88dT1jmGRj4SEKXBh7y96dc9EZSm9o3bbiHIxiak0xez7pqmPpSD47R2w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Three examples of marcs-CLV fitting results, obtained with visibility measurements: β Cet in the top panels (MJD = 554 43.16); δ Oph in the middle panels (MJD = 549 75.24); and TX Psc in the bottom panels (MJD = 551 43.07). The baselines are projected on the sky. The model visibility profiles at medium spectral resolution (${\scr {R}= 1500}$) are in short dashes. The measured median absolute uncertainties in visibility are (from the left-hand to right-hand side): for β Cet: 0.02, 0.03 and 0.02; for δ Oph: 0.010, 0.004 and 0.003; and for TX Psc: 0.015, 0.003 and 0.004." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig3.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983550">Figure 3.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Three examples of <span class="small-caps">marcs</span>-CLV fitting results, obtained with visibility measurements: β Cet in the top panels (MJD = 554 43.16); δ Oph in the middle panels (MJD = 549 75.24); and TX Psc in the bottom panels (MJD = 551 43.07). The baselines are projected on the sky. The model visibility profiles at medium spectral resolution (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠|${\scr {R}= 1500}$|⁠</span>) are in short dashes. The measured median absolute uncertainties in visibility are (from the left-hand to right-hand side): for β Cet: 0.02, 0.03 and 0.02; for δ Oph: 0.010, 0.004 and 0.003; and for TX Psc: 0.015, 0.003 and 0.004.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983550" href="/view-large/figure/91983550/stt1037fig3.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig3.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983550" data-section="91983550" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig3.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=jdttCQlZ8gRJtb0VO5flDPKmDKjkq6vBKO5Jpl7803rjH1oQi8pJ2SCfNqXjvHgMAEI-65~ib27vNqNR8KwE96UhK6Dr97t~tTHf1IZPa2VoREaYKXCwL7FYzRXJCm~8Tu5gf2dGMFnNFPx~4daVyn5qjA9urRLPzqObwGiIPwezZOM1T-9JC1jP8K3~c2f7l1krgfw-6hYQEHxQLJFmfi7n~3G5-0lsr8Mn4doMJwpbKDORrzTklb-Afjj-5D1795pIjhsPSIcfrfwXRsULindF7MfivtaORvLHp2cOUOwSThg3s1A9SY~PDbKWV5yIay8mipAQhKoiUGAFlMqHmA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983550&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig3.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983551 id="91983551" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec4>STUDYING THE SENSITIVITY TO MODEL PARAMETERS</h2> <p class="chapter-para">The effective temperature, surface gravity and stellar mass adopted for the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> model representing a given star are derived from the spectral type (Section 3.2). Unfortunately, neither the gravity nor the stellar mass is strongly constrained by the spectral type alone. Therefore, there is a disagreement between the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span>-model parameters and the true stellar values. In this section, we study for the two targets ζ Ara (K giant) and TX Psc (carbon star) the sensitivity of the angular diameter to a change of input parameter values such as <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>, log <em>g</em> and ξ<sub>turb</sub>.</p><p class="chapter-para">Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl3"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl3" data-open="tbl3" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">3</a> shows the sensitivity to the model parameters of the angular diameter, deduced from the fit on visibility data. The top part of the table is for ζ Ara observed at MJD = 549 75.36 and the bottom part is for TX Psc observed at MJD = 551 43.10. The uncertainties in angular diameter are the formal 1σ fitting errors. The choice of the different values of <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> and log <em>g</em> used for this analysis is based on the typical uncertainties, 300 K and 1 dex respectively, the latter coming from the <em>a posteriori</em> determination of the gravity (Section 8 and Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig7"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig7" class="link xref-fig">7</a>). The sensitivity to ξ<sub>turb</sub> is studied with the values 2 and 5 km s<sup>−1</sup>, for the carbon star.</p> <a id="91983554" scrollto-destination="91983554"></a> <div content-id="tbl3" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl3" data-id="tbl3"><span class="label title-label" id="label-24400">Table 3.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983554" aria-describedby="label-24400"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-24400"><p class="chapter-para">Sensitivity of the angular diameter ϕ (in mas) with respect to the model parameters (gravities are in cgs units).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-24400" aria-describedby="
 caption-24400"><thead><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.05<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.9<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>3950</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.060(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.03 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.083(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.98 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>4250</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.039(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.01 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.066(1) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.83 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)</td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 2 km s<sup>−1</sup></td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 5 km s<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 10.053(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 21.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 9.986(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 22.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.05<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.9<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>3950</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.060(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.03 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.083(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.98 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>4250</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.039(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.01 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.066(1) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.83 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)</td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 2 km s<sup>−1</sup></td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 5 km s<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 10.053(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 21.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 9.986(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 22.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl3" data-id="tbl3"><span class="label title-label" id="label-24400">Table 3.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983554" aria-describedby="label-24400"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-24400"><p class="chapter-para">Sensitivity of the angular diameter ϕ (in mas) with respect to the model parameters (gravities are in cgs units).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-24400" aria-describedby="
 caption-24400"><thead><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.05<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.9<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>3950</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.060(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.03 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.083(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.98 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>4250</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.039(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.01 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.066(1) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.83 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)</td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 2 km s<sup>−1</sup></td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 5 km s<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 10.053(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 21.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 9.986(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 22.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.05<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em> = 1.9<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td></td><td>3950</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.060(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.03 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.083(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.98 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>4250</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.039(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 2.01 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 7.066(1) \\ \chi ^{2} = 1.83 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> (K)</td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 2 km s<sup>−1</sup></td><td>ξ<sub>turb</sub> = 5 km s<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>3000</td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 10.053(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 21.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td><td><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id"><div class="tex-math display-math">$\left\lbrace \begin{array}{@{}l@{\quad }l@{}}\phi = 9.986(2) \\ \chi ^{2} = 22.5 \end{array}\right.$</div></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">The highest deviations from the nominal values of the angular diameter, i.e. 0.03 mas for ζ Ara and 0.07 mas for TX Psc, are smaller than the final uncertainties, 0.12 and 0.36 mas, respectively (Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl4" data-open="tbl4" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">4</a>). Although we cannot infer quantitative general sensitivity rules from only two examples, our results show that such changes as 300 K for <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>, roughly 1 dex for log <em>g</em> and a factor of 2 for ξ<sub>turb</sub> induce variations on the final angular diameter which are smaller than its absolute uncertainty.</p> <a id="91983556" scrollto-destination="91983556"></a> <div content-id="tbl4" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl4" data-id="tbl4"><span class="label title-label" id="label-24400">Table 4.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983556" aria-describedby="label-24400"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-24400"><p class="chapter-para">Best-fitting angular diameters derived from the visibility and the triple product, for each observation epoch, and final angular diameters of the science targets, after averaging over all OBs. MJD is the Modified Julian Day for the middle of each observation period.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-24400" aria-describedby="
 caption-24400"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>MJD (d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>V</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>final</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>54 143.26</td><td>6.78(45)</td><td>6.64(1)</td><td>6.92(11)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.14</td><td>6.78(17)</td><td>6.93(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>55 541.17</td><td>5.84(40)</td><td>5.45(5)</td><td>5.51(25)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>54 976.23</td><td>9.23(10)</td><td>9.26(8)</td><td>9.24(2)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.12</td><td>8.85(18)</td><td>9.05(5)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.32</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td>9.34(3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55 269.23</td><td>9.37(5)</td><td>9.35(7)</td><td>9.36(6)</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>54 976.25</td><td>7.10(5)</td><td>7.09(13)</td><td>7.09(12)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 053.18</td><td>6.86(11)</td><td>6.98(13)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>54 976.22</td><td>10.05(4)</td><td>9.46(7)</td><td>9.93(9)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 051.99</td><td>10.02(2)</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.88</td><td>10.43(21)</td><td>9.47(6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>55 539.80</td><td>8.77(6)</td><td>8.82(12)</td><td>8.79(9)</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>55 144.24</td><td>8.93(15)</td><td>10.04(5)</td><td>9.78(10)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>55 268.81</td><td>11.73(14)</td><td>11.19(3)</td><td>11.33(10)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>55 539.83</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>55 143.28</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.07(2)</td><td>9.97(8)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.24</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.04(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>55 143.13</td><td>9.60(11)</td><td>9.70(1)</td><td>9.70(8)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>55 143.08</td><td>9.61(21)</td><td>10.04(2)</td><td>10.23(36)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.07</td><td>10.60(6)</td><td>10.02(45)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>55 143.72</td><td>9.62(1)</td><td>9.79(7)</td><td>9.63(4)</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>55 143.56</td><td>10.31(5)</td><td>9.88(2)</td><td>10.06(5)</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>54 976.35</td><td>10.59(38)</td><td>9.53(20)</td><td>9.46(30)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.19</td><td>9.19(35)</td><td>9.71(21)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>MJD (d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>V</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>final</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>54 143.26</td><td>6.78(45)</td><td>6.64(1)</td><td>6.92(11)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.14</td><td>6.78(17)</td><td>6.93(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>55 541.17</td><td>5.84(40)</td><td>5.45(5)</td><td>5.51(25)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>54 976.23</td><td>9.23(10)</td><td>9.26(8)</td><td>9.24(2)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.12</td><td>8.85(18)</td><td>9.05(5)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.32</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td>9.34(3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55 269.23</td><td>9.37(5)</td><td>9.35(7)</td><td>9.36(6)</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>54 976.25</td><td>7.10(5)</td><td>7.09(13)</td><td>7.09(12)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 053.18</td><td>6.86(11)</td><td>6.98(13)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>54 976.22</td><td>10.05(4)</td><td>9.46(7)</td><td>9.93(9)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 051.99</td><td>10.02(2)</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.88</td><td>10.43(21)</td><td>9.47(6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>55 539.80</td><td>8.77(6)</td><td>8.82(12)</td><td>8.79(9)</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>55 144.24</td><td>8.93(15)</td><td>10.04(5)</td><td>9.78(10)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>55 268.81</td><td>11.73(14)</td><td>11.19(3)</td><td>11.33(10)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>55 539.83</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>55 143.28</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.07(2)</td><td>9.97(8)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.24</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.04(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>55 143.13</td><td>9.60(11)</td><td>9.70(1)</td><td>9.70(8)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>55 143.08</td><td>9.61(21)</td><td>10.04(2)</td><td>10.23(36)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.07</td><td>10.60(6)</td><td>10.02(45)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>55 143.72</td><td>9.62(1)</td><td>9.79(7)</td><td>9.63(4)</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>55 143.56</td><td>10.31(5)</td><td>9.88(2)</td><td>10.06(5)</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>54 976.35</td><td>10.59(38)</td><td>9.53(20)</td><td>9.46(30)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.19</td><td>9.19(35)</td><td>9.71(21)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl4" data-id="tbl4"><span class="label title-label" id="label-24400">Table 4.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983556" aria-describedby="label-24400"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-24400"><p class="chapter-para">Best-fitting angular diameters derived from the visibility and the triple product, for each observation epoch, and final angular diameters of the science targets, after averaging over all OBs. MJD is the Modified Julian Day for the middle of each observation period.</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-24400" aria-describedby="
