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</head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bakterier rootpage-Bakterier skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Spring til indhold</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Websted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hovedmenu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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artikler</span></a></li><li id="n-Aktuelt" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Aktuelle_begivenheder"><span>Aktuelt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-deltagelse" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-deltagelse" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> deltagelse </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-velkommen" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Velkommen_til_Wikipedia"><span>Velkommen</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Forside" title="Om projektet, hvad du kan gøre, hvor tingene findes"><span>Skribentforside</span></a></li><li id="n-Landsbybrønden" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Landsbybr%C3%B8nden"><span>Landsbybrønden</span></a></li><li id="n-Projekter" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekter"><span>Projekter</span></a></li><li id="n-Portaler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portaler"><span>Portaler</span></a></li><li id="n-Ønskede-artikler" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProjekt_Efterspurgte_artikler"><span>Ønskede artikler</span></a></li><li id="n-Oprydning" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oprydning"><span>Oprydning</span></a></li><li id="n-Kalender" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kalender"><span>Kalender</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Seneste_%C3%A6ndringer" title="Listen over de seneste ændringer i wikien. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Seneste ændringer</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Forside" title="Stedet hvor du finder hjælp"><span>Hjælp</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Forside" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Den frie encyklopædi" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-da.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:S%C3%B8gning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Søg på Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Søg</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Søg på Wikipedia" aria-label="Søg på Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Søg på Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciel:Søgning"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Søg</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personlige værktøjer"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Skift udseendet af sidens skriftstørrelse, -bredde og -farve" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Udseende" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Udseende</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_da.wikipedia.org&uselang=da" class=""><span>Donation</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Opret_konto&returnto=Bakterier" title="Du opfordres til at oprette en konto og logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opret konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciel:Log_p%C3%A5&returnto=Bakterier" title="Du opfordres til at logge på, men det er ikke obligatorisk. 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Se mere på \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedia:Discord\" title=\"Wikipedia:Discord\"\u003EWikipedia:Discord\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ci\u003E\u003Csmall\u003E(\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Sitenotice\" title=\"Hjælp:Sitenotice\"\u003ELæs her om sitenotice\u003C/a\u003E)\u003C/small\u003E\u003C/i\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Websted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Forekomst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forekomst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Forekomst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forekomst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakteriologiens_historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakteriologiens_historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bakteriologiens historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakteriologiens_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidlig_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidlig_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tidlig evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidlig_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morfologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cellestrukturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellestrukturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cellestrukturer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cellestrukturer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Cellestrukturer</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cellestrukturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indre_celleopbygning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indre_celleopbygning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Indre celleopbygning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indre_celleopbygning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakteriers_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakteriers_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bakteriers DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakteriers_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metabolisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patogene_bakterier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patogene_bakterier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Patogene bakterier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patogene_bakterier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fodnoter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fodnoter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Fodnoter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fodnoter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kilder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bakterier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 170 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – achinesisk" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – aramæisk" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramæisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – øvresorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="øvresorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – napolitansk" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Se indholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Bakterier" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om indholdet på siden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ændr sprogvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">dansk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bakterier"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=history" title="Tidligere versioner af denne side [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Værktøjer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Værktøjer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Værktøjer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere muligheder" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bakterier"><span>Læs</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit" title="Redigér denne side [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Redigér</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne side [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kildekode</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=history"><span>Se historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciel:Hvad_linker_hertil/Bakterier" title="Liste med alle sider som henviser hertil [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvad henviser hertil</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I andre projekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: lightgrey;">Bakterier</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escherichia coli-celler forstørret 15.000 gange."