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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British trade union leader, see <a href="/wiki/Doug_Nicholls_(trade_unionist)" title="Doug Nicholls (trade unionist)">Doug Nicholls (trade unionist)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Douglas Nicholls</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">KCVO</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_nicholls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/Douglas_nicholls.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1976 – 30 April 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Sir Mark Oliphant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Seaman" title="Keith Seaman">Sir Keith Seaman</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-12-09</span>)</span>9 December 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/Cummeragunja_Reserve" title="Cummeragunja Reserve">Cummeragunja Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1988<span style="display:none">(1988-06-04)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mooroopna,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooroopna, Victoria">Mooroopna, Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Australian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Nicholls" title="Gladys Nicholls">Gladys Nicholls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Footballer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activist</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Douglas Ralph Nicholls</b> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">KCVO</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span></span> (9 December 1906 – 4 June 1988) was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorta Yorta people">Yorta Yorta people</a>. He was a professional athlete, <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Churches of Christ</a> pastor and <a href="/wiki/Church_planter" class="mw-redirect" title="Church planter">church planter</a>, ceremonial officer and a pioneering campaigner for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reconciliation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:reconciliation">reconciliation</a>. </p><p>Nicholls was the first Aboriginal Australian to be knighted when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in 1972 (he was subsequently appointed a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order</a> in 1977).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pressreader.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressreader.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the first—and as of 2024 the only<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—Indigenous Australian to be appointed to <a href="/wiki/Vice-regal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-regal">vice-regal</a> office, serving as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> from 1 December 1976 until his resignation on 30 April 1977 due to poor health. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholls was born on 9 December 1906 on the <a href="/wiki/Cummeragunja_Reserve" title="Cummeragunja Reserve">Cummeragunja Reserve</a> in New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adb-bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the youngest of five children born to Herbert Nicholls and Florence Atkinson.<sup id="cite_ref-abc-blood_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-blood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandfather was Aaron Atkinson, who was the brother of <a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_(Aboriginal_Australian)" title="William Cooper (Aboriginal Australian)">William Cooper</a>. </p><p>Schooling at Nicholls's mission was provided to Grade 3 standard and strict religious principles were emphasised. When he was eight, he saw his 16-year-old sister Hilda forcibly taken from his family by the police and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Cootamundra_Domestic_Training_Home_for_Aboriginal_Girls" title="Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls">Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls</a> where she was trained to become a domestic servant. </p><p>At 13 Nicholls worked with his uncle as a tar boy and general hand on <a href="/wiki/Sheep_station" title="Sheep station">sheep stations</a>, and he lived with the shearers. He worked hard and had a cheerful disposition. This annoyed one of the shearers so much that he challenged Nicholls to a fight, with the loser to hand over one week's pay (30 <a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">shillings</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">$</a>3). After six rounds the shearer who challenged him conceded defeat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sporting_career">Sporting career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sporting career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northcote_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Northcote_1929.jpg/220px-Northcote_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Northcote_1929.jpg/330px-Northcote_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Northcote_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club" title="Northcote Football Club">Northcote Football Club</a>'s 1929 premiership side. Doug Nicholls is second from right, front row.</figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian rules footballer</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox infobox-table vcard" style="line-height: 1.2em; width: 25em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-above fn">Football career</th></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#003399; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em">Personal information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Original team(s)</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data role" style="vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Tongala_Football_Club" title="Tongala Football Club">Tongala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Height</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: baseline"> 157 cm (5 ft 2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Weight</th><td colspan="3" class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: baseline"> 65 kg (143 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#003399; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em">Playing career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Years</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Club</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Games (Goals)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: normal">1927–1931</span></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club" title="Northcote Football Club">Northcote</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: normal">1932–1937</span></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club" title="Fitzroy Football Club">Fitzroy</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> 54 (2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: normal">1937–1938</span></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club" title="Northcote Football Club">Northcote</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#003399; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em">Representative team honours</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Years</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Team</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Games (Goals)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: normal">1935</span></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Australian_rules_football_team" title="Victoria Australian rules football team">Victoria</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4 <span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>(0)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#003399; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em">Coaching career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left">Years</th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Club</b></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <b>Games (W–L–D)</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left"><span style="font-weight: normal">1947</span></th><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-a" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> <a href="/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club" title="Northcote Football Club">Northcote</a></td><td class="infobox-data infobox-data-b" style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: baseline"> 20 (4–16–0)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#003399; color: #ffffff; line-height: 1.5em">Career highlights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align: baseline"> <div style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>VFA premiership player: <a href="/wiki/1929_VFA_season#1929_VFA_premiership" title="1929 VFA season">1929</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: right"> Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/D/Doug_Nicholls.html">AFL Tables</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Douglas+Nicholls/5400">AustralianFootball.