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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technetium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technetium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Technetium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technetium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Curium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eight others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rutherfordium_and_dubnium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rutherfordium_and_dubnium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rutherfordium and dubnium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rutherfordium_and_dubnium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_thirteen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_thirteen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The last thirteen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_thirteen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_synthetic_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_synthetic_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of synthetic elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_synthetic_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_elements_usually_produced_through_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_elements_usually_produced_through_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other elements usually produced through synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_elements_usually_produced_through_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Synthetic element: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="عنصر اصطناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنصر اصطناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_sint%C3%A9ticu" title="Elementu sintéticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementu sintéticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Синтетичен елемент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтетичен елемент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_sint%C3%A8tic" title="Element sintètic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Element sintètic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetisk_grundstof" title="Syntetisk grundstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntetisk grundstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Elemento sintético – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elemento sintético" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementu_kimiko_sintetiko" title="Elementu kimiko sintetiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elementu kimiko sintetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="عنصر مصنوعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عنصر مصنوعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_synth%C3%A9tique" title="Élément synthétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élément synthétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAile_sint%C3%A9iseacha" title="Dúile sintéiseacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúile sintéiseacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Elemento sintético – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elemento sintético" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="인공 원소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인공 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="कृत्रिम तत्वान्तरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृत्रिम तत्वान्तरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umjetni_elementi" title="Umjetni elementi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Umjetni elementi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia_sintetis" title="Unsur kimia sintetis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unsur kimia sintetis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlwa_elumbanisiwe" title="Inhlwa elumbanisiwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlwa elumbanisiwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಸಂಯೋಜಿತ ಧಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಯೋಜಿತ ಧಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жасанды элементтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жасанды элементтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_sintetiki" title="Elementi sintetiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elementi sintetiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_sintetich" title="Element sintetich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Element sintetich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesters%C3%A9ges_elem" title="Mesterséges elem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mesterséges elem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Вештачки елемент – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вештачки елемент" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_sintetik" title="Unsur sintetik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unsur sintetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B_%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="သမ္ဘာရ ဒြပ်စင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သမ္ဘာရ ဒြပ်စင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="人工元素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="人工元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_sint%C3%A9tico" title="Elemento sintético – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elemento sintético" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_sintetic" title="Element sintetic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Element sintetic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Синтезированные химические элементы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтезированные химические элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synthetic element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Синтетички елемент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтетички елемент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntetiskt_grund%C3%A4mne" title="Syntetiskt grundämne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntetiskt grundämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="செயற்கைத் தனிமம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செயற்கைத் தனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="సింథటిక్ మూలకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింథటిక్ మూలకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="ธาตุสังเคราะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธาตุสังเคราะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapay_element" title="Yapay element – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yapay element" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Синтетичний хімічний елемент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтетичний хімічний елемент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BB%91_t%E1%BB%95ng_h%E1%BB%A3p" title="Nguyên tố tổng hợp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên tố tổng hợp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&oldid=1178441501" title="Synthetic element">Revision as of 18:03, 3 October 2023</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&action=edit&oldid=1178441501" title="Synthetic