><img alt="Escherichia coli-celler forstørret 15.000 gange." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/260px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/390px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/520px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>-celler forstørret 15.000 gange.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Klassifikation" title="Klassifikation">Videnskabelig klassifikation</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Overdom%C3%A6ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdomæne">Overdomæne</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biota_(taksonomi)" title="Biota (taksonomi)">Biota</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A6ne_(biologi)" title="Domæne (biologi)">Domæne</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bacteria</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightgrey;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11833479">Rækker</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquificae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquificae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Aquificae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteroidetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacteroidetes (ikke skrevet endnu)">Bacteroidetes</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chlorobi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chloroflexi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chrysiogenetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteraceae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Deferribacteres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (ikke skrevet endnu)">Deinococcus-Thermus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dictyoglomi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fibrobacteres</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Acidobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmicutes (ikke skrevet endnu)">Firmicutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fusobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (ikke skrevet endnu)">Gemmatimonadetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lentisphaerae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nitrospirae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (ikke skrevet endnu)">Planctomycetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Proteobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spirochaete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaete">Spirochaetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacterium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacterium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Thermodesulfobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermomicrobia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Thermomicrobia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Thermotogae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Verrucomicrobia</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: lightgrey;"><small><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Taksobokse" title="Hjælp:Taksobokse">Hjælp til læsning af taksobokse</a></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bakterier</b> (af <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_(sprog)" title="Græsk (sprog)">græsk</a> βακτήριον <i>baktērion</i>, "lille stav") er éncellede <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroskopiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a> uden <a href="/wiki/Cellekerne" title="Cellekerne">cellekerner</a> eller andre <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organeller</a>, dvs. at arvemassen i cellen ikke er adskilt fra resten af cellen af en kernemembran. Bakterier (også kaldet eubakterier) regnes til <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryoterne</a>, dvs. "før kerne", som også omfatter <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arkæer</a> (tidligere kaldet arkebakterier/urbakterier). De klassificeres i dag som to selvstændige <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A6ne_(biologi)" title="Domæne (biologi)">domæner</a>, mens <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryoterne</a> (éncellede og flercellede organismer med cellekerne) udgør et tredje domæne. </p><p>Bakterier kan opdeles i to typer baseret på opbygningen af deres cellemembran – <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">grampositive og gramnegative</a>. De kan have meget forskelligt udseende, runde, stavformede eller spiralformede. De får deres energi fra vidt forskellige kilder, f.eks. ved nedbrydning af <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8rne" title="Førne">førne</a> (dødt <a href="/wiki/Organisk_materiale" title="Organisk materiale">organisk materiale</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese">fotosyntese</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Radioaktiv_str%C3%A5ling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktiv stråling">radioaktiv stråling</a>. De udgør et vigtigt led i <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8dek%C3%A6de" title="Fødekæde">fødekæder</a>, f.eks. ved <a href="/wiki/Kv%C3%A6lstoffiksering" title="Kvælstoffiksering">kvælstoffiksering</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære">jordens atmosfære</a>, og udfører vigtige processer i eukaryoters <a href="/wiki/Stofskifte" title="Stofskifte">stofskifte</a>. </p><p>Studiet af bakterier kaldes for <a href="/wiki/Bakteriologi" title="Bakteriologi">bakteriologi</a> og er en gren inden for <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologien</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forekomst">Forekomst</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Forekomst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Forekomst"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier (og <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A6er" title="Arkæer">arkæer</a>) findes i alle <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem">økosystemer</a> på jorden, i varme kilder, i <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivt_affald" title="Radioaktivt affald">radioaktivt affald</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, i havet, dybt nede i jordskorpen og inde i alle højere organismer. Visse bakterier kan endog leve i ekstrem kulde eller i <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>. De