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text</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: polycode text"> <meta name="keywords" content="polycode text"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="polycode text"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1317</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: polycode text</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1317</span> Polycode Texts in Communication of Antisocial Groups: Functional and Pragmatic Aspects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Potapov">Ivan Potapov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The aim of this paper is to investigate poly code texts in the communication of youth antisocial groups. Nowadays, the notion of a text has numerous interpretations. Besides all the approaches to defining a text, we must take into account semiotic and cultural-semiotic ones. Rapidly developing IT, world globalization, and new ways of coding of information increase the role of the cultural-semiotic approach. However, the development of computer technologies leads also to changes in the text itself. Polycode texts play a more and more important role in the everyday communication of the younger generation. Therefore, the research of functional and pragmatic aspects of both verbal and non-verbal content is actually quite important. Methods and Material: For this survey, we applied the combination of four methods of text investigation: not only intention and content analysis but also semantic and syntactic analysis. Using these methods provided us with information on general text properties, the content of transmitted messages, and each communicants’ intentions. Besides, during our research, we figured out the social background; therefore, we could distinguish intertextual connections between certain types of polycode texts. As the sources of the research material, we used 20 public channels in the popular messenger Telegram and data extracted from smartphones, which belonged to arrested members of antisocial groups. Findings: This investigation let us assert that polycode texts can be characterized as highly intertextual language unit. Moreover, we could outline the classification of these texts based on communicants’ intentions. The most common types of antisocial polycode texts are a call to illegal actions and agitation. What is more, each type has its own semantic core: it depends on the sphere of communication. However, syntactic structure is universal for most of the polycode texts. Conclusion: Polycode texts play important role in online communication. The results of this investigation demonstrate that in some social groups using these texts has a destructive influence on the younger generation and obviously needs further researches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text" title="text">text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text" title=" polycode text"> polycode text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internet%20linguistics" title=" internet linguistics"> internet linguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20analysis" title=" text analysis"> text analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=context" title=" context"> context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiotics" title=" semiotics"> semiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sociolinguistics" title=" sociolinguistics"> sociolinguistics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133248/polycode-texts-in-communication-of-antisocial-groups-functional-and-pragmatic-aspects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133248.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1316</span> Extraction of Text Subtitles in Multimedia Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amarjit%20Singh">Amarjit Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a method for extraction of text subtitles in large video is proposed. The video data needs to be annotated for many multimedia applications. Text is incorporated in digital video for the motive of providing useful information about that video. So need arises to detect text present in video to understanding and video indexing. This is achieved in two steps. First step is text localization and the second step is text verification. The method of text detection can be extended to text recognition which finds applications in automatic video indexing; video annotation and content based video retrieval. The method has been tested on various types of videos. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video" title="video">video</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtitles" title=" subtitles"> subtitles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annotation" title=" annotation"> annotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frames" title=" frames"> frames</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24441/extraction-of-text-subtitles-in-multimedia-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">601</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1315</span> A Summary-Based Text Classification Model for Graph Attention Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuo%20Liu">Shuo Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Chinese text classification tasks, redundant words and phrases can interfere with the formation of extracted and analyzed text information, leading to a decrease in the accuracy of the classification model. To reduce irrelevant elements, extract and utilize text content information more efficiently and improve the accuracy of text classification models. In this paper, the text in the corpus is first extracted using the TextRank algorithm for abstraction, the words in the abstract are used as nodes to construct a text graph, and then the graph attention network (GAT) is used to complete the task of classifying the text. Testing on a Chinese dataset from the network, the classification accuracy was improved over the direct method of generating graph structures using text. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinese%20natural%20language%20processing" title="Chinese natural language processing">Chinese natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20classification" title=" text classification"> text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abstract%20extraction" title=" abstract extraction"> abstract extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20attention%20network" title=" graph attention network"> graph attention network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158060/a-summary-based-text-classification-model-for-graph-attention-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1314</span> Urdu Text Extraction Method from Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samabia%20Tehsin">Samabia Tehsin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumaira%20Kausar"> Sumaira Kausar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the vast increase in the multimedia data in recent years, efficient and robust retrieval techniques are needed to retrieve and index images/ videos. Text embedded in the images can serve as the strong retrieval tool for images. This is the reason that text extraction is an area of research with increasing attention. English text extraction is the focus of many researchers but very less work has been done on other languages like Urdu. This paper is focusing on Urdu text extraction from video frames. This paper presents a text detection feature set, which has the ability to deal up with most of the problems connected with the text extraction process. To test the validity of the method, it is tested on Urdu news dataset, which gives promising results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caption%20text" title="caption text">caption text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content-based%20image%20retrieval" title=" content-based image retrieval"> content-based image retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=document%20analysis" title=" document analysis"> document analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20extraction" title=" text extraction"> text extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9566/urdu-text-extraction-method-from-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">516</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1313</span> Small Text Extraction from Documents and Chart Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rominkumar%20Busa">Rominkumar Busa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahira%20K.