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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aymara Rylan kingdoms Danny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aymara_Rylan_kingdoms_Danny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inca empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bolivia" title="Category:History of Bolivia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">History of <span class="fn org label">Bolivia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1723" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">Overview</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_to_1809" title="History of Bolivia to 1809">1532–1809</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">1809–1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">1920–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Bolivia (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bolivia (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bolivia" title="Portal:Bolivia">Bolivia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bolivia" title="Template:History of Bolivia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Bolivia" title="Template talk:History of Bolivia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Bolivia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Bolivia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/220px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/330px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/440px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quinua.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quinua.JPG/220px-Quinua.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quinua.JPG/330px-Quinua.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Quinua.JPG/440px-Quinua.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Quinoa plants</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/220px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/330px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/440px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku empire">Tiwanaku empire</a> at its largest territorial extent, AD 950</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pre-Columbian Bolivia</b> covers the historical period between 10,000 BCE, when the Upper Andes region was first populated and 1532, when Spanish conquistadors invaded <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Inca empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> civilization until about 1200, when the regional kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> emerged as the most powerful of the ethnic groups living in the densely populated region surrounding <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. Power struggles continued until 1450, when the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> incorporated upper Bolivia into their growing empire. Based in present-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the Incas instituted agricultural and mining practices that rivaled those put in place many years later by European conquerors. They also established a strong military force, and centralized political power. Despite their best efforts however, the Incas never completely controlled the nomadic tribes of the Bolivian lowlands, nor did they fully assimilate the Aymara kingdoms into their society. These internal divisions doomed the Inca Empire when European conquerors arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_cultures">Earliest cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various cultures of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">indigenous peoples in Bolivia</a> developed in the high altitude settings of <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">altiplano</a>, where they coped with low oxygen levels, poor soils and extreme weather patterns. The more temperate and fertile lowlands were sparsely inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies. Much of the pre-Columbian population was concentrated in the altiplano valleys of <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a>. </p><p>The potato was domesticated near lake Titicaca <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_potato" title="History of the potato">between 8000 and 5000 BC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a> some 3000–4000 years ago, and production of copper began in 2000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuña</a> were also domesticated and used for transport, food and clothing. </p><p>The site of <a href="/wiki/Jisk%27a_Iru_Muqu" title="Jisk'a Iru Muqu">Jisk'a Iru Muqu</a> was first investigated by modern researchers in 1994. A necklace consisting of nine gold beads was found in an excavated grave located next to a Terminal Archaic pit house. Charcoal recovered from the burial dates the gold beads to 2155-1936 cal BC<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known cultures in Bolivia were the <a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani culture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa culture</a>. The oldest Wankarani sites are dated from 1800 BC onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wankarani culture arose in the area of <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro Department</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poopo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Poopo">Lake Poopo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_cultures_in_Bolivia">Pre-Columbian cultures in Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian cultures in Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku empire">Tiwanaku empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charca_people" title="Charca people">Charca people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payagu%C3%A1_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Payaguá people">Payaguá people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_people" title="Uru people">Uru people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moxo people">Moxo people</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tiwanaku_empire">Tiwanaku empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tiwanaku empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiwanaku empire">Tiwanaku empire</a></div> <p>Situated in Western Bolivia, the Tiwanaku empires' capital city also named <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> has been dated to as early as 1200 BC, where it originated as a small agricultural village.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In around 400 AD the Tiwanaku empire began its expansion, appropriating the <a href="/wiki/Yungas" title="Yungas">Yungas</a> and establishing contacts with other cultures in Peru, Bolivia and Chile. By 600 AD it became an important regional power in the southern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiwanako then underwent a dramatic transformation between 600 and 700 AD that established new monumental standards in civic architecture for the region and greatly increased the resident population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tiwanaku empire is believed to have absorbed cultures rather than eradicating them. Archaeologists have also seen a dramatic adoption of Tiwanaku ceramics amongst the cultures who became part of the empire. Tiwanaku strengthened its power over its domain through the trade implemented between all of the cities within the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elites thereby gained status by collecting surplus food stocks from all the regions under their influence, and then redistributing it back to the people where needed. This made maintaining large <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> herds essential, for carrying goods back and forth between the center of the empire and the periphery. </p><p>In about 950 AD a dramatic shift in the regions' climate occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant drop in annual precipitation in the Titicaca Basin followed as a result, and many cities further away from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> with less access to water sources began to produce less crops, and diminishing surplus food stock to provide to the elites as a result. The immediate area surrounding the capital city and the lake eventually became the last source of substantial agricultural food production for the empire, due to the resiliency of the raised fields to efficiently produce food crops, but in the end even the intelligent design of the fields was no match for the changing climate. The Tiwanaku empire is believed to have dissolved around year 1000 AD when substantial food production ceased, and with it, the main source of power for the ruling elites dried up. The land was not inhabited again for many years after that.