fleste arter af bakterier er stadig ukendte for videnskaben. Årsagen er, at de fleste bakterier ikke kan fremavles i et <a href="/wiki/Laboratorium" title="Laboratorium">laboratorium</a> og derfor er deres vækstforhold ukendte. I gennemsnit findes der 40 millioner bakterier i et gram jord og en million bakterier i en milliliter <a href="/wiki/Ferskvand" title="Ferskvand">ferskvand</a>. I alt er der omkring 5×10<sup>30</sup> bakterier på jorden, og de udgør en <a href="/wiki/Biomasse" title="Biomasse">biomasse</a>, der overstiger alle dyr og planter tilsammen. </p><p>Skønsvis findes der 10 gange flere bakterier end menneskeceller i et menneske, hvor de fleste celler findes i <a href="/wiki/Tarm_(anatomi)" title="Tarm (anatomi)">tarmen</a> eller på <a href="/wiki/Hud" title="Hud">huden</a>. Enkelte bakterier kan være sygdomsfremkaldende (<a href="/wiki/Patogen" title="Patogen">patogene</a>), men de fleste er ufarlige. Blandt de <a href="/wiki/Symbiotiske" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotiske">symbiotiske</a> bakterier findes adskillige, blandt andet </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Streptococcus_faecium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Streptococcus faecium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Streptococcus faecium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endococcus_faecium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endococcus faecium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Endococcus faecium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enterococcus_bifido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enterococcus bifido (ikke skrevet endnu)">Enterococcus bifido</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bakteriologiens_historie">Bakteriologiens historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Bakteriologiens historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bakteriologiens historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_(1632-1723)._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/220px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/330px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg/440px-Anthonie_van_Leeuwenhoek_%281632-1723%29._Natuurkundige_te_Delft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-957.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Anton van Leeuwenhoek">Anton van Leeuwenhoek</a>, den første <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrobiolog">mikrobiolog</a> og den første til at observere bakterier i et <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakterier blev første gang observeret af <a href="/wiki/Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Anton van Leeuwenhoek">Anton van Leeuwenhoek</a> i 1676 igennem et selvlavet <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han kaldte dem "animalcules" (latin: små dyr) og offentliggjorde sine observationer i en række breve til <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">The Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navnet <i>bakterie</i> blev først indført i 1828 af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (ikke skrevet endnu)">Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1835 definerede Ehrenberg <i>Bacterium</i> som en slægt af ikke-sporedannende stavbakterier,<sup id="cite_ref-status_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modsat <i>Bacillus</i>, der var en slægt af sporedannende stavbakterier.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> viste i 1859, at gæring (se <a href="/wiki/Fermentering" title="Fermentering">fermentering</a>) skyldes vækst af mikroorganismer. (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Gær">Gær</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mug" class="mw-redirect" title="Mug">mug</a>, der ofte forbindes med gæring, er dog ikke bakterier, men snarere <a href="/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe">svampe</a>.) Pasteur og hans samtidige <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> var tidlige fortalere for teorien om, at sygdomme skyldes mikrober.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Koch var en foregangsmand inden for medicinsk mikrobiologi og forskede i <a href="/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera">kolera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miltbrand" title="Miltbrand">miltbrand</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tuberkulose" title="Tuberkulose">tuberkulose</a>. I sin forskning inden for tuberkulose beviste Koch endelig den mikrobielle årsag til sygdommene og modtog i 1905 <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysiologi_eller_medicin" title="Nobelprisen i fysiologi eller medicin">Nobel-prisen</a> for opdagelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <i><a href="/wiki/Kochs_postulater" title="Kochs postulater">Kochs postulater</a></i> opstillede han fire kriterier for, om der er en årsagssammenhæng mellem en mikrobe og en <a href="/wiki/Sygdom" title="Sygdom">sygdom</a>, og disse postulater anvendes den dag i dag.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selv om man vidste i det 19. århundrede, at bakterier var skyld i mange sygdomme, kendte man dog ingen effektive <a href="/wiki/Antiseptisk" title="Antiseptisk">antiseptisk</a> behandling.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 1910 udviklede <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvarsan" title="Salvarsan">Salvarsan</a>, det første antibiotikum mod bakterien <i><a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a></i> — <a href="/wiki/Spirok%C3%A6t" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirokæt">spirokæten</a> der forårsager <a href="/wiki/Syfilis" title="Syfilis">syfilis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ehrlich blev belønnet med Nobel-prisen i 1908 for sit arbejde med <a href="/wiki/Immunologi" title="Immunologi">immunologi</a> og opfandt metoden med farvning til at opdage og identificere bakterier, hvilket blev grundlaget for <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gramfarvning</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziehl-Neelsen-farvning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziehl-Neelsen-farvning (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ziehl-Neelsen-farvning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med bakteriologen Alexander Flemings opdagelse af <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> i <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> indledtes en betydningsfuld periode med produktion i 1939 af det første <a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">antibiotika</a> til hurtig og effektiv behandling af infektioner. </p><p>Et vigtigt skridt i bakteriologien var opdagelsen i 1977 af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Woese (ikke skrevet endnu)">Carl Woese</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arkæer</a> (arkebakterier) er en separat udviklingsgren.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne nye <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetisk_systematik" title="Fylogenetisk systematik">fylogenetiske systematik</a> baseredes på DNA-sekventeringen of <a href="/w/index.php?title=16S_ribosomal_RNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16S ribosomal RNA (ikke skrevet endnu)">16S ribosomal RNA</a> og opdelte prokaryoterne i to evolutionære domæner ud af tre domæner.