element">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2023-10-03T18:03:12Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:RPI2026F1" class="mw-userlink" title="User:RPI2026F1" data-mw-revid="1178441501"><bdi>RPI2026F1</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:RPI2026F1" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:RPI2026F1">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/RPI2026F1" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/RPI2026F1">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>4,233</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reverted edits by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/204.111.204.170" title="Special:Contributions/204.111.204.170">204.111.204.170</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:204.111.204.170" title="User talk:204.111.204.170">talk</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:HG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:HG">HG</a>) (3.4.10)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-huggle"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Huggle" title="Wikipedia:Huggle">Huggle</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-rollback"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback" title="Wikipedia:Rollback">Rollback</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&diff=prev&oldid=1178441501" title="Synthetic element" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&oldid=1181201142" title="Synthetic element">Revision as of 14:38, 21 October 2023</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&action=edit&oldid=1181201142" title="Synthetic element">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2023-10-21T14:38:17Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&action=edit&undoafter=1178441501&undo=1181201142" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Nucleus_hydro_elemon" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Nucleus hydro elemon" data-mw-revid="1181201142"><bdi>Nucleus hydro elemon</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Nucleus_hydro_elemon" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Nucleus hydro elemon">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Nucleus_hydro_elemon" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Nucleus hydro elemon">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>3,260</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Other_elements_usually_produced_through_synthesis">→<bdi dir="ltr">Other elements usually produced through synthesis</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_web_edit">Mobile web edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-advanced_mobile_edit">Advanced mobile edit</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_element&diff=next&oldid=1181201142" title="Synthetic element" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 97:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[Technetium]] || Tc || 43 || 1937 || 1962</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| [[Technetium]] || Tc || 43 || 1937 || 1962</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[Promethium]] || Pm || 61 || 1945 || 1965</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| [[Promethium]] || Pm || 61 || 1945 || 1965<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cn}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[Polonium]] || Po || 84 || colspan=2| 1898</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| [[Polonium]] || Po || 84 || colspan=2| 1898</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[Neptunium]] || Np || 93 || 1940 || 1952</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| [[Neptunium]] || Np || 93 || 1940 || 1952</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|-</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|-</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| [[Plutonium]] || Pu || 94 || 1940 ||1941–42</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| [[Plutonium]] || Pu || 94 || 1940 ||1941–42<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">{{cn}}</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>|}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>|}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 14:38, 21 October 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical elements that do not occur naturally</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synthetic-Mod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Synthetic-Mod.png/441px-Synthetic-Mod.png" decoding="async" width="441" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Synthetic-Mod.png/662px-Synthetic-Mod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Synthetic-Mod.png/882px-Synthetic-Mod.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC00FF; color:black;"> </span> Synthetic elements</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#22b14c; color:black;"> </span> Rare radioactive natural elements; often produced artificially</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#ff3333;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #ff6600;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #ff3333;"> </span></span> Common radioactive natural elements</div></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>synthetic element</b> is one of 24 known <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> that do not occur naturally on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>: they have been created by human manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental particle">fundamental particles</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>, or the explosion of an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>; thus, they are called "synthetic", "artificial", or "man-made". The synthetic elements are those with atomic numbers 95–118, as shown in purple on the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-kulkarni_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kulkarni-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these 24 elements were first created between 1944 and 2010. The mechanism for the creation of a synthetic element is to force additional protons into the nucleus of an element with an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> lower than 95. All known (see: <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a>) synthetic elements are unstable, but they <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decay</a> at widely varying rates: the <a href="/wiki/Half-lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-lives">half-lives</a> of their longest-lived isotopes range from microseconds to millions of years. </p><p>Five more elements that were first created artificially are strictly speaking not <i>synthetic</i> because they were later found in nature in trace quantities: <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><sub>43</sub>Tc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><sub>61</sub>Pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><sub>85</sub>At</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><sub>93</sub>Np</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><sub>94</sub>Pu</a>, though are sometimes classified as synthetic alongside exclusively artificial