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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and Clerke Rocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_Roché_Island_(South_Georgia)_and_Clerke_Rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleurieu_and_Admiralty_variant_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleurieu_and_Admiralty_variant_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Fleurieu and Admiralty variant routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleurieu_and_Admiralty_variant_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burney,_Fitte_and_Destéfani_variant_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burney,_Fitte_and_Destéfani_variant_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Burney, Fitte and Destéfani variant routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burney,_Fitte_and_Destéfani_variant_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varnhagen-Duperrey_hypothesis" 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</ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anthony de la Roché</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Антъни де ла Роше – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антъни де ла Роше" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%94" title="אנתוני דה לה רושה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנתוני דה לה רושה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="انتونى دى لاروشيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتونى دى لاروشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Antoine de la Roché – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antoine de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Де ла Роше, Антони – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Де ла Роше, Антони" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anthony de la Roché" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Антоні Де ла Роше – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антоні Де ла Роше" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anthony,_bastard_of_Burgundy" title="Anthony, bastard of Burgundy">Anthony, Count de la Roche</a>, called the Bastard of Burgundy.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Roche_Chandieu" title="Antoine de la Roche Chandieu">Antoine de la Roche Chandieu</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Anthony de la Roché</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Roche-Route.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roche-Route.PNG/220px-Roche-Route.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roche-Route.PNG/330px-Roche-Route.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roche-Route.PNG/440px-Roche-Route.PNG 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="559" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Route of La Roché's voyage from Chile to Roché Island (<a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>) and on to Brazil in 1675</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Mid-17th century <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Maritime explorer and merchant</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg/320px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg/480px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg/640px-Expeditions_in_Antarctica_before_1897.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Early voyages in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern or Antarctic Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg/320px-Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg/480px-Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg/640px-Playa_Cole_Cole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island" title="Chiloé Island">Chiloé Island</a></figcaption></figure> Anthony de la Roché (spelled also Antoine de la Roché, Antonio de la Roché or Antonio de la Roca in some sources) was a 17th-century English maritime explorer and merchant, born in London to a French <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> father and an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> mother, who took part in a joint venture established by English and Dutch shipowners in the Spanish port city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> in order to engage in the lucrative <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> trade. During a commercial voyage between Europe and South America he was <a href="/wiki/Blown_off_course" title="Blown off course">blown off course</a> in <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, visited the island of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and sighted <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a> in 1675, thereby making the first discovery of land in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICJ-3">[3]</a> In doing so he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, a natural boundary of the Antarctic region that would be described two and a half centuries later by the British <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Investigations" title="Discovery Investigations">Discovery Investigations</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/German_Meteor_expedition" title="German Meteor expedition">Meteor Expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chronology-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1675_voyage">1675 voyage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1675 voyage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_Roché_Island_(South_Georgia)_and_Clerke_Rocks">Discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and Clerke Rocks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and Clerke Rocks">edit</a>]</div> Having acquired a 350-ton ship and a <a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">bilander</a> of 50 tons in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, with 56 men in the two vessels, La Roché obtained permission by the Spanish authorities to trade in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a>. He called at the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> in May 1674, and in October that year arrived in the port of <a href="/wiki/Callao" title="Callao">Callao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Le_Maire_Strait" title="Le Maire Strait">Le Maire Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a>. On the return voyage, they <a href="/wiki/Careen" class="mw-redirect" title="Careen">careened</a> their vessels on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Island" title="Chiloé Island">Chiloé Island</a>, Chile and set sail for <a href="/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Todos_os_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Baía de Todos os Santos">Baía de Todos os Santos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>), Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> In April 1675 La Roché rounded Cape Horn and was overwhelmed by tempestuous conditions in the treacherous waters off <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Staten Island</a>. With "the Winds and Currents having carried them so far to the Eastward,"<a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> he failed to make Le Maire Strait as desired, nor could he round Cape Saint John, the eastern tip of Staten Island<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook-II-8">[8]</a> "to sail into the No. Sea by Brouwer’s Strait" (no strait actually but rather a seaway by the east of Staten Island<a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> discovered during the 1643 circumnavigation of the island by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Dutch expedition to Valdivia</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brouwer" title="Hendrik Brouwer">Hendrik Brouwer</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Brouwer-9">[9]</a> Eventually, they found refuge in one of South Georgia's southern bays – possibly <a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Fjord" title="Drygalski Fjord">Drygalski Fjord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doubtful_Bay" title="Doubtful Bay">Doubtful Bay</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/L._Harrison_Matthews" title="L. Harrison Matthews">Matthews</a> and other authors<a href="#cite_note-Matthews-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> – where the battered ships anchored for a fortnight. According to La Roché's account of the events reportedly published in French in London in 1678<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a> and its surviving 1690 Spanish précis by the mariner, <a href="/wiki/Cosmographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmographer">cosmographer</a> and writer Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera<a href="#cite_note-Vicente-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> (translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Hydrographer_of_the_Navy" title="Hydrographer of the Navy">Hydrographer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>), "they found a Bay, in which they anchored close to a Point or Cape which stretches out to the Southeast with 28. 30. and 40. <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a> sand and rock."<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laperouse-16">[16]</a> The surrounding <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciated</a>, mountainous terrain was described as "some Snow Mountains near the Coast, with much bad Weather." Once the weather cleared up, they set sail and while rounding the southeast extremity of South Georgia sighted on their starboard <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a> (Seixas y Lovera's "Southern land"<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a>), a group of conspicuous rocky islets<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> extending 11 km in east–west direction and rising to 244 m (<a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s "Sugar-Loaf Peak"<a href="#cite_note-Cook-II-8">[8]</a>) some 60 km to the east-southeast.<a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Discoveries-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleurieu_and_Admiralty_variant_routes">Fleurieu and Admiralty variant routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fleurieu and Admiralty variant routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isla-de-los-Estados.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Isla-de-los-Estados.png/310px-Isla-de-los-Estados.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Isla-de-los-Estados.png/465px-Isla-de-los-Estados.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Isla-de-los-Estados.png/620px-Isla-de-los-Estados.png 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="2405" /></a><figcaption>Nautical chart of <a href="/wiki/Le_Maire_Strait" title="Le Maire Strait">Le Maire Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Isla de los Estados</a> area; caution notes warn of local "very strong currents," "dangerous and heavy tide race" and "heavy race and foul tide"</figcaption></figure> French naval officer, explorer and hydrographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pierre_Claret_de_Fleurieu" title="Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu">Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu</a> opined that La Roché's strait was actually <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Strait" title="Stewart Strait">Stewart Strait</a> running between <a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a> off the northwestern tip of South Georgia, traversed and mapped by Capt. James Cook in 1775,<a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> which however is 3.6 km (less than one <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a>) wide, with no point or cape stretching out to the southeast. For quite some time in the 20th century, the even narrower (550 m wide) nearby passage separating Bird Island from the main island of South Georgia used to appear as La Roché Strait, La-Roche-Straße or Estrecho La Roche on <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_chart" title="Admiralty chart">Admiralty charts</a> and in other publications.<a href="#cite_note-APC-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comando-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> This version was eventually discarded due to its discord with the existing historical description, and the passage got renamed to <a href="/wiki/Bird_Sound" title="Bird Sound">Bird Sound</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APC-20">[20]</a> Likewise, the navigable<a href="#cite_note-APC-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Sound">Cooper Sound</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a> from mainland South Georgia is way too narrow (exactly one kilometre wide) to qualify as a possible La Roché Strait. