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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cross-disciplinary study of animals</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the academic discipline. For experimental studies using animals, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_studies_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Animal studies (disambiguation)">Animal studies (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastoral_Study.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pastoral_Study.jpg/220px-Pastoral_Study.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pastoral_Study.jpg/330px-Pastoral_Study.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Pastoral_Study.jpg/440px-Pastoral_Study.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>Painting titled "Pastoral Study" from the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Painting is by artist Albert Pinkham Ryder from 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Animal studies</b> is a recently recognised field in which animals are studied in a variety of cross-disciplinary ways. Scholars who engage in animal studies may be formally trained in a number of diverse fields, including <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museology" title="Museology">museology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, communication, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. They engage with questions about notions of "animality," "animalization," or "becoming animal," to understand human-made representations of and cultural ideas about "the animal" and what it is to be human by employing various theoretical perspectives. Using these perspectives, those who engage in animal studies seek to understand both human-animal relations now and in the past as defined by our knowledge of them. Because the field is still developing, scholars and others have some freedom to define their own criteria about what issues may structure the field.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animal studies became popular in the 1970s as an interdisciplinary subject, animal studies exists at the intersection of a number of different fields of study such as journals and books series, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevathan-Minnis_13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different fields began to turn to animals as an important topic at different times and for various reasons, and these separate disciplinary histories shape how scholars approach animal studies. Historically, the field of environmental history has encouraged attention to animals.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout Western history, humankind has put itself above the "nonhuman species."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part, animal studies developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Animal_liberation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal liberation movement">animal liberation movement</a> and was grounded in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> questions about co-existence with other species: whether it is moral to eat animals, to do scientific research on animals for human benefit, and so on. Take rats, for example, with a history of being used as “an experimental subject, feeder, and “pest.”<sup id="cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevathan-Minnis_13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, fewer than 10% of research studies on animals result in new medical findings for human patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_Animals_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Animals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led researchers to find new Non-animal Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that provide more accurate human reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_Animals_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Animals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal studies scholars who explore the field from an ethical perspective frequently cite <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a>'s 1975 work, <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a founding document in animal studies. Singer's work followed <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham#Animal_rights" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>'s by trying to expand <a href="/wiki/Utilitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilitarian">utilitarian</a> questions about pleasure and pain beyond humans to other <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentient</a> creatures. Overall, progress happens slowly, but the marginal voices help introduce new concepts and ethics that can eventually transform society's relationship with other species.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some still believe that the primary purpose of animal interaction is solely for food.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevathan-Minnis_13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, animal domestication created a new intimate bond between human and non-human, and changed the way that humans live their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theorists interested in the role of animals in literature, culture, and <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a> also consider the late work of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> a driving force behind the rise of interest in animal studies in the humanities.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derrida's final lecture series, <i>The Animal That Therefore I Am</i>, examined how interactions with animal life affect human attempts to define humanity and the self through language. Taking up Derrida's deconstruction and extending it to other cultural territory, <a href="/wiki/Cary_Wolfe" title="Cary Wolfe">Cary Wolfe</a> published <i>Animal Rites</i> in 2003 and critiqued earlier animal rights philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a> and Thomas Regan. Wolfe's study points out an insidious humanism at play in their philosophies and others. Recently also the Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> published a book on the question of the animal: <i>The Open. Man and Animal</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animals also played an essential role in the art community. One of the earliest forms of art was on the walls of caves from the early man, where they usually drew what they hunted. The country of Namibia has a large collection of ancient rock art from the Stone Age. The skillfully engraved depiction of animal tracks provides important information about the animals of that time.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in the Middle Ages, animals would appear for more religious reasons. Later in the 15th century, artists began coinciding with animals as a serious subject when discoveries in foreign lands were brought back to England. During the Renaissance era, the influential artist Leonardo da Vinci took interest in animal studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonardo_Drawings_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonardo_Drawings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leonardo da Vinci studied animal anatomy to create anatomically accurate drawings of various species.<sup id="cite_ref-Leonardo_Drawings_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonardo_Drawings-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, animal representation took the form of woodworking, lithography, and photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1800s, photographers became interested in capturing animal locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_topics_and_methodologies">Research topics and methodologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research topics and methodologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers in animal studies examine the questions and issues that arise when traditional modes of <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> inquiry begin to take animals seriously as subjects of thought and activity. Students of animal studies may examine how humanity is defined in relation to animals, or how representations of animals create understandings (and misunderstandings) of other species. In fact, animals often elicit fear in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Phobia_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Phobia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A well-known animal phobia is ophidiophobia, the fear of snakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Phobia_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Phobia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with animal phobias tend to negatively generalize animals, even species that are harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-Animal_Phobia_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Animal_Phobia-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most movies, predatory animals such as sharks and wolves are usually the antagonists, but this only causes significant damage to their reputation and makes people fear what they think their true nature is.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to do so, animal studies pays close attention to the ways that humans <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphize</a> animals, and asks how humans might avoid bias in observing other creatures. Anthropomorphized animals are frequently found in children's books and films. Researchers are analyzing the positive and negative effects of anthropomorphized animals on a child's view of the non-human species.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthropomorphized_Animals_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropomorphized_Animals-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a>'s book, <i>Primate Visions</i>, examines how <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">dioramas</a> created for the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> showed family groupings that conformed to the traditional human <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>, which misrepresented the animals' observed behavior in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical approaches in animal studies have also considered representations of non-human animals in popular culture, including species diversity in animated films.