%20C."> Shahira K. C.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lijiya%20A."> Lijiya A.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text recognition is an important area in computer vision which deals with detecting and recognising text from an image. The Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a saturated area these days and with very good text recognition accuracy. However the same OCR methods when applied on text with small font sizes like the text data of chart images, the recognition rate is less than 30%. In this work, aims to extract small text in images using the deep learning model, CRNN with CTC loss. The text recognition accuracy is found to improve by applying image enhancement by super resolution prior to CRNN model. We also observe the text recognition rate further increases by 18% by applying the proposed method, which involves super resolution and character segmentation followed by CRNN with CTC loss. The efficiency of the proposed method shows that further pre-processing on chart image text and other small text images will improve the accuracy further, thereby helping text extraction from chart images. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20text%20extraction" title="small text extraction">small text extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR" title=" OCR"> OCR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scene%20text%20recognition" title=" scene text recognition"> scene text recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CRNN" title=" CRNN"> CRNN</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150310/small-text-extraction-from-documents-and-chart-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1312</span> Text Data Preprocessing Library: Bilingual Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabil%20Boukhari">Kabil Boukhari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the context of information retrieval, the selection of the most relevant words is a very important step. In fact, the text cleaning allows keeping only the most representative words for a better use. In this paper, we propose a library for the purpose text preprocessing within an implemented application to facilitate this task. This study has two purposes. The first, is to present the related work of the various steps involved in text preprocessing, presenting the segmentation, stemming and lemmatization algorithms that could be efficient in the rest of study. The second, is to implement a developed tool for text preprocessing in French and English. This library accepts unstructured text as input and provides the preprocessed text as output, based on a set of rules and on a base of stop words for both languages. The proposed library has been made on diﬀerent corpora and gave an interesting result. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20preprocessing" title="text preprocessing">text preprocessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=knowledge%20extraction" title=" knowledge extraction"> knowledge extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=normalization" title=" normalization"> normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20generation" title=" text generation"> text generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title=" information retrieval"> information retrieval</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150846/text-data-preprocessing-library-bilingual-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150846.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1311</span> OCR/ICR Text Recognition Using ABBYY FineReader as an Example Text</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Bagirzade">A. R. Bagirzade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sh.%20Najafova"> A. Sh. Najafova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20Yessirkepova"> S. M. Yessirkepova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20S.%20Albert"> E. S. Albert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article describes a text recognition method based on Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The features of the OCR method were examined using the ABBYY FineReader program. It describes automatic text recognition in images. OCR is necessary because optical input devices can only transmit raster graphics as a result. Text recognition describes the task of recognizing letters shown as such, to identify and assign them an assigned numerical value in accordance with the usual text encoding (ASCII, Unicode). The peculiarity of this study conducted by the authors using the example of the ABBYY FineReader, was confirmed and shown in practice, the improvement of digital text recognition platforms developed by Electronic Publication. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABBYY%20FineReader%20system" title="ABBYY FineReader system">ABBYY FineReader system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm%20symbol%20recognition" title=" algorithm symbol recognition"> algorithm symbol recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OCR%2FICR%20techniques" title=" OCR/ICR techniques"> OCR/ICR techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recognition%20technologies" title=" recognition technologies"> recognition technologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130255/ocricr-text-recognition-using-abbyy-finereader-as-an-example-text" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/130255.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1310</span> Programmed Speech to Text Summarization Using Graph-Based Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamsini%20Pulugurtha">Hamsini Pulugurtha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20V.%20S.%20L.%20Jagadamba"> P. V. S. L. Jagadamba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Programmed Speech to Text and Text Summarization Using Graph-based Algorithms can be utilized in gatherings to get the short depiction of the gathering for future reference. This gives signature check utilizing Siamese neural organization to confirm the personality of the client and convert the client gave sound record which is in English into English text utilizing the discourse acknowledgment bundle given in python. At times just the outline of the gathering is required, the answer for this text rundown. Thus, the record is then summed up utilizing the regular language preparing approaches, for example, solo extractive text outline calculations <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siamese%20neural%20network" title="Siamese neural network">Siamese neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20speech" title=" English speech"> English speech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20text" title=" English text"> English text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsupervised%20extractive%20text%20summarization" title=" unsupervised extractive text summarization"> unsupervised extractive text