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burney,_Fitte_and_Destéfani_variant_routes">Burney, Fitte and Destéfani variant routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Burney, Fitte and Destéfani variant routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_(State_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg/300px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg/450px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg/600px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5703" data-file-height="3567" /></a><figcaption>17th-century <a href="/wiki/Merchantman" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantman">merchantman</a></figcaption></figure> Royal Navy officer and author <a href="/wiki/James_Burney" title="James Burney">James Burney</a> conjectured that La Roché might have visited not South Georgia but the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> instead (known at that time as John Davis's South Land or Sebald Islands, not yet Malouines, Falklands or Malvinas), possibly anchored in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Harbours" title="Bay of Harbours">Bay of Harbours</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Passage" title="Eagle Passage">Eagle Passage</a> area, and upon his departure sailed east with the flat, boggy <a href="/wiki/Lafonia_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lafonia Peninsula">Lafonia Peninsula</a> on his port and <a href="/wiki/Beauchene_Island" title="Beauchene Island">Beauchene Island</a> on his starboard.<a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drygalski-Fjord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drygalski-Fjord.jpg/300px-Drygalski-Fjord.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drygalski-Fjord.jpg/450px-Drygalski-Fjord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Drygalski-Fjord.jpg/600px-Drygalski-Fjord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Fjord" title="Drygalski Fjord">Drygalski Fjord</a>, a possible place of La Roché's stay in South Georgia</figcaption></figure> In a variant Falklands version, Argentine historian Ernesto Fitte identified La Roché Strait with the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Sound" title="Falkland Sound">Falkland Sound</a> separating the two main islands of the Falklands archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> That passage, however, is some 90 km long – no way of disemboguing through it "in 3 <a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Glasses</a>" – and narrowing to less than 5 km rather than "10 leagues little more or less." Argentine naval officer and historian Laurio Destéfani referred to the possibility of Roché Island actually being Beauchene Island itself.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Yet there is no land to the southeast of Beauchene, whether within visibility range or further beyond, hence no "said Passage." Furthermore, with its elevation of 70 m that island could hardly be one of the two "high lands" in Seixas y Lovera's summary. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png/300px-Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png/450px-Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png/600px-Drygalski-Fjord-Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Drygalski_Fjord" title="Drygalski Fjord">Drygalski Fjord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doubtful_Bay" title="Doubtful Bay">Doubtful Bay</a></figcaption></figure> One common drawback of Burney's conjecture and its varieties is that the Falkland Islands are not known for their "snow mountains near the coast." Another drawback would stem from La Roché's approaching his island from the west ("the Land which they now began to see toward the East"). Indeed, in such a westerly location with respect to the Falklands he would have already been in the "North Sea," even before his two-week anchorage and before sailing his strait – something refuted by the report narrating that, on departure, "steering ENE they found themselves in the No. Sea."<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png/300px-Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png/450px-Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png/600px-Drygalski-Fjord-Area.png 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the southeast end of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> (According to American historian Mark Peterson, "maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries commonly referred to the entire <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> as the North Sea … even the southernmost regions of the Atlantic, the waters to the east of Argentina and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> …"<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>) That a sailing ship in Drake Passage could be blown off course and find itself near South Georgia was demonstrated by the Spanish merchant ship León captained by Gregorio Jerez on a voyage in service of the French company Sieur Duclos of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>, which ship made the second sighting of the island in June 1756.<a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On that particular occasion, the Board of Expert Pilots in Cádiz examined the ship pilot Henri Cormer's report and concluded that the island was probably that sighted by Antoine de la Roche in 1675.<a href="#cite_note-Chronology-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varnhagen-Duperrey_hypothesis">Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook-1777.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/300px-Cook-1777.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/450px-Cook-1777.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cook-1777.PNG/600px-Cook-1777.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3807" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>A 1777 south-up chart by Capt. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, according to which La Roché's strait running between <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a> is 67 km wide (being equal to 36 minutes of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>), and centred at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&params=54_55_S_35_20_W_">54°55′S 35°20′W / 54.917°S 35.333°W / -54.917; -35.333</a>, while South Georgia itself extends from 53°57'S to 54°57'S latitude and 36°W to 38°15'W <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a></figcaption></figure> Brazilian historian <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a>, in following French naval officer and explorer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Isidore_Duperrey" title="Louis-Isidore Duperrey">Louis-Isidore Duperrey</a>, supposed that South Georgia might have been discovered as early as April 1502 by a Portuguese expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a>, finding evidence of this in an episode reported by Florentine <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Varnhagen-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> According to the latter's account, from Brazil the expedition headed south and reached 52°S <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, from where, after a four-day voyage in turbulent weather they made a landfall and sailed "about 20 leagues" along a rocky coast in severe cold weather.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Vespucci made no mention of snow/ice cover, something with which South Georgia invariably impresses seafarers. For instance, Cook described <a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a>, South Georgia like this: "The head of the bay, as well as two places on each side, was terminated by perpendicular ice-cliffs of considerable height. Pieces were continually breaking off, and floating out to sea; and a great fall happened while we were in the bay, which made a noise like cannon … and the valleys lay covered with everlasting snow."<a href="#cite_note-Cook-II-8">[8]</a> The island rises to an elevation of 2934 m<a href="#cite_note-APC-20">[20]</a> and has been described like "the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in mid-ocean" or "the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> seen from <a href="/wiki/Simla" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla">Simla</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg/200px-Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg/300px-Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg/400px-Lafonia_and_Falkland_Sound.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Lafonia" title="Lafonia">Lafonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beauchene_Island" title="Beauchene Island">Beauchene Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Sound" title="Falkland Sound">Falkland Sound</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></figcaption></figure> Vespucci wrote, however, that the night there lasted fifteen hours,<a href="#cite_note-Varnhagen-31">[31]</a> which on the date in question (7 April, 17 April <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a>) was valid 2,000 km south of 52°S<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> – a location unattainable in four days. Indeed, the estimated top speed of a ship like Coelho's <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> used to be 8 <a href="/wiki/Knot_(unit)" title="Knot (unit)">knots</a> or 356 km per day.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Coelho's voyage was commissioned by King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and duly documented in the Portuguese archives which, however, have no reports of venturing that far south, and indeed no information sourced to Vespucci.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png/300px-NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png/450px-NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png/600px-NW-tip-of-South-Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of (left to right) <a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Strait" title="Stewart Strait">Stewart Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bird_Sound" title="Bird Sound">Bird Sound</a> off the northwestern tip of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> In comparison, Seixas y Lovera's work Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica (for which there is evidence of governmental aid for its printing costs<a href="#cite_note-Vicente-13">[13]</a>) was duly licensed, endorsed and officially reported to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Supreme_Council_of_the_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies">Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies</a> in 1690,<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a> with its publication and translation into French<a href="#cite_note-Vicente-13">[13]</a> making the reported European and Spanish American developments related to La Roché's voyage open to wider scrutiny. The 1690 Spanish map of the Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego area<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> was officially presented before the Council in 1692,<a href="#cite_note-McCarl-36">[36]</a> while Seixas y Lovera's 1688 book Theatro Naval Hydrographico extensively referring to Roché Passage<a href="#cite_note-Theatro-37">[37]</a> had three Spanish editions and a French one. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> respectfully disagreed with Duperrey, and thought that Vespucci must have been driven back by a storm and seen part of the east Patagonian coast.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balch-39">[39]</a> According to British historians Eric Christie and Robert Headland, the analysis of historical evidence refutes the Varnhagen-Duperrey hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Headland-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_Grande_(Gough_Island)_landing_and_Cook's_mapping_error">Isle Grande (Gough Island) landing and Cook's mapping error</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Isle Grande (Gough Island) landing and Cook's mapping error">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_chart_of_the_southern_hemisphere;_shewing_the_tracks_of_some_of_the_most_distinguished_navigators-_by_Captain_James_Cook,_of_His_Majesty%27s_navy._RMG_F1972.