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter mange års brug af <a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">antibiotika</a> opstår problemet: <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikaresistens" title="Antibiotikaresistens">antibiotikaresistens</a>, dvs tab af følsomhed over for antibiotika, tab af mulighed for at slå bakterierne ned og standse bakterieinfektionerne. Al brug af antibiotika vil medføre et <a href="/wiki/Selektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Selektion">selektionspres</a>, der gør, at de følsomme bakterier dør, og de resistente trives. Udviklingen har medført udbredelsen af multiresistente bakterier som <a href="/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA">MRSA</a> og <a href="/wiki/CC398" title="CC398">CC398</a>, der udgør en stor udfordring for sundhedssektoren. Der pågår i 2012 en diskussion om problemets omfang og løsning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidlig_evolution">Tidlig evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Tidlig evolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tidlig evolution"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stamfaderen til moderne bakterier var en encellet mikroorganisme, som var de <a href="/wiki/Abiogenese" title="Abiogenese">første livsformer</a> på jorden for omkring 4 milliarder år siden. For omkring 3 milliarder år siden var alle organismer mikroskopiske, og bakterier og arkæer var de dominerende livsformer.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der eksisterer <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossiler</a> efter bakterier fra omkring 3,5 milliarder år siden, som f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Stromatolit" title="Stromatolit">stromatolitter</a>, men de kan ikke anvendes til at rekonstruere bakteriernes evolutionshistorie eller datere tidspunktet for bestemte bakteriers oprindelse på grund af manglende <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologiske</a> kendetegn. Derimod kan man af deres DNA-materiale aflæse den bakterielle <a href="/wiki/Fylogenese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylogenese">afstamning</a>, og dette antyder, at bakterierne først skilte sig ud fra arkæerne/eukaryoternes linje.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bakterier var også involveret i den anden store evolutionære udskilning mellem arkæer og eukaryoter. Her opstod eukaryoter ved at bakterier trængte ind i stamformerne for de eukaryote celler, der måske selv var beslægtet med arkæerne, og indgik <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" class="mw-redirect" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiotiske</a> forhold som organeller i cellerne.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dyall_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyall-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette gælder f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrie" title="Mitokondrie">mitokondrierne</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenosom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenosom (ikke skrevet endnu)">hydrogenosomerne</a>, der opstod ved at tidlige eukaryoter opslugte en alpha-proteobakterie, der kunne omdanne <a href="/wiki/Druesukker" class="mw-redirect" title="Druesukker">druesukker</a> til energibærende <a href="/wiki/ATP_(kemi)" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP (kemi)">ATP</a>-molekyler), uden at fordøje den. Disse indgår stadig som organeller i alle eukaryotiske celler, sommetider i reduceret form. Senere hen har nogle eukaryoter, der allerede indeholdt mitokondrier, opslugt nogle cyanobakterie-lignende organismer, og dette førte til dannelsen af <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">grønkorn</a> i alger og planter. Der findes også alger, der er opstået af senere endosymbiotiske begivenheder, ved at de har opslugt en anden eukaryot alge og på den måde har udviklet et "andengenerations-organel".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologi">Morfologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Morfologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Morfologi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/350px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/525px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/700px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Diagram over opdelingen af bakterier efter deres form.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakterier udviser en stor variation af former og størrelser, kaldet <i><a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologier</a></i>. Bakterielle celler har en størrelse på ca. en tiendedel af en eukaryot celle og er typisk 0,5–5,0 <a href="/wiki/Mikrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrometer">mikrometer</a> lange.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undtagelsesvist er nogle få arter — for eksempel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiomargarita_namibiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiomargarita namibiensis (ikke skrevet endnu)">Thiomargarita namibiensis</a></i> og <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epulopiscium_fishelsoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epulopiscium fishelsoni (ikke skrevet endnu)">Epulopiscium fishelsoni</a></i> — op til en halv millimeter lange og er synlige for det blotte øje;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>E. fishelsoni</i> når op på 0,7 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt de mindste bakterier er medlemmerne af slægten <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycoplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycoplasma (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mycoplasma</a></i>, som kun måler 0,3 mikrometer, på størrelse med de største <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">vira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle bakterier kan være endnu mindre, men disse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramikrobakterie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultramikrobakterie (ikke skrevet endnu)">ultramikrobakterier</a> er ikke godt undersøgt.<sup id="cite_ref-Velimirov2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velimirov2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De fleste bakterier er enten kugleformede, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Kok_(bakterie)" title="Kok (bakterie)">kokker</a> (latin <i>sing</i>. coccus, fra græsk <i>κόκκος</i>-<i>kókkos</i>, korn, frø), eller stavformede, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Bacille" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacille">baciller</a> (latin <i>sing</i>. bacillus, fra <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>baculus</i>, stav). Bakterier er aflange i forbindelse med svømning.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nogle stavformede bakterier, kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vibrio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vibrio (ikke skrevet endnu)">vibrio</a>, er svagt buede eller komma-formede; andre kan være spiralformede, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Spirillum" title="Spirillum">spiriller</a>, eller stramt oprullede, kaldet <a href="/wiki/Spirok%C3%A6t" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirokæt">spirokæter</a>. Et lille antal arter er tetraeder- eller terningformede.