elements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, technetium, was created in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutonium (Pu, atomic number 94), first synthesized in 1940, is another such element. It is the element with the largest number of protons (atomic number) to occur in nature, but it does so in such tiny quantities that it is far more practical to synthesize it. Plutonium is known mainly for its use in atomic bombs and nuclear reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No elements with atomic numbers greater than 99 have any uses outside of scientific research, since they have extremely short half-lives, and thus have never been produced in large quantities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div> <p>All elements with atomic number greater than 94 decay quickly enough into lighter elements such that any <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> of these that may have existed when the Earth formed (about 4.6 billion years ago) have long since decayed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic elements now present on Earth are the product of atomic bombs or experiments that involve <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorption">neutron absorption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">Atomic mass</a> for natural elements is based on weighted average abundance of natural <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. For synthetic elements, there is no "natural isotope abundance". Therefore, for synthetic elements the total <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a> count (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>) of the most stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, i.e., the isotope with the longest <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a>—is listed in brackets as the atomic mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technetium">Technetium</h3></div> <p>The first element to be synthesized, rather than discovered in nature, was <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery filled a gap in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, and the fact that technetium has no <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a> explains its natural absence on Earth (and the gap).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the longest-lived isotope of technetium, <sup>97</sup>Tc, having a <a href="/wiki/1e14_s" class="mw-redirect" title="1e14 s">4.21-million-year</a> half-life,<sup id="cite_ref-NUBASE2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no technetium remains from the formation of the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in Earth's crust—as a <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">product</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> of <sup>238</sup>U, or from <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>—but technetium is present naturally in <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> stars.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curium">Curium</h3></div> <p>The first entirely synthetic element to be made was <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>, synthesized in 1944 by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_A._James" title="Ralph A. James">Ralph A. James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight_others">Eight others</h3></div> <p>Synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> followed soon. <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> were discovered by a team of scientists led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> in 1952 while studying the composition of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isotopes synthesized were einsteinium-253, with a half-life of 20.5 days, and <a href="/wiki/Fermium-255" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium-255">fermium-255</a>, with a half-life of about 20 hours. The creation of <a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rutherfordium_and_dubnium">Rutherfordium and dubnium</h3></div> <p>During the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, teams from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the United States independently created <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a>. The naming and credit for synthesis of these elements remained <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfermium wars">unresolved for many years</a>, but eventually, shared credit was recognized by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/IUPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAP">IUPAP</a> in 1992. In 1997, IUPAC decided to give dubnium its current name honoring the city of <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> where the Russian team worked since American-chosen names had already been used for many existing synthetic elements, while the name <i>rutherfordium</i> (chosen by the American team) was accepted for element 104. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_thirteen">The last thirteen</h3></div> <p>Meanwhile, the American team had created <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a>, and the next six elements had been created by a German team: <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a>. Element 113, <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a>, was created by a Japanese team; the last five known elements, <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a>, were created by Russian–American collaborations and complete the seventh row of the periodic table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_synthetic_elements">List of synthetic elements</h2></div> <p>The following elements do not occur naturally on Earth. All are <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a> and have atomic numbers of 95 and higher. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element name</th> <th>Chemical<br />Symbol</th> <th>Atomic<br />Number</th> <th>First definite<br />synthesis </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a></td> <td>Am</td> <td>95</td> <td>1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a></td> <td>Cm</td> <td>96</td> <td>1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td> <td>Bk</td> <td>97</td> <td>1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a></td> <td>Cf</td> <td>98</td> <td>1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></td> <td>Es</td> <td>99</td> <td>1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a></td> <td>Fm</td> <td>100</td> <td>1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a></td> <td>Md</td> <td>101</td> <td>1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a></td> <td>No</td> <td>102</td> <td>1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a></td> <td>Lr</td> <td>103</td> <td>1961 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a></td> <td>Rf</td> <td>104</td> <td>1966 (USSR), 1969 (US) * </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a></td> <td>Db</td> <td>105</td> <td>1968 (USSR), 1970 (US) * </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a></td> <td>Sg</td> <td>106</td> <td>1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a></td> <td>Bh</td> <td>107</td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a></td> <td>Hs</td> <td>108</td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a></td> <td>Mt</td> <td>109</td> <td>1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a></td> <td>Ds</td> <td>110</td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a></td> <td>Rg</td> <td>111</td> <td>1994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a></td> <td>Cn</td> <td>112</td> <td>1996 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a></td> <td>Nh</td> <td>113</td> <td>2003–04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a></td> <td>Fl</td> <td>114</td> <td>1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a></td> <td>Mc</td> <td>115</td> <td>2003 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a></td> <td>Lv</td> <td>116</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a></td> <td>Ts</td> <td>117</td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a></td> <td>Og</td> <td>118</td> <td>2002 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">* <i>Shared credit for discovery.