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_chart_of_the_southern_hemisphere%3B_shewing_the_tracks_of_some_of_the_most_distinguished_navigators-_by_Captain_James_Cook%2C_of_His_Majesty%27s_navy._RMG_F1972.tiff/lossy-page1-300px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_chart_of_the_southern_hemisphere%3B_shewing_the_tracks_of_some_of_the_most_distinguished_navigators-_by_Captain_James_Cook%2C_of_His_Majesty%27s_navy._RMG_F1972.tiff/lossy-page1-450px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/A_chart_of_the_southern_hemisphere%3B_shewing_the_tracks_of_some_of_the_most_distinguished_navigators-_by_Captain_James_Cook%2C_of_His_Majesty%27s_navy._RMG_F1972.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-thumbnail.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5653" data-file-height="6247" /></a><figcaption>Isle Grande as placed due north of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> on this 1777 chart of the southern hemisphere by Capt. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> appears as Diego Alvares</figcaption></figure> Several days after his departure from South Georgia, La Roché came across another uninhabited island, "where they found water, wood and fish" and spent six days "without seeing any human being," thus making what some historians believe was the first landing on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean#South_Atlantic" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic</a> island that had been discovered by the Portuguese navigator <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_%C3%81lvares" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares</a> in 1505, called Gonçalo Álvares Island (sometimes erringly Diego Álvarez or Diego Alvares), and better known as <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> since 1732.<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laperouse-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dingwall-42">[42]</a> Following La Roché's voyage, a sizeable island named Isle Grande, Isla Grande or Isle Grand was placed on the map mostly northeast of Roché Island (like on the 1703 map by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Delisle" title="Guillaume Delisle">Guillaume Delisle</a>, 1710 map by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaes_Visscher_II" title="Nicolaes Visscher II">Nicolaes Visscher</a> or 1715 map by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a> referred to below) and west-southwest of Gough Island, with near five degrees of latitude discrepancy between them. However, when Roché Island was relocated on the map eastwards to its more precise <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> ascertained by James Cook in 1775 (using a <a href="/wiki/Larcum_Kendall" title="Larcum Kendall">Kendall</a> copy of <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">Harrison's</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine chronometer</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>), the cartographers would seem to have overlooked the necessity to adjust the location of Isle Grande accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> Apparently, the error of placing Isle Grande due north rather than northeast of South Georgia was originally committed by Cook himself in his 1777 chart of the southern hemisphere, and widely upheld by others because of his impeccable cartographic authoritativeness. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-Perouse-1785.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La-Perouse-1785.png/350px-La-Perouse-1785.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La-Perouse-1785.png/525px-La-Perouse-1785.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/La-Perouse-1785.png/700px-La-Perouse-1785.png 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Jean-François de Galaup de Lapérouse</a>'s detour in 1785 to search for Isle Grande in an area situated due north of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and west-southwest of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, with the latter shown on the chart as Diego Alvarez. The mythical <a href="/wiki/Saxemberg_Island" title="Saxemberg Island">Saxembourg Island</a> is shown near the top of the map, to the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>.</figcaption></figure> As a result of that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Lapérouse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Laperouse-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">Vancouver</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Vancouver-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">Colnett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">von Bellingshausen</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellingshausen-46">[46]</a> and other mariners sought in vain to find Isle Grande as mapped north of South Georgia (like on the 1784 chart by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Roberts_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Henry Roberts (Royal Navy officer)">Henry Roberts</a>, 1790 map by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Walch_(Verleger)" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Walch (Verleger)">de:Johann Walch</a>, 1794 map by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Arrowsmith" title="Aaron Arrowsmith">Aaron Arrowsmith</a>, 1794 map by John Russell, 1796 map by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Carey" title="Mathew Carey">Mathew Carey</a>, 1804 map by <a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Jedidiah Morse</a> or 1810–20 map by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Poirson" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Poirson">fr:Jean-Baptiste Poirson</a> referred to below) instead of northeast of it. For instance, on his way to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> via Le Maire Strait and Cape Horn, Capt. Lapérouse made in November–December 1785 a forty-day detour from the Brazilian island of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_Island" title="Santa Catarina Island">Santa Catarina</a> to an area north of South Georgia in fruitless search of Isle Grande. On his way to rounding Cape Saint John and Cape Horn, Colnett wrote in April 1793: "In this course I ran directly over the situations in which the Isle of Grand is placed in all the charts, without discovering any appearance of land" ... "I am disposed to believe, that the Isle of Grand also exists, and that my not being able to find it, arose from an error in copying the Latitude given by La Roche … I might, on my return, search for it in the Latitudes of 40° and 41°, having strong reason to believe, that there is land in or near those Latitudes, but to the Eastward of the Longitude which I crossed; as otherwise, I am at a loss to account for such a quantity of birch twigs, sea-weed, drift-wood and birds as were seen in that situation."<a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gough_island_top_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/300px-Gough_island_top_view.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/450px-Gough_island_top_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Gough_island_top_view.png/600px-Gough_island_top_view.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gonçalo Álvares (Gough) Island</a></figcaption></figure> Colnett had been instructed by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty" title="Board of Admiralty">Board of Admiralty</a> to look for Isle Grande as the first objective in his 1793–1794 exploratory voyage<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> but, although his reckoned latitude was correct (Gough is actually centred at 40°19'S), he unfortunately missed the opportunity to find the island: "... we crossed near the supposed situation of the Isle Grande. At this time my vessel was almost a wreck, very short of provisions, and what remained in a very bad state, to which may be added an hurricane of wind and the winter season: circumstances that, I trust, will be a sufficient excuse for my not renewing my search of it as I had intended."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> In his attempted reconstruction of the 1675 events Burney found a possible place of landing as far west as the coast of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, at the projecting headlands of either Cabo Dos Bahías or Punta Santa Elena (south and north entrance to Camarones Bay respectively<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>). Each of these, it was said, "afar off appears like an island."<a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> However, for La Roché and his companions it was no afar off appearance as they approached, landed, and spent time ashore. Royal Navy officer and prolific author <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a> endorsed Burney's Patagonian conjecture but not his Falklands one, and regarded La Roché as either discoverer or rediscoverer of South Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Resuming his voyage from Isle Grande, La Roché successfully reached the Brazilian port of Salvador as intended, and eventually arrived in <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, France on 29 September 1675.<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthews-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_navigation_and_exploration">Maritime navigation and exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maritime navigation and exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png/180px-La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png/270px-La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png/360px-La-Roch%C3%A9-Island-Longitude.png 2x" data-file-width="2805" data-file-height="4053" /></a><figcaption>Early reckonings of the <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">geographical longitude</a> of Roché Island (<a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>)</figcaption></figure> La Roché's discovery of South Georgia was preceded by that of several uninhabited island territories situated close north of the Convergence, notably <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a> discovered by Polynesians,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> by Europeans, and <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Staten Island (Isla de los Estados)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diego_Ram%C3%ADrez_Islands" title="Diego Ramírez Islands">Diego Ramírez Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> by Europeans with evidence attesting to early visits by indigenous <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Following the 1675 voyage cartographers started to depict on their maps Roché Island or Land of la Roché, Terre de la Roché, with Strait(s) de la Roché separating it from an Unknown Land, with these features situated to the eastward of Tierra del Fuego, as well as Isle Grande (occasionally Ile de la Roché, la Roche’s Island or Isla de la Roca) – that "very great and nice island" in the middle of South Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCarl-36">[36]</a> La Roché reckoned that his island was situated 18° of longitude east of Le Maire Strait,<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a> which would place it on the meridian 47°W running across the Brazilian city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, 10° of longitude west of the central meridian 37°W of South Georgia; the latter being about the same as the central meridian of the northeastern Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>. The 1768 chart by Dalrymple and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferys" title="Thomas Jefferys">Thomas Jefferys</a> shows Roché Island as situated on the meridian of <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Frio" title="Cabo Frio">Cabo Frio</a>, Brazil, some 5° of longitude west of the central meridian of South Georgia. For no good reason, Roché Island is found further west on a number of old maps, roughly on the meridian 54°W of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(Uruguay)" class="extiw" title="es:Cabo de Santa María (Uruguay)">es:Cabo de Santa María</a>, Uruguay (like on the 1703 map by Guillaume Delisle, the 1710 map by Nicolaes Visscher or the 1762 map by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> referred to below), or still further west, roughly on the meridian 62°W of the Patagonian bay of <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Anegada" class="extiw" title="es:Bahía Anegada">es:Anegada</a> (like on the 1719 map by Herman Moll, the 1754 map by Jefferys or the ca. 1763 map by Louis Delarochette referred to below). <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png/180px-Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png/270px-Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png/360px-Theatro-Naval-Hydrographico-1688-title-page.