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fornylig har man opdaget bakterier dybt under jordens skorpe, som gror som lange stave med et stjerneformet tværsnit. Disse bakteriers store overflade i forhold til rumfang må være en fordel for dem i næringsfattige omgivelser.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne store variation af former er bestemt af den bakterielle <a href="/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg">cellevæg</a> og <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a> og er vigtig, fordi den kan påvirke bakteriens evne til at skaffe næring, hæfte sig til overflader, svømme gennem væsker og undslippe <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A6dation" title="Prædation">rov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg/220px-Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg/330px-Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg/440px-Thermophilic_bacteria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a> af termofile bakterier i udspringet af Mickey Hot Springs, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, ca. 20mm tyk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mange arter af bakterier lever som enkeltvise celler, mens andre samler sig i karakteristiske mønstre: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neisseria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neisseria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Neisseria</a></i> danner par, såkaldte <i>diploider</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptokok" title="Streptokok">Streptococcus</a></i> danner kæder, og <i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> grupperer sig som en "drueklase". Bakterier, som f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Aktinobakterier" title="Aktinobakterier">Actinobacteria</a>, danner lange tråde (<i>filamenter</i>), som ofte kan være omsluttet af et hylster med mange individuelle celler. Visse typer, så som arter af slægten <i><a href="/wiki/Nocardia" title="Nocardia">Nocardia</a></i>, danner endda komplekse grenede filamenter i stil med visse <a href="/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe">svampes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Relative_scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/220px-Relative_scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/330px-Relative_scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Relative_scale.svg/440px-Relative_scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Størrelsesordenen for <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryoter</a> sammenlignet med andre organismer og <a href="/wiki/Biomolekyle" title="Biomolekyle">biomolekyler</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bakterier klæber sig ofte til overflader som en tæt film kaldet <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>. Sådanne film kan have en tykkelse på få mikrometer op til en halv meter og kan indeholde flere bakteriearter, <a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">protister</a> og <a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">arkæer</a>. Bakterier, der lever i biofilm, udviser et komplekst system af celler og bestanddele mellem cellerne, der kan danne sekundære strukturer så som mikrokolonier med et netværk af kanaler for næringsstoffer.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I naturlige miljøer såsom jord eller planters overflader er flertallet af bakterier bundet til overfladen i biofilm.<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biofilm er også vigtige inden for medicin, da disse strukturer ofte er tilstede ved kroniske bakterie-infektioner eller infektioner på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Implantat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Implantat (ikke skrevet endnu)">implantater</a>, og bakterier, der er beskyttet i en biofilm er meget sværere at bekæmpe end enkeltvise bakterier.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det er nogle gange muligt med endnu mere komplekse ændringer. For eksempel kan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxobacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Myxobacteria</a> ved mangel på næringsstoffer søge efter celler omkring dem i en proces kaldet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quorum_sensing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quorum sensing (ikke skrevet endnu)">quorum sensing</a>. Cellerne vandrer hen imod hinanden og samler sig som ét nærende legeme op til 500 mikrometer stort med omkring 100.000 bakterieceller.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I disse nærende legemer udfører bakterierne hver sin opgave, og dette samarbejde er en simpel type flercellet organisme. For eksempel vil cirka hver tiende celle vandre op til toppen af sådan et nærende legeme og specialisere sig til et dvalende stadium kaldet myxospores, som er mere modstandsdygtig over for udtørring og andre miljømæssige forhold end de almindelige celler.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cellestrukturer">Cellestrukturer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Cellestrukturer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Cellestrukturer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Prokaryote_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/330px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/440px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Opbygning og indhold af en typisk <a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Grampositiv</a> bakteriecelle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indre_celleopbygning">Indre celleopbygning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Indre celleopbygning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Indre celleopbygning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier er omgivet af en cellevæg, eller <a href="/wiki/Cellemembran" title="Cellemembran">cellemembran</a>, bestående af <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipider</a>. Membranen omslutter cellens indhold og fungerer som en barriere for at holde næringsstoffer, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteiner</a> og andre vigtige bestanddele af <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasma" title="Cytoplasma">cytoplasmaet</a> inden for cellen. Da bakterier er <a href="/wiki/Prokaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryot">prokaryoter</a>, indeholder de hverken en <a href="/wiki/Cellekerne" title="Cellekerne">cellekerne</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Organel" title="Organel">organeller</a>, der er omgivet af en membran som for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">grønkorn</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrie" title="Mitokondrie">mitokondrier</a>, eller andre organeller i <a href="/wiki/Eukaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryot">eukaryoter</a> såsom <a href="/wiki/Golgiapparat" title="Golgiapparat">Golgiapparat</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatisk_reticulum" title="Endoplasmatisk reticulum">endoplasmatisk reticulum</a>. Cellevæggen er også opbygget helt anderledes end hos planter.<sup id="cite_ref-Stryer_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stryer-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidligere anså man bakterier for blot at være et simpelt hylster for cytoplasma, men opdagelsen af bestanddele i cellen såsom et prokaryot <a href="/wiki/Cytoskelet" title="Cytoskelet">cytoskelet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og særlige placeringer af proteinet i cytoplasmaet<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> har vist en større grad af kompleksitet. Disse indre celle-områder kaldes "bakterielle hyperstrukturer".