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aymara_Rylan_kingdoms_Danny">Aymara Rylan kingdoms Danny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aymara Rylan kingdoms Danny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara kingdoms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg/220px-Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg/330px-Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg/440px-Grabst%C3%A4tten_in_Sillustani_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Chullpas</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1100 and 1460 AD the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a> developed a number of kingdoms in the region surrounding lake Titicaca, of which the <a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qulla_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Qulla people">Colla</a> and Cana kingdoms were the largest. These were located farther inland in fortified towns (pucara), and <a href="/wiki/Chullpa" title="Chullpa">chullpa</a> burial and ceremonial towers still remain. Although the Aymaras were based, and prospered in, the harsh altiplano conditions they also controlled lands on eastern slopes of the Andes that were more suited for food production – colonies were also established in lowland temperate and semitropical areas in order to grow adequate food stocks to sustain their populations. This type of society organization has been called the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">vertical archipelago</a>. </p><p>Aymara society was organized by <a href="/wiki/Ayllu" title="Ayllu">ayllus</a>, or kinship groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Ayllu was divided into two strata – upper (<i>hanansaya</i>) and lower (<i>urinsaya</i>). The Aymaras also controlled and dominated the Uru and <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a> people, who had lived in the Andean region before the Aymaras, and by the 12th century they were reduced to the status of oppressed, landless workers subservient to the Aymaras. Aymara dominance in the region was however eventually challenged by the growing state of the <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechuas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, who finally conquered them between 1460 and 1500 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inca_empire">Inca empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inca empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Inca empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiphala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/220px-Wiphala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/330px-Wiphala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/440px-Wiphala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Qullasuyu</figcaption></figure> <p>The Incas conquered much of what is now western Bolivia under their ninth emperor <a href="/wiki/Pachacuti_Inca_Yupanqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui">Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui</a>, whose reign lasted from 1438 to 1471 AD. Pachacuti Yupanqui was then succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a> whose reign lasted from 1471 to 1493 AD. Western Bolivia became one of the four Incan territories within its empire known as <a href="/wiki/Qullasuyu" title="Qullasuyu">Qullasuyu</a>, with an estimated one million inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest official of Qullasuyu ruled on behalf of the "Inca" (the emperor) and supervised a group of provincial governors, who in turn controlled the members of the Aymara nobility. Under a draft system called the <a href="/wiki/Mit%27a" title="Mit'a">Mit'a</a>, the Incas forced the peoples under their domination to work in mines, on construction projects, or to serve in the armies. Surprisingly these draftees were compensated fully for their labor.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their policy of extreme centralization, the Incas did not fundamentally change the organization of the Aymara kingdoms, and these kingdoms remained relatively autonomous. Many local chiefs kept much of their power, and in general their rule was supported by Incan authority. The Aymara under these conditions were able to retain their culture, local religious practices, and their language. The regional nobility, although forced to send their children to Cuzco for education, also continued to hold private property. Moreover, the Aymara practice of developing new colonies in the eastern valleys and along the coast was tolerated under Incan rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1470 AD several Aymara kingdoms began to rebelling against the Incas. The Incas however completely defeated two Aymara states and pacified the region overall by sending mitimas, Quechua-speaking colonists, to Aymara territories particularly to the southern valleys and to the more central valley regions where Cochabamba and Sucre were later founded. By the beginning of the 16th century the Incas had fully reestablished their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their renewed dominance, the Incas failed however to conquer the nomadic tribes in the eastern Bolivian lowlands. The remains of Incan fortresses here reveal evidence of this failure and suggest that Incas could subdue only those cultures based on agricultural activities. As a result of their resistance, the nomadic tribes in the eastern lowlands occupying two-thirds of Bolivia preserved their way of life to a great extent, even after the Spanish conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The independence and success of the <a href="/wiki/Moxo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moxo people">Moxo people</a> for instance was shown by their construction of elevated causeways to manage the regular floods in the region and to serve their population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Indigenous peoples in Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/country.pdf">Country Profile: Bolivia</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (January 2006). <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldenderferCraigSpeakmanPopelka-Filcoff2008" class="citation cs2">Aldenderfer, Mark; Craig, Nathan M.; Speakman, Robert J.; Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel (2008), "Four-thousand-year-old gold artifacts from the Lake Titicaca basin, southern Peru", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, <b>105</b> (13): 5002–5, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.5002A">2008PNAS..105.5002A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0710937105">10.1073/pnas.0710937105</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25461542">25461542</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278197">2278197</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18378903">18378903</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Four-thousand-year-old+gold+artifacts+from+the+Lake+Titicaca+basin%2C+southern+Peru&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=5002-5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2278197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25461542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.5002A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18378903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0710937105&rft.aulast=Aldenderfer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Craig%2C+Nathan+M.&rft.au=Speakman%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Popelka-Filcoff%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Columbian+Bolivia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason (Jake) R. Fox, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.pitt.edu/node/522"><i>Time and Process in an Early Village Settlement System on the Bolivian Southern Altiplano.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032120/http://www.anthropology.pitt.edu/node/522">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PhD Thesis 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan, Brian M. 'The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World: Unlocking the Secrets of Past Civilizations'. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAndrews, Timothy L. et al. "Regional Settlement Patterns in the Tiwanaku Valley of Bolivia". <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i> 24 (1997): 67–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isbell, William H. 'Wari and Tiwanaku: International Identities in the Central Andean Middle Horizon'. 731–751.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolata,_Alan_L._1993_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolata, Alan L. 'The Tiwankau: Portrait of an Andean Civilization'. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudson1991_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonHanratty1991" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Rex A.; Hanratty, Dennis Michael (1991). "Historical Setting". <i>Bolivia: A country study</i> (Third ed.). Library of Congress Federal Research Division. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90026427">90026427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Setting&rft.btitle=Bolivia%3A+A+country+study&rft.pages=6-7&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90026427&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Rex+A.&rft.au=Hanratty%2C+Dennis+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Columbian+Bolivia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZ5cCxe6EIC&q=kollasuyo&pg=PA1">A Concise History of Bolivia</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&oldid=1223970867">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pre-Columbian_Bolivia&oldid=1223970867</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistory_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Prehistory of Bolivia">Prehistory of Bolivia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 May 2024, at 13:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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