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Title page of the 1688 book Theatro Naval Hydrographico etc. by Capt. Francisco de Seixas y Lovera (aka Seyxas y Lovera or Seijas y Lobera)</figcaption></figure> Based on La Roché's data however,<a href="#cite_note-Seixas-12">[12]</a> old cartographers rendered <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">geographical latitude</a> rather more uniformly by placing the island at 55°S on their maps. Well aware of La Roché's discovery, James Cook mentioned it in his ship's <a href="/wiki/Logbook_(nautical)" title="Logbook (nautical)">logbook</a> upon approaching South Georgia one hundred years later in January 1775,<a href="#cite_note-Cook-II-8">[8]</a> and later wrote in the general introduction to his 1777 book: "In April 1675, Anthony la Roche, an English merchant, in his return from the South Pacific Ocean, where he had been on a trading voyage, being carried, by the winds and currents, far to the East of Strait La Maire, fell in with a coast, which may possibly be the same with that which I visited during this voyage, and have called the Island of Georgia."<a href="#cite_note-Cook-I-56">[56]</a> Cook made the first recorded landing, surveyed and mapped Roché Island, and renamed and claimed it for King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of Great Britain and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Discoveries-18">[18]</a> (Fleurieu disapproved of the name change disrespecting early discovery, and recommended that the island "should not be called New Georgia."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Cook was more considerate in the case of <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerguelen Island">Kerguelen</a> though, an island that he visited in 1776 and noted: "which, from its sterility, I should, with great propriety, call the Island of Desolation, but that I would not rob <a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Monsieur de Kerguelen</a> of the honour of its bearing his name."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>) <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pendleton-1802.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pendleton-1802.PNG/290px-Pendleton-1802.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pendleton-1802.PNG/435px-Pendleton-1802.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pendleton-1802.PNG/580px-Pendleton-1802.PNG 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>1802 Map of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a> by Capt. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pendleton" title="Isaac Pendleton">Isaac Pendleton</a></figcaption></figure> German <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">Georg Forster</a>, scientist in Cook's expedition, also knew of La Roché's discovery.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> So did naval officer and explorer James Colnett, then a midshipman in the expedition who later wrote of "the land discovered by Monsieur La Roche, in Latitude 55° South, which I touched at with Captain Cook …"<a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> (Along with Colnett, Vancouver, Burney and Roberts had also served under Cook on his <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">1772–1775 voyage</a>.) Comments and analysis of La Roché's discoveries could be found in the ship's journals of notable explorers such as Britain's Cook,<a href="#cite_note-Cook-II-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Vancouver" title="George Vancouver">Vancouver</a><a href="#cite_note-Vancouver-44">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Colnett" title="James Colnett">Colnett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> France's <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Galaup,_comte_de_Lap%C3%A9rouse" title="Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse">Lapérouse</a><a href="#cite_note-Laperouse-16">[16]</a> and Russia's <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">von Bellingshausen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bellingshausen-46">[46]</a> also in Dalrymple's Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean,<a href="#cite_note-Memoir-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Nautical_Magazine" title="The Nautical Magazine">The Nautical Magazine</a> for 1835<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and multiple editions of the authoritative Laurie’s Sailing Directory by <a href="/wiki/John_Purdy_(hydrographer)" title="John Purdy (hydrographer)">John Purdy</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_George_Findlay" title="Alexander George Findlay">Alexander Findlay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Purdy-62">[62]</a> The second-ever map of South Georgia and Clerke Rocks, made in 1802 by Capt. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Pendleton" title="Isaac Pendleton">Isaac Pendleton</a> of the American <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> vessel Union and reproduced by the Italian polar cartographer <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Faustini" title="Arnaldo Faustini">Arnaldo Faustini</a> in 1906, was entitled South Georgia: Discovered by the Frenchman La Roche in the year 1675.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> While Pendleton probably erred regarding La Roché's nationality due to his French last name, British historian Peter Bradley noted: "Despite the suggestion that La Roché was English, the name and the return to La Rochelle … appear to indicate a French connection."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Some authors maintain that La Roché was a Spaniard ("… a century before, the Spaniard Antonio de la Roca had discovered Georgia …;"<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> "… the Spanish navigator Antonio de la Roca discovered the South Georgia Islands …"<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>) yet provide no supporting evidence. La Roché was quoted in relation to his <a href="/wiki/Compass_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass variation">compass variation</a> data, too.<a href="#cite_note-Theatro-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burney-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty_implications_and_context">Sovereignty implications and context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sovereignty implications and context">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/250px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/375px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg/500px-Early_Tordesillas_lines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Various reckonings of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Tordesillas line</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Harrisse" title="Henry Harrisse">Henry Harrisse</a>, all of them running west of the meridian 42°20'W and thus west of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough</a>, potentially leaving both islands to Portugal</figcaption></figure> Both the discovery of Roché Island (South Georgia) and the landing on Isle Grande (Gough Island) in 1675 had little if any sovereignty implications, as the islands were not even claimed on that occasion. A sort of antecedent in that respect might have been the territorial delimitation provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> concluded in 1454 between Portugal and Spain which, if applied, would have left both islands to the former.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Portugal, however, never claimed the islands. Neither did Spain, while major European powers of that time like France, England and a newly independent Netherlands denied any wider validity to the inter-Iberian agreement anyway. As King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> is quoted to have remarked about the Tordesillas Treaty, "I should like to see the clause in Adam's will that cuts me out of my share in the New World." Claiming would have to wait until 1775 for South Georgia and 1938 for Gough,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dingwall-42">[42]</a> in both cases by Britain. Another attempt at introducing some bilateral legal arrangements for southernmost South America (roughly Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego) was the 1790 <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootka Sound Convention">Nootka Sound Convention</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> concluded by Britain and Spain, establishing a sort of regime that granted to the subjects of the two kingdoms equal exclusive rights over the local marine living resources, notably seals, whales and fish; and last but not least, kept third countries out. (The restriction to erect only huts and other temporary structures connected to fishery "shall remain in force only so long as no establishment shall have been formed by the subjects of any other power.")<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-Georgia-Area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South-Georgia-Area.png/230px-South-Georgia-Area.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South-Georgia-Area.png/345px-South-Georgia-Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/South-Georgia-Area.png/460px-South-Georgia-Area.png 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a> sector of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></figcaption></figure> Seixas y Lovera insisted in his publications that Spain should effectively control both <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> and Cape Horn routes to the Pacific coast of Spanish America and to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>, stressing also the strategic value of the pertaining Le Maire, Brouwer and La Roché seaways. Already in 1584 the Spanish expedition of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a> founded two fortified settlements in the Strait of Magellan, albeit short-lived ones.<a href="#cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">[11]</a> The Dutch and the French had their own strategic interests in the region and tried to establish effective occupation over certain territories in Chile<a href="#cite_note-Brouwer-9">[9]</a> and the Falklands respectively. In his remarks on the navigation round Cape Horn, Colnett advised for his country to make use of the Nootka Convention and take possession of Staten Island: "Staten Land is well situated as a place of rendezvous both for men of war and merchant ships ... the North side offers the best place for an establishment, if it should ever be in the view of our government to form one there ... If the navigation round Cape Horn should ever become common, such a place we must possess; and agreeable to the last convention with Spain, we are entitled to keep possession of it, and apply it to any purpose of peace or war." By his personal experience, living conditions there were deemed "far preferable to many stations in Norway."<a href="#cite_note-Colnett-45">[45]</a> As it happened, Britain took over the Falkland Islands instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps_and_charts">Maps and charts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maps and charts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png/200px-Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png/300px-Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png/400px-Delisle-Map-1703-fragment.png 2x" data-file-width="5846" data-file-height="3919" /></a><figcaption>1703 map of southern South America by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Delisle" title="Guillaume Delisle">Guillaume Delisle</a> featuring Roché Island, Strait de la Roché, Unknown Land and Isle Grande, along with the ship tracks of <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Coelho</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Vespucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Sarmiento de Gamboa</a>, La Roché, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Sharp" title="Bartholomew Sharp">Sharp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Halley</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-14085-2_15_Cape_Horn_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell,_1802,_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg/160px-Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg/240px-Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg/320px-Alexander_Dalrymple_by_William_Daniell%2C_1802%2C_Royal_Scottish_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dalrymple" title="Alexander Dalrymple">Alexander Dalrymple</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG/200px-D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG/300px-D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG/400px-D%C3%A9troitLeMaire.