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mere specialiserede strukturer som f.eks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxysom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxysom (ikke skrevet endnu)">carboxysomet</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er omgivet af <a href="/wiki/Polyeder" title="Polyeder">polyeder</a>-formede proteinskaller i stedet for lipidmembraner.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobik2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobik2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er i disse "polyeder-organeller", bakteriens <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a> foregår, mens det hos eukaryoter foregår i membran-afgrænsede organeller.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobik2006_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobik2006-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange <a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">biokemiske</a> processer, så som <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">energitransport</a>, foregår ved, at molekyler <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffunderer</a> igennem membraner, et princip, der også anvendes i <a href="/wiki/Batteri_(elektricitet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batteri (elektricitet)">batterier</a>. Det generelle fravær af indre membraner i bakterier betyder, at reaktioner såsom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrontransport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrontransport (ikke skrevet endnu)">elektrontransport</a> foregår igennem cellemambranen mellem cytoplasmaet og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplasma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplasma (ikke skrevet endnu)">periplasmaet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakteriers_DNA">Bakteriers DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Bakteriers DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bakteriers DNA"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Plasmid_(english).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/220px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/330px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plasmid_%28english%29.svg/440px-Plasmid_%28english%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption> Illustration af organiseringen af en bakteries genom</figcaption></figure> <p>Arvematerialet er et cirkulært DNA-molekyle og eventuelt et eller flere <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmider</a>. Der er ikke nogen decideret cellekerne, men inden i cellen er der et kromosom samt plasmider. En bakteries <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genom</a> kan være mellem 139.000 og 13 millioner <a href="/wiki/Basepar" title="Basepar">basepar</a>. I forhold til eukaryote organismer indeholder en bakteries (og andre prokaryote celler) genom kun information for dannelse af meget få proteiner, det kan være enzymer. Det vil altså sige at der ikke sker nær så mange biokemiske processer i bakterier som i eukaryote celler. </p><p>Et plasmid er et lille stykke cirkulært DNA som kun indeholder gener. Hvis de findes i en bakterie eller en encellet eukaryot kan plasmidet kopieres uafhængigt af den <a href="/wiki/Replikation" title="Replikation">replikation</a> cellen ellers foretager. Dette plasmid kan, hvis det indeholder gener for for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Antibiotikaresistens" title="Antibiotikaresistens">antibiotikaresistens</a>, gøre at bakterien er resistent over for antibiotika. Bakterien kan kopiere plasmidet og overføre det til andre bakterier som så også er resistente mod antibiotika. </p><p>Celledeling sker meget hurtigt hos bakterier. Det er samtidig en meget simpel proces. Det fungerer ligesom eukaryoternes <a href="/wiki/Mitose" title="Mitose">mitose</a> (bakteriekromosomet og plasmiderne fordobles og cellen deler sig i to identiske celler). Det er på grund af bakteriers evne til at formere sig så hurtigt at det er en god idé at stille madvarer i køleskabet. Hvis forholdene er helt rigtige er bakterier nemlig i stand til at formere sig på blot to timer. De fleste bakteriers enzymer fungerer dårligt ved køleskabstemperatur samt ved vands kogepunkt. Bakterier har dog en stor tilpasningsevne, hvilket også hænger sammen med at de kan udveksle plasmider og derved arvemateriale. Denne udveksling af arvemateriale skaber stor variation blandt bakterier og det kan udnyttes godt, blandt andet til at rense forurenede marker. Det kan dog også være skidt for mennesker, da nogle bakterier gør os syge. Før i tiden kunne man behandle bakterieinfektioner med antibiotika, men nu har nogle bakterier udviklet et resistent gen over for antibiotika hvilket gør, at antibiotikaen ikke altid slår bakterierne ihjel længere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Metabolisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Metabolisme"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier udviser en ekstrem variation inden for <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionelt har man defineret bakteriers <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomi</a> ud fra deres type af <a href="/wiki/Metabolisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolisme">metabolisme</a>, men denne opdeling stemmer ofte ikke overens med den moderne genetiske klassifikation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakteriers metabolisme karakteriseres på basis af tre overordnede kriterier: <a href="/wiki/Energi" title="Energi">Energikilden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulstof" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulstof">kulstofkilden</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrondonor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektrondonor (ikke skrevet endnu)">elektrondonoren</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Bakteriers metabolisme </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Energikilde </th> <th>Kulstofkilde </th> <th>Eksempler </th></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Fotoautotrofi" title="Fotoautotrofi">Fototrofi</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Sollys </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organisk materiale (fotoheterotrof) eller <p>kulstoffiksering (fotoautotrof) </p> </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobakterier" title="Cyanobakterier">Cyanobakterier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%B8nne_svovlbakterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grønne svovlbakterier (ikke skrevet endnu)">Grønne svovlbakterier</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chloroflexi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purpurbakterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purpurbakterier (ikke skrevet endnu)">Purpurbakterier</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litotrofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litotrofi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Litotrofi</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Uorganisk materiale </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organisk