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nicholls played <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>. After playing in the Goulburn Valley for <a href="/wiki/Tongala_Football_Club" title="Tongala Football Club">Tongala</a>, Nicholls tried out for <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">VFL</a> clubs <a href="/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club" title="North Melbourne Football Club">North Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club" title="Carlton Football Club">Carlton</a> before the 1927 season.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He played some seconds matches for Carlton but did not play a senior game.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholls subsequently joined the <a href="/wiki/Northcote_Football_Club" title="Northcote Football Club">Northcote Football Club</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Football Association">VFA</a>, and became a regular in the Northcote team by 1929. He made his name as an energetic and speedy wingman, capable of spectacular feats, and came to be regarded as the best wingman in the VFA at the time. At 5'2", he was one of the shortest players in the game.<sup id="cite_ref-victor_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of Northcote's 1929 premiership team, and finished third in the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder Cup">Recorder Cup</a> voting in 1931, his final season with Northcote.<sup id="cite_ref-SF1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SF1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Nicholls joined the VFL's <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club" title="Fitzroy Football Club">Fitzroy Football Club</a> and in 1935, he was the first Aboriginal player to be selected to play for the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Australian_rules_football_team" title="Victoria Australian rules football team">Victorian interstate team</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately playing four interstate games. He played a total of six seasons for Fitzroy, before returning to Northcote in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knee injuries forced him to retire in 1939. He returned to Northcote as non-playing coach in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholls won Fitzroy's Reserves best and fairest award in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his career, particularly in the early years, Nicholls was subjected to onfield taunts or ostracised by his team-mates due to his colour. Nevertheless, he became a popular player among spectators; and, upon joining Fitzroy, when he was initially sitting by himself in the change rooms (due to this ostracism), he was befriended by <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Bunton,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Haydn Bunton, Sr.">Haydn Bunton, Sr.</a> who ensured he was made welcome within the team.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his close relative <a href="/wiki/Lynch_Cooper" title="Lynch Cooper">Lynch Cooper</a>, Nicholls was also a very capable sprinter. He competed in gift races around Victoria during the athletics seasons, and in 1928 he won both the Nyah and Warracknabeal Gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-victor_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the race organisers paid him an appearance fee, board and expenses to enter races. He was the inaugural chairman of the National Aboriginal Sports Foundation. </p><p>Playing football provided employment during the winter. To earn a living during the rest of the year, he <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxed</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Sharman" title="Jimmy Sharman">Jimmy Sharman</a>'s Boxing Troupe, a travelling sideshow in which Sharman offered his fighters for challenge against all comers. </p><p>During World War II, Nicholls was an adept <a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">boomerang</a> thrower, teaching that skill to some members of the United States military. There is a photograph depicting this in the Australian War Memorial archives.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also organised and captained Aboriginal teams in football matches used for patriotic fundraisers during the war, many of which were played against Northcote.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_to_the_1967_referendum">Road to the 1967 referendum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Road to the 1967 referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Nicholls_1931_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Douglas_Nicholls_1931_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>Nicholls in 1931</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Patten_(right)_reads_resolution_(12097104296).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg/220px-President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg/330px-President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg/440px-President_Patten_%28right%29_reads_resolution_%2812097104296%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Tom Foster, Jack Kinchela (obscured), Nicholls, <a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_(Aboriginal_Australian)" title="William Cooper (Aboriginal Australian)">William Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Patten" title="Jack Patten">Jack Patten</a> reading the resolution of the Aborigines Progressive Association at the All Australian Aboriginal Conference and Day of Mourning at Australian Hall, Sydney, on 26 January 1938</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_(Aboriginal_Australian)" title="William Cooper (Aboriginal Australian)">William Cooper</a>, an uncle to Nicholls, mentored him in leadership, eventually placing him as the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines%27_League" title="Australian Aborigines' League">Australian Aborigines' League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a founding principle of the League that Aboriginal Affairs was made a Federal matter, which would require a change in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a>, which could only be effected by a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>. As early as February 1935 Cooper, Nicholls and others were lobbying Members of Parliament, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paterson" title="Thomas Paterson">Thomas Paterson</a>, the Commonwealth minister for the interior on this issue. It gained national attention when Nicholls, leveraging his profile as a nationally famous athlete, participated in the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Mourning_(Australia)" title="Day of Mourning (Australia)">Day of Mourning</a> protest for Aborigines held in Sydney on 26 January 1938, where Indigenous leaders from across the country made the demand to change the Constitution. The proposed resolution was: </p><blockquote><p>WE, representing THE ABORIGINES OF AUSTRALIA, assembled in conference at the Australian Hall, Sydney, on the 26th day of January, 1938, this being the 150th Anniversary of the Whiteman's seizure of our country, HEREBY MAKE PROTEST against the callous treatment of our people by the whitemen during the past 150 years, AND WE APPEAL to the Australian nation of today to make new laws for the education and care of Aborigines, we ask for a new policy which will raise our people TO FULL CITIZEN STATUS and EQUALITY WITHIN THE COMMUNITY.