summarization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143079/programmed-speech-to-text-summarization-using-graph-based-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">218</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1309</span> On-Road Text Detection Platform for Driver Assistance Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guezouli%20Larbi">Guezouli Larbi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belkacem%20Soundes"> Belkacem Soundes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The automation of the text detection process can help the human in his driving task. Its application can be very useful to help drivers to have more information about their environment by facilitating the reading of road signs such as directional signs, events, stores, etc. In this paper, a system consisting of two stages has been proposed. In the first one, we used pseudo-Zernike moments to pinpoint areas of the image that may contain text. The architecture of this part is based on three main steps, region of interest (ROI) detection, text localization, and non-text region filtering. Then, in the second step, we present a convolutional neural network architecture (On-Road Text Detection Network - ORTDN) which is considered a classification phase. The results show that the proposed framework achieved ≈ 35 fps and an mAP of ≈ 90%, thus a low computational time with competitive accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20detection" title="text detection">text detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNN" title=" CNN"> CNN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PZM" title=" PZM"> PZM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161507/on-road-text-detection-platform-for-driver-assistance-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1308</span> Reducing Accidents Using Text Stops</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Benish%20Chaudhry">Benish Chaudhry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the accidents these days are occurring because of the ‘text-and-drive’ concept. If we look at the structure of cities in UAE, there are great distances, because of which it is impossible to drive without using or merely checking the cellphone. Moreover, if we look at the road structure, it is almost impossible to stop at a point and text. With the introduction of TEXT STOPs, drivers will be able to stop different stops for a maximum of 1 and a half-minute in order to reply or write a message. They can be introduced at a distance of 10 minutes of driving on the average speed of the road, so the drivers can look forward to a stop and can reply to a text when needed. A user survey indicates that drivers are willing to NOT text-and-drive if they have such a facility available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title="transport">transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accidents" title=" accidents"> accidents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning" title=" urban planning"> urban planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20planning" title=" road planning"> road planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44563/reducing-accidents-using-text-stops" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1307</span> Structure Analysis of Text-Image Connection in Jalayrid Period Illustrated Manuscripts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Khani%20Oushani">Mahsa Khani Oushani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text and image are two important elements in the field of Iranian art, the text component and the image component have always been manifested together. The image narrates the text and the text is the factor in the formation of the image and they are closely related to each other. The connection between text and image is an interactive and two-way connection in the tradition of Iranian manuscript arrangement. The interaction between the narrative description and the image scene is the result of a direct and close connection between the text and the image, which in addition to the decorative aspect, also has a descriptive aspect. In this article the connection between the text element and the image element and its adaptation to the theory of Roland Barthes, the structuralism theorist, in this regard will be discussed. This study tends to investigate the question of how the connection between text and image in illustrated manuscripts of the Jalayrid period is defined according to Barthes’ theory. And what kind of proportion has the artist created in the composition between text and image. Based on the results of reviewing the data of this study, it can be inferred that in the Jalayrid period, the image has a reference connection and although it is of major importance on the page, it also maintains a close connection with the text and is placed in a special proportion. It is not necessarily balanced and symmetrical and sometimes uses imbalance for composition. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method, which has been done by library collection method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title="structure">structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text" title=" text"> text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image" title=" image"> image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jalayrid" title=" Jalayrid"> Jalayrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=painter" title=" painter"> painter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138869/structure-analysis-of-text-image-connection-in-jalayrid-period-illustrated-manuscripts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1306</span> Optimal Classifying and Extracting Fuzzy Relationship from Query Using Text Mining Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisal%20Alshuwaier">Faisal Alshuwaier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Areshey"> Ali Areshey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text mining techniques are generally applied for classifying the text, finding fuzzy relations and structures in data sets. This research provides plenty text mining capabilities. One common application is text classification and event extraction, which encompass deducing specific knowledge concerning incidents referred to in texts. The main contribution of this paper is the clarification of a concept graph generation mechanism, which is based on a text classification and optimal fuzzy relationship extraction. Furthermore, the work presented in this paper explains the application of fuzzy relationship extraction and branch and bound method to simplify the texts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title="extraction">extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=max-prod" title=" max-prod"> max-prod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20relations" title=" fuzzy relations"> fuzzy relations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20mining" title=" text mining"> text mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memberships" title=" memberships"> memberships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=memberships" title=" memberships"> memberships</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification" title=" classification"> classification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23970/optimal-classifying-and-extracting-fuzzy-relationship-from-query-using-text-mining-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23970.