materiale (litoheterotrof) eller <p>kulstoffiksering (litoautotrof)  </p> </td> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">Thermodesulfobacteria</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenophilaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenophilaceae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hydrogenophilaceae</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nitrospirae</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organotrofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organotrofi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Organotrofi</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Organisk materiale </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Organisk materiale (kemoheterotrof) eller <p>kulstoffiksering (kemoautotrof)  </p> </td> <td> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacillus (ikke skrevet endnu)">Bacillus</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clostridium (ikke skrevet endnu)">Clostridium</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enterobacteriaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enterobacteriaceae (ikke skrevet endnu)">Enterobacteriaceae</a></i>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>En bakteries kulstofmetabolisme er enten <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrof</a>, hvor kulstofkilden er organisk materiale, eller <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">autotrof</a>, hvor kulstoffet fikseres fra luftens <a href="/wiki/Kultveilte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultveilte">kultveilte</a>. Heterotrofe bakterier omfatter også forskellige typer af <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasitter</a>. Typiske autotrofe bakterier er de fototrofe <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C3%B8nne_svovlbakterier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grønne svovlbakterier (ikke skrevet endnu)">grønne svovlbakterier</a> og visse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purple_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purple bacteria (ikke skrevet endnu)">purple bacteria</a>, men også mange kemolitotrofe arter som f.eks.nitrifierende eller svovl-oxiderende bakterier.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patogene_bakterier">Patogene bakterier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Patogene bakterier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Patogene bakterier"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakterier som <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">salmonella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">listeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a> og <a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">campylobacter</a> kan alle være årsag til madforgiftning. Campylobacter er den hyppigste årsag til madforgiftning i Danmark med 3.728 rapporterede tilfælde.<sup id="cite_ref-ssi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dtu_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtu-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På Mads Clausen Instituttet ved Syddansk Universitet er man ved at udvikle en "bakteriescanner", der skal være i stand til at finde og identificere de enkelte typer af bakterier i madvarer på få sekunder.<sup id="cite_ref-sdu_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdu-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I dag tager det fra to til fem dage at undersøge og analysere forekomsten af bakterier i madvarer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">Antibiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arker" class="mw-redirect" title="Arker">Arker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliforme_bakterier" title="Coliforme bakterier">Coliforme bakterier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramfarvning" title="Gramfarvning">Gramfarvning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitalsinfektion" title="Hospitalsinfektion">Hospitalsinfektion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livets_tr%C3%A6_(biologi)" title="Livets træ (biologi)">Livets træ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikrobiom" title="Mikrobiom">Mikrobiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotikaresistens" title="Antibiotikaresistens">Resistens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8d%C3%A6dende_bakterier" class="mw-redirect" title="Kødædende bakterier">Kødædende bakterier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fodnoter">Fodnoter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Fodnoter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Fodnoter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFredrickson_JKZachara_JMBalkwill_DLKennedy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fredrickson JK; Zachara JM; Balkwill DL; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC444790">"Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>70</b> (7): 4230-41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004">10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-2240">0099-2240</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Frit tilgængelig"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC444790">444790</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15240306">15240306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Geomicrobiology+of+high-level+nuclear+waste-contaminated+vadose+sediments+at+the+Hanford+site%2C+Washington+state&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=4230-41&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC444790%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0099-2240&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15240306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004&rft.au=Fredrickson+JK&rft.au=Zachara+JM&rft.au=Balkwill+DL&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+D.&rft.au=Li%2C+S.-m.+W.&rft.au=Kostandarithes%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=Daly%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Romine%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Brockman%2C+F.+J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC444790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABakterier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPorter_JR1976" class="citation journal cs1">Porter JR (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">"Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria"</a>. <i>Bacteriological Reviews</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 260-9. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Frit tilgængelig"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">413956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/786250">786250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%3A+tercentenary+of+his+discovery+of+bacteria&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=260-9&rft.date=1976&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F786250&rft.au=Porter+JR&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABakterier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwenhoek_A1684" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwenhoek A (1684). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/120136/?k=Sep.