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Doug Nicholls rose to support the resolution on behalf of the Victorian Aborigines League that day, saying: </p><blockquote><p>On behalf of Victorian Aborigines I want to say that we support this resolution in every way. The public does not realise what our people have suffered for 150 years. Aboriginal girls have been sent to Aboriginal Reserves and have not been given any opportunity to improve themselves. Their treatment has been disgusting. The white people have done nothing for us whatever. Put on Reserves, with no proper education, how can Aborigines take their place as equals with whites? Now is our chance to have things altered. We must fight our very hardest in this cause. After 150 years our people are still bossed and influenced by white people. I know that we could proudly hold our own with others if given the chance. Do not let us forget, also, those of our own people who are still in a primitive state. It is for them that we should try to do something. We should all work in co-operation for the progress of Aborigines throughout the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png/220px-Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png/330px-Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png/440px-Logo_of_the_Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Nicholls was one of the founders of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders</figcaption></figure> <p>The movement took 30 years to coalesce and achieve anything like its stated goal, but it soon made its focus the Constitution of Australia which, in its original form, prevented the Commonwealth from making any law that would benefit the Aboriginal people. In 1949, a letter written by Nicholls prompted a Labor MP, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley_Sr." title="Kim Beazley Sr.">Kim Beazley Sr.</a>, to write to the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>, asking him to explore how the Constitution could be amended.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Street" title="Jessie Street">Jessie Street</a> approached Nicholls about bringing in the Victorian Aboriginal Advancement League to form a federal council to campaign for Aboriginal affairs to become a federal matter – this would become the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders">Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Its early work involved drafting and collecting petitions, from suburbs and town centres from across the country. By 1962, they had achieved 100,000 signatures<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the stated goal of 250,000 signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement supporting a change to the constitution, which removed the block on the federal government making laws regarding Aboriginal people, soon became known as the "yes" campaign. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/220px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/330px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg/440px-Harold_Holt_and_FCAATSI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Nicholls in a meeting with Prime Minister Harold Holt, three months before the 1967 referendum. With him are several members of (FCAATSI) – from left to right: Gordon Bryant, Faith Bandler, Harold Holt, Nicholls, Burnum Burnum, Winnie Branson and Bill Wentworth.</figcaption></figure><p> FCAATSI would later become the central lobby group who were able to interface with the Federal Government. During this time Nicholls was known to have met and negotiated with prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a>. However, creating the political momentum involved substantial grass roots action. Nicholls' daughter, Pam, recalls her father winning support from white Australians at football games: </p><blockquote><p>“With his friend Alick Jackomos, they used to have a card table and go and sit outside the football giving out papers, giving speeches, beckoning people to come sign the petitions for the ‘yes’ vote."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Nicholls interacted with the media frequently. Drawing on his abilities as a preacher, he was able to deliver pithy, persuasive messages which were effective in winning over the Australian public. One common line of argument he made was for the "Yes" vote was:</p><blockquote><p>“I think it’s a matter of democratic right. And we will form a part of the British commonwealth of nations and there should be no legislation setup to discriminate us.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_referendum_(Aboriginals)" title="1967 Australian referendum (Aboriginals)">1967 Australian referendum</a> was an emphatic success for Nicholls and the FCAATSI leadership, with an average of 90% of Australians<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting the change they had asked for. Following the successful outcome of the referendum, Pastor Doug argued that much more than a legal change had been made, rather, it was:</p><blockquote><p>… evidence that Australians recognise Aborigines are part of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_work_and_Christian_ministry">Community work and Christian ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community work and Christian ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ,_Fitzroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg/220px-Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg/330px-Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg/440px-Former_Aboriginal_Church_of_Christ%2C_Fitzroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The heritage listed former Aboriginal Church of Christ in Gore St, Fitzroy established by Nicholls in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholls was a minister and <a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">social worker</a> with <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigine">Aboriginal people</a>. Following his mother's death he took a renewed interest in Christianity and was baptised at Northcote <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Church of Christ</a> (now Northern Community Church of Christ) in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He officiated at church and hymn services as a <a href="/wiki/Lay_preacher" title="Lay preacher">lay preacher</a> at the Gore Street Mission Centre in <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria" title="Fitzroy, Victoria">Fitzroy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1941 Nicholls received his call-up notice and he joined the <a href="/wiki/2/29th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/29th Battalion (Australia)">29th Battalion</a> but, in 1942, at the request of the Fitzroy police, he was released from his unit to work as a <a href="/wiki/Social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Social worker">social worker</a> in the Fitzroy Aboriginal community. He cared for those trapped in <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a>, gambling, and other social problems, and those who were in trouble with the police. Indigenous people gathered to him and eventually the group was so large that he became the pastor of the first Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Church of Christ</a> in Australia. In recognition of the ministry he was already expressing, he was ordained as a minister.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a letter to the editor, in 1953, it was noted that Opposition Leader, <a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a>, had asked the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, on 26 February, in Federal Parliament, 'for an invitation to be extended to Capt. <a href="/wiki/Reg_Saunders" title="Reg Saunders">Reg Saunders</a> or some other outstanding representative of the aborigines' to be included in the official <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> contingent to the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">coronation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>. The author suggested Nicholls, as an ordained minister, and for his community work in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria" title="Fitzroy, Victoria">Fitzroy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mooroopna,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mooroopna, Victoria">Mooroopna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957 Nicholls became a field officer for the <a href="/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Aborigines Advancement League">Aborigines Advancement League</a>. He edited their magazine, <i>Smoke Signals</i>, and helped draw Aboriginal issues to the attention of Government officials and the general public. He pleaded for dignity for Aboriginal people as human beings. Support for the AAL grew rapidly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nicholls helped set up hostels for Aboriginal children, holiday homes for Aboriginal people at <a href="/wiki/Queenscliff,_Victoria" title="Queenscliff, Victoria">Queenscliff</a> and was a founding member and