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">582</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1305</span> Mask-Prompt-Rerank: An Unsupervised Method for Text Sentiment Transfer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yufen%20Qin">Yufen Qin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text sentiment transfer is an important branch of text style transfer. The goal is to generate text with another sentiment attribute based on a text with a specific sentiment attribute while maintaining the content and semantic information unrelated to sentiment unchanged in the process. There are currently two main challenges in this field: no parallel corpus and text attribute entanglement. In response to the above problems, this paper proposed a novel solution: Mask-Prompt-Rerank. Use the method of masking the sentiment words and then using prompt regeneration to transfer the sentence sentiment. Experiments on two sentiment benchmark datasets and one formality transfer benchmark dataset show that this approach makes the performance of small pre-trained language models comparable to that of the most advanced large models, while consuming two orders of magnitude less computing and memory. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20model" title="language model">language model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prompt" title=" prompt"> prompt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20sentiment%20transfer" title=" text sentiment transfer"> text sentiment transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173904/mask-prompt-rerank-an-unsupervised-method-for-text-sentiment-transfer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">81</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1304</span> Exploratory Analysis of A Review of Nonexistence Polarity in Native Speech</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deawan%20Rakin%20Ahamed%20Remal">Deawan Rakin Ahamed Remal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sinthia%20Chowdhury"> Sinthia Chowdhury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharun%20Akter%20Khushbu"> Sharun Akter Khushbu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheak%20Rashed%20Haider%20Noori"> Sheak Rashed Haider Noori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Native Speech to text synthesis has its own leverage for the purpose of mankind. The extensive nature of art to speaking different accents is common but the purpose of communication between two different accent types of people is quite difficult. This problem will be motivated by the extraction of the wrong perception of language meaning. Thus, many existing automatic speech recognition has been placed to detect text. Overall study of this paper mentions a review of NSTTR (Native Speech Text to Text Recognition) synthesis compared with Text to Text recognition. Review has exposed many text to text recognition systems that are at a very early stage to comply with the system by native speech recognition. Many discussions started about the progression of chatbots, linguistic theory another is rule based approach. In the Recent years Deep learning is an overwhelming chapter for text to text learning to detect language nature. To the best of our knowledge, In the sub continent a huge number of people speak in Bangla language but they have different accents in different regions therefore study has been elaborate contradictory discussion achievement of existing works and findings of future needs in Bangla language acoustic accent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TTR" title="TTR">TTR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NSTTR" title=" NSTTR"> NSTTR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20to%20text%20recognition" title=" text to text recognition"> text to text recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20language%20processing" title=" natural language processing"> natural language processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149060/exploratory-analysis-of-a-review-of-nonexistence-polarity-in-native-speech" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149060.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">132</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1303</span> Anatomical Survey for Text Pattern Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Tehsin">S. Tehsin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Kausar"> S. Kausar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ultimate aim of machine intelligence is to explore and materialize the human capabilities, one of which is the ability to detect various text objects within one or more images displayed on any canvas including prints, videos or electronic displays. Multimedia data has increased rapidly in past years. Textual information present in multimedia contains important information about the image/video content. However, it needs to technologically testify the commonly used human intelligence of detecting and differentiating the text within an image, for computers. Hence in this paper feature set based on anatomical study of human text detection system is proposed. Subsequent examination bears testimony to the fact that the features extracted proved instrumental to text detection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biologically%20inspired%20vision" title="biologically inspired vision">biologically inspired vision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20based%20retrieval" title=" content based retrieval"> content based retrieval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=document%20analysis" title=" document analysis"> document analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20extraction" title=" text extraction"> text extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9629/anatomical-survey-for-text-pattern-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9629.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">444</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1302</span> Arabic Text Representation and Classification Methods: Current State of the Art</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rami%20Ayadi">Rami Ayadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Maraoui"> Mohsen Maraoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mounir%20Zrigui"> Mounir Zrigui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we have presented a brief current state of the art for Arabic text representation and classification methods. We decomposed Arabic Task Classification into four categories. First we describe some algorithms applied to classification on Arabic text. Secondly, we cite all major works when comparing classification algorithms applied on Arabic text, after this, we mention some authors who proposing new classification methods and finally we investigate the impact of preprocessing on Arabic TC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20classification" title="text classification">text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic" title=" Arabic"> Arabic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20of%20preprocessing" title=" impact of preprocessing"> impact of preprocessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classification%20algorithms" title=" classification algorithms"> classification algorithms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10277/arabic-text-representation-and-classification-methods-current-state-of-the-art" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">469</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1301</span> Graph-Based Semantical Extractive Text Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mina%20Samizadeh">Mina Samizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the past few decades, there has been an explosion in the amount of available data produced from various sources with different topics. The availability of this enormous data necessitates us to adopt effective computational tools to explore the data. This leads to an intense growing interest in the research community to develop computational methods focused on processing this text data. A line of study focused on condensing the text so that we are able to get a higher level of understanding in a