CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c70dcdf9618193',cH: 'HnUjQ4E0ZHib_8txfauHQ7e8hrijxslRGoiuRGkdLfM-1741318642-1.2.1.1-kG8Kz4qNnU9jegc4XGITuyqYpJWnF_vQyeaPpWWdaYThTaA98D1JSXnrQTqxvzp3',cUPMDTk: "\/search?q=nonlinear%20saturation.&__cf_chl_tk=7ap_GwYkdEJ23EJ5bFz0B6fbQnAzMB9pQbeXW1prKqQ-1741318642-1.0.1.1-RSfQ0K8tXzmQcZjZvPHJfgfYoMIdWf4me0Y7qFw2ZYg",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741318642',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search?q=nonlinear%20saturation.&__cf_chl_f_tk=7ap_GwYkdEJ23EJ5bFz0B6fbQnAzMB9pQbeXW1prKqQ-1741318642-1.0.1.1-RSfQ0K8tXzmQcZjZvPHJfgfYoMIdWf4me0Y7qFw2ZYg",md: "Gd5Wf5t8C90Yeq9uLEqqYjt8.WpwPrZ_vHPkT.X.9aU-1741318642-1.2.1.1-scdW98ydIddECjCRYF43Qek07WX1geHVE3L6glKkKCCzDRjqBAP5hgV83Q4P1h7gcTvFYvC9zHs22mm56HCSJqgGB8OLDcxgGm8xT_mxCLPL8LTfNEaLLOpXfa_FuZc.3xlttqMnyOVULIixdH1xGVVb1TFc_Ir2AdUUtw3yLMTNObljBfvDlss5ehtKVV3tHac4LFQMWd4uB2NktugCE2NlT4BTovkGKth3fKMzzq7yKU3d_SuPdWbJVKOBBsKu_1vTG_IsSY16H.sLHpid1MU0awKs29EGAusebJjBlbe8T72Gc9uqk84QGb8WpG9a8yf6QL2BWfJ8DSY8QYcN0uBD943foHJu78FAtOllU5Dc6v6BX26UmfTRnF8RXNkhy8oTTd9NS.8cvVtuUdjaqIVCvvcPDYN9UYQ0JqeybMvCgk6SXzO3qnLshCBDMAqW1XPBTfmYZbsQGVATlsGyR4dI2m_xaidPzw.ZHRgrEtBlylvdaTUkfFwmv81B00fGGcaQ7wbZEajs0T3T7k4tSEfiW7d_X_puLsCXnoPMvUkomYVzQOiJnq9gZxDUGotPnvohZJDMb789sgdkEe2MMC_qilY_9solmb6funXS0m5LOgopRC2S0vK7CGh4u9MCvw_WLAupDoaRjCIPv8xXg71ShSV7e9Cc2J_V56BnxZBw_kw_N22G0t1opyYwdbBnXPzKZtmOLtweUpjLHzSymDo.sPolA48Rw_DPR4j_7Dd0aFzlciovRgkTxKIpNAOMzJNHqPr8wBDQK4N0uZGFirZE5NAhTdkeA1P69TIJXhkzSVXzfim6z1g_QZnoaaF.ziuLtarR6oPx4ydKDAiBbWX9LGlchEI6x0WyPBKr4j4KqthgPpj.S9yI16z7ICIE53xcMaenQAJ1.guvxqOE5EMHsL1AHsmvMUnWt4ou8MmPzbFZ_c1NRjnLw1y2nnGBuHXv1YmxTPsa3fjIgxxYKVnRk_Nt5fo3sPzJ.466yA9BJ.oaM6fOhys3l2vvugolquYXrEfq60xsvzQ9.G6a7aS1wt3R7Qpkx4WSIsqdVHv1Q7KDSBqeL4drlb3YS3uSGZhp1DkYAn0aUe.ILCTLB1x2D98eoNZQV4fkuMjftScpY1vU6aNCW3DSFV_uAYB6GSzD78n1O.YpcCytEAWvq01PaFAYKYSwWX7Wm9I9HQ_GXZuaMcCl_X82N4KWU51OslBvFCPWuMlQPhtyMFO4F97DIdwIppxU5L0baXPvbMkE14zksXhudjQ4Rvx9db7AyZQX8eEJU6zBJhoFx9baMA",mdrd: "hPlXbbmtLORLdJhpVWhqXokqYXWdEozW5OkTzzeYMPg-1741318642-1.2.1.1-971eoUW3gedhhTtgqXTwTEY7K3Wq2K5Yju98m0kVYz6uwh3hLxSmMFTqX6mbRKmmAyqzlXB0ldfcTXbU7sEvYDoAc41UaWzL0Yw3sAeDWKOqEq.nsEFfl4PtJ1HwHSul1vT02YP8.7V7cyB7WgOtyxxap0A3N8zAFW1BFU4ZyxIwtMESUBNqzD7qMakSnXTtbhf4PNULEoSGRqhzF.mUqgZZQg7Ki9MgzFRvhVUgRblNBQdlCBR2DPdee8KxoY3rSmGkZ5u1P9AYmR6RkLABGOaZeyuGcv4mEv1Pnlevtuq6hZ8i59UNCr5AyPeVoq3XUtoDkx.LaMKZRVhSY77o0KqlrgwhuVEO7_n6t02bhe7o1ccnZml2FN4a2Xyn3GqSD.rUe15ePtGw5veN7e5vFp2U15dojAg.AFDjfaR5.IOzT5uhYR52plG.tACig4hh_WASonEnOieVEwFUCdVNEAumojJR8Cb1j.PXFnNXOE_j4L_BCCpZHFQ3Gw4X4yaaJbrRwhI3OXA0MED7kBb2xkpgz.jegrZnVOaiJ5igipZQ4W8BCT4ZxS9qV9_c6A6bEsRgdOG4OlhetstGUmiKMYzGySR5CFOt3C7xwmBSJL7QjT_Vxh5vhSv_a9KXObQbDv9UKXEB6ZSbLCDjZ1JMrfudO4B3wU8eNy5HsGJwN4eu.zUIpJ4ZGjAqObufoLch0timHGuozaZwAn2.nm6Pd4eRWW1GDbpnAKRUvD8rLAzxX6OFWilyyMDLrRcVQVd3hxMFqBiXeoVtS9ZUd1TVpZkXuQe5KvwLD3GpUzrIYYAdlJFj7JcfF6htw9OGvf2QBNAlM.ckXGe.8XcQD4rJN9h8ak1vpO7pG7jbLFVqUe2yFuyi9O2xq6Onc6lF_Y4KbKS.6Td3gFMAMG5YzDuv2gvQ4DgxWEPQdGqJ0do9qxwOrOmEcxYhUTWb4zwigACUAQlfB_YEdseeHkF7gTFdPo_Y_XCIvfQkvZwjTXU6_IEdVbhi_nvAmQ3WKFMRRxq3qxRySKt1FQEFvz0jQhvQ0G7Rw_6GTHKtPW9lZPt.eP1BV36HqoUROUyOHagZDZwQSZiJy4sOcGUL.SfHgekObZWVT1tT.9HChrBuPHx3DOYHy3886o2uvODrmRoREFqYDKQBNh3v1E4dd4vfhpZZXjtySkhv.1giA4CQ6jSpy0vumB.KQSyVB4JAtGfYptguQlsoZXH.enOrYTkNTg5msR7KBf116B83exOBNP0lU4n18NY3igseJNS4EbvDsSNR0Ki1FzPJCG.UGqotNzu4xFtskI7bntilpxa44ak_nVbZg25mYhhgwytXQ5pujle5tpsOAXxxDjQuXrCsrFaDkW1s2RIBd2Saakzj0NIcX_XNx3P56_wPkNgIJ21izUmHXIO.gga2A_XESOEPLSUhToCIcGK9UuNimyzU6N87qNhFrBD3dz_43wrhZHt5R95qheFD2q2rk636OGOtuCESVWMs0ZZSNRXHcyW5E_PIXoFd5r2U605TQ3qvgPcZspD7S77jVogo9jn3AIe7p62mIK9fbqF99hQpGSBol7qZeNcFj_uV4F.MM10rZMTC0hhL2FB9Uhe3N5aJQmFttqldg1Zx2keKzsORXweXAcsmqIup8EgET.tAxl.TZ6lANlL7rwiWs7PjyLVe4U5tRUWQ474bTEok936wYM0jNZc.XPBrOJNyRFEUmGLB2ELcp0F2uD8E2miq68K2D2qw80INl9QC8aoDCat..bTwkiTCji1kOwnkLzbmW9ym.LuZ.jblRVzjX9I66.Blq7nLdS3FOHQ2KdXoefpOzoynO0qx2qdmvTuqWxbT75w5EG45qww9fGPH5Bl5.Eot9FTstNq.fWgGk4FnM8JyUkm8pVya.UUG6wcwDgdzUaiWqSlqyK7nd_min9R_WVVv4910B0BmExa06fhGUcsJRwzExmN9ucd9UoNoUSc.h_RJ5WoOqNqS"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c70dcdf9618193';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search?q=nonlinear%20saturation.&__cf_chl_rt_tk=7ap_GwYkdEJ23EJ5bFz0B6fbQnAzMB9pQbeXW1prKqQ-1741318642-1.0.1.1-RSfQ0K8tXzmQcZjZvPHJfgfYoMIdWf4me0Y7qFw2ZYg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>