Victorian Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_for_the_Advancement_of_Aborigines_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders">Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders</a> (FCAATSI). In response to protests in the 1950s and 60s for an independent, Aboriginal-run farming cooperative at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tyers_Mission" title="Lake Tyers Mission">Lake Tyers Mission</a> he campaigned on their behalf, but when the board moved to close Lake Tyers, Nichols resigned his position in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholls was an active <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_South_Australia">Governor of South Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of South Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg/220px-Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg/330px-Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg/440px-Douglas_Nicholls_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls is sworn in as Governor of South Australia, in front of Premier Don Dunstan and other dignitaries 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>Nicholls became <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> on 1 December 1976, after being announced on 25 May<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the nomination of Premier <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first non-white person to serve as the governor of an Australian state, and is the only Aboriginal person to have held viceregal office. Because of his race, his nomination proved controversial and attracted more attention than most viceregal appointments. A poll by ABC's <i><a href="/wiki/This_Day_Tonight" title="This Day Tonight">This Day Tonight</a></i> found that 70 percent of respondents opposed Nicholls becoming governor. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i> expressed concern that members of his family might set up camp on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Adelaide" title="Government House, Adelaide">Government House</a>. However, Adelaide's main daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a></i> was more positive, welcoming the news "without reservation".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the appointment was leaked in May 1976, after which he agreed to appear on <i><a href="/wiki/A_Current_Affair_(Australian_TV_program)" title="A Current Affair (Australian TV program)">A Current Affair</a></i>. Nicholls took exception to a question directed at his wife, calling the interviewer a racist and requiring him to leave his house.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GTV_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="GTV (Australia)">GTV-9</a> aired the footage without his permission, and subsequently apologised for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicholls' predecessor as governor, nuclear physicist <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, confidentially wrote to the state government expressing concerns about the appointment. He said there were "grave dangers" involved, as "there is something inherent in the personality of the Aborigine which makes it difficult for him to adapt fully to the ways of the white man".<sup id="cite_ref-Black_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 January 1977, Nicholls suffered a stroke and was admitted to the cardiac ward at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital" title="Royal Adelaide Hospital">Royal Adelaide Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a history of high blood pressure and had suffered a mild heart attack some years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-resign_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resign-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not discharged until three weeks later,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Crocker" title="Walter Crocker">Walter Crocker</a> serving as <a href="/wiki/Administrator_(Australia)" title="Administrator (Australia)">Administrator of the Government</a> in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-resign_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resign-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholls attended only one further official engagement after his stroke, hosting Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> at Government House on 20 March.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She subsequently awarded him a second knighthood, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order">Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order</a> (KCVO).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholls' retirement due to ill health was announced on 22 April, with effect from 30 April.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held office for only 150 days, making him the shortest-serving governor in South Australian history and the only governor to serve for less than a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1942 Nicholls married <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Nicholls" title="Gladys Nicholls">Gladys Nicholls</a>, the widow of his brother Howard Nicholls (1905–1942); Howard (who had married Gladys in 1927) had died in April 1942 as a result of injuries sustained in a car accident. Gladys already had three children. Douglas Nicholls and Gladys were married for 39 years and raised their combined six children: two sons, Bevan and Ralph, and four daughters, Beryl, Nora, Lilian and Pamela.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lady Nicholls died in 1981. </p><p>Nicholls' great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Lovett-Murray" title="Nathan Lovett-Murray">Nathan Lovett-Murray</a> also played <a href="/wiki/Australian_Rules_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Rules Football">Australian rules football</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a>, playing 145 games for <a href="/wiki/Essendon_Football_Club" title="Essendon Football Club">Essendon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_and_legacy">Recognition and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/300px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/450px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/600px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue in Parliament Gardens, <a href="/wiki/East_Melbourne,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="East Melbourne, Victoria">East Melbourne, Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1957 – appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 – chosen by the Father's Day Council of Australia as Victoria's Father of the Year for "outstanding leadership in youth and welfare work and for the inspired example he set the community in his unfailing efforts to further the cause of the Australian Aborigine".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968 – promoted to Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 – among Victorians invited guests to greet <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> on her visit to Australia<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1972 – first Aboriginal to be knighted when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he and his wife Gladys travelled to London to receive that honour.<sup id="cite_ref-pressreader.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pressreader.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973 – appointed <a href="/wiki/Moomba_Festival" title="Moomba Festival">King of Moomba</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1976 – appointed the 28th Governor of South Australia, the first Aboriginal person appointed to vice-regal office<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977 – appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980s - the Sir Douglas Nicholls Sporting Complex in <a href="/wiki/Thornbury,_Victoria" title="Thornbury, Victoria">Thornbury</a> named after him<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1991 – the <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Nicholls,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Nicholls, Australian Capital Territory">Nicholls</a> named after him<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001 – a new chapel in Preston of the Northern Community Church of Christ, the church in which he was baptised, named after him<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2002 – Establishment of the Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership, renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellowship_for_Indigenous_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership (page does not exist)">Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership</a> in 2007<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006 – to commemorate the centenary of his birth, a statue of Nicholls, one-and-a-half times life size, was approved for the Parliament Gardens, beside the Parliament of Victoria;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was officially opened in December 2007<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the first statue of an Aboriginal person erected in Victoria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>2011 – inducted to Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016 – The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">AFL</a> renamed its Indigenous round the <a href="/wiki/Sir_Doug_Nicholls_Round" title="Sir Doug Nicholls Round">Sir Doug Nicholls Round</a> in his honour, and continues to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guard_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guard-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each year, all 18 teams wear specially-commissioned artworks by Indigenous artists on their guernseys.