 caption-24400"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>MJD (d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>V</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>final</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>54 143.26</td><td>6.78(45)</td><td>6.64(1)</td><td>6.92(11)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.14</td><td>6.78(17)</td><td>6.93(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>55 541.17</td><td>5.84(40)</td><td>5.45(5)</td><td>5.51(25)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>54 976.23</td><td>9.23(10)</td><td>9.26(8)</td><td>9.24(2)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.12</td><td>8.85(18)</td><td>9.05(5)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.32</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td>9.34(3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55 269.23</td><td>9.37(5)</td><td>9.35(7)</td><td>9.36(6)</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>54 976.25</td><td>7.10(5)</td><td>7.09(13)</td><td>7.09(12)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 053.18</td><td>6.86(11)</td><td>6.98(13)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>54 976.22</td><td>10.05(4)</td><td>9.46(7)</td><td>9.93(9)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 051.99</td><td>10.02(2)</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.88</td><td>10.43(21)</td><td>9.47(6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>55 539.80</td><td>8.77(6)</td><td>8.82(12)</td><td>8.79(9)</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>55 144.24</td><td>8.93(15)</td><td>10.04(5)</td><td>9.78(10)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>55 268.81</td><td>11.73(14)</td><td>11.19(3)</td><td>11.33(10)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>55 539.83</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>55 143.28</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.07(2)</td><td>9.97(8)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.24</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.04(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>55 143.13</td><td>9.60(11)</td><td>9.70(1)</td><td>9.70(8)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>55 143.08</td><td>9.61(21)</td><td>10.04(2)</td><td>10.23(36)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.07</td><td>10.60(6)</td><td>10.02(45)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>55 143.72</td><td>9.62(1)</td><td>9.79(7)</td><td>9.63(4)</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>55 143.56</td><td>10.31(5)</td><td>9.88(2)</td><td>10.06(5)</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>54 976.35</td><td>10.59(38)</td><td>9.53(20)</td><td>9.46(30)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.19</td><td>9.19(35)</td><td>9.71(21)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>MJD (d)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>V</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>final</sub> (mas)<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>54 143.26</td><td>6.78(45)</td><td>6.64(1)</td><td>6.92(11)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.14</td><td>6.78(17)</td><td>6.93(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>55 541.17</td><td>5.84(40)</td><td>5.45(5)</td><td>5.51(25)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>54 976.23</td><td>9.23(10)</td><td>9.26(8)</td><td>9.24(2)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.12</td><td>8.85(18)</td><td>9.05(5)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.32</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td>9.34(3)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55 269.23</td><td>9.37(5)</td><td>9.35(7)</td><td>9.36(6)</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>54 976.25</td><td>7.10(5)</td><td>7.09(13)</td><td>7.09(12)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 053.18</td><td>6.86(11)</td><td>6.98(13)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>54 976.22</td><td>10.05(4)</td><td>9.46(7)</td><td>9.93(9)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 051.99</td><td>10.02(2)</td><td>9.34(2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 269.88</td><td>10.43(21)</td><td>9.47(6)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>55 539.80</td><td>8.77(6)</td><td>8.82(12)</td><td>8.79(9)</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>55 144.24</td><td>8.93(15)</td><td>10.04(5)</td><td>9.78(10)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>55 268.81</td><td>11.73(14)</td><td>11.19(3)</td><td>11.33(10)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>55 539.83</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>7.44(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>55 143.28</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.07(2)</td><td>9.97(8)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.24</td><td>9.94(7)</td><td>10.04(12)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>55 143.13</td><td>9.60(11)</td><td>9.70(1)</td><td>9.70(8)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>55 143.08</td><td>9.61(21)</td><td>10.04(2)</td><td>10.23(36)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 541.07</td><td>10.60(6)</td><td>10.02(45)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>55 143.72</td><td>9.62(1)</td><td>9.79(7)</td><td>9.63(4)</td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>55 143.56</td><td>10.31(5)</td><td>9.88(2)</td><td>10.06(5)</td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>54 976.35</td><td>10.59(38)</td><td>9.53(20)</td><td>9.46(30)</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>55 052.19</td><td>9.19(35)</td><td>9.71(21)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983557 id="91983557" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec5>STUDYING THE TEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF THE ANGULAR DIAMETER</h2> <p class="chapter-para">To study the temporal variability of the angular diameter, we group together the observing blocks of the same observing epoch over consecutive days, for each scientific target. Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl4" data-open="tbl4" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">4</a> gives the best-fitting angular diameters of the scientific targets, separately for each observation epoch and for the average over all runs. MJD is the Modified Julian Day for the middle of each observing period. The notations ϕ<sub>V</sub> and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> stand for the weighted means of the angular diameters resulting from fits of the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> CLVs on visibility and triple product data, respectively.</p><p class="chapter-para">Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig4"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig4" class="link xref-fig">4</a> shows the temporal behaviour of the best-fitting angular diameter, for our scientific targets observed over different epochs. Except for TX Psc, which shows two different values of ϕ<sub>V</sub>, but not of <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|⁠</span>, we find no evidence for temporal variation of the angular diameter for our targets, given the uncertainties. To perform a meaningful study of the angular diameter time variability, a larger amount of data would have been needed for our targets. Unfortunately, we did not succeed in convincing the Observing Programmes Committee to allow supplementary observing time for this purpose.</p> <a id="91983560" scrollto-destination="91983560"></a> <div data-id="fig4" data-content-id="fig4" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig4.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=R1WSbVGlMjgg2CAPHl3GN5eTGmQqLK07j06qKP7Qy1xwDCvqloiIZ6z1qL00HG1yBT~QwwLp2tANfoB3jpAtbQrRlA1js8mdy0Oudx~y7dhFG8sm1F2FwOL7aGx-m9IZUbDXtkBZyWZpDHDQ4NVBQxYI7q4kvGO2lNf7r7cK6EBpObx0~fhWGATTohWMx4vkGviNg3ZxwCHDZ0-sIEESTw1-uc3SvUp48Y9Fz1Pz20wZtslZCkCD3vIeHUIiskyt7m~~rz1uN~O-fQxTZ38Zf6f6su7w-MMCvohPIwfj3jIjx7zNI7o6S8CT5HbXFgSFIsMDOMBMoAfUdrZvWJaK1g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Temporal behaviour of the best-fitting angular diameter, from visibilities (red diamonds) and triple products (blue triangles). Top panels: science targets showing no photometric variation; bottom panels: targets known as photometric variables (i.e. with a GCVS entry). The symbols which mark the results associated with the same observing epoch are slightly shifted horizontally, in order to separate the error bars." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig4.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983560">Figure 4.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Temporal behaviour of the best-fitting angular diameter, from visibilities (red diamonds) and triple products (blue triangles). Top panels: science targets showing no photometric variation; bottom panels: targets known as photometric variables (i.e. with a GCVS entry). The symbols which mark the results associated with the same observing epoch are slightly shifted horizontally, in order to separate the error bars.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983560" href="/view-large/figure/91983560/stt1037fig4.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig4.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983560" data-section="91983560" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig4.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=2k7oczC~uKagIuWngGPpZ-VtXODHzpX~CKvxvf~u~RkRB5T3VbSUO5Rd0OE0nDcAIGyKfkxOayrEFdPc~KqyKKfl08KmAo1usz-N7hA6xV-BWUCQ8HLuVnPAUljK9H3LPZPPrJjskpGq5Nv-QBNUl3zLHuDmys9JTc4CH15vVjTUl9TNd1MAKsMEZ0zxI8Rnf0ACq9nCm~~yY4C6Qr61y~BA5of82at~7f6r8nqX~km1PpE~cc~bOgNmkY8~UPD9~yeL35n-Kwxbk6vLKbxqxKruGEJW3MeWMoglv9bl23CHtFMBsk2kicZnowYgDPYdvIZaNqtge9QowntqyXZiyA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983560&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig4.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983561 id="91983561" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec6>COMPUTING THE FINAL ANGULAR DIAMETER</h2> <p class="chapter-para">Rather than applying a global fit on all data sets (see e.g. Le Bouquin et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib79"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib79" data-open="bib79" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>; Domiciano de Souza et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib39"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib39" data-open="bib39" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>), which is the commonly used method with VLTI/AMBER data, we propose to combine multiple measurements obtained for a given star under different instrumental and environmental circumstances (see e.g. Ridgway et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib117"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib117" data-open="bib117" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1980</a>; Richichi et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib112"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib112" data-open="bib112" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1992</a>; Dyck et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib44"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib44" data-open="bib44" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1996</a>). Using the visibility and the triple product, we compute the angular diameter averaged over all OBs, with a weighting factor derived from the uncertainty on the angular diameter, the quality of the fit and the seeing conditions during each OB. Then, we combine the two angular diameter values, which leads to a unique final value (last column of Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl4" data-open="tbl4" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">4</a>). We note that δ Oph is the only star for which ϕ<sub>V</sub> and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\phi _\scr {T}$|</span> are significantly different (up to 10 per cent, as seen in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl4"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl4" data-open="tbl4" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">4</a> and Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig4"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig4" class="link xref-fig">4</a>), although we have no explanation for that discrepancy.</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983563 id="91983563" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec7>CONFRONTING OUR RESULTS WITH THOSE OF THE LITERATURE</h2> <p class="chapter-para">Here, we compare our final angular diameter values with those derived from measurements obtained by other instruments or methods. Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl5"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl5" data-open="tbl5" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">5</a> gathers the values published in the literature, related to limb-darkened models, derived from indirect methods: lunar occultation (LO) and long-baseline interferometry (LBI). These values are obtained in various spectral ranges and related to various photospheric models. Their large dispersions make them difficult to use in a direct comparison with our results, which are repeated in the ϕ<sub>LBI</sub> column under Reference (48). Therefore, we believe that the only meaningful comparison is between our values and those from the literature obtained with LBI in the same spectral domain (<em>K</em> band), as done in the last column of Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl5"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl5" data-open="tbl5" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">5</a>.</p><p class="chapter-para">Apart for TX Psc, only small differences are found between our new values and the published LBI values for the seven science targets α Car, β Cet, α Hya, δ Oph, CE Tau, W Ori and R Scl. Such a good agreement supports the validity and the reliability of our method, which gives, in addition, reliable uncertainties. Our study provides the first LBI determinations of the angular diameter for eight other targets: α TrA, ζ Ara, γ Hyi, <em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori, σ Lib, γ Ret, T Cet and TW Oph.</p><p class="chapter-para">Coming back to TX Psc, this star has often been observed in the past using high-resolution techniques, giving an angular diameter slightly larger than our new measurement. Given the error bars, our value is in good agreement with the value from Barnes, Evans & Moffett (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib9"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib9" data-open="bib9" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1978</a>), derived from the visual surface brightness method. Richichi et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib113"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib113" data-open="bib113" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1995</a>) attribute to the temporal variability of ϕ already noted previously for TX Psc (an Lb-type variable) most of the disagreement between their LO measurement and the LBI values of Quirrenbach et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib109"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib109" data-open="bib109" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1994</a>), obtained in the red part of the visible spectral domain with the MkIII Optical Interferometer, and of Dyck, van Belle & Benson (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib45"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib45" data-open="bib45" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1996</a>), obtained at 2.2 μm with the IOTA interferometer. From repeated measurements, Quirrenbach et al. suggested a substantial variation of the angular diameter, correlated with the visual magnitude, varying from 4.8 to 5.2 in 220 days (Watson, Henden & Price <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib138"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib138" data-open="bib138" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2006</a>). As shown in Section 5, our data tend to confirm this variation.</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983567 id="91983567" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec8>HERTZSPRUNG–RUSSELL DIAGRAM</h2> <p class="chapter-para">In this section, we use the values of the angular diameters of our calibrators and science targets to infer their location in the HRD (<em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>–<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}$|⁠</span>).</p><p class="chapter-para">The luminosity <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}$|</span> is defined, in the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models, from the relation <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {L} = 4 \pi \mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}^2 F\left(\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}\right)}$|⁠</span>, where <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$F\left(\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}\right)$|</span> is the flux per unit surface emitted by the layer located at the Rosseland radius (Gustafsson et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib59"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib59" data-open="bib59" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>). The effective temperature <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> is then defined according to <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${F\left(\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{Ross}\right) = \sigma T_\mathrm{eff}^4}$|⁠</span>.</p><div class="