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By highlighting these issues, animal studies strives to re-examine traditional <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> categories in the context of a renewed attention to and respect for animal life. The assumption that focusing on animals might clarify human knowledge is neatly expressed in <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>'s famous dictum that animals are "good to think."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interspecies_family" title="Interspecies family">Interspecies family</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a> (human–animal studies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animality_studies" title="Animality studies">Animality studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_animal_studies" title="Critical animal studies">Critical animal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocriticism" title="Ecocriticism">Ecocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKruse2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kruse, Corwin (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/soan/10/4/article-p375_7.xml">"Social Animals: Animal Studies and Sociology"</a>. <i>Society & Animals</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 375–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853002320936836">10.1163/156853002320936836</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5306">1568-5306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+%26+Animals&rft.atitle=Social+Animals%3A+Animal+Studies+and+Sociology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-379&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853002320936836&rft.issn=1568-5306&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Corwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fsoan%2F10%2F4%2Farticle-p375_7.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevathan-Minnis_13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trevathan-Minnis_13_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevathan-Minnis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Trevathan-Minnis, Melissa (30 August 2021). "Human-animal stuides in psychology: The history and challenges of developing clinically based ethical programs involving animals". <i>The Humanistic Psychologist</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 589–601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fhum0000260">10.1037/hum0000260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239684980">239684980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Humanistic+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Human-animal+stuides+in+psychology%3A+The+history+and+challenges+of+developing+clinically+based+ethical+programs+involving+animals&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=589-601&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fhum0000260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239684980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Trevathan-Minnis&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitvo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ritvo, Harriet (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/soan/10/4/article-p403_11.xml">"History and Animal Studies"</a>. <i>Society & Animals</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 403–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853002320936872">10.1163/156853002320936872</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-1119">1063-1119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society+%26+Animals&rft.atitle=History+and+Animal+Studies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-406&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853002320936872&rft.issn=1063-1119&rft.aulast=Ritvo&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fsoan%2F10%2F4%2Farticle-p403_11.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Elizabeth (2022). <i>An exploration of Impossible encounters</i>. 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New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231161220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231161220"><bdi>978-0231161220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animalia+Americana%3A+Animal+Representations+and+Biopolitical+Subjectivity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231161220&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Colleen+Glenney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>De Ornellas, Kevin (2014). The Horse in Early Modern English Culture, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61147-658-3">978-1-61147-658-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrida2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a> (2008). <i>The animal that therefore I am</i>. New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823227914" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823227914"><bdi>978-0823227914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+animal+that+therefore+I+am&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0823227914&rft.aulast=Derrida&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaraway2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway, Donna J.</a> (2008). <i>When species meet</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816650460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816650460"><bdi>978-0816650460</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+species+meet&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0816650460&rft.aulast=Haraway&rft.aufirst=Donna+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kalof, Linda (2017). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Animal Studies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199927142" title="Special:BookSources/9780199927142">9780199927142</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPick2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anat_Pick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anat Pick (page does not exist)">Pick, Anat</a> (2011). <i>Creaturely Poetics: Animality and Vulnerability in Literature and Film</i>. New York City: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231147873" title="Special:BookSources/9780231147873"><bdi>9780231147873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creaturely+Poetics%3A+Animality+and+Vulnerability+in+Literature+and+Film&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780231147873&rft.aulast=Pick&rft.aufirst=Anat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitvo2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Ritvo" title="Harriet Ritvo">Ritvo, Harriet</a> (2010). <i>Noble cows and hybrid zebras: essays on animals and history</i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813930602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813930602"><bdi>978-0813930602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+cows+and+hybrid+zebras%3A+essays+on+animals+and+history&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0813930602&rft.aulast=Ritvo&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury" title="Joyce E. Salisbury">Salisbury, Joyce E.</a> (2010). <i>The Beast Within</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415780957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415780957"><bdi>978-0415780957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beast+Within.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415780957&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Joyce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuan1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yi-Fu_Tuan" title="Yi-Fu Tuan">Tuan, Yi-Fu</a> (1984). <i>Dominance and affection: the making of pets</i>. New Haven: Yale Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300102089" title="Special:BookSources/0300102089"><bdi>0300102089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominance+and+affection%3A+the+making+of+pets&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+Univ+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0300102089&rft.aulast=Tuan&rft.aufirst=Yi-Fu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldau2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Waldau, Paul</a> (2013). <i>Animal Studies: An Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199827015" title="Special:BookSources/9780199827015"><bdi>9780199827015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Studies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199827015&rft.aulast=Waldau&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cary_Wolfe" title="Cary Wolfe">Wolfe, Cary</a> (2003). <i>Zoontologies: the question of the animal</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816641064" title="Special:BookSources/0816641064"><bdi>0816641064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoontologies%3A+the+question+of+the+animal&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0816641064&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Cary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/">Animal Studies Journal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427010546/http://www.animalrightshistory.org/">Animal Rights History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019213044/http://modernmask.org/film/Animal_Studies.html">Animal Studies and Film: An interview with Matthew Brower, professor of graduate Art History at York University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalstudies.msu.edu/bibliography.php/">Animal Studies Online Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305052219/http://www.deakin.edu.au/buslaw/law-research/subject/animal.php">Animals and the Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aasg.org.au">Australian Animal Studies Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130427184922/http://www.novalogos.it/prod.php?id=40">Italian Animal Studies Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animalstudies.msu.edu">Animal Studies at Michigan State University</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&oldid=1249755736">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_studies&oldid=1249755736</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_testing" title="Category:Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_criticism" title="Category:Art criticism">Art criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_history" title="Category:Art history">Art history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Behavioural_sciences" title="Category:Behavioural sciences">Behavioural sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2016">Use dmy dates from May 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 17:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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