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_elements_usually_produced_through_synthesis">Other elements usually produced through synthesis</h2></div> <p>All elements with <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> 1 through 94 occur naturally at least in trace quantities, but the following elements are often produced through synthesis: technetium, promethium, astatine, neptunium, and plutonium, which were discovered through synthesis before being found in nature. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element name</th> <th>Chemical<br />Symbol</th> <th>Atomic<br />Number</th> <th>First definite<br />discovery</th> <th>Discovery in nature </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a></td> <td>Tc</td> <td>43</td> <td>1937</td> <td>1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a></td> <td>Pm</td> <td>61</td> <td>1945</td> <td>1965<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></td> <td>Po</td> <td>84</td> <td colspan="2">1898 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a></td> <td>At</td> <td>85</td> <td>1940</td> <td>1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a></td> <td>Fr</td> <td>87</td> <td colspan="2">1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a></td> <td>Ac</td> <td>89</td> <td colspan="2">1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a></td> <td>Pa</td> <td>91</td> <td colspan="2">1913 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td> <td>Np</td> <td>93</td> <td>1940</td> <td>1952 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td> <td>Pu</td> <td>94</td> <td>1940</td> <td>1941–42<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"Analysis of Naturally Produced Technetium and Plutonium in Geologic Materials". <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>69</b> (9): 1692–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fac961159q">10.1021/ac961159q</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21639292">21639292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Naturally+Produced+Technetium+and+Plutonium+in+Geologic+Materials&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1692-9&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fac961159q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21639292&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Curtis%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Musgrave%2C+John&rft.au=Roensch%2C+Fred&rft.au=Roach%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Rokop%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisFabryka-MartinDixonCramer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Curtis, D.; Fabryka-Martin, June; Dixon, Paul; Cramer, Jan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc704244/">"Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium"</a>. <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeCoA..63..275C">1999GeCoA..63..275C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2898%2900282-8">10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Nature%27s+uncommon+elements%3A+plutonium+and+technetium&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=275&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2898%2900282-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeCoA..63..275C&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Fabryka-Martin%2C+June&rft.au=Dixon%2C+Paul&rft.au=Cramer%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc704244%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krebs, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&pg=PA322">The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33438-2">0-313-33438-2</a> p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Nina (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newchemistry00hall"><i>The New Chemistry: A Showcase for Modern Chemistry and Its Applications</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newchemistry00hall/page/8">8</a>–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45224-3"><bdi>978-0-521-45224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Chemistry%3A+A+Showcase+for+Modern+Chemistry+and+Its+Applications&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45224-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewchemistry00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiorso2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ghiorso, Albert (2003). "Einsteinium and Fermium". <i>Chemical & Engineering News Archive</i>. <b>81</b> (36): 174–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v081n036.p174">10.1021/cen-v081n036.p174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News+Archive&rft.atitle=Einsteinium+and+Fermium&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=174-175&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v081n036.p174&rft.aulast=Ghiorso&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/181416/einsteinium-Es">"einsteinium (Es) - chemical element"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=einsteinium+%28Es%29+-+chemical+element&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F181416%2Feinsteinium-Es&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374759/mendelevium-Md">"mendelevium (Md) - chemical element"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=mendelevium+%28Md%29+-+chemical+element&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F374759%2Fmendelevium-Md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/synthetic+elements">"synthetic elements"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com&rft.atitle=synthetic+elements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2Fsynthetic%2Belements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele100.html">"It's Elemental - The Element Fermium"</a>. <i>Education.jlab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Education.jlab.org&rft.atitle=It%27s+Elemental+-+The+Element+Fermium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.jlab.org%2Fitselemental%2Fele100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynthetic+element" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarni2009" class="citation web cs1">Kulkarni, Mayuri (15 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencestruck.com/synthetic-elements">"A Complete List of Man-made Synthetic Elements"</a>. <i>ScienceStuck</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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