 block-child-p
 ">We convert the best-fitting angular diameter ϕ into an empirical Rosseland radius <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}$|⁠</span>, thanks to the parallax ϖ. For the calibrators, ϕ is given by the fit of the model spectrum on the flux data. For the science targets, ϕ is given by the fit of the CLV profile on the SPI data. Thus, we compute the empirical luminosity <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span> using the logarithmic formula <div class="formula-wrap"><div class="disp-formula" id="jumplink-equ2" content-id="equ2"><div class="tex-math display-math"> \begin{equation} \log \frac{\mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}}{\mathcal {L_{{\odot }}}} \approx 4 \log T_{\mathrm{eff}} + 2 \log \frac{\phi }{\varpi } - 10.984(7), \end{equation} </div></div><span class="label title-label">(2)</span></div>where <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub> is in K, using the solar values <em>T</em><sub>eff, ⊙</sub> = 5777(10) K (Smalley <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib125"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib125" data-open="bib125" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2005</a>), and <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}$|</span> = 0.004 6492(2) au (Brown & Christensen-Dalsgaard <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib25"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib25" data-open="bib25" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>; Amsler et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib7"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib7" data-open="bib7" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>).</div><p class="chapter-para">Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl7"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl7" data-open="tbl7" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">6</a> gives the final fundamental parameters of our science targets and calibrators. The uncertainty-propagation formulae given by Winzer (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib142"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib142" data-open="bib142" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2000</a>), based on the second-order Taylor approximation, are used to compute the uncertainties on the derived fundamental parameters. For input uncertainties larger than 30 per cent, we use the confidence interval transformation principle (see e.g. Smithson <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib128"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib128" data-open="bib128" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2002</a>; Kelley <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib72"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib72" data-open="bib72" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2007</a>).</p><p class="chapter-para">To ensure consistency with the fitting process, which uses as model input parameters those derived from the spectral type (Cruzalèbes et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib32"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib32" data-open="bib32" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2013a</a> and Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl2" data-open="tbl2" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">2</a>), the value adopted for the effective temperature of the star is the value listed in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl2" data-open="tbl2" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">2</a>.</p><div class="
 block-child-p
 ">To assess the accuracy of the value, we compare the effective temperature deduced from the spectral type for the giants and supergiants of types K and M, included in our samples of science and calibrator targets, with the temperature derived from the dereddened <em>V</em> − <em>K</em> index, using the empirical relationship provided by van Belle et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib132"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib132" data-open="bib132" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1999</a>): <div class="formula-wrap"><div class="disp-formula" id="jumplink-equ3" content-id="equ3"><div class="tex-math display-math"> \begin{equation} T_\mathrm{eff} \mathrm{(K)} \ = \ 3030 + 4750 \times 10^{-0.187\left(V-K\right)}, \end{equation} </div></div><span class="label title-label">(3)</span></div>where 2 < <em>V</em> − <em>K</em> < 9. We find that the agreement between the effective temperatures, shown in Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig5"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig5" class="link xref-fig">5</a>, is quite satisfactory, since their discrepancy is less than ±300 K, which is of the same order as the absolute uncertainty given by van Belle's formula (±250 K). For the three carbon stars W Ori, R Scl and TW Oph, the adopted effective temperature of 2600 K (Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl2" data-open="tbl2" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">2</a>) is consistent with the values derived by Lambert et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib77"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib77" data-open="bib77" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1986</a>) with ±100 K uncertainty: respectively, 2680 , 2550 and 2450 K.</div> <a id="91983574" scrollto-destination="91983574"></a> <div data-id="fig5" data-content-id="fig5" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig5.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=aKr6OQCYdwfwqz4Khvyg3Y0zyR1SooSEL67yIs7FxeHS-~PM9FynR53KXombe~Bn0goq8wSKBKFWkgBPf9vogZb-jbkW~PO7V9SliYvQGht1h5vulcmC~h4q7dSGOnlPO6bLwee920pR8FZ0OW5TH8n8LO8qdHqd5d0F2Da4KAbZFgJoK9EhvNCygQ0KLK01NAjLE7UzYgoQGh-1fUYo6zA8qvQMBe0XqbLxmLeZJEOG0C1x2YOT-EacPCTNhvxkTnhK5cwi1CChsQbiOPd0pYOqhG4OTCB8MV0HMcuNYZX6QS9VbA9VBK2vWxpccnEIwVzrvPAJU78LxReBTe-5Zw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Effective temperatures deduced from the dereddened V − K colour index (van Belle), versus from the spectral type (de Jager), for the targets of our observing sample. Red squares: science targets. Blue dots: calibrators. Solid lines: ±250 K thresholds." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig5.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983574">Figure 5.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Effective temperatures deduced from the dereddened <em>V</em> − <em>K</em> colour index (van Belle), versus from the spectral type (de Jager), for the targets of our observing sample. Red squares: science targets. Blue dots: calibrators. Solid lines: ±250 K thresholds.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983574" href="/view-large/figure/91983574/stt1037fig5.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig5.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983574" data-section="91983574" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig5.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=SUe0ZMhUdDKZ5-c7f04OsuMHPRdK~ERvkoCiN8e68R7Y22IGUXb7X14MFZoRl55NmUZaQ~d5M0075rR5Ar0sucisk1Xi82AbWt9-j-7UWuism36w4TYOZNytKiu-yvzDmLJmlmG5N6WFbSNEVDNidB4Z2lSjzFIRTyXBgv8rJj3a~tPSkyDRybcl3qDUZPm-Tn9VJnxrQzKIx5w0jQk68j2QPnVHa-TTxhnvsiIYGPDOlOT5ABkileLRGID0WOeL~lBpXavj3d6Lu-q~Ac5wuTZ8UQy5MmcksMXxjmuAiuzuz3rpDrhzntb3wik9FbtmHC2f-QKETTaY85tJ3U8-2w__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983574&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig5.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig6"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig6" class="link xref-fig">6</a> shows the resulting <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>–<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span> diagram, including the calibrators and the science targets. In order to distinguish between the error bars, the data points for R Scl, W Ori and TW Oph are slightly shifted horizontally, although these three carbon stars have the same effective temperature 2600 K. This HRD displays as well evolutionary tracks from the Padova set (Bertelli et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib17"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib17" data-open="bib17" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib18"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib18" data-open="bib18" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>), for <em>Y</em> = 0.26 and <em>Z</em> = 0.017, and for masses between 1 and 8 <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|⁠</span>, where <em>Y</em> is the helium abundance and <em>Z</em> the metallicity.</p> <a id="91983576" scrollto-destination="91983576"></a> <div data-id="fig6" data-content-id="fig6" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig6.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=K6rLCTwqIdZ7EpNfDRa~CXHRXW4lp7yEZX4OkpWAVWOa54xYkhmIZZ9AQx7DN1D7ZZLc9LMw0UqhP6Wzqm~bQF9vBPOL5BLYGHCQVSi5EqzPF4dVZEfAd0vppqjNXTzwCh4TNoXy5lxbvgkRS7Tqal-Nsk8Gl5wiKgpINSs9CJS06iUFR4RPEeurqoHWhQ0HbnJiFl~QRX3BvbuzR42O3PzNDEwR1UAvtX3TEsFcbKPy237PQnq~zjv9h~1-vNYNgP5mtRxct4sD3WVSCDIFw992IHqoV8u8G0crHzrW4mJfRt483D-zjybep79zmjWhr4kV41d8oaiC1YQMS4pBdA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Teff–$\mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$ diagram of the calibrators (thin green error bars) and science targets (thick blue error bars), with evolutionary tracks (black full lines) and AGBs (red dashed lines), for different masses, indicated in red at the end of each track." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig6.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983576">Figure 6.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para"><em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>–<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span> diagram of the calibrators (thin green error bars) and science targets (thick blue error bars), with evolutionary tracks (black full lines) and AGBs (red dashed lines), for different masses, indicated in red at the end of each track.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983576" href="/view-large/figure/91983576/stt1037fig6.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig6.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983576" data-section="91983576" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig6.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=HbrKoapL4PMIfEgnClhCLqQHF2bim2wVkSWhjZ-4iMvwyeVmBxMMpzYf8vuxuKV8yytSG28I0Padqjq~wL8WkE0Lgonl5U0IypUUoBEzQ4OjtnMJIFd4Ngg1TARPN-V2ABWAtqi6Px2qgbyEvVYN38xDkWg1V~o4teE6nV5hEfdiaAi4Ryg79um4GRqUBc7FXdfbRPLQEita9jaeWfekbcYcRWvMiwQoNieOXB8hJpPZvYpFiaw~VLV-clp0KBL7-324ietP8ItdfzPANHXcWdTQPjuZ4jIrWQy2R7Mld7vSqR9JpM6NlzH2Pc3uTPHN1Zz~rG9IChSdutaIex11rQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983576&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig6.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div><div class="
 block-child-p
 ">These tracks make it possible to derive a rough estimate of the stellar mass <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|⁠</span>, thus of the gravity <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub> at the Rosseland surface, deduced from the relation <div class="formula-wrap"><div class="disp-formula" id="jumplink-equ4" content-id="equ4"><div class="tex-math display-math"> \begin{equation} \log g_\mathrm{obs} \approx \log \frac{\mathcal {M}}{\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}} - 2 \log \frac{\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}}{\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}} + 4.4374(5), \end{equation} </div></div><span class="label title-label">(4)</span></div>using the value of the solar surface gravity given by Gray (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib58"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib58" data-open="bib58" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2005</a>). These mass and gravity values are also included in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl7"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl7" data-open="tbl7" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">6</a>. The comparison of the surface gravities log <em>g</em>, deduced from the spectral type and used to select the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models, with those derived <em>a posteriori</em> from the HRD, is done in Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig7"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig7" class="link xref-fig">7</a>. We see that they agree within ±0.5 dex, except for the calibrator α Ret (log <em>g</em> − log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub> = −0.80), and for the science targets α Car (+0.82) and ζ Ara (+0.67). Since the determination of the mass from the position along the evolutionary tracks in the HRD is well constrained,<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fn6"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="fn6" data-open="fn6" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-fn js-xref-fn"><sup>5</sup></a> we attribute the discrepancy in surface gravity to the ill-defined value derived from the spectral type and used for the model, at least for these three targets.</div> <a id="91983578" scrollto-destination="91983578"></a> <div data-id="fig7" data-content-id="fig7" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig7.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=TPHbuQqE9mKJJxm4-vsQsMOddlb3gz0PfLQXcQ17xqEhHx3IoZ3-eMi1VJzT0IEpFmrp7IOw7rTiYn~YRUJUpBL4wlwc2C3KaBvPfGvr0gaLFz3l3uqVi14JNn1XBflezRuBurLYF4ytZoTB732KDebFBknLg7JX0myTzjZUdp8VAez4hJHc4j4QJNJVNQ6alXLuDLNH3uH9qNyhZdFg11LSKnEBvn0y5MYA1RqpX3kux~A~XnT1tVwYTw75aDZU3QTsQ87SA9qJ4kUMKDaPPBEg07g-A1IuHgYlShEc8KgM9wyuG10s~XwE9O-egwGKklRefqXrGEew-woVPI3Xaw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Comparison of the surface gravities used to select the marcs models, with the values log gobs derived from our final angular diameter value. Red squares: science targets; blue dots: calibrators. The solid lines mark the ±0.5 dex thresholds." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig7.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983578">Figure 7.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Comparison of the surface gravities used to select the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> models, with the values log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub> derived from our final angular diameter value. Red squares: science targets; blue dots: calibrators. The solid lines mark the ±0.5 dex thresholds.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983578" href="/view-large/figure/91983578/stt1037fig7.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig7.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983578" data-section="91983578" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig7.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=InlufEIuLtY9Q8kmD0Egbuw884t~eJQ0ibpI8S0sQgn0VAMEmSdVb3nEsRuS6qjRFxd0Q79hVM13db22nwLQz5dj-woQPPJsceoh4~xDAIwLb-ePYh6eC7kQM7DWXns68RshXK0VthG9JyPrSntTTQY9wh1qukuxASHQzNhpqrwg0oim3ngGHWmvtdA2oEuN9XH-XGfD-HuhZlpdSMe6sFQLjmyLOb4WCKUdhPBQaTwnXB7zOrF28OyTztoQsVX07-JnXgp5KkwZDef2OVAqt20-76syAWGP1lmiezw-a2UKgCukPak3~btdZ9rkUB-SAh4Sw3fFZpj7hGIZLz40eA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983578&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig7.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">With the linear radius derived from the interferometry, and the luminosity following the relationship <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|${\mathcal {L} = 4\pi \mathcal {R}^2\sigma T_\mathrm{eff}^4}$|⁠</span>, the location of our targets in the HRD allows us to perform interesting checks of stellar structure related to the presence or absence of technetium, and to the period–luminosity relationship.