+17%2c+1683">"An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leevvenhoek at Delft, dated Sep. 17, 1683, Containing Some Microscopical Observations, about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth, the Substance Call'd Worms in the Nose, the Cuticula Consisting of Scales"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i>. <b>14</b> (155-166): 568-574. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030">10.1098/rstl.1684.0030</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet <span class="nowrap">2007-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%281683%E2%80%931775%29&rft.atitle=An+abstract+of+a+letter+from+Mr.+Anthony+Leevvenhoek+at+Delft%2C+dated+Sep.+17%2C+1683%2C+Containing+Some+Microscopical+Observations%2C+about+Animals+in+the+Scurf+of+the+Teeth%2C+the+Substance+Call%27d+Worms+in+the+Nose%2C+the+Cuticula+Consisting+of+Scales&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=155-166&rft.pages=568-574&rft.date=1684&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030&rft.au=van+Leeuwenhoek+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2F120136%2F%3Fk%3DSep.%2B17%252c%2B1683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABakterier" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_url-status" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwenhoek_A1700" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwenhoek A (1700). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/link.asp?id=4j53731651310230">"Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i>. <b>22</b> (260-276): 509-518. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013">10.1098/rstl.1700.0013</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="cite_note-ssi-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ssi_53-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">www.ssi.dk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssi.dk/Forskning/Forskningsomraader/Infektioner/Infektiose%20agens/Bakterier/Campylobacter.aspx">Campylobacter</a> Hentet 29. feb. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dtu-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dtu_54-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">www.dtu.dk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kt.dtu.dk/english/~/media/institutter/kemiteknik/forside/dtu_annualreport2012.ashx">DTU Annual Report 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222224348/http://www.kt.dtu.dk/english/~/media/institutter/kemiteknik/forside/dtu_annualreport2012.ashx">Arkiveret</a> 22. februar 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hentet 29. feb. 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdu-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sdu_55-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">www.sdu.dk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdu.dk/Nyheder/NyViden/Alle_artikler/2014/Februar/daarligmad">Dårlig mad kan opdages langt tidligere (feb. 2014)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225040837/http://www.sdu.dk/Nyheder/NyViden/Alle_artikler/2014/Februar/daarligmad">Arkiveret</a> 25. februar 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hentet 29. feb. 2016</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kilder">Kilder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Kilder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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København: Munksgaard. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-16-10775-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-16-10775-6">87-16-10775-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Munksgaards+atlas+%E2%80%93+%C3%B8kologi&rft.place=K%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pub=Munksgaard&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Dieter+Heinrich&rft.au=Manfred+Hergt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABakterier" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Afsnit 03 Prokaryoter i <i>Biologi C+B</i>, Systime</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakterier&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox sisterproject"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50px; height:67px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Forside" class="extiw" title="commons:Forside">Wikimedia Commons</a> har medier relateret til: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bacteria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bacteria">Bakterier</a></b></i></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/sporg-videnskaben/hvad-er-en-bakterie">Hvad er en bakterie? Videnskab.dk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/uden-bakterier-dor-vi-alle-sammen">Uden bakterier dør vi alle sammen. Videnskab.dk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/kidnapning-af-bakterie-blev-starten-pa-alle-planter">Kidnapning af bakterie blev starten på alle planter. Videnskab.dk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miljoforskning.formas.se/sv/Nummer/Juni-2005/Innehall/Temaartiklar/Landskap-kraver-bonder-bonder-kraver-landskap1/">Människans normalflora - okänt universum med nyckelroll för framtidens livsmedelsforskning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531153358/http://miljoforskning.formas.se/sv/Nummer/Juni-2005/Innehall/Temaartiklar/Landskap-kraver-bonder-bonder-kraver-landskap1/">Arkiveret</a> 31. maj 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/miljo-naturvidenskab/uden-bakterier-dor-vi-alle-sammen">17. januar 2012, videnskab.dk: Uden bakterier dør vi alle sammen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biokemi.org/biozoom/issues/526/articles/2404">Metagenomics: Mand og Mikrobe. BioZoom</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024124453/http://www.biokemi.org/biozoom/issues/526/articles/2404">Arkiveret</a> 24. oktober 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=588&art_id=qw1105073464966B252">January 07 2005, iol: Pollution-eating bugs found in sewage sludge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050113083141/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=588&art_id=qw1105073464966B252">Arkiveret</a> 13. januar 2005 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Citat: "...They published the genetic sequence of the bug, called <i>Dehalococcoides ethenogenes Strain 195</i>, and said it showed some surprising flexibility...Different strains break down perchloroethylene or <a href="/w/index.php?title=PCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PCE (ikke skrevet endnu)">PCE</a>, a chlorinated solvent used for dry cleaning; trichloroethylene, used to clean metal parts; chlorobenzenes, used to produce the now-banned pesticide <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>; and polychlorinated biphenyls or <a href="/wiki/Polyklorerede_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerede bifenyler">PCBs</a>, compounds that were once used as coolants and lubricants in <a href="/wiki/Transformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer">transformers</a>..."Just by picking up these mobile genetic elements from other bacteria, Dehalococcoides strains seem able to adapt and to take advantage of opportunities as they present themselves," Zinder said in a statement. The researchers said their findings suggest the bacteria may have developed the ability to munch chlorinated solvents fairly recently, the researchers said...."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videnskab.dk/teknologi/danskere-skaber-gennembrud-i-forstaelsen-af-bakterier">Danskere skaber gennembrud i forståelsen af bakterier. 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