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Le_Maire_Strait" title="Le Maire Strait">Le Maire Strait</a> with <a href="/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">Isla de los Estados</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Cook,_%27A_voyage_towards_the_South_Pole,_and_round_the_world%27,_London,_Printed_for_W._Strahan_and_T._Cadell,_1777,_view_3_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03595-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/James_Cook%2C_%27A_voyage_towards_the_South_Pole%2C_and_round_the_world%27%2C_London%2C_Printed_for_W._Strahan_and_T._Cadell%2C_1777%2C_view_3_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03595-2.JPG/180px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/James_Cook%2C_%27A_voyage_towards_the_South_Pole%2C_and_round_the_world%27%2C_London%2C_Printed_for_W._Strahan_and_T._Cadell%2C_1777%2C_view_3_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03595-2.JPG/270px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/James_Cook%2C_%27A_voyage_towards_the_South_Pole%2C_and_round_the_world%27%2C_London%2C_Printed_for_W._Strahan_and_T._Cadell%2C_1777%2C_view_3_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC03595-2.JPG/360px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="3358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooper_Island_(15956633628).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg/200px-Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg/300px-Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg/400px-Cooper_Island_%2815956633628%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A west view of <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a> at the southeast extremity of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Burney.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/James_Burney.png/180px-James_Burney.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/James_Burney.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Burney" title="James Burney">James Burney</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_a_seal_rookery,_Beauchene_Island,_Falkland_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg/200px-View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg/300px-View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg/400px-View_of_a_seal_rookery%2C_Beauchene_Island%2C_Falkland_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Beauchene_Island" title="Beauchene Island">Beauchene Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png/180px-Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png/270px-Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png/360px-Presumed_portrait_of_Charles-Pierre_Claret_-_Versailles.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pierre_Claret_de_Fleurieu" title="Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu">Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/200px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/300px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg/400px-Nordenskjold_Glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Duperrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Duperrey.jpg/180px-Louis_Duperrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Duperrey.jpg/270px-Louis_Duperrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Louis_Duperrey.jpg/360px-Louis_Duperrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis-Isidore_Duperrey" title="Louis-Isidore Duperrey">Louis-Isidore Duperrey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png/200px-Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png/300px-Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png/400px-Gough_Island_EVS_Precision_Map_1_52000-sepia.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> island group</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_(1816-1878),_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro,_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png/180px-Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png/270px-Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png/360px-Portrait_de_Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen_%281816-1878%29%2C_vicomte_de_Porto_Seguro%2C_diplomate_et_%C3%A9rudit_br%C3%A9silien.png 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="3885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a></figcaption></figure> The following 17th, 18th and 19th-century maps and charts reflect the geographical knowledge gained from La Roché's 1674-75 voyage: <ul><li>Albernaz, João Teixeira; Jeronimo de Attayde e Francisco de Seixas y Lovera. (1692). Mapas generales originales y universales des todo el orue con los puertos principales y fortalezas de Ambas Indias y una descripcion topographica de la region Austral Magallonica año de 1692. (The 1630 Portuguese atlas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00052/?st=gallery">Taboas Geraes de Toda a Navegação</a> appended in 1692 by the 1690 Spanish map insert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204003228/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00052/?sp=31">Strait of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego.</a>)</li> <li>Godson, William. (1702). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct000805/?r=0.23,0.37,0.298,0.147,0">A new and correct map of the world.</a> London: George Willdey.</li> <li>L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de & Charles-Louis Simonneau. (1703). <a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Paraguay,_du_Chili,_du_d%C3%A9troit_de_Magellan,_etc..._-_par_Guillaume_de_l%27Isle_;_grav%C3%A9e_par_Li%C3%A9baux,_le_fils_-_btv1b53093853g.jpg" title="File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du détroit de Magellan, etc... - par Guillaume de l'Isle ; gravée par Liébaux, le fils - btv1b53093853g.jpg">Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan</a>. Paris. (Shows the track of La Roché's; the Falkland Islands are called Isles de Sebald de Weert.)</li> <li>L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de; J. Covens & C. Mortier. (1705). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2922~300058:L-Amerique-Meridionale--Dressee-sur">L'Amerique Meridionale</a>. Paris.</li> <li>L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de. (1708). <a href="/wiki/File:Map_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_OTM-_HB-KZL_33.22.38.tif" title="File:Map - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - OTM- HB-KZL 33.22.38.tif">L'Amerique Meridionale Dressee sur les Observations de Mrs. de l'Academie Royale des Sciences.</a> Amsterdam: Peter Schenk. / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5200.ct003993/?r=0.074,0.296,0.486,0.345,0">Paris edition</a></li> <li>Senex, John. (1710). <a href="/wiki/File:South_America_(4587179722).jpg" title="File:South America (4587179722).jpg">South America corrected from the Observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London & Paris.</a> London. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)</li> <li>Visscher, Nicolaes. (1710). <a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Paraguay,_du_Chili,_Detroit_de_Magellan_and_Terre_de_Feu_dans_l%27Amerique_Meridionale_par_la_veuve_de_Nicholas_Visscher_RMG_F0377.tiff" title="File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, Detroit de Magellan and Terre de Feu dans l'Amerique Meridionale par la veuve de Nicholas Visscher RMG F0377.tiff">Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, Detroit de Magellan & Terre de Feu dans l'Amerique Meridionale.</a> Amsterdam.</li> <li>Moll, Herman. (1711). <a href="/wiki/File:Moll_-_A_New_and_Exact_Map_of_the_Coast,_Countries_and_Islands_within_the_Limits_of_the_South_Sea_Company.png" title="File:Moll - A New and Exact Map of the Coast, Countries and Islands within the Limits of the South Sea Company.png">A New & Exact Map of the Coast, Countries and Islands within ye Limits of ye South Sea Company.</a> London. / <a href="/wiki/File:A_new_%26_exact_map_of_the_coast,_countries_and_islands_within_the_limits_of_ye_South_Sea_Company.png" title="File:A new & exact map of the coast, countries and islands within the limits of ye South Sea Company.png">1726 edition</a></li> <li>Price, Charles. (ca. 1713). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107212013/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/53375/south-america-corrected-from-the-observations-communicated-price">South America corrected from the observations communicated to the Royal Society's of London and Paris</a>. London. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)</li> <li>Price, Charles. (ca. 1713). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314143041/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/46354/a-correct-map-of-the-world-with-several-usefull-theories-ext-price">A Correct Map of the World with several useful Theories extracted from the Writings of the Greatest Mathematicians and Philosophers of the Age</a>. London.</li> <li>Van der Aa, Pieter. (1714). <a href="/wiki/File:L%27Am%C3%A9rique_m%C3%A9ridionale..._-_btv1b8596392x.jpg" title="File:L'Amérique méridionale... - btv1b8596392x.jpg">L'Amérique méridionale.</a> Leiden.</li> <li>Chatelain, Henry. (1714). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220143958/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/22408/Nouvelle_Carte_De_Geographie_De_La_Partie_Meridionale_De_LAmerique_Suivant/Chatelain.html">Nouvelle Carte de Géographie de la Partie Méridionale de l'Amérique</a>. Amsterdam.</li> <li>Moll, Herman. (1715). <a href="/wiki/File:To_the_right_honourable_Charles_Earl_of_Sunderland_and_Beron_Spencer_of_Wormleighton,_one_of_her_majesty%27s_principal_secretaries_of_state,_etc._this_map_of_South_America_according_to_the_newest_and_most_exact..._-_btv1b53052934w.jpg" title="File:To the right honourable Charles Earl of Sunderland and Beron Spencer of Wormleighton, one of her majesty's principal secretaries of state, etc. this map of South America according to the newest and most exact... - btv1b53052934w.jpg">This map of South America, according to the newest and most exact observations.</a> London.</li> <li>Price, Charles. (1715). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135634/https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/charles-price-terrestrial-globe-1715-e9dacffb86784bd8b53acb72f1f78058">Terrestrial Globe</a>. London. (Curiously, the globe features Isle Grande same as the 1702 map by William Godson does, situated at 35°S latitude and named "la Roche’s Island.")</li> <li>L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de. (1717). <a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Paraguay,_du_Chili,_du_d%C3%A9troit_de_Magellan,_etc_-_dress%C3%A9e..._par_Guillaume_de_l%27Isle..._-_btv1b8446211h.jpg" title="File:Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du détroit de Magellan, etc - dressée... par Guillaume de l'Isle... - btv1b8446211h.jpg">Carte du Paraguai, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan</a>. Amsterdam. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)</li> <li>Chatelain, Henri. (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122204302/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/90365/carte-tres-curieuse-de-la-mer-du-sud-contenant-des-remarques-chatelain">Carte tres curieuse de la Mer du Sud Contenant des remarques nouvelles et tres utiles non seulement sur les ports et isles de cette mer, Mais aussy sur les principaux Pays de l'Amerique tant Septentrionale que Meridionale, Avec les Noms & la Route des Voyageurs.</a> Amsterdam.</li> <li>Moll, Herman. (1719). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.mf000001/?r=0.386,0.519,0.216,0.106,0">A new & correct map of the whole World.</a> London.</li> <li>Fer, Nicolas de. (1720). <a href="/wiki/File:Partie_la_plus_m%C3%A9ridionale_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique_-_ou_se_trouve_le_Chili,_le_Paraguay_et_les_terres_magellaniques_avec_les_fameux_d%C3%A9troits_de_Magellan_et_de_Le_Maire_dress%C3%A9_sur_divers_m%C3%A9moires_et_relations_des..._-_btv1b10678571g.jpg" title="File:Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique - ou se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay et les terres magellaniques avec les fameux détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire dressé sur divers mémoires et relations des... - btv1b10678571g.jpg">Partie la plus méridionale de l'Amérique, où se trouve le Chili, le Paraguay, et les Terres Magellaniques avec les Fameux Détroits de Magellan et de Le Maire.