</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983580 id="91983580" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec9>TECHNETIUM</h2> <p class="chapter-para">Technetium is an s-process element with no stable isotope and was first identified in the spectra of some M and S stars by Merrill (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib89"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib89" data-open="bib89" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1952</a>). With a laboratory half-life of 2.13 × 10<sup>5</sup> yr, the technetium isotope <sup>99</sup>Tc is the only one produced by the s-process in thermally-pulsating AGB (TP-AGB) stars (see Goriely & Mowlavi <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib57"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib57" data-open="bib57" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2000</a>). Due to the existence of an isomeric state of the <sup>99</sup>Tc nucleus, the high temperatures encountered during thermal pulses strongly shorten the effective half-life of <sup>99</sup>Tc (<em>t</em><sub>1/2</sub> ∼ 1 yr at ∼3 × 10<sup>8</sup> K) (Cosner, Despain & Truran <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib29"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib29" data-open="bib29" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1984</a>), but the large neutron densities delivered by the <sup>22</sup>Ne(α,n)<sup>25</sup>Mg neutron source, operating at these high temperatures, more than compensate for the reduction of the <sup>99</sup>Tc lifetime (Mathews et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib88"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib88" data-open="bib88" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1986</a>), and enable a substantial technetium production. The dredge-up episodes then carry technetium to the envelope, where it decays steadily at its terrestrial rate of <em>t</em><sub>1/2</sub> = 2.13 × 10<sup>5</sup> yr. Starting from an abundance associated with the maximum observed in Tc-rich AGB stars, technetium should remain detectable during 1.0 × 10<sup>6</sup>–1.5 × 10<sup>6</sup> yr (Smith & Lambert <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib127"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib127" data-open="bib127" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1988</a>). If the dredge-up of heavy elements occurs after each thermal pulse, occurring every 0.1 × 10<sup>6</sup>–0.3 × 10<sup>6</sup> yr, virtually all s-process-enriched TP-AGB stars should exhibit technetium lines.</p><p class="chapter-para">This conclusion applies to the situation where the s-process is powered by the <sup>22</sup>Ne(α,n)<sup>25</sup>Mg neutron source operating in the thermal pulse itself. However, Straniero et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib129"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib129" data-open="bib129" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1995</a>) advocated that the s-process nucleosynthesis mainly occurs during the interpulse with neutrons from <sup>13</sup>C(α,n)<sup>16</sup>O (see Käppeler et al. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib71"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib71" data-open="bib71" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>, for a recent review). When this process occurs in low-mass stars, and technetium is engulfed in the subsequent thermal pulse, it should not decay at a fast rate, because the arguments put forward by Cosner et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib29"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib29" data-open="bib29" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1984</a>) and Mathews et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib88"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib88" data-open="bib88" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1986</a>), and discussed above, only apply to intermediate-mass stars with hot thermal pulses.</p><p class="chapter-para">One thus reaches the conclusion that <em>s-process-enriched</em> TP-AGB stars, of both low and intermediate mass, should necessarily exhibit technetium, unless the time span between successive dredge-ups becomes comparable to the Tc lifetime in the envelope. Indeed, all the S stars identified as TP-AGB stars by Van Eck et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib135"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib135" data-open="bib135" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1998</a>), thanks to the <em>Hipparcos</em> parallaxes, turned out to be Tc rich, and a survey of technetium in the large Henize sample of S stars did not challenge that conclusion either (Van Eck & Jorissen <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib133"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib133" data-open="bib133" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1999</a>, <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib134"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib134" data-open="bib134" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2000</a>).</p><p class="chapter-para">The present sample allows us to check whether a similar conclusion holds true for a sample comprising oxygen-rich giants and supergiants, as well as carbon stars. The technetium content of our science targets has been collected from the literature (last column of Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl1" data-open="tbl1" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">1</a>), and displayed in graphical form in Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig8"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig8" class="link xref-fig">8</a> where it is confronted to the TP-AGB tracks (dashed lines) for different stellar masses. The presence or absence of Tc conforms to the expectations that namely TP-AGB stars exhibit Tc, except for the carbon star W Ori, where Tc has been tagged as absent by two independent studies, despite the fact that this star lies well within the TP-AGB region, as it should for a cool carbon star anyway. The s-process content of that star has been studied by Abia et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib2"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib2" data-open="bib2" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2002</a>) who find only moderate s-process enhancements, if any (≤0.3 dex), and this fact alone may explain the absence of detectable Tc. With the stellar parameters now available from our interferometric study for two more carbon stars (R Scl and TW Oph) falling in that region of the HRD, it will be of interest to perform a similar analysis on these two stars to get constraints on their nucleosynthesis processes.</p> <a id="91983585" scrollto-destination="91983585"></a> <div data-id="fig8" data-content-id="fig8" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig8.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=KFVUV4YZ9PdOdjllx7uAobrtE-5MU9Wmdx-3g04zR6oSm~HSGgwmLG0Y2rkEuRGWPXP3aD84Uj9OX78vlbUc3cQFBs47PbP-02WBJSwxniuyyXsn9i39QEaSeMuHIRybTyOSeAf~Ai0ANb-5~hjncAsZ7po72psOVEYamffkK2X~8RZWN9AIaRJLVerQwqv8U92yedydGrqKhH9guhhR6OwNSTcGgBfAxoNjWLoxQ6UNYXYYuv65kuRAWnBWKZRbusrmZu8Pmp5An3Zo98VeLqTEUZLXSH2tkMUkgrRUaD-~5rlIFdRWStaZZJCgog2x8fanQup2kSmlEfQOe~p-bA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Same as Fig. 6, but restricted to the science targets, with their technetium content indicated. Large red circles: Tc present; small red circle: Tc probably present; large blue squares: Tc absent; small blue square: Tc doubtful; small black dots: unknown Tc content. Red dashed lines: TP-AGB tracks, for masses indicated at the end of each curve." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig8.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983585">Figure 8.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Same as Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig6"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig6" class="link xref-fig">6</a>, but restricted to the science targets, with their technetium content indicated. Large red circles: Tc present; small red circle: Tc probably present; large blue squares: Tc absent; small blue square: Tc doubtful; small black dots: unknown Tc content. Red dashed lines: TP-AGB tracks, for masses indicated at the end of each curve.</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983585" href="/view-large/figure/91983585/stt1037fig8.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig8.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983585" data-section="91983585" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig8.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=JHHnkPlOWLijQYXSUSaGQ8B8YDe32tJDlUh0rvmCr30RHBYp7IPto9U7fvgUXCpejDvh8xA0ErDucGhhD9bCWewF07i174OiOicl5KG1x-voBGLAH71kVMP6MoAclg6HBGb5b6ixIBgARh5OKZR9MlERvpLI3AoWE7LFgc3lQywc6CBoxPM0mwXgAWvE8X~9FgrSSh6DP04YaW89TfYqC3EYL62D9JUwPhjSTMFTyS8MEGwWMCsMYtCGxsVyvN2DgtsYMONud33NKDMSULhk10C98TPOHsn4qDDuBKYD9fdx5xUF0xf18MzXPmY1c9P1ycVDkVQU48C1XyyaprLnvA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983585&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig8.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div> <a id="91983586" scrollto-destination="91983586"></a> <div content-id="tbl5" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl5" data-id="tbl5"><span class="label title-label" id="label-27557">Table 5.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983586" aria-describedby="label-27557"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-27557"><p class="chapter-para">Published angular diameters (in mas) of the scientific targets. We note ϕ<sub>ind</sub> the angular diameter derived from indirect methods, while we note ϕ<sub>LO</sub> and ϕ<sub>LBI</sub> the limb-darkened angular diameters derived from LO and LBI measurements, respectively. The values in bold are the averaged values, using weights inversely proportional to the uncertainties. When not quoted, conservative 10 per cent errors are adopted. ‘Reference’ stands for the bibliographical reference from which each value is taken, as listed at the end of the table, and ‘Difference’ stands for the relative difference between our new measurement and the averaged published LBI values obtained with a similar instrumental configuration. Our values are included in the ϕ<sub>LBI</sub> column under Ref. (48).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-27557" aria-describedby="
 caption-27557"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>ind</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LO</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LBI</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Difference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>5.9(4)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.6(8)</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.0(7)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.86(41)</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5(8)</td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.92(11)</td><td>48</td><td>−0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.8(4)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.93(15)</td><td>42</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.1(2)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.22(42)</td><td>37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>6.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>6.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>5.03(40)</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.29(8)</td><td>46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.31(6)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.329(5)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.4(8)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.51(25)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.66(39)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.4(9)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>5.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>5.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.24(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.98(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.81(39)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>15.0(18)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.5</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>9.30(39)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.73(10)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.4(9)</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.335(16)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.9(10)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.36(6)</td><td>48</td><td>+0.3%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.0(17)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>7.21(21)</td><td>39</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.09(12)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.2</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.6(11)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.62(53)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>10(1)</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.50(50)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.03(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.93(9)</td><td>48</td><td>+2.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.18(20)</td><td>25</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.946(13)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.22(71)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.47(12)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.23(31)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(16)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>26(7)</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>9.5</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.79(9)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.8(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(12)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>7.1(21)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.78(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.33(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.05(83)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>7.5(2)</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(33)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.8</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>9.4(11)</td><td>3</td><td>9.1(8)</td><td>15</td><td>9.3(5)</td><td>34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>10.9(10)</td><td>14</td><td>9.83(7)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(20)</td><td>16</td><td>17(1)</td><td>18</td><td>9.97(8)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.7%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.68(21)</td><td>27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>11.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>13.1(39)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.70(8)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.5</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>14.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>6.2</td><td>12</td><td>8.40(5)</td><td>29</td><td>10.23(36)</td><td>48</td><td>−10.6%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.5(5)</td><td>11</td><td>8.9(10)</td><td>4</td><td>11.2(10)</td><td>28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.31(75)</td><td>10</td><td>11.44(30)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10(3)</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(25)</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>8.0</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>8.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.63(4)</td><td>48</td><td>−2.8%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.91(60)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>12.2</td><td>22</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.06(5)</td><td>48</td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.0</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(5)</td><td>47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.1</td><td>41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.75(98)</td><td>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4(5)</td><td>17</td><td>9.46(30)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>ind</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LO</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LBI</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Difference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>5.9(4)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.6(8)</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.0(7)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.86(41)</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5(8)</td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.92(11)</td><td>48</td><td>−0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.8(4)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.93(15)</td><td>42</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.1(2)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.22(42)</td><td>37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>6.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>6.