shorter time. The two important tasks to do this are keyword extraction and text summarization. In keyword extraction, we are interested in finding the key important words from a text. This makes us familiar with the general topic of a text. In text summarization, we are interested in producing a short-length text which includes important information about the document. The TextRank algorithm, an unsupervised learning method that is an extension of the PageRank (algorithm which is the base algorithm of Google search engine for searching pages and ranking them), has shown its efficacy in large-scale text mining, especially for text summarization and keyword extraction. This algorithm can automatically extract the important parts of a text (keywords or sentences) and declare them as a result. However, this algorithm neglects the semantic similarity between the different parts. In this work, we improved the results of the TextRank algorithm by incorporating the semantic similarity between parts of the text. Aside from keyword extraction and text summarization, we develop a topic clustering algorithm based on our framework, which can be used individually or as a part of generating the summary to overcome coverage problems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keyword%20extraction" title="keyword extraction">keyword extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-gram%20extraction" title=" n-gram extraction"> n-gram extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20summarization" title=" text summarization"> text summarization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=topic%20clustering" title=" topic clustering"> topic clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20analysis" title=" semantic analysis"> semantic analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160526/graph-based-semantical-extractive-text-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1300</span> Arabic Text Classification: Review Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Hijazi">M. Hijazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zeki"> A. Zeki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ismail"> A. Ismail</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An enormous amount of valuable human knowledge is preserved in documents. The rapid growth in the number of machine-readable documents for public or private access requires the use of automatic text classification. Text classification can be defined as assigning or structuring documents into a defined set of classes known in advance. Arabic text classification methods have emerged as a natural result of the existence of a massive amount of varied textual information written in the Arabic language on the web. This paper presents a review on the published researches of Arabic Text Classification using classical data representation, Bag of words (BoW), and using conceptual data representation based on semantic resources such as Arabic WordNet and Wikipedia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20text%20classification" title="Arabic text classification">Arabic text classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20WordNet" title=" Arabic WordNet"> Arabic WordNet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bag%20of%20words" title=" bag of words"> bag of words</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conceptual%20representation" title=" conceptual representation"> conceptual representation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semantic%20relations" title=" semantic relations"> semantic relations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42905/arabic-text-classification-review-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42905.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">426</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1299</span> Perceiving Text-Worlds as a Cognitive Mechanism to Understand Surah Al-Kahf</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awatef%20Boubakri">Awatef Boubakri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khaled%20Jebahi"> Khaled Jebahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using Text World Theory (TWT), we attempted to understand how mental representations (text worlds) and perceptions can be construed by readers of Quranic texts. To this end, Surah Al-Kahf was purposefully selected given the fact that while each of its stories is narrated, different levels of discourse intervene, which might result in a confused reader who might find it hard to keep track of which discourse he or she is processing. This surah was studied using specifically-designed text-world diagrams. The findings suggest that TWT can be used to help solve problems of ambiguity at the level of discourse in Quranic texts and to help construct a thinking reader whose cognitive constructs (text worlds / mental representations) are built through reflecting on the various and often changing components of discourse world, text world, and sub-worlds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Al-Kahf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surah" title=" Surah"> Surah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive" title=" cognitive"> cognitive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=processing" title=" processing"> processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse" title=" discourse"> discourse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169749/perceiving-text-worlds-as-a-cognitive-mechanism-to-understand-surah-al-kahf" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1298</span> A Quantitative Evaluation of Text Feature Selection Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20S.%20Harish">B. S. Harish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20B.%20Revanasiddappa"> M. B. Revanasiddappa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to rapid growth of text documents in digital form, automated text classification has become an important research in the last two decades. The major challenge of text document representations are high dimension, sparsity, volume and semantics. Since the terms are only features that can be found in documents, selection of good terms (features) plays an very important role. In text classification, feature selection is a strategy that can be used to improve classification effectiveness, computational efficiency and accuracy. In this paper, we present a quantitative analysis of most widely used feature selection (FS) methods, viz. Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (tfidf ), Mutual Information (MI), Information Gain (IG), CHISquare (x2), Term Frequency-Relevance Frequency (tfrf ), Term Strength (TS), Ambiguity Measure (AM) and Symbolic Feature Selection (SFS) to classify text documents. We evaluated all the feature selection methods on standard datasets like 20 Newsgroups, 4 University dataset and Reuters-21578. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classifiers" title="classifiers">classifiers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20selection" title=" feature selection"> feature selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20classification" title=" text classification "> text classification </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28926/a-quantitative-evaluation-of-text-feature-selection-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1297</span> The Untranslatability of the Qur’an</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mina%20Elhjouji">Mina Elhjouji</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the untranslatability of the Qur’an and to suggest some solutions that can help the translator in the process of transferring the meaning from the source text to the target text as much as possible. After the introduction, the miraculous character of the Qur’an shall be illustrated. Then, the difficulty of translating religious texts will be shown in terms of different causes; thematic, cultural, and linguistic. Some examples shall illustrate each type of these difficulties. Finally, some strategies that can help translate the Quran’s meanings will be suggested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=translation" title="translation">translation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20text" title=" religious text"> religious text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=untranslatability" title=" untranslatability"> untranslatability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=The%20Qur%E2%80%99an%20miracle" title=" The Qur’an miracle"> The Qur’an miracle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communicative%20theory" title=" communicative theory"> communicative theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193768/the-untranslatability-of-the-quran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193768.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">12</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1296</span> The Acquisition of Case in Biological Domain Based on Text Mining</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shen%20Jian">Shen Jian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hu%20Jie"> Hu Jie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Jin"> Qi Jin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Wei%20Jie"> Liu Wei Jie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Ji%20Yi"> Chen Ji Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peng%20Ying%20Hong"> Peng Ying Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to settle the problem of acquiring case in biological related to design problems, a biometrics instance acquisition method based on text mining is presented. Through the construction of corpus text vector space and knowledge mining, the feature selection, similarity measure and case retrieval method of text in the field of biology are studied. First, we establish a vector space model of the corpus in the biological field and complete the preprocessing steps. Then, the corpus is retrieved by using the vector space model combined with the functional keywords to obtain the biological domain examples related to the design problems. Finally, we verify the validity of this method by taking the example of text. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20mining" title="text mining">text mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20space%20model" title=" vector space model"> vector space model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20selection" title=" feature selection"> feature selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biologically%20inspired%20design" title=" biologically inspired design"> biologically inspired design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88075/the-acquisition-of-case-in-biological-domain-based-on-text-mining" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88075.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1295</span> Text Similarity in Vector Space Models: A Comparative Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Shahmirzadi">Omid Shahmirzadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Lugowski"> Adam Lugowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenneth%20Younge"> Kenneth Younge</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Automatic measurement of semantic text similarity is an important task in natural language processing. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of different vector space models to perform this task. We address the real-world problem of modeling patent-to-patent similarity and compare TFIDF (and related extensions), topic models (e.g., latent semantic indexing), and neural models (e.g., paragraph vectors). Contrary to expectations, the added computational cost of text embedding methods is justified only when: 1) the target text is condensed; and 2) the similarity comparison is trivial. Otherwise, TFIDF performs surprisingly well in other cases: in particular for longer and more technical texts or for making finer-grained distinctions between nearest neighbors. Unexpectedly, extensions to the TFIDF method, such as adding noun phrases or calculating term weights incrementally, were not helpful in our context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data" title="big data">big data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patent" title=" patent"> patent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20embedding" title=" text embedding"> text embedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20similarity" title=" text similarity"> text similarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vector%20space%20model" title=" vector space model"> vector space model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102930/text-similarity-in-vector-space-models-a-comparative-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102930.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1294</span> Structural Analysis of Kamaluddin Behzad's Works Based on Roland Barthes' Theory of Communication, 'Text and Image'</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahsa%20Khani%20Oushani">Mahsa Khani Oushani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Kazem%20Hasanvand"> Mohammad Kazem Hasanvand</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text and image have always been two important components in Iranian layout. The interactive connection between text and image has shaped the art of book design with multiple patterns. In this research, first the structure and visual elements in the research data were analyzed and then the position of the text element and the image element in relation to each other based on Roland Barthes theory on the three theories of text and image, were studied and analyzed and the results were compared, and interpreted. The purpose of this study is to investigate the pattern of text and image in the works of Kamaluddin Behzad based on three Roland Barthes communication theories, 1. Descriptive communication, 2. Reference communication, 3. Matched communication. The questions of this research are what is the relationship between text and image in Behzad's works? And how is it defined according to Roland Barthes theory? The method of this research has been done with a structuralist approach with a descriptive-analytical method in a library collection method. The information has been collected in the form of documents (library) and is a tool for collecting online databases. Findings show that the dominant element in Behzad's drawings is with the image and has created a reference relationship in the layout of the drawings, but in some cases it achieves a different relationship that despite the preference of the image on the page, the text is dispersed proportionally on the page and plays a more active role, played within the image. The text and the image support each other equally on the page; Roland Barthes equates this connection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text" title="text">text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image" title=" image"> image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamaluddin%20Behzad" title=" Kamaluddin Behzad"> Kamaluddin Behzad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roland%20Barthes" title=" Roland Barthes"> Roland Barthes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=communication%20theory" title=" communication theory"> communication theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138346/structural-analysis-of-kamaluddin-behzads-works-based-on-roland-barthes-theory-of-communication-text-and-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138346.