</a> Paris.</li> <li>Covens, J. & C. Mortier. (1730). <a href="/wiki/File:1730_Covens_and_Mortier_Map_of_South_America_-_Geographicus_-_SouthAmerica-covensmortier-1730.jpg" title="File:1730 Covens and Mortier Map of South America - Geographicus - SouthAmerica-covensmortier-1730.jpg">Carte du Paraguay, du Chili, du Detroit de Magellan &c.</a> Amsterdam. (Shows the track of La Roché's.)</li> <li>Moll, Herman. (1732). <a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_Chili,_Patagonia,_La_Plata_and_ye_south_part_of_Brasil.jpg" title="File:A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye south part of Brasil.jpg">A map of Chili, Patagonia, La Plata and ye south part of Brasil.</a> London.</li> <li>Techo, Nicolas. (1733). <a href="/wiki/File:Typus_geographicus_Chili_Paraguay_Freti_Magellanici..._-_ex_P.P._Alfonso_d%27Ovalle_%26_Nicol._Techo_nec_non_de_Brouwer,_Narbouroug,_de_Beauchesne_etc_a_Guiliel._de_l%27Islio_descript.,_in_superque_secundum_recentiores_du..._-_btv1b8596396k.jpg" title="File:Typus geographicus Chili Paraguay Freti Magellanici... - ex P.P. Alfonso d'Ovalle & Nicol. Techo nec non de Brouwer, Narbouroug, de Beauchesne etc a Guiliel. de l'Islio descript., in superque secundum recentiores du... - btv1b8596396k.jpg">Typus Geographicus Chili a Paraguay Freti Magellanici &c.</a> Nuremberg.</li> <li>L'Isle (or Lisle), Guillaume de & Giambattista Albrizzi. (1740). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108081620/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/31126/Carta_Geografica_Dell_America_Meridionale/Albrizzi.html">Carta Geografica della America Meridionale</a>. Venice.</li> <li>Seale, Richard W. (ca. 1744). <a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_South_America_with_all_the_European_settlements_%26_whatever_else_is_remarkable,_from_the_latest_%26_best_observations_(4586552189).jpg" title="File:A map of South America with all the European settlements & whatever else is remarkable, from the latest & best observations (4586552189).jpg">A Map of South America. With all the European Settlements & whatever else is remarkable from the latest & best observations.</a> London.</li> <li>Ottens, Reiner & Joshua. (1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122210436/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/92717/tractus-australior-americae-meridionalis-a-rio-de-la-plata-p-ottens">Tractus Australior Americae Meridionalis a Rio de la Plata per Fretum Magellanicum ad Toraltum.</a> Amsterdam.</li> <li>Cowley, John. (ca. 1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083235/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/south-america-john-cowley-emanuel-bowen-scarce-original-etsy-uk--815573813967415217/">A Map of South America.</a> London.</li> <li>Homann Heirs & Johann Haas. (1746). <a href="/wiki/File:Americae_Mappa_generalis,_Homann_Heirs_%26_Johann_Matthaus_Haas_(1746).jpg" title="File:Americae Mappa generalis, Homann Heirs & Johann Matthaus Haas (1746).jpg">Americae Mappa generalis.</a> Nuremberg.</li> <li>Jefferys, Thomas & John Green (aka Bradock Mead). (1753). <a href="/wiki/File:A_chart_of_North_and_South_America_-_including_the_Atlantic_and_Pacific_Oceans,_with_the_nearest_coasts_of_Europe,_Africa_and_Asia._NYPL1258749.jpg" title="File:A chart of North and South America - including the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with the nearest coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia. NYPL1258749.jpg">A chart of North and South America: including the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with the nearest coasts of Europe, Africa and Asia</a>. London. / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108133739/https://www.britishempire.co.uk/images2/southamerica1776map.jpg">1776 edition</a></li> <li>Buache, Philippe. (1754). <a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Bouvet_Island,_discovery_map_1739.jpg" title="File:Antarctica, Bouvet Island, discovery map 1739.jpg">Carte des Terres Australes, Comprises entre le Tropique du Capricorne et le Pôle Antarctique</a>. Paris.</li> <li>Gendron, Pedro. (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/96686667/">La America: dispuesta segun el Sistema de Mr. Hasius Profesor de Mathematicas en la Vniversidad de Witembergo, añadidos los ultimos descubrimientos por M. de Lisle</a>. Madrid.</li> <li>Fer, Nicolas de. (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct007165/?r=0.061,0.023,0.707,0.348,0">Mappe-Monde ou Carte Générale de la Terre.</a> Paris.</li> <li>Jefferys, Thomas. (ca. 1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108083834/https://www.wellandantiquemaps.co.uk/product/south-america-by-thomas-jefferys-c-1754/">South America.</a> London.</li> <li>Le Rouge, Georges-Louis. (1756). <a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_nouveau_portatif_a_l%27usage_des_militaires,_colleges_et_du_voyageur._Tome_1_1756_(106348387).jpg" title="File:Atlas nouveau portatif a l'usage des militaires, colleges et du voyageur. Tome 1 1756 (106348387).jpg">Amerique Meridionale.</a> Paris.</li> <li>Seutter, Matthäus. (1757). <a href="/wiki/File:Le_Pays_de_Perou_et_Chili_selon_les_observations_nouvelles_dessin%C3%A9_dessin%C3%A9_par_Math._Seutter,_geographe_de_l%27Empereur_d%27Augspourg_-_btv1b53177601s_(1_of_2).jpg" title="File:Le Pays de Perou et Chili selon les observations nouvelles dessiné dessiné par Math. Seutter, geographe de l'Empereur d'Augspourg - btv1b53177601s (1 of 2).jpg">Le Pays de Perou et Chili.</a> Augsbourg.</li> <li>Lotter, Tobias Conrad. (1757). <a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_minor_praecipua_orbis_terrarum_imperia,_regna_et_provincias,_Germaniae_potissimum_1757_(84184904).jpg" title="File:Atlas minor praecipua orbis terrarum imperia, regna et provincias, Germaniae potissimum 1757 (84184904).jpg">America Meridionalis.</a> Augsburg.</li> <li>Euler, Leonhard. (1762). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129101557/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/73226/hemisphere-meridional-dresse-en-1754-par-m-le-comte-de-rede-euler">Hemisphere Meridional dressé en 1754 par M. le Comte de Redern Curateur de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des belles Lettres.</a> Berlin.</li> <li>Delarochette, Louis. (ca. 1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220125639/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/94439/south-america-from-the-latest-discoveries-shewing-the-spani-delarochette">South America From the latest Discoveries.</a> London: John Bowles.</li> <li>Dalrymple, Alexander & Thomas Jefferys. (1768). <a href="/wiki/File:A_chart_of_the_Ocean_between_South_America_and_Africa_with_the_tracks_of_Dr._E._Halley_and_Mons._Bouvet_-_Jefferys_-_btv1b53177482s.jpg" title="File:A chart of the Ocean between South America and Africa with the tracks of Dr. E. Halley and Mons. Bouvet - Jefferys - btv1b53177482s.jpg">A chart of the ocean between South America and Africa with the tracks of Dr. Edmund Halley in 1700 and Monsr. Lozier Bouvet in 1738.</a> London: J. Nourse. (This chart is the subject of Dalrymple's Memoir of a chart of the Southern Ocean; a supposed track of La Roché's is shown as departing from the east entrance to an imaginary Gulf of St. Sebastian in <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a> (admittedly borrowed from a 1586 edition of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Ortelius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/File:OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg" title="File:OrteliusWorldMap1570.jpg">world map</a>) that in January 1775 James Cook didn't find and wrote: "I think I may venture to assert that the extensive coast, laid down in Mr. Dalrymple's chart of the ocean between Africa and America, and the Gulph of St. Sebastian, do not exist." Isle Grande is located due north rather than northeast of Roché Island on this chart, which singularity might have been replicated in Cook's chart of the southern hemisphere. Certain areas on the chart would appear somewhat distorted, with southern South America shifted ca. 3° of longitude to the west.)</li> <li>Phinn, Thomas. (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1771a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true">South America.</a> Edinburgh.</li> <li>Guthrie, William. (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1771c.sid&wid=1000&hei=900&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=simple/view-dhtml.xsl">South America.</a> London.</li> <li>Bowen, Thomas. (1772). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartweb.geography.ua.edu/lizardtech/iserv/calcrgn?cat=South%20America&item=/SouthAm1772a.sid&wid=500&hei=400&props=item(Name,Description),cat(Name,Description)&style=default/view.xsl&plugin=true">South America from the best Authorities.</a> London: G. Robinson.</li> <li>Sayer, Robert. (1772). <a href="/wiki/File:A_General_map_of_America_divided_into_North_and_South,_and_West_Indies_-_with_the_newest_discoveries.jpg" title="File:A General map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies - with the newest discoveries.jpg">A General Map of America divided into North and South, and West Indies: with the Newest Discoveries.</a> London.</li> <li>Jefferys, Thomas. (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~1927~120033:-Composite-of--A-Map-Of-South-Ameri">South America</a>. London.</li> <li>Cook, James. (1777). <a href="/wiki/File:A_chart_of_the_southern_hemisphere;_shewing_the_tracks_of_some_of_the_most_distinguished_navigators-_by_Captain_James_Cook,_of_His_Majesty%27s_navy._RMG_F1972.tiff" title="File:A chart of the southern hemisphere; shewing the tracks of some of the most distinguished navigators- by Captain James Cook, of His Majesty's navy. RMG F1972.tiff">A Chart of the Southern Hemisphere; shewing the Tracks of some of the most distinguished Navigators</a>. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell.</li> <li>Gibson, John. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3290.ar305500/?r=0.544,0.818,0.115,0.06,0">A New Map of the Whole Continent of America, divided into North and South America and West Indies, with a Descriptive Account of the European Possessions, as Settled by the Definitive Treaty of Peace, Concluded at Paris, Feby. 10th, 1763, Compiled from Mr. D'Anville's Maps of that Continent, and Corrected in the Several Parts belonging to Great Britain, from the Original Materials of Governor Pownall, MP.</a> London: Robert Sayer.</li> <li>Robert de Vaugondy, Didier. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231614838/view">Hemisphère Australe ou Antarctique</a>. Paris.</li> <li>Seutter, Matthäus & Johann Michael Probst. (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126124807/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/39647/novus-orbis-sive-america-meridionalis-et-septentrionalis-seutter-probst">Novus Orbis Sive America Meridionalis et Septentrionalis.</a> Augsburg.</li> <li>Roberts, Henry. (1784). <a href="/wiki/File:A_general_chart_-_exhibiting_the_discoveries_made_by_capt.n_James_Cook_in_this_and_his_two_preceedings_voyages_;_with_the_tracks_of_ships_under_this_command_-_By_lieut(enan)t_Hen(r)y_Roberts..._;_W._Palmer_sculp._-_btv1b5970605q.jpg" title="File:A general chart - exhibiting the discoveries made by capt.n James Cook in this and his two preceedings voyages ; with the tracks of ships under this command - By lieut(enan)t Hen(r)y Roberts... ; W. Palmer sculp. - btv1b5970605q.jpg">A General Chart: Exhibiting the Discoveries made by Captn. James Cook in this and his two preceeding [sic] Voyages; with the Tracks of Ships under his command</a>. London.</li> <li>Walch, Johann. (ca.1790). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122213249/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/40365/lamerique-selon-letendue-de-ses-principales-parties-et-don-walch">L'Amerique Selon L'Etendue de ses Principales Parties.</a> Augsburg.</li> <li>Elwe, Ian Barend. (1792). <a href="/wiki/File:L%27Am%C3%A9rique_m%C3%A9ridionale_-_btv1b8442380v.jpg" title="File:L'Amérique méridionale - btv1b8442380v.jpg">L'Amérique Méridionale.</a> Amsterdam.</li> <li>Doolittle, Amos. (1793). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205071252/https://mapsofantiquity.com/products/south-america-doolittle-sam224">South America.</a> Boston: Thomas & Andrews.