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – The federal electoral division of Murray is renamed Nicholls in honour of Sir Doug and Lady Nicholls.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> was created to celebrate his 112th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg/220px-Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg/330px-Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg/440px-Doug_Nicholls_Grave_IMG_0977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Douglas and Gladys Nicholls at Cummeragunja Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg/220px-Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg/330px-Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg/440px-Doug_Nicholas_Grave_IMG_0978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Headstone of grave of Doug Nicholls and his wife.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>2022 – portrait on an <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a> stamp, released on 7 July 2022, on the anniversary of Nicholl's first knighting, and also during <a href="/wiki/NAIDOC_Week" title="NAIDOC Week">NAIDOC Week</a>; the eventual result of a request from Bev Murray, grandchild of Nicholls, and created in collaboration with Nicholls' daughter Aunty Pam Pederson<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_2022_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles_2022-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nicholls died on 4 June 1988 at Mooroopna. A <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> was held for him and he was buried in the cemetery at Cummeragunja.<sup id="cite_ref-adb-bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_historical_figures" title="List of Indigenous Australian historical figures">List of Indigenous Australian historical figures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/nicholls-biographies.pdf">"Biographies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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Pastor Doug: The Story of Sir Douglas Nicholls Aboriginal Leader (Rev. ed.). Melbourne: Lansdowne Press. SBN 8018-0017-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adb-bio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adb-bio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adb-bio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Broome, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nicholls-sir-douglas-ralph-doug-14920/text26109Nicholls,">Sir Douglas Ralph (Doug) (1906–1988)</a></i>, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, , published first in hardcopy 2012, accessed online 19 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-blood-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abc-blood_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorowa2010" class="citation news cs1">Corowa, Miriam (19 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112123902/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s3014566.htm">"Bloodlines: The Nicholls Family"</a>. <i>Message Stick</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/messagestick/stories/s3014566.htm">the original</a> on 12 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Message+Stick&rft.atitle=Bloodlines%3A+The+Nicholls+Family&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft.aulast=Corowa&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fmessagestick%2Fstories%2Fs3014566.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Association's best centre man". <i>The Sporting Globe</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portland+Guardian+%28Vic.+%3A+1876+-+1953%29&rft.atitle=ABORIGINE+FOR+CORONATION%3F.&rft.pages=4+Edition%3A+MIDDAY&rft.date=1953-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article64434531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-12-21/lake-tyers-history-piece/5170896">A brief history of the Lake Tyers Aboriginal community, By Jeff Waters, ABC Radio, 21 Dec 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/Indigenous/BIOGRAPHIES_FOR_NICHOLLS.DOC">Biographies of Doug and Gladys Nicholls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730211511/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/Indigenous/BIOGRAPHIES_FOR_NICHOLLS.DOC">Archived</a> 30 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Council of Melbourne (accessed 14 January 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Australian State Gets Aborigine as Governor", <i>The New York Times</i>, May 26, 1976, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131798665">"Historic, says Sir Douglas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 2 December 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Historic%2C+says+Sir+Douglas&rft.date=1976-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F131798665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131819165">"Next Governor may test community's racial tolerance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 25 May 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Next+Governor+may+test+community%27s+racial+tolerance&rft.date=1976-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F131819165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131819394">"Sir Douglas angered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 26 May 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+angered&rft.date=1976-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F131819394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131819719">"Apology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 27 May 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Apology&rft.date=1976-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F131819719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19810820&id=6zJVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h5QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3739,1176081">"Oliphant did not want Black"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. 20 August 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511050518/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=19810820&id=6zJVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h5QDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3739,1176081">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Oliphant+did+not+want+Black&rft.date=1981-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1300%26dat%3D19810820%26id%3D6zJVAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3Dh5QDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3739%2C1176081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110837268">"Sir Douglas Nicholls in hospital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 26 January 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+Nicholls+in+hospital&rft.date=1977-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F110837268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resign-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resign_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-resign_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110733486">"Nicholls to resign as SA Governor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 19 April 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Nicholls+to+resign+as+SA+Governor&rft.date=1977-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F110733486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110841256">"Discharged"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 16 February 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Discharged&rft.date=1977-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F110841256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110729441">The Canberra Times</a>, 21 March 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110729930">The Canberra Times</a>, 24 March 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110734432">"Governor officially resigns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 23 April 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Governor+officially+resigns&rft.date=1977-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F110734432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianfootball.com/players/player/nathan%2Blovett-murray/14592">"Nathan Lovett-Murray"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nathan+Lovett-Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustralianfootball.com%2Fplayers%2Fplayer%2Fnathan%252Blovett-murray%2F14592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1086815">"Pastor Douglas Nicholls"</a>. <i>Australian Honours Search Facility</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Honours+Search+Facility&rft.atitle=Pastor+Douglas+Nicholls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F1086815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathersdaycouncil.org.au/past-winners/">"Past winners"</a>. <i>Father's Day Council of Victoria Inc</i>. 