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">192</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1293</span> Morphological Processing of Punjabi Text for Sentiment Analysis of Farmer Suicides</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaspreet%20Singh">Jaspreet Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gurvinder%20Singh"> Gurvinder Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabhsimran%20Singh"> Prabhsimran Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajinder%20Singh"> Rajinder Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prithvipal%20Singh"> Prithvipal Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karanjeet%20Singh%20Kahlon"> Karanjeet Singh Kahlon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ravinder%20Singh%20Sawhney"> Ravinder Singh Sawhney</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Morphological evaluation of Indian languages is one of the burgeoning fields in the area of Natural Language Processing (NLP). The evaluation of a language is an eminent task in the era of information retrieval and text mining. The extraction and classification of knowledge from text can be exploited for sentiment analysis and morphological evaluation. This study coalesce morphological evaluation and sentiment analysis for the task of classification of farmer suicide cases reported in Punjab state of India. The pre-processing of Punjabi text involves morphological evaluation and normalization of Punjabi word tokens followed by the training of proposed model using deep learning classification on Punjabi language text extracted from online Punjabi news reports. The class-wise accuracies of sentiment prediction for four negatively oriented classes of farmer suicide cases are 93.85%, 88.53%, 83.3%, and 95.45% respectively. The overall accuracy of sentiment classification obtained using proposed framework on 275 Punjabi text documents is found to be 90.29%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20neural%20network" title="deep neural network">deep neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=farmer%20suicides" title=" farmer suicides"> farmer suicides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological%20processing" title=" morphological processing"> morphological processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=punjabi%20text" title=" punjabi text"> punjabi text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88605/morphological-processing-of-punjabi-text-for-sentiment-analysis-of-farmer-suicides" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88605.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1292</span> Intertextuality in Choreography: Investigation of Text and Movements in Making Choreography</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Fairul%20Azreen%20Mohd%20Zahid">Muhammad Fairul Azreen Mohd Zahid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Speech, text, and movement intensify aspects of creating choreography by connecting with emotional entanglements, tradition, literature, and other texts. This research focuses on the practice as research that will prioritise the choreography process as an inquiry approach. With the driven context, the study intervenes in critical conjunctions of choreographic theory, bringing together new reflections on the moving body, spaces of action, as well as intertextuality between text and movements in making choreography. Throughout the process, the researcher will introduce the level of deliberation from speech through movements and text to express emotion within a narrative context of an “illocutionary act.” This practice as research will produce a different meaning from the “utterance text” to “utterance movements” in the perspective of speech acts theory by J.L Austin based on fragmented text from “pidato adat” which has been used as opening speech in Randai. Looking at the theory of deconstruction by Jacque Derrida also will give a different meaning from the text. Nevertheless, the process of creating the choreography will also help to lay the basic normative structure implicit in “constative” (statement text/movement) and “performative” (command text/movement). Through this process, the researcher will also look at several methods of using text from two works by Joseph Gonzales, “Becoming King-The Pakyung Revisited” and Crystal Pite's “The Statement,” as references to produce different methods in making choreography. The perspective from the semiotic foundation will support how occurrences within dance discourses as texts through a semiotic lens. The method used in this research is qualitative, which includes an interview and simulation of the concept to get an outcome. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intertextuality" title="intertextuality">intertextuality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=choreography" title=" choreography"> choreography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speech%20act" title=" speech act"> speech act</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performative" title=" performative"> performative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deconstruction" title=" deconstruction"> deconstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154831/intertextuality-in-choreography-investigation-of-text-and-movements-in-making-choreography" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154831.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1291</span> Written Argumentative Texts in Elementary School: The Development of Text Structure and Its Relation to Reading Comprehension</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Zadunaisky%20Ehrlich">Sara Zadunaisky Ehrlich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Batia%20Seroussi"> Batia Seroussi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anat%20Stavans"> Anat Stavans</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Text structure is a parameter of text quality. This study investigated the structure of written argumentative texts produced by elementary school age children. We set two objectives: to identify and trace the structural components of the argumentative texts and to investigate whether reading comprehension skills were correlated with text structure. 293 school children from 2nd to 5th grades were asked to write two argumentative texts about informal or everyday life controversial topics and completed two reading tasks that targeted different levels of text comprehension. The findings indicated, on the one hand, significant developmental differences between mature and more novice writers in terms of text length and mean proportion of clauses produced for a better elaboration of the different text components. On the other hand, with certain fluctuations, no meaningful differences were found in terms of presence of text structure: at all grade levels, elementary school children produced the basic and minimal structure that included the writer's argument and reasons or arguments' supports. Counter-arguments were scarce even in the upper grades. While the children captured that essentially an argument must be justified, the more the number of supports produced, the fewer the clauses the children produced. Last, weak to mild relations were found between reading comprehension and argumentative text structure. Nevertheless, children who scored higher on sophisticated questions that require inferential or world knowledge displayed more elaborated structures in terms of text length and size of supports to the writer's argument. These findings indicate how school-age children perceive the basic template of an argument with future implications regarding how to elaborate written arguments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=argumentative%20text" title="argumentative text">argumentative text</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20structure" title=" text structure"> text structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elementary%20school%20children" title=" elementary school children"> elementary school children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=written%20argumentations" title=" written argumentations"> written argumentations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102517/written-argumentative-texts-in-elementary-school-the-development-of-text-structure-and-its-relation-to-reading-comprehension" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/102517.