</li> <li>Dunn, Samuel. (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122214926/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/63961/south-america-as-divided-amongst-the-spaniards-and-the-portu-dunn">South America as Divided amongst The Spaniards and The Portuguese, The French and The Dutch.</a> London.</li> <li>Arrowsmith, Aaron. (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200.ct007074/">Map of the World on a Globular Projection, Exhibiting Particularly the Nautical Researches of Capn. James Cook, F.R.S. with all the Recent Discoveries to the Present Time</a>. London.</li> <li>Russell, John. (1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209120216/https://www.classicalimages.com/products/1794-john-russell-large-antique-map-of-south-america">A General Map of South America Drawn from the Best Surveys</a>. London. / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227141539/https://www.classicalimages.com/products/1797-john-russell-old-antique-map-of-south-america">1797 edition</a></li> <li>D'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon. (1795). <a href="/wiki/File:1795_D%27Anville_Wall_Map_of_South_America_-_Geographicus_-_SouthAmerica-laruiewhittle-1794.jpg" title="File:1795 D'Anville Wall Map of South America - Geographicus - SouthAmerica-laruiewhittle-1794.jpg">A Map of South America</a>. London: Laurie & Whittle.</li> <li>Carey, Mathew. (1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/g5200.ct010167/?r=-0.122,0.333,0.922,0.454,0">A map of South America: According to the best authorities.</a> Philadelphia.</li> <li>Morse, Jedidiah. (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122215914/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/93813/south-america-from-the-best-authorities-morse">South America from the best Authorities.</a> Charleston, MA.</li> <li>Wilkinson, Robert. (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122221122/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/77407/south-america-reduced-from-the-sheet-map-1806-wilkinson">South America.</a> London.</li> <li>Dessiou, Joseph Foss. (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241129184744/https://www.roseberys.co.uk/online/a0569-lot-532529-a-chart-of-the-ethiopic-or-southern-ocean-and-part-of-the#gallery-2">A Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Ocean, and part of the Pacific Ocean; from the Parallel of 3 Degrees North to 56°20' South Latitude etc.</a> London: William Faden. (Features three possible locations of Isle Grande as per la Roché, Dalrymple and Cook.)</li> <li>Poirson, Jean-Baptiste. (ca. 1810–20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227121521/https://www.abebooks.com/maps/South-America-continent-c.1810-20-Poirson-Thierry/30207655717/bd#&gid=1&pid=1">South America</a>. Paris. (Features two Isle Grande islands, one "discovered by La Roché in 1675," and another, more westerly, "according to Mr. Dalrymple.")</li> <li>Tardieu, Ambroise. (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122222040/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/99383/carte-de-lamerique-meridionale-dressee-pour-lintelligence-tardieu">Carte De L'Amerique Meridionale Dressee pour l'intelligence de l'histoire generale des Voyages de Laharpe.</a> Paris.</li> <li>Johnson, Alvin Jewett & Ross Browning. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123075624/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/80247/johnsons-south-america-johnson-browning">Johnson’s South America.</a> New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Various">Various</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Various">edit</a>]</div> Apart from mapping, both La Roché and his geographic discoveries have been used in encyclopedic editions and dictionaries, scientific and popular publications, video gaming, commercial promotion etc. (see Bibliography). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Roch%C3%A9_Peak" title="Roché Peak">Roché Peak</a>, the summit of <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island, South Georgia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-APC-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roch%C3%A9_Glacier" title="Roché Glacier">Roché Glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vinson_Massif" title="Vinson Massif">Vinson Massif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> are named for Anthony de la Roché. The <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Territory">Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> issued in 2000 a <a href="/wiki/Two_pound_coin" title="Two pound coin">two pound coin</a> commemorating the 325th anniversary of the discovery of South Georgia by La Roché.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesake">Namesake</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Namesake">edit</a>]</div> A sea captain named Anthony de la Roche was reportedly in command of a merchant ship owned by the prominent <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudian</a> Henry Corbusier in the late 1770s, having previously commanded the ship Saint James of <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France, which was wrecked.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch%C3%A9_Glacier" title="Roché Glacier">Roché Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch%C3%A9_Peak" title="Roché Peak">Roché Peak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Headland-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Headland_1-5">f</a> Headland, Robert Keith. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ">The Island of South Georgia</a>. Cambridge University Press. 293 pp. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25274-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25274-1">0-521-25274-1</a> (Shows on p. 24 the track of La Roché's in South Georgia waters.) / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128132141/https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/524383/1/Headland_1982_South%20Georgia.pdf">1982 concise account</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrer-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer_2-1">b</a> Capt. Ferrer Fougá, Hernán. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistamarina.cl/revistas/2003/6/ferrer.pdf">El hito austral del confín de América: El cabo de Hornos. (Siglos XVI–XVII–XVIII). (Primera parte)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810115231/http://www.revistamarina.cl/revismar/revistas/2003/6/ferrer.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Revista de Marina, Valparaíso, N° 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-ICJ-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ICJ_3-0">^</a> ICJ. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/26/026-19550504-APP-1-00-EN.pdf">Origins of the British Titles, Historic Discoveries and Acts of Annexation by British Nationals in the Period 1675-1843.</a> Application instituting proceedings: Antarctica cases (United Kingdom v. Argentina; United Kingdom v. Chile). The Hague: International Court of Justice, 4 May 1955. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronology-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chronology_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chronology_4-1">b</a> Headland, Robert Keith. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. London: Bernard Quaritch. 716 pp. / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085732/https://southgeorgiaassociation.org/south-georgia-chronology-2/">Extract</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalrymple-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_5-4">e</a> Dalrymple, Alexander. (1775). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sGxbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11">A Collection of Voyages Chiefly in The Southern Atlantick Ocean.</a> London. (Includes a chapter on La Roché, and an extract (in French) from the logbook of French merchant and mariner Nicolas Pierre Duclos-Guyot onboard the Spanish ship León that sighted Roché Island in 1756.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Burney-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_6-6">g</a> Burney, James. (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxNFAAAAYAAJ">A Chronological History of the Voyages and Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean: Part III: From the Year 1620, to the Year 1688.</a> London: Luke Hansard & Sons. pp. 395–403. (Discusses various aspects of La Roché's voyage.) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> NGA. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240413142032/https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1494178&fid=358&c=argentina">Cape Saint John: Argentina</a>. Geographical Names. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-II-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook-II_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook-II_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook-II_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook-II_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook-II_8-4">e</a> Cook, James. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15869/15869-8.txt">A Voyage Towards the South Pole, and Round the World. Performed in His Majesty's Ships the Resolution and Adventure, In the Years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775. In which is included, Captain Furneaux's Narrative of his Proceedings in the Adventure during the Separation of the Ships</a>. Volume II. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/James_Cook_and_South_Georgia_in_1775" class="extiw" title="wikisource:James Cook and South Georgia in 1775">Relevant fragment</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brouwer-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brouwer_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brouwer_9-1">b</a> Roelfzema, Humphrey Hazelhoff. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydro-international.com/content/article/hendrick-brouwer-and-the-circumnavigation-of-staten-land?output=pdf">Hendrick Brouwer and the circumnavigation of Staten Land</a>. Hydro International Magazine, November 2008. Accessed 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_10-1">b</a> Matthews, L. Harrison. (1931). South Georgia: The British Empire's Sub-Antarctic Outpost. Bristol: John Wright; and London: Simpkin Marshall. </li> <li id="cite_note-Antarctic_book-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antarctic_book_11-6">g</a> Ivanov, Lyubomir & Nusha Ivanova. The Antarctic and Antarctica; Roché Island / South Georgia; Phantom islands; Population. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364087925_The_World_of_Antarctica">The World of Antarctica.</a> Generis Publishing, 2022. pp. 68–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1">979-8-88676-403-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seixas-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seixas_12-8">i</a> Capt. Seixas y Lovera, Francisco de. (1690). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7PWN7_1wAoC&dq=Descripcion%20geographica%2C%20y%20derrotero%20de%20la%20region%20austral%20Magallanica&pg=PT96">Descripcion Geographica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica. Que se dirige al Rey nuestro señor, gran monarca de España, y sus dominios en Europa, Emperador del Nuevo Mundo Americano, y Rey de los reynos de la Filipinas y Malucas. Por mano del excelentissimo señor marques de los Velez, Gentilhombre de la Camara de su Magestad, de sus Consejos de Estado, y Guerra, y Presidente del Real, y Supremo Consejo de Indias, y de las Reales Iuntas de la Superintendencia de las Real Hazienda, y de Armadas, y Presidios</a>. Madrid: Antonio de Zafra. Capítulo IIII: Título XIX. (Sailing Directions for the Magellanic Region, narrate the discovery of South Georgia by the Englishman Anthony de la Roché in April 1675.) / <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9_and_Roch%C3%A9_Island_(South_Georgia)_in_1675" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Anthony de la Roché and Roché Island (South Georgia) in 1675">Relevant fragment</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vicente-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vicente_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicente_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vicente_13-2">c</a> Vicente Maroto, Isabel. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/8003/francisco-de-seijas-y-lobera">Francisco de Seijas y Lobera</a>. Real Academia de la Historia. Accessed 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Díaz-Fierros Viqueira, Francisco. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culturagalega.gal/albumdaciencia/detalle.php?id=257">Francisco de Seijas y Lobera: A navigator across the world's seas</a>. Álbum da Ciencia. Culturagalega.org. Consello da Cultura Galega. Accessed 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Lage-Seara, Antonio. (2022.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240103123021/https://www.mundiario.com/articulo/eurorregion/francisco-seyxas-corsario-cientifico-aventurero/20220817212531249214.html">Francisco de Seyxas: corsario, científico y aventurero.</a> Mundiario, August 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laperouse-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laperouse_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laperouse_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laperouse_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laperouse_16-3">d</a> Lapérouse, Jean-François de Galaup de. (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VqdCAQAAMAAJ">A Voyage Round the World, Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788, by the Boussole and Astrolabe: Under the Command of J.-F.G. de la Pérouse.</a> Ed. F.A.M. de la Rúa. Volume 1. London: Lackington, Allen, and Company. pp. 71–81. / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediatheque-polynesie.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/voyagedelaprouse01lapr.pdf">French version</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Gionco, Daniel G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313101145/http://www.aposmalvinas.com.ar/mapclerk.htm">Mapa de los islotes o rocas Clerke (Georgias del Sur)</a>. El Apostadero Naval Malvinas en Internet. Accessed 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-Discoveries-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discoveries_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discoveries_18-1">b</a> Cook, James. (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps870130-24116.html">Chart of the Discoveries made in the South Atlantic Ocean, in His Majestys Ship Resolution, under the Command of Captain Cook, in January 1775</a>. London: William Strahan & Thomas Cadell. / <a href="/wiki/File:Cook-1777.PNG" title="File:Cook-1777.PNG">Relevant fragment</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> GSGSSI. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sggis.gov.gs//">South Georgia GIS.</a> British Antarctic Survey. Accessed 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-APC-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APC_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APC_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APC_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APC_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APC_20-4">e</a> GSGSSI. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624083529/https://apip.data.bas.ac.uk/geoserver/wfs?request=getfeature&typename=apip:apip_sgssi_gazetteer&outputformat=csv">South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Gazetteer</a>. London: UK Antarctic Place-names Committee. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgE2AAAAMAAJ">An den Toren der Antarktis.</a> Stuttgart: Strecker und Schröder. 300 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Pierrou, Enrique Jorge. (1970). Toponimia del Sector Antártico Argentino. Buenos Aires: Armada Nacional. 746 p. </li> <li id="cite_note-Comando-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Comando_23-0">^</a> Comando de Operaciones Navales. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116174930/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/ar_iaadehn_coophmlv_44.pdf">Islas Georgias: Topografía, Fojas No. 3-4; Relación de cartas agregadas: Islas Willis y Pájaro.</a> Historial 44. (Describes in detail Estrecho La Roche and mentions some possible early sightings of South Georgia; inserted chart of Willis and Bird Islands featuring La Roche Strait) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Alfonso, Carlos L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118164906/https://www.centronaval.org.ar/boletin/BCN832/832-ALFONSO.pdf">La Corbeta ARA Guerrico y El Conflicto Austral Grytviken −Georgias Del Sur−, El "Ataque Frustado" y El Control Del Mar.</a> Boletín del Centro Naval Nº 832. Buenos Aires, Enero/Abril 2012. p. 50. (Recent use of the place name Estrecho La Roche.) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Fitte, Ernesto J. (1968). La disputa con Gran Bretaña por las islas del Atlántico Sur. Buenos Aires: Emecé. p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Destéfani, Laurio H. (1982). The Malvinas, the South Georgias and the South Sandwich Islands: the conflict with Britain. Buenos Aires: Edipress S.A. p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Peterson, Mark. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240126140653/https://commonplace.online/article/naming-the-pacific/">Naming the Pacific: how Magellan’s relief came to stick, and what it stuck to.</a> Commonplace: The Journal of Early American Life. Ed. Joshua Greenberg. Accessed 2024. (Explains the origins of the early place name North Sea in the Americas.) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Teixeira, Pedro & Diego Ramírez de Arellano. (1621). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128114338/https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/53864/reconocimiento-de-los-estrechos-de-magallanes-y-san-vicente-teixeira-ramirez-de-arellano">Reconocimiento de los Estrechos de Magallanes y San Vicente.</a> Madrid. (A Spanish map marking as Mar del Norte i.e. North Sea the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan; Estrecho de San Vicente being a Spanish name for Le Maire Strait given by the Bartolomé and Gonzalo <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Nodal_expedition" title="García de Nodal expedition">García de Nodal expedition</a> in 1619.) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hondius, Hendrik. (1633). <a href="/wiki/File:Freti_Magellanici_ac_novi_freti_vulgo_le_Maire.jpg" title="File:Freti Magellanici ac novi freti vulgo le Maire.jpg">Freti Magellanici ac novi freti vulgo le Maire</a>. Amsterdam. (A Dutch map marking as Mar del Norte the waters off the east entrance to the Strait of Magellan.) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Cawley, Charles. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240406124219/https://books.google.bg/books?id=TXnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA266&lpg=PA266&dq=%22colonies+in+conflict%22+%22anthony+de+la+Roch%C3%A9%22&source=bl&ots=cQ9qnR_PDp&sig=ACfU3U3j_OrobON2MY0hPhnSLu4mnTghWA&hl=bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj20sTtza2FAxXwVfEDHSHrCSwQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%22colonies%20in%20conflict%22%20%22anthony%20de%20la%20Roch%C3%A9%22&f=false">‘’Colonies in Conflict: The History of the British Overseas Territories’’</a>. 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(1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/disertacion-sobre-la-historia-de-la-nautica-y-de-las-ciencias-matematicas-que-han-contribuido-a-sus-progresos-entre-los-espanoles--0/html/fefa7d50-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_37.html">Disertación sobre la historia de la náutica y de las ciencias matemáticas que han contribuido á sus progresos entre los españoles</a>. Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero. 421 pp.</li> <li>USBGN. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fedgov/70039165/report.pdf">Geographic Names of Antarctica.</a> Washington, D.C.: Office of Geography, Department of the Interior. pp. 9, 11, 287.</li> <li>David, Andrew. (2012–21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/roche_antonio">Roché, Antonio de la.</a> In: The Dictionary of Falklands Biography (including South Georgia). Ed. David Tatham.</li> <li>Caviglia, Sergio Esteban. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Caviglia2015MalvinasSMJVolIIBallenerosLoberosMisionerosSXVIIIXIX/Caviglia%202015%20Malvinas%20SMJ%20vol%20II%20-%20Balleneros%20loberos%20misioneros%20s%20XVIII%20XIX_djvu.txt">Malvinas: Soberanía, Memoria y Justicia. Vol. II: Balleneros – Loberos – Misioneros. S. XVIII-XIX</a>. Rawson: Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia de Chubut. 300 pp.</li> <li>Gutiérrez, Eduardo Fernández. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240408170706/https://docplayer.es/83927300-San-telmo-en-el-nuevo-y-viejo-mundo.html">San Telmo en la Antártida</a>. Conferencia San Telmo en el Nuevo y Viejo Mundo. Frómista, 23 Febrero 2019. 6 pp.</li> <li>A.G.M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119151249/https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/Galerias/Descarga_pdf/Unidades/Antartica/antartica/blog/111222Roche.pdf">Anthony de la Roché.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119141644/https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/unidades/Antartica/basegabrieldecastilla/Exploradores-antarticos/index.html">Base Antártica Española Gabriel de Castilla: Exploradores Antárticos.</a></li> <li>France Diplomacy. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129094325/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/antarctica/antarctica/">Antarctica.</a> Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.</li> <li>Campbell, David G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnKSphgLuLUC&dq=%22Anthony+de+la+Roch%C3%A9%22&pg=PA154">The Crystal Desert: Summers in Antarctica</a>. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 154.</li> <li>Hince, Bernadette. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJd8_owUxFEC&pg=PA335">The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English</a>. Collingwood: Csiro Publishing, 2000. p. 335.</li> <li>Nardo, Don. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVpmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Polar Explorations</a>. Lucent Books. p. 46.</li> <li>Young, Jonah. (1015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7wJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Southern Ocean: Oceanographer's Perspective</a>. Ice Press. p. 3.</li> <li>Dubov, Kalman. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBIIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT23">Journeys to the Antarctic Peninsula: Review & Analysis</a>. San Antonio, TX. Accessed 2024.</li> <li>Wilson, Eric. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5e3IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">The Spiritual History of Ice: Romanticism, science, and the imagination</a>. New York, NY & Houndmills, England: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 157.</li> <li>Manjunath R. (ed.). (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=17I2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">Timelines of Nearly Everything</a>. Bangalore. p. 112. Accessed 2024.</li> <li>Heiney, Paul. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWyfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157">Cape Horn and Antarctic Waters: including Chile, the Beagle Channel, the Falkland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula</a>. St. Ives, England: Imray, Laurie, Norie & Wilson. p. 157.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240404174248/https://anydayguide.com/calendar/5072">Possession Day in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands: January 17</a>. AnydayGuide. Accessed 2024.</li> <li>Gubert, Romain. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240413165513/https://www.lepoint.fr/eureka/a-qui-appartient-l-antarctique-06-01-2024-2549140_4706.php">À qui appartient l’Antarctique?</a> Le Point, 6 janvier 2024.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216211711/https://www.elitedangerous.com/en-GB/explore">Elite Dangerous</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240218124328/https://www.edsm.net/en/system/stations/id/5260/name/G+123-16/details/idS/4950/nameS/Anthony+de+la+Roche+Gateway">Anthony de la Roche Gateway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216201346/https://farer.com/products/roche">Farer Watches Roché: Story.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313190512/https://playgroundexpedition.com/product-page/anthony-de-la-roche/">Playground Expedition: Children playground constructions: Anthony de la Roche</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copernix.io/#?where=-55.171450805664065,-50.72955870751756,4&?query=&?map_type=hybrid">Cape Horn to Tristan da Cunha island group.</a> Copernix interactive satellite image</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. 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