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>5.03(40)</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.29(8)</td><td>46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.31(6)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.329(5)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.4(8)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.51(25)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.66(39)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.4(9)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>5.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>5.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.24(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.98(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.81(39)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>15.0(18)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.5</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>9.30(39)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.73(10)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.4(9)</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.335(16)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.9(10)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.36(6)</td><td>48</td><td>+0.3%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.0(17)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>7.21(21)</td><td>39</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.09(12)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.2</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.6(11)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.62(53)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>10(1)</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.50(50)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.03(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.93(9)</td><td>48</td><td>+2.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.18(20)</td><td>25</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.946(13)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.22(71)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.47(12)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.23(31)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(16)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>26(7)</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>9.5</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.79(9)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.8(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(12)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>7.1(21)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.78(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.33(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.05(83)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>7.5(2)</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(33)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.8</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>9.4(11)</td><td>3</td><td>9.1(8)</td><td>15</td><td>9.3(5)</td><td>34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>10.9(10)</td><td>14</td><td>9.83(7)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(20)</td><td>16</td><td>17(1)</td><td>18</td><td>9.97(8)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.7%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.68(21)</td><td>27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>11.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>13.1(39)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.70(8)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.5</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>14.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>6.2</td><td>12</td><td>8.40(5)</td><td>29</td><td>10.23(36)</td><td>48</td><td>−10.6%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.5(5)</td><td>11</td><td>8.9(10)</td><td>4</td><td>11.2(10)</td><td>28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.31(75)</td><td>10</td><td>11.44(30)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10(3)</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(25)</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>8.0</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>8.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.63(4)</td><td>48</td><td>−2.8%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.91(60)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>12.2</td><td>22</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.06(5)</td><td>48</td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.0</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(5)</td><td>47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.1</td><td>41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.75(98)</td><td>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4(5)</td><td>17</td><td>9.46(30)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn10"></span><div content-id="tblfn10" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para">(1) Hertzsprung (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib63"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib63" data-open="bib63" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1922</a>); (2) Hanbury Brown et al. 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(<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib39"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib39" data-open="bib39" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>); (43) Ramstedt, Schöier & Olofsson (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib111"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib111" data-open="bib111" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>); (44) Richichi, Percheron & Davis (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib115"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib115" data-open="bib115" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>); (45) Lafrasse et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib76"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib76" data-open="bib76" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>); (46) Berio et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib16"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib16" data-open="bib16" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>); (47) Sacuto et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib120"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib120" data-open="bib120" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>); (48) present work.</p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl5" data-id="tbl5"><span class="label title-label" id="label-27557">Table 5.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983586" aria-describedby="label-27557"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-27557"><p class="chapter-para">Published angular diameters (in mas) of the scientific targets. We note ϕ<sub>ind</sub> the angular diameter derived from indirect methods, while we note ϕ<sub>LO</sub> and ϕ<sub>LBI</sub> the limb-darkened angular diameters derived from LO and LBI measurements, respectively. The values in bold are the averaged values, using weights inversely proportional to the uncertainties. When not quoted, conservative 10 per cent errors are adopted. ‘Reference’ stands for the bibliographical reference from which each value is taken, as listed at the end of the table, and ‘Difference’ stands for the relative difference between our new measurement and the averaged published LBI values obtained with a similar instrumental configuration. Our values are included in the ϕ<sub>LBI</sub> column under Ref. (48).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-27557" aria-describedby="
 caption-27557"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>ind</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LO</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LBI</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Difference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>5.9(4)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.6(8)</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.0(7)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.86(41)</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5(8)</td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.92(11)</td><td>48</td><td>−0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.8(4)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.93(15)</td><td>42</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.1(2)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.22(42)</td><td>37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>6.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>6.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>5.03(40)</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.29(8)</td><td>46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.31(6)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.329(5)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.4(8)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.51(25)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.66(39)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.4(9)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>5.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>5.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.24(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.98(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.81(39)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>15.0(18)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.5</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>9.30(39)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.73(10)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.4(9)</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.335(16)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.9(10)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.36(6)</td><td>48</td><td>+0.3%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.0(17)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>7.21(21)</td><td>39</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.09(12)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.2</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.6(11)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.62(53)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>10(1)</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.50(50)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.03(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.93(9)</td><td>48</td><td>+2.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.18(20)</td><td>25</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.946(13)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.22(71)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.47(12)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.23(31)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(16)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>26(7)</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>9.5</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.79(9)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.8(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(12)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>7.1(21)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.78(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.33(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.05(83)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>7.5(2)</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(33)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.8</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>9.4(11)</td><td>3</td><td>9.1(8)</td><td>15</td><td>9.3(5)</td><td>34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>10.9(10)</td><td>14</td><td>9.83(7)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(20)</td><td>16</td><td>17(1)</td><td>18</td><td>9.97(8)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.7%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.68(21)</td><td>27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>11.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>13.1(39)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.70(8)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.5</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>14.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>6.2</td><td>12</td><td>8.40(5)</td><td>29</td><td>10.23(36)</td><td>48</td><td>−10.6%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.5(5)</td><td>11</td><td>8.9(10)</td><td>4</td><td>11.2(10)</td><td>28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.31(75)</td><td>10</td><td>11.44(30)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10(3)</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(25)</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>8.0</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>8.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.63(4)</td><td>48</td><td>−2.8%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.91(60)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>12.2</td><td>22</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.06(5)</td><td>48</td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.0</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(5)</td><td>47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.1</td><td>41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.75(98)</td><td>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4(5)</td><td>17</td><td>9.46(30)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>ind</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LO</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>ϕ<sub>LBI</sub><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Reference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>Difference<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>5.9(4)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.6(8)</td><td>5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.0(7)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.86(41)</td><td>2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5(8)</td><td>11</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.92(11)</td><td>48</td><td>−0.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.8(4)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>6.93(15)</td><td>42</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.1(2)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.22(42)</td><td>37</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>6.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>6.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>5.03(40)</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.29(8)</td><td>46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.31(6)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.329(5)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.4(8)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.51(25)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>5.66(39)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>6.5</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.4(9)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>5.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>5.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.24(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.98(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.81(39)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>15.0(18)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.5</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>9.30(39)</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.73(10)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.4(9)</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.335(16)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.9(10)</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.36(6)</td><td>48</td><td>+0.3%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.0(17)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>7.21(21)</td><td>39</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.09(12)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.2</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.6(11)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>7.62(53)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.6</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>10(1)</td><td>21</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.50(50)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.03(10)</td><td>35</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.93(9)</td><td>48</td><td>+2.1%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.18(20)</td><td>25</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.946(13)</td><td>44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.22(71)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.47(12)</td><td>38</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.23(31)</td><td>40</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.6(17)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(16)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>26(7)</td><td>8</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>10.4</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>9.5</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td>8.79(9)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.8(15)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>10.0(12)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>7.1(21)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.78(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>11.0(13)</td><td>3</td><td></td><td></td><td>11.33(10)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.05(83)</td><td>45</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.5</td><td>20</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0</td><td>24</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>7.5(2)</td><td>32</td><td></td><td></td><td>7.44(2)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>8.0</td><td>33</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>11.0(33)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>7.8</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>9.4(11)</td><td>3</td><td>9.1(8)</td><td>15</td><td>9.3(5)</td><td>34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13</td><td>1</td><td>10.9(10)</td><td>14</td><td>9.83(7)</td><td>30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>13.0(20)</td><td>16</td><td>17(1)</td><td>18</td><td>9.97(8)</td><td>48</td><td>+3.7%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.68(21)</td><td>27</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>11.