8 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Father%27s+Day+Council+of+Victoria+Inc.&rft.atitle=Past+winners&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffathersdaycouncil.org.au%2Fpast-winners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1109152">"Sir Douglas Ralph NICHOLLS"</a>. <i>Australian Honours Search Facility</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Honours+Search+Facility&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+Ralph+NICHOLLS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F1109152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1083655">"Sir Douglas Ralph NICHOLLS"</a>. <i>Australian Honours Search Facility</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/rsrc/PDFs/Moomba/History%20of%20Moomba.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=AFL+Indigenous+guernseys+revealed%2C+and+the+stories+behind+them&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Grieve&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fsport%2Fafl%2Fafl-indigenous-guernseys-revealed-and-the-stories-behind-them-20190521-p51pme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2018" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Myles (30 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sheppnews.com.au/@news/2018/06/29/135789/xx-3">"Yorta Yorta recognition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yorta+Yorta+recognition&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Myles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sheppnews.com.au%2F%40news%2F2018%2F06%2F29%2F135789%2Fxx-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/sir-douglas-nicholls-112th-birthday/">"Sir Douglas Nicholls' 112th Birthday"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Douglas+Nicholls%27+112th+Birthday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fsir-douglas-nicholls-112th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowles_2022-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_2022_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2022" class="citation web cs1">Knowles, Rachael (6 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2022/07/06/first-aboriginal-knight-sir-doug-nicholls-celebrated-new-stamp">"First Aboriginal knight Sir Doug Nicholls celebrated on new stamp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NITV" class="mw-redirect" title="NITV">NITV</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NITV&rft.atitle=First+Aboriginal+knight+Sir+Doug+Nicholls+celebrated+on+new+stamp&rft.date=2022-07-06&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnitv%2Farticle%2F2022%2F07%2F06%2Ffirst-aboriginal-knight-sir-doug-nicholls-celebrated-new-stamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+Nicholls" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clark, M. (1972), <i>Pastor Doug</i>, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7018-0017-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7018-0017-8">0-7018-0017-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Douglas_Nicholls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717070313/http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/heroes/nicholls.html">Biography of Sir Douglas Nicholls (Pastor)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050624192309/http://www.decc.org.au/fourteen.htm">Biography of Douglas Nicholls at Darebin Ethnic Communities Council site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050417170027/http://abc.net.au/missionvoices/cummeragunja/default.htm">ABC Mission Voices – Cummeragunja. Koorie Heritage Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelwinkler.com.au/PDF/The%20great%20Pastor%20Sir%20Doug%20Nicholls.pdf">The Great Australian: Pastor Sir Doug Nicholls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/D/Doug_Nicholls.html">Douglas Nicholls's playing statistics</a> from AFL Tables</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Sir Mark Oliphant</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> </b><br />1976–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Seaman" title="Keith Seaman">Sir Keith Seaman</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_South_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Template:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Template talk:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_South_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of South Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_South_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governors of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hindmarsh" title="John Hindmarsh">Hindmarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gawler" title="George Gawler">Gawler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Robe" title="Frederick Robe">Robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Young" title="Henry Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Graves_MacDonnell" title="Richard Graves MacDonnell">MacDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_Daly" title="Dominick Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Fergusson,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir James Fergusson, 6th Baronet">Fergusson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Musgrave" title="Anthony Musgrave">Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jervois" title="William Jervois">Jervois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._F._Robinson" title="William C. F. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Keith-Falconer,_9th_Earl_of_Kintore" title="Algernon Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of Kintore">Earl of Kintore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Fowell_Buxton,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Fowell Buxton, 3rd Baronet">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallam_Tennyson,_2nd_Baron_Tennyson" title="Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson">Baron Tennyson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg/320px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_South_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Le_Hunte" title="George Le Hunte">Le Hunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Bosanquet" title="Day Bosanquet">Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Galway" title="Henry Galway">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Weigall" title="Archibald Weigall">Weigall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bridges" title="Tom Bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Hore-Ruthven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Dugan,_1st_Baron_Dugan_of_Victoria" title="Winston Dugan, 1st Baron Dugan of Victoria">Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Barclay-Harvey" title="Malcolm Barclay-Harvey">Barclay-Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Norrie,_1st_Baron_Norrie" title="Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie">Norrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_George_(RAF_officer)" title="Robert George (RAF officer)">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edric_Bastyan" title="Edric Bastyan">Bastyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(Australian_governor)" title="James Harrison (Australian governor)">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Oliphant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Seaman" title="Keith