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1290</span> The Morphology of Sri Lankan Text Messages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chamindi%20Dilkushi%20Senaratne">Chamindi Dilkushi Senaratne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Communicating via a text or an SMS (Short Message Service) has become an integral part of our daily lives. With the increase in the use of mobile phones, text messaging has become a genre by itself worth researching and studying. It is undoubtedly a major phenomenon revealing language change. This paper attempts to describe the morphological processes of text language of urban bilinguals in Sri Lanka. It will be a typological study based on 500 English text messages collected from urban bilinguals residing in Colombo. The messages are selected by categorizing the deviant forms of language use apparent in text messages. These stylistic deviations are a deliberate skilled performance by the users of the language possessing an in-depth knowledge of linguistic systems to create new words and thereby convey their linguistic identity and individual and group solidarity via the message. The findings of the study solidifies arguments that the manipulation of language in text messages is both creative and appropriate. In addition, code mixing theories will be used to identify how existing morphological processes are adapted by bilingual users in Sri Lanka when texting. The study will reveal processes such as omission, initialism, insertion and alternation in addition to other identified linguistic features in text language. The corpus reveals the most common morphological processes used by Sri Lankan urban bilinguals when sending texts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual" title="bilingual">bilingual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deviations" title=" deviations"> deviations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphology" title=" morphology"> morphology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texts" title=" texts"> texts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57197/the-morphology-of-sri-lankan-text-messages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57197.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1289</span> “Octopub”: Geographical Sentiment Analysis Using Named Entity Recognition from Social Networks for Geo-Targeted Billboard Advertising</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oussama%20Hafferssas">Oussama Hafferssas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiba%20Benyahia"> Hiba Benyahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amina%20Madani"> Amina Madani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nassima%20Zeriri"> Nassima Zeriri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although data nowadays has multiple forms; from text to images, and from audio to videos, yet text is still the most used one at a public level. At an academical and research level, and unlike other forms, text can be considered as the easiest form to process. Therefore, a brunch of Data Mining researches has been always under its shadow, called "Text Mining". Its concept is just like data mining’s, finding valuable patterns in data, from large collections and tremendous volumes of data, in this case: Text. Named entity recognition (NER) is one of Text Mining’s disciplines, it aims to extract and classify references such as proper names, locations, expressions of time and dates, organizations and more in a given text. Our approach "Octopub" does not aim to find new ways to improve named entity recognition process, rather than that it’s about finding a new, and yet smart way, to use NER in a way that we can extract sentiments of millions of people using Social Networks as a limitless information source, and Marketing for product promotion as the main domain of application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textmining" title="textmining">textmining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=named%20entity%20recognition%28NER%29" title=" named entity recognition(NER)"> named entity recognition(NER)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20media%20networks%20%28SN" title=" social media networks (SN"> social media networks (SN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMN%29" title="SMN)">SMN)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20intelligence%28BI%29" title=" business intelligence(BI)"> business intelligence(BI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marketing" title=" marketing"> marketing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15721/octopub-geographical-sentiment-analysis-using-named-entity-recognition-from-social-networks-for-geo-targeted-billboard-advertising" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">589</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1288</span> Video Text Information Detection and Localization in Lecture Videos Using Moments </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Belkacem%20Soundes">Belkacem Soundes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guezouli%20Larbi"> Guezouli Larbi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a robust and accurate method for text detection and localization over lecture videos. Frame regions are classified into text or background based on visual feature analysis. However, lecture video shows significant degradation mainly related to acquisition conditions, camera motion and environmental changes resulting in low quality videos. Hence, affecting feature extraction and description efficiency. Moreover, traditional text detection methods cannot be directly applied to lecture videos. Therefore, robust feature extraction methods dedicated to this specific video genre are required for robust and accurate text detection and extraction. Method consists of a three-step process: Slide region detection and segmentation; Feature extraction and non-text filtering. For robust and effective features extraction moment functions are used. Two distinct types of moments are used: orthogonal and non-orthogonal. For orthogonal Zernike Moments, both Pseudo Zernike moments are used, whereas for non-orthogonal ones Hu moments are used. Expressivity and description efficiency are given and discussed. Proposed approach shows that in general, orthogonal moments show high accuracy in comparison to the non-orthogonal one. Pseudo Zernike moments are more effective than Zernike with better computation time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20detection" title="text detection">text detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=text%20localization" title=" text localization"> text localization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lecture%20videos" title=" lecture videos"> lecture videos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pseudo%20zernike%20moments" title=" pseudo zernike moments"> pseudo zernike moments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109549/video-text-information-detection-and-localization-in-lecture-videos-using-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109549.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycode%20text&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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