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>12.1</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.0</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>13.1(39)</td><td>16</td><td></td><td></td><td>9.70(8)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>14.5</td><td>43</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>14.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>6.2</td><td>12</td><td>8.40(5)</td><td>29</td><td>10.23(36)</td><td>48</td><td>−10.6%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>9.5(5)</td><td>11</td><td>8.9(10)</td><td>4</td><td>11.2(10)</td><td>28</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.31(75)</td><td>10</td><td>11.44(30)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10(3)</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(25)</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>8.0</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>8.5</strong></td><td></td><td><strong>10.9</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.63(4)</td><td>48</td><td>−2.8%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9.91(60)</td><td>31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>9.7</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>12.2</td><td>22</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.06(5)</td><td>48</td><td>−1.4%</td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.0</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.2(5)</td><td>47</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.1</td><td>41</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td>12.75(98)</td><td>36</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td><strong>12.3</strong></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td><strong>10.1</strong></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td></td><td></td><td>10.4(5)</td><td>17</td><td>9.46(30)</td><td>48</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn10"></span><div content-id="tblfn10" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para">(1) Hertzsprung (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib63"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib63" data-open="bib63" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1922</a>); (2) Hanbury Brown et al. 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(<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib39"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib39" data-open="bib39" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2008</a>); (43) Ramstedt, Schöier & Olofsson (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib111"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib111" data-open="bib111" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>); (44) Richichi, Percheron & Davis (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib115"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib115" data-open="bib115" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2009</a>); (45) Lafrasse et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib76"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib76" data-open="bib76" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>); (46) Berio et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib16"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib16" data-open="bib16" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>); (47) Sacuto et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib120"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib120" data-open="bib120" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2011</a>); (48) present work.</p></span></div></div></div></div> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983587 id="91983587" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec10>PERIOD–LUMINOSITY RELATION</h2> <div class="
 block-child-p
 ">Since the present study derives radii and masses for some semi-regular variables, we also derive the pulsation constant <em>Q</em> (e.g. Fox & Wood <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib54"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib54" data-open="bib54" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1982</a>), defined as <div class="formula-wrap"><div class="disp-formula" id="jumplink-equ5" content-id="equ5"><div class="tex-math display-math"> \begin{equation} Q = P\; \left(\frac{\mathcal {M}}{\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}}\right)^{1/2}\; \left(\frac{\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}}{\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}}\right)^{-3/2}, \end{equation} </div></div><span class="label title-label">(5)</span></div>where <em>P</em> is the pulsation period given in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl1"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl1" data-open="tbl1" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">1</a>. For pulsating stars with available periods of variation, we include <em>Q</em> in Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl7"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl7" data-open="tbl7" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">6</a> (last column). Values of <em>Q</em> smaller than 0.04 d are typical of overtone pulsators (Fox & Wood <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib54"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib54" data-open="bib54" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1982</a>). Indeed, in the period–luminosity diagram (<em>M</em><sub><em>K</em></sub>, <em>P</em>) shown in Fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig9"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig9" class="link xref-fig">9</a>, and following the terminology introduced by Wood (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib144"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib144" data-open="bib144" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2000</a>), most of these stars fall on the A’, A and B overtone sequences, whilst only a few (TW Oph, TX Psc and R Scl) fall on the Mira fundamental-mode sequence C, despite the fact that these smaller amplitude carbon stars are actually classified as semi-regulars.</div> <a id="91983589" scrollto-destination="91983589"></a> <div data-id="fig9" data-content-id="fig9" class="fig fig-section js-fig-section" swap-content-for-modal="true"><div class="graphic-wrap"><img class="content-image" src="https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/m_stt1037fig9.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=4Jxzp7HVSyLTQLLlQO1bUnBMMwkIqQF4iXQr1MM1uENTsPATbPhYVNdyPgawFfZNYukgluDYjA9Ax5FnXUyFguZkiA~SL~Cn7z6sEea4FfMJ0AskwMBvtw7TCu5v5Xhar03HjX~DnnoRaELYcGDBu0E6r~6oiEhXTyi6MWWpdRlER~4OgWuBsivUjNXW00o4ZGcvKLQy0D2EIAhhuHK3iR04gMBY8I0n5alNuXLdPdpQWNIvrYrRK1WsXlTKDi98IQTwOgXgb8yswT1ZSEYJT47T0KtTTAlYHawcTfDRjkmZnqvf6eBCht6wrXQfAzFE3R8GelalnRFzH2NJoqd9RA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA" alt="Period–luminosity diagram for science targets with available pulsation periods. MK values are derived from the dereddened K magnitudes and the distance moduli. Stellar masses between parentheses (in $\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$). The location of the A’ to C sequences is taken from Tabur et al. (2010)." data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig9.jpeg" /><div class="graphic-bottom"><div class="label fig-label" id="label-91983589">Figure 9.</div><div class="caption fig-caption"><p class="chapter-para">Period–luminosity diagram for science targets with available pulsation periods. <em>M</em><sub><em>K</em></sub> values are derived from the dereddened <em>K</em> magnitudes and the distance moduli. Stellar masses between parentheses (in <span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|⁠</span>). The location of the A’ to C sequences is taken from Tabur et al. (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib130"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib130" data-open="bib130" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">2010</a>).</p></div><div class="ajax-articleAbstract-exclude-regex fig-orig original-slide figure-button-wrap"><a class="fig-view-orig js-view-large at-figureViewLarge openInAnotherWindow" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983589" href="/view-large/figure/91983589/stt1037fig9.jpeg" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig9.jpeg" target="_blank">Open in new tab</a><a class="download-slide" role="button" aria-describedby="label-91983589" data-section="91983589" href="/DownloadFile/DownloadImage.aspx?image=https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/mnras/434/1/10.1093_mnras_stt1037/1/stt1037fig9.jpeg?Expires=1734557941&Signature=lX4PAR~8F9XO94P-hmKtMjtA0VVOh90HmsHtQ6lQ~EDLKRcqgnuRyUjN8Gw4g8Lv4tlMcSjkah2VqN0RG2E~1W7z3f7oa93v1ZZZuaSOSrojc1LL0o4uRBJouXE0KHGzBPm4J4bhHHy6VmXtqfeY23-JZ75uTXI0fFiPNVmjfiRcjo4SFDVFs2jdvZW2jlkK1vLuFZuEKDlg6dmn5vHLSxXPCZi3royWBLE97Y56UYYghNkU1Vmkz70t~oAcS5csW-NcNCgI8s~uC8XtG5-n74LW0dZl1Nc~Tt3CjY-GTNhH-qWlaSHg~cvZbF1wGrPh5Mg2AEi1eJEtcIVu7xqIKg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIE5G5CRDK6RD3PGA&sec=91983589&ar=999630&xsltPath=~/UI/app/XSLT&imagename=&siteId=5326" data-path-from-xml="stt1037fig9.jpeg">Download slide</a></div></div></div></div> <a id="91983590" scrollto-destination="91983590"></a> <div content-id="tbl7" class="table-modal table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl7" data-id="tbl7"><span class="label title-label" id="label-63437">Table 6.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983590" aria-describedby="label-63437"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-63437"><p class="chapter-para">Final values of the stellar fundamental parameters (top part: science targets; bottom part: calibrators).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-63437" aria-describedby="
 caption-63437"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\log \mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>M</em><sub>bol</sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub><sup><em>f</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>Q</em><sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>71(4)</td><td>3.845(6)</td><td>4.03(5)</td><td>−5.34(13)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>1.64(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>17.5(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.21(6)</td><td>−0.54(14)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>2.43(6)</td><td>0.879(121)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>119(2)</td><td>3.638(10)</td><td>3.66(4)</td><td>−4.41(11)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.16(3)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55.7(7)</td><td>3.633(10)</td><td>2.98(4)</td><td>−2.71(10)</td><td>4–5</td><td>1.60(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>114(4)</td><td>3.628(10)</td><td>3.58(5)</td><td>−4.21(12)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.20(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>56.0(7)</td><td>3.562(12)</td><td>2.70(5)</td><td>−2.01(12)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.93(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>62(1)</td><td>3.544(12)</td><td>2.71(5)</td><td>−2.05(13)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.84(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>214(29)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.76(13)</td><td>−4.65(31)</td><td>3–4</td><td>0.32(13)</td><td>0.019(4)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>108(3)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.17(5)</td><td>−3.18(14)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.61(7)</td><td>0.024(2)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>115(2)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.23(5)</td><td>−3.33(13)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.55(6)</td><td>0.027(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>601(83)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>4.63(13)</td><td>−6.83(32)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>−0.21(12)</td><td>0.033(7)</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>275(34)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>3.91(12)</td><td>−5.03(30)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>0.01(11)</td><td>0.059(11)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>293(66)</td><td>3.512(13)</td><td>3.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{21}_{31}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.02(61)</td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.30(21)</td><td>0.056(17)</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>406(185)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.83<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{51}_{37}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.85(103)</td><td>1–2</td><td>−0.60<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{63}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.032<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{30}_{20}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>513(721)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>4.04<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{117}_{55}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.35(201)</td><td>2–3</td><td>−0.59(75)</td><td>0.050<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{76}_{44}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>278(102)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.50<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{34}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.02(89)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>−0.46<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{38}_{47}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.040<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{32}_{21}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>α Ret</td><td>13.5(3)</td><td>3.679(9)</td><td>1.93(4)</td><td>−0.10(11)</td><td>2.5–3</td><td>2.61(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>φ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td><td>8.8(1)</td><td>3.669(9)</td><td>1.52(4)</td><td>0.95(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.73<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{13}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Col</td><td>37.1(12)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.77(5)</td><td>−2.17(12)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>2.00(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>λ Hya</td><td>9.7(8)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.60(8)</td><td>0.74(20)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.64<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Lib</td><td>12.4(6)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.81(6)</td><td>0.21(14)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.55(7)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em> Sgr</td><td>11.7(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.76(7)</td><td>0.33(19)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.60(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ι Eri</td><td>11.7(10)</td><td>3.663(9)</td><td>1.74(8)</td><td>0.40(21)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.48<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>θ Psc</td><td>10.4(7)</td><td>3.662(9)</td><td>1.63(7)</td><td>0.67(17)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.50(14)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Scl</td><td>12.3(1)</td><td>3.654(10)</td><td>1.75(4)</td><td>0.37(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.35(10)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2113</td><td>35(4)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>2.62(10)</td><td>−1.82(24)</td><td>3–4</td><td>1.90(11)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ε TrA</td><td>16.2(2)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.96(4)</td><td>−0.16(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.20<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{14}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Cet</td><td>13.6(1)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.81(4)</td><td>0.22(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.26(9)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 3282</td><td>78(6)</td><td>3.636(10)</td><td>3.28(8)</td><td>−3.45(20)</td><td>6–7</td><td>1.47(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2411</td><td>22.7(10)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>2.18(6)</td><td>−0.72(14)</td><td>1–2</td><td>1.