Seaman">Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Dunstan_(governor)" title="Donald Dunstan (governor)">Dunstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_Mitchell" title="Roma Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Neal" title="Eric Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Jackson-Nelson" title="Marjorie Jackson-Nelson">Jackson-Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Scarce" title="Kevin Scarce">Scarce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieu_Van_Le" title="Hieu Van Le">Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Adamson" title="Frances Adamson">Adamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template talk:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aboriginal South Australians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of South Australia">Aboriginal peoples of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakirinja_people" title="Antakirinja people">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_people" title="Arabana people">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_people" title="Barngarla people">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bodaruwitj" title="Bodaruwitj">Bodaruwitj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_people" title="Bungandidj people">Bungandidj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhirari" title="Dhirari">Dhirari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari" title="Diyari">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, (including the <a href="/wiki/Mulbarapa" title="Mulbarapa">Mulbarapa</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karangura" title="Karangura">Karangura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malyangapa" title="Malyangapa">Malyangapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mardidjali" title="Mardidjali">Mardidjali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meintangk_people" title="Meintangk people">Meintangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirning" title="Mirning">Mirning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nauo_people" title="Nauo people">Nauo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngayawang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngayawang">Ngayawang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)">Ngalia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngameni" title="Ngameni">Ngameni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngangaruku" title="Ngangaruku">Ngangaruku</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaralda" title="Ngaralda">Ngaralda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarkat" title="Ngarkat">Ngarkat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngawadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawadj">Ngawadj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngintait" title="Ngintait">Ngintait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngurunta" title="Ngurunta">Ngurunta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nukunu" title="Nukunu">Nukunu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilatapa" title="Pilatapa">Pilatapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_people" title="Tanganekald people">Tanganekald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thangkaali" title="Thangkaali">Thangkaali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wailpi" title="Wailpi">Wailpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkanguru" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkanguru">Wongkanguru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_people" title="Yandruwandha people">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yardliyawara" title="Yardliyawara">Yardliyawara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarluyandi" title="Yarluyandi">Yarluyandi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yawarrawarrka" title="Yawarrawarrka">Yawarrawarrka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirawirung" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirawirung">Yirawirung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">APY Lands</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amaṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iltur" title="Iltur">Iltur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indulkana" title="Indulkana">Indulkana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaltjiti" title="Kaltjiti">Kaltjiti</a> (Fregon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanpi" title="Kanpi">Kaṉpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Makiri,_South_Australia" title="Makiri, South Australia">Makiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mimili,_South_Australia" title="Mimili, South Australia">Mimili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mintabie,_South_Australia" title="Mintabie, South Australia">Mintabie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyapari" title="Nyapari">Nyapaṟi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia" title="Pukatja, South Australia">Pukatja</a> (Ernabella)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umuwa,_South_Australia" title="Umuwa, South Australia">Umuwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yunyarinyi" title="Yunyarinyi">Yunyarinyi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Akenta">Akenta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_South_Australia" title="Davenport, South Australia">Davenport</a> (Umeewarra)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Community_Council" title="Gerard Community Council">Gerard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba" title="Koonibba">Koonibba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manunka" title="Manunka">Manunka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepabunna,_South_Australia" title="Nepabunna, South Australia">Nepabunna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Oak Valley, South Australia">Oak Valley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia" title="Point Pearce, South Australia">Point Pearce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raukkan,_South_Australia" title="Raukkan, South Australia">Raukkan</a> (Point McLeay)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia" title="Swan Reach, South Australia">Swan Reach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yalata,_South_Australia" title="Yalata, South Australia">Yalata</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colebrook_Home" title="Colebrook Home">Colebrook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killalpaninna_Mission" title="Killalpaninna Mission">Killalpaninna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ooldea,_South_Australia" title="Ooldea, South Australia">Ooldea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Abdulla" title="Ian Abdulla">Ian Abdulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josie_Agius" title="Josie Agius">Josie Agius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Baker_(Australian_artist)" title="Jimmy Baker (Australian artist)">Jimmy Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maringka_Baker" title="Maringka Baker">Maringka Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poltpalingada_Booboorowie" title="Poltpalingada Booboorowie">Poltpalingada Booboorowie</a> (Tom Walker)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Bray" title="Richie Bray">Richie Bray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Burgoyne" title="Iris Burgoyne">Iris Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne" title="Peter Burgoyne">Peter Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne" title="Shaun Burgoyne">Shaun Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Burton" title="Hector Burton">Hector Burton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Buzzacott" title="Kevin Buzzacott">Kevin Buzzacott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cooper_(footballer)" title="Malcolm Cooper (footballer)">Malcolm Cooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vince_Copley" title="Vince Copley">Vince Copley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyakul_Dawson" title="Nyakul Dawson">Nyakul Dawson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Nannas" title="Deadly Nannas">Deadly Nannas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Goldsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Goldsmith">Stevie Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Ngintja_Goodwin" title="Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin">Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Graham" title="Cecil Graham">Cecil Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Graham_(footballer,_born_1958)" title="Colin