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{16}_{21}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>51 Hya</td><td>11.6(6)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>1.60(6)</td><td>0.74(16)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>2.30(12)</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\log \mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>M</em><sub>bol</sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub><sup><em>f</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>Q</em><sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>71(4)</td><td>3.845(6)</td><td>4.03(5)</td><td>−5.34(13)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>1.64(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>17.5(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.21(6)</td><td>−0.54(14)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>2.43(6)</td><td>0.879(121)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>119(2)</td><td>3.638(10)</td><td>3.66(4)</td><td>−4.41(11)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.16(3)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55.7(7)</td><td>3.633(10)</td><td>2.98(4)</td><td>−2.71(10)</td><td>4–5</td><td>1.60(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>114(4)</td><td>3.628(10)</td><td>3.58(5)</td><td>−4.21(12)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.20(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>56.0(7)</td><td>3.562(12)</td><td>2.70(5)</td><td>−2.01(12)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.93(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>62(1)</td><td>3.544(12)</td><td>2.71(5)</td><td>−2.05(13)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.84(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>214(29)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.76(13)</td><td>−4.65(31)</td><td>3–4</td><td>0.32(13)</td><td>0.019(4)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>108(3)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.17(5)</td><td>−3.18(14)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.61(7)</td><td>0.024(2)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>115(2)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.23(5)</td><td>−3.33(13)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.55(6)</td><td>0.027(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>601(83)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>4.63(13)</td><td>−6.83(32)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>−0.21(12)</td><td>0.033(7)</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>275(34)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>3.91(12)</td><td>−5.03(30)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>0.01(11)</td><td>0.059(11)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>293(66)</td><td>3.512(13)</td><td>3.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{21}_{31}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.02(61)</td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.30(21)</td><td>0.056(17)</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>406(185)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.83<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{51}_{37}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.85(103)</td><td>1–2</td><td>−0.60<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{63}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.032<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{30}_{20}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>513(721)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>4.04<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{117}_{55}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.35(201)</td><td>2–3</td><td>−0.59(75)</td><td>0.050<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{76}_{44}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>278(102)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.50<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{34}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.02(89)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>−0.46<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{38}_{47}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.040<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{32}_{21}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>α Ret</td><td>13.5(3)</td><td>3.679(9)</td><td>1.93(4)</td><td>−0.10(11)</td><td>2.5–3</td><td>2.61(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>φ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td><td>8.8(1)</td><td>3.669(9)</td><td>1.52(4)</td><td>0.95(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.73<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{13}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Col</td><td>37.1(12)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.77(5)</td><td>−2.17(12)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>2.00(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>λ Hya</td><td>9.7(8)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.60(8)</td><td>0.74(20)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.64<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Lib</td><td>12.4(6)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.81(6)</td><td>0.21(14)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.55(7)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em> Sgr</td><td>11.7(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.76(7)</td><td>0.33(19)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.60(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ι Eri</td><td>11.7(10)</td><td>3.663(9)</td><td>1.74(8)</td><td>0.40(21)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.48<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>θ Psc</td><td>10.4(7)</td><td>3.662(9)</td><td>1.63(7)</td><td>0.67(17)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.50(14)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Scl</td><td>12.3(1)</td><td>3.654(10)</td><td>1.75(4)</td><td>0.37(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.35(10)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2113</td><td>35(4)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>2.62(10)</td><td>−1.82(24)</td><td>3–4</td><td>1.90(11)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ε TrA</td><td>16.2(2)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.96(4)</td><td>−0.16(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.20<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{14}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Cet</td><td>13.6(1)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.81(4)</td><td>0.22(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.26(9)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 3282</td><td>78(6)</td><td>3.636(10)</td><td>3.28(8)</td><td>−3.45(20)</td><td>6–7</td><td>1.47(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2411</td><td>22.7(10)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>2.18(6)</td><td>−0.72(14)</td><td>1–2</td><td>1.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{16}_{21}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>51 Hya</td><td>11.6(6)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>1.60(6)</td><td>0.74(16)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>2.30(12)</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn11"></span><div content-id="tblfn11" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>a</em></sup>Rosseland radius derived from the angular diameter ϕ and the parallax ϖ.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn12"></span><div content-id="tblfn12" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>b</em></sup>Effective temperature of the model (in K).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn13"></span><div content-id="tblfn13" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>c</em></sup>Empirical stellar luminosity, derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ2"></span><a href="#equ2" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">2</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn14"></span><div content-id="tblfn14" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>d</em></sup>Bolometric magnitude derived from the stellar luminosity.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn15"></span><div content-id="tblfn15" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>e</em></sup>Stellar mass derived from the position along the evolutionary track in the HRD. If two tracks with different masses pass through the star location, two possible mass values are listed.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn16"></span><div content-id="tblfn16" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>f</em></sup>Surface gravity, derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ4"></span><a href="#equ4" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">4</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn17"></span><div content-id="tblfn17" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>g</em></sup>Pulsation constant (in days), derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ5"></span><a href="#equ5" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">5</a>).</p></span></div></div></div></div><div class="table-full-width-wrap"><div class="table-wrap table-wide standard-table"><div class="table-wrap-title" id="tbl7" data-id="tbl7"><span class="label title-label" id="label-63437">Table 6.</span><div class="
 graphic-wrap table-open-button-wrap
 "><a class="fig-view-orig at-tableViewLarge openInAnotherWindow btn js-view-large" role="button" target="_blank" href="
 /view-large/91983590" aria-describedby="label-63437"> Open in new tab </a></div><div class="caption caption-id-" id="caption-63437"><p class="chapter-para">Final values of the stellar fundamental parameters (top part: science targets; bottom part: calibrators).</p></div> </div><div class="table-overflow"><table role="table" aria-labelledby="
 label-63437" aria-describedby="
 caption-63437"><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\log \mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>M</em><sub>bol</sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub><sup><em>f</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>Q</em><sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>71(4)</td><td>3.845(6)</td><td>4.03(5)</td><td>−5.34(13)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>1.64(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>17.5(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.21(6)</td><td>−0.54(14)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>2.43(6)</td><td>0.879(121)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>119(2)</td><td>3.638(10)</td><td>3.66(4)</td><td>−4.41(11)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.16(3)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55.7(7)</td><td>3.633(10)</td><td>2.98(4)</td><td>−2.71(10)</td><td>4–5</td><td>1.60(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>114(4)</td><td>3.628(10)</td><td>3.58(5)</td><td>−4.21(12)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.20(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>56.0(7)</td><td>3.562(12)</td><td>2.70(5)</td><td>−2.01(12)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.93(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>62(1)</td><td>3.544(12)</td><td>2.71(5)</td><td>−2.05(13)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.84(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>214(29)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.76(13)</td><td>−4.65(31)</td><td>3–4</td><td>0.32(13)</td><td>0.019(4)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>108(3)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.17(5)</td><td>−3.18(14)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.61(7)</td><td>0.024(2)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>115(2)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.23(5)</td><td>−3.33(13)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.55(6)</td><td>0.027(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>601(83)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>4.63(13)</td><td>−6.83(32)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>−0.21(12)</td><td>0.033(7)</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>275(34)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>3.91(12)</td><td>−5.03(30)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>0.01(11)</td><td>0.059(11)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>293(66)</td><td>3.512(13)</td><td>3.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{21}_{31}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.02(61)</td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.30(21)</td><td>0.056(17)</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>406(185)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.83<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{51}_{37}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.85(103)</td><td>1–2</td><td>−0.60<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{63}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.032<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{30}_{20}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>513(721)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>4.04<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{117}_{55}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.35(201)</td><td>2–3</td><td>−0.59(75)</td><td>0.050<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{76}_{44}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>278(102)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.50<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{34}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.02(89)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>−0.46<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{38}_{47}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.040<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{32}_{21}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>α Ret</td><td>13.5(3)</td><td>3.679(9)</td><td>1.93(4)</td><td>−0.10(11)</td><td>2.5–3</td><td>2.61(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>φ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td><td>8.8(1)</td><td>3.669(9)</td><td>1.52(4)</td><td>0.95(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.73<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{13}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Col</td><td>37.1(12)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.77(5)</td><td>−2.17(12)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>2.00(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>λ Hya</td><td>9.7(8)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.60(8)</td><td>0.74(20)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.64<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Lib</td><td>12.4(6)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.81(6)</td><td>0.21(14)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.55(7)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em> Sgr</td><td>11.7(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.76(7)</td><td>0.33(19)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.60(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ι Eri</td><td>11.7(10)</td><td>3.663(9)</td><td>1.74(8)</td><td>0.40(21)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.48<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>θ Psc</td><td>10.4(7)</td><td>3.662(9)</td><td>1.63(7)</td><td>0.67(17)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.50(14)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Scl</td><td>12.3(1)</td><td>3.654(10)</td><td>1.75(4)</td><td>0.37(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.35(10)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2113</td><td>35(4)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>2.62(10)</td><td>−1.82(24)</td><td>3–4</td><td>1.90(11)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ε TrA</td><td>16.2(2)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.96(4)</td><td>−0.16(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.20<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{14}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Cet</td><td>13.6(1)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.81(4)</td><td>0.22(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.26(9)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 3282</td><td>78(6)</td><td>3.636(10)</td><td>3.28(8)</td><td>−3.45(20)</td><td>6–7</td><td>1.47(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2411</td><td>22.7(10)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>2.18(6)</td><td>−0.72(14)</td><td>1–2</td><td>1.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{16}_{21}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>51 Hya</td><td>11.6(6)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>1.60(6)</td><td>0.74(16)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>2.30(12)</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-modal"><table><thead><tr><th>Name<span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {R}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>a</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub><sup><em>b</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\log \mathcal {L}_\mathrm{obs}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {L}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>c</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>M</em><sub>bol</sub><sup><em>d</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}$|</span>/<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}$|</span><sup><em>e</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th>log <em>g</em><sub>obs</sub><sup><em>f</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th><th><em>Q</em><sup><em>g</em></sup><span aria-hidden="true" style="display: none;"> . </span></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>α Car</td><td>71(4)</td><td>3.845(6)</td><td>4.03(5)</td><td>−5.34(13)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>1.64(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>β Cet</td><td>17.5(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.21(6)</td><td>−0.54(14)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>2.43(6)</td><td>0.879(121)</td></tr><tr><td>α TrA</td><td>119(2)</td><td>3.638(10)</td><td>3.66(4)</td><td>−4.41(11)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.16(3)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>α Hya</td><td>55.7(7)</td><td>3.633(10)</td><td>2.98(4)</td><td>−2.71(10)</td><td>4–5</td><td>1.60(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ζ Ara</td><td>114(4)</td><td>3.628(10)</td><td>3.58(5)</td><td>−4.21(12)</td><td>7–8</td><td>1.20(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>δ Oph</td><td>56.0(7)</td><td>3.562(12)</td><td>2.70(5)</td><td>−2.01(12)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.93(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Hyi</td><td>62(1)</td><td>3.544(12)</td><td>2.71(5)</td><td>−2.05(13)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>0.84(12)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori</td><td>214(29)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.76(13)</td><td>−4.65(31)</td><td>3–4</td><td>0.32(13)</td><td>0.019(4)</td></tr><tr><td>σ Lib</td><td>108(3)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.17(5)</td><td>−3.18(14)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.61(7)</td><td>0.024(2)</td></tr><tr><td>γ Ret</td><td>115(2)</td><td>3.538(13)</td><td>3.23(5)</td><td>−3.33(13)</td><td>1.5–2</td><td>0.55(6)</td><td>0.027(2)</td></tr><tr><td>CE Tau</td><td>601(83)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>4.63(13)</td><td>−6.83(32)</td><td>8.0(3)</td><td>−0.21(12)</td><td>0.033(7)</td></tr><tr><td>T Cet</td><td>275(34)</td><td>3.531(13)</td><td>3.91(12)</td><td>−5.03(30)</td><td>3.0(3)</td><td>0.01(11)</td><td>0.059(11)</td></tr><tr><td>TX Psc</td><td>293(66)</td><td>3.512(13)</td><td>3.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{21}_{31}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.02(61)</td><td>1.8(3)</td><td>−0.30(21)</td><td>0.056(17)</td></tr><tr><td>W Ori</td><td>406(185)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.83<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{51}_{37}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.85(103)</td><td>1–2</td><td>−0.60<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{63}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.032<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{30}_{20}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>R Scl</td><td>513(721)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>4.04<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{117}_{55}\right)$|</span></td><td>−5.35(201)</td><td>2–3</td><td>−0.59(75)</td><td>0.050<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{76}_{44}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>TW Oph</td><td>278(102)</td><td>3.415(17)</td><td>3.50<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{42}_{34}\right)$|</span></td><td>−4.02(89)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>−0.46<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{38}_{47}\right)$|</span></td><td>0.040<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{32}_{21}\right)$|</span></td></tr><tr><td>α Ret</td><td>13.5(3)</td><td>3.679(9)</td><td>1.93(4)</td><td>−0.10(11)</td><td>2.5–3</td><td>2.61(5)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>φ<sub>2</sub> Ori</td><td>8.8(1)</td><td>3.669(9)</td><td>1.52(4)</td><td>0.95(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.73<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{13}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Col</td><td>37.1(12)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>2.77(5)</td><td>−2.17(12)</td><td>5.0(3)</td><td>2.00(4)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>λ Hya</td><td>9.7(8)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.60(8)</td><td>0.74(20)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.64<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Lib</td><td>12.4(6)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.81(6)</td><td>0.21(14)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.55(7)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><em>o</em> Sgr</td><td>11.7(9)</td><td>3.668(9)</td><td>1.76(7)</td><td>0.33(19)</td><td>2.0(3)</td><td>2.60(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ι Eri</td><td>11.7(10)</td><td>3.663(9)</td><td>1.74(8)</td><td>0.40(21)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.48<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{20}_{25}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>θ Psc</td><td>10.4(7)</td><td>3.662(9)</td><td>1.63(7)</td><td>0.67(17)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.50(14)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>γ Scl</td><td>12.3(1)</td><td>3.654(10)</td><td>1.75(4)</td><td>0.37(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.35(10)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2113</td><td>35(4)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>2.62(10)</td><td>−1.82(24)</td><td>3–4</td><td>1.90(11)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>ε TrA</td><td>16.2(2)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.96(4)</td><td>−0.16(10)</td><td>1–2</td><td>2.20<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{14}_{19}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>η Cet</td><td>13.6(1)</td><td>3.647(10)</td><td>1.81(4)</td><td>0.22(10)</td><td>1–1.5</td><td>2.26(9)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 3282</td><td>78(6)</td><td>3.636(10)</td><td>3.28(8)</td><td>−3.45(20)</td><td>6–7</td><td>1.47(8)</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>HR 2411</td><td>22.7(10)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>2.18(6)</td><td>−0.72(14)</td><td>1–2</td><td>1.90<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">|$\left(^{16}_{21}\right)$|</span></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td>51 Hya</td><td>11.6(6)</td><td>3.629(10)</td><td>1.60(6)</td><td>0.74(16)</td><td>1.0(3)</td><td>2.30(12)</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="table-wrap-foot"><span id="fn-tblfn11"></span><div content-id="tblfn11" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>a</em></sup>Rosseland radius derived from the angular diameter ϕ and the parallax ϖ.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn12"></span><div content-id="tblfn12" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>b</em></sup>Effective temperature of the model (in K).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn13"></span><div content-id="tblfn13" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>c</em></sup>Empirical stellar luminosity, derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ2"></span><a href="#equ2" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">2</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn14"></span><div content-id="tblfn14" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>d</em></sup>Bolometric magnitude derived from the stellar luminosity.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn15"></span><div content-id="tblfn15" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>e</em></sup>Stellar mass derived from the position along the evolutionary track in the HRD. If two tracks with different masses pass through the star location, two possible mass values are listed.</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn16"></span><div content-id="tblfn16" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>f</em></sup>Surface gravity, derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ4"></span><a href="#equ4" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">4</a>).</p></span></div><span id="fn-tblfn17"></span><div content-id="tblfn17" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><p class="chapter-para"><sup><em>g</em></sup>Pulsation constant (in days), derived from equation (<span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-equ5"></span><a href="#equ5" class="sectionLink xref-sec js-xref-sec">5</a>).</p></span></div></div></div></div><p class="chapter-para">We note that masses should increase along each sequence, as predicted by theory (e.g. fig. <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-fig8"></span><a href="javascript:;" data-modal-source-id="fig8" class="link xref-fig">8</a> of Wood <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-bib143"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="bib143" data-open="bib143" class="link link-ref link-reveal xref-bibr">1990</a>). This is indeed the case, with our observed sample, with the exception of W Ori (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠|${\mathcal {M} = 1.5\,\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}}$|⁠</span>) and T Cet (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠|${\mathcal {M} = 3\,\mathcal {M}_{{\odot }}}$|⁠</span>) along sequence B. Taking into account the large uncertainty of its bolometric magnitude, <em>M</em><sub>bol</sub> = −5(1), derived from its absolute luminosity (Table <span class="xrefLink" id="jumplink-tbl7"></span><a href="javascript:;" reveal-id="tbl7" data-open="tbl7" class="link link-reveal link-table xref-fig">6</a>), the location of the C-rich star W Ori on sequence B is rather uncertain. Using instead <em>M</em><sub>bol</sub> = −4 eliminates the problem, since it moves W Ori to its right position along sequence C, where the three other carbon stars of our sample are located.</p> <h2 scrollto-destination=91983592 id="91983592" class="section-title js-splitscreen-section-title" data-legacy-id=sec11>CONCLUSION</h2> <p class="chapter-para">We present new determinations of the angular diameter of a set of 10 O-rich giants, two supergiants and four C-rich giants, observed in the <em>K</em> band (<span class="inline-formula no-formula-id">⁠|${\scr {R}= 1500}$|⁠</span>) during several runs of a few nights, distributed over 2 years, using the VLTI/AMBER facility. They are obtained from the fit of synthetic SPI visibility and triple product on the true data. The synthetic SPI observables are derived by using a CLV profile calculated from <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> model atmospheres.</p><p class="chapter-para">We show that the results are moderately impacted (<1 per cent in angular diameter) by the variation of the model input parameters <em>T</em><sub>eff</sub>, log <em>g</em> and ξ<sub>turb</sub>. During the observing period, using configurations covering different baseline angles, we find no significant variation of the angular diameter, except for TX Psc, a result which needs to be confirmed with complementary observations. For the eight targets previously measured by LBI in the same spectral band, our new angular diameter values are in good agreement with those of the literature. Except for TX Psc, the relative deviations between our values and those of the literature are less than 5 per cent, which validates our method. For TX Psc, a substantial temporal variation of the angular diameter, suspected to be correlated with the visual magnitude, could be invoked to account for the larger discrepancy. For the eight other targets, our values are first determinations, since no angular diameter measurements have been published yet for these stars.</p><p class="chapter-para">These angular diameters are used to place the stars in the HRD and to derive their masses. For stars with a known technetium content, we confront their location in the HRD to the prediction that s-process nucleosynthesis producing technetium operates in TP-AGB stars. The two Tc-rich stars (<em>o</em><sub>1</sub> Ori and TX Psc) indeed fall along the TP-AGB, as expected. However, the low-mass carbon-rich star W Ori, despite being located close to the top of the low-mass TP-AGB, has been flagged as devoid of Tc, which, if confirmed, would put interesting constraints on the s-process in low-mass carbon stars.</p><p class="chapter-para">Finally, we compute the pulsation constant for the pulsating stars with available periods of variation. Their location along the pulsation sequences in the period–luminosity diagram confirms the mass dependency predicted by theory, except for W Ori and T Cet.</p><p class="chapter-para">Those results, based on measurements of visibilities and triple products, illustrate the several ways to include LBI observations in the general investigation process in the field of stellar astrophysics.</p><p class="chapter-para">The authors thank the ESO-Paranal VLTI team for supporting their AMBER observations, especially the night astronomers A. Mérand, G. Montagnier, F. Patru, J.-B. Le Bouquin, S. Rengaswamy, and W. J. de Wit, the VLTI group coordinator S. Brillant, and the telescope and instrument operators A. Cortes and J. Cortes, A. Pino, C. Herrera, D. Castex, S. Cerda and C. Cid. AJ is grateful to T. Masseron for his ongoing support on the use of the <span class="small-caps">marcs</span> code. The authors also thank the Programme National de Physique Stellaire (PNPS) for supporting part of this collaborative research. SS was partly supported by the Austrian Science Fund through FWF project P19503-N16; AC was supported by FRS-FNRS (Belgium; grant 2.4513.11); EP is supported by PRODEX; KE gratefully acknowledges support from the Swedish Research Council. This study used the SIMBAD and VIZIER data bases at the CDS, Strasbourg (France), and NASA's ADS bibliographic services.</p><div content-id="fn1a" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn1a" class="end-note-link">★</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility">Based on observations made with ESO telescopes at the Paranal Observatory under Belgian VISA Guaranteed Time programme IDs 083.D-029(A/B), 084.D-0131(A/B) and 086.D-0067(A/B/C).</p></div></span></div><div content-id="fn2" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn2" class="end-note-link">1</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility">Acronym for ‘SPectro-Interferometric Data Analysis Software Tool’.</p></div></span></div><div content-id="fn3" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn3" class="end-note-link">2</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility">Acronym for ‘Fringe-tracking Instrument of NIce and TOrino’.</p></div></span></div><div content-id="fn4" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn4" class="end-note-link">3</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility"><a class="link link-uri openInAnotherWindow" href="https://forge.oca.eu/trac/spidast" target="_blank">https://forge.oca.eu/trac/spidast</a></p></div></span></div><div content-id="fn5" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn5" class="end-note-link">4</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility">In the <em>K</em> band, we include all isotopomers of CO, C2, CN as well as H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>16</sup>, and the atomic lists extracted from Uppsala-VALD.</p></div></span></div><div content-id="fn6" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="fn6" class="end-note-link">5</span></span><div class="footnote-content"><p class="footnote-compatibility">We note, however, that the mass inferred from the HRD tracks corresponds to the <em>initial</em> mass. 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