Graham (footballer, born 1958)">Colin Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_(footballer)" title="Michael Graham (footballer)">Michael Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hammond" title="Ruby Hammond">Ruby Hammond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hunter" title="Ruby Hunter">Ruby Hunter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjungkara_Ken" title="Tjungkara Ken">Tjungkara Ken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kudnarto" title="Kudnarto">Kudnarto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natascha_McNamara" title="Natascha McNamara">Natascha McNamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Muffler" title="Betty Muffler">Betty Muffler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Douglas Nicholls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Loughlin" title="Michael O'Loughlin">Michael O'Loughlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya Rigney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Rings" title="Frances Rings">Frances Rings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nura_Rupert" title="Nura Rupert">Nura Rupert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauto_Sansbury" title="Tauto Sansbury">Tauto Sansbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Yaritja_Stevens" title="Eileen Yaritja Stevens">Eileen Yaritja Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Moogy Sumner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faith_Thomas" title="Faith Thomas">Faith Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Unaipon" title="James Unaipon">James Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen" title="Gavin Wanganeen">Gavin Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wanganeen" title="Natasha Wanganeen">Natasha Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Wikilyiri" title="Ginger Wikilyiri">Ginger Wikilyiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norah_Wilson" title="Norah Wilson">Norah Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Wingard" title="Chad Wingard">Chad Wingard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjayanka_Woods" title="Tjayanka Woods">Tjayanka Woods</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Legal_Rights_Movement" title="Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement">Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Schools" title="Anangu Schools">Aṉangu schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Football_Club" title="Koonibba Football Club">Koonibba Football Club</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kupa_Piti_Kungka_Tjuta" title="Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta">Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga_Court" title="Nunga Court">Nunga Court</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of Aboriginal schools in South Australia">List of Aboriginal schools</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion</a> and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkaroo" title="Arkaroo">Arkaroo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">'Dreamtime'</a> (<i>muda</i>, <i>mura-mura</i>, <i>tjukurrpa</i>, etc.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngi%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%AFaka" title="Ngiṉṯaka">Ngiṉṯaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wati-kutjara" title="Wati-kutjara">Wati-kutjara</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Watarru Indigenous Protected Area">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Willoughby_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area">Mount Willoughby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-managed protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Price_Conservation_Park" title="Elliot Price Conservation Park">Elliot Price Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park" title="Gawler Ranges National Park">Gawler Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park"> Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanku-Breakaways_Conservation_Park" title="Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park">Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park" title="Lake Gairdner National Park">Lake Gairdner National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ikara%E2%80%93Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park">Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve" title="Innamincka Regional Reserve">Innamincka Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park" title="Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park">Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mamungari_Conservation_Park" title="Mamungari Conservation Park">Mamungari Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaut_Ngaut_Conservation_Park" title="Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park">Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area" title="Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area">Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve" title="Nullarbor Regional Reserve">Nullarbor Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pureba_Conservation_Park" title="Pureba Conservation Park">Pureba Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve" title="Strzelecki Regional Reserve">Strzelecki Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park" title="Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park">Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park">Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park" title="Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park">Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witjira_National_Park" title="Witjira National Park">Witjira National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park" title="Yumbarra Conservation Park">Yumbarra Conservation Park</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini (Yarluyandi)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangkangurru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a> (dialects: <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli (Malyangapa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu" title="Aṉangu">Aṉangu (Western Desert language)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga (Aboriginal English)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1988" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Lands_Trust_Act_1966" title="Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966">Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981">Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">Laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_establishing_the_Province_of_South_Australia" title="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia">Letters Patent</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_native_title_claims_in_South_Australia" title="List of native title claims in South Australia">List of native title claims in South Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Friends%27_Association" title="Aborigines' Friends' Association">Aborigines' Friends' Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission" title="McClelland Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre"><i>Maria</i> massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Native School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1913)" title="Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913)">Royal Commission on the Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_House" title="St Francis House">St Francis House</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Federal Parliamentary inquiry</a>))</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">By state or territory</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447675#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q447675#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93994876">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35982278">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/593627">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/nicholls-sir-douglas-ralph-doug-14920">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h9954v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&oldid=1258673281">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Nicholls&oldid=1258673281</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_births" title="Category:1906 births">1906 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_deaths" title="Category:1988 deaths">1988 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_South_Australia" 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