Ķīmiskā reakcija — Vikipēdija

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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ķīmiskā reakcija</h1> <div class="tagline"> process, kurā notiek vielu pārvērtības un veidojas jaunas vielas ar citām īpašībām </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Valoda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Valoda </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81+reakcija&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Uzraudzīt </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Labot šo lapu </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Ķīmiskā reakcija ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmija">ķīmisks</a> process, kurā viena vai vairākas <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_viela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmiskā viela">ķīmiskās vielas</a> pārvēršas un veido jaunas vielas ar citām ķīmiskajām īpašībām. Reaģējot vielu <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Molekula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molekula">molekulās</a> vai <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krist%C4%81lre%C5%BE%C4%A3is?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristālrežģis">kristālrežģos</a> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_saite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmiskā saite">ķīmiskās saites</a> irst, <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atoms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atoms">atomi</a> pārgrupējas un tad izveidojas jaunas ķīmiskās saites. No izejvielām radušās jaunās vielas sauc par reakcijas produktiem. Norisot ķīmiskajām reakcijām, vai nu izdalās vai arī tiek patērēta <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ener%C4%A3ija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enerģija">enerģija</a>. Atomi ķīmiskajās reakcijās nezūd un arī nerodas no jauna. Pie ķīmiskajām reakcijām nepieder fizikāli procesi, piemēram, vielas <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agreg%C4%81tst%C4%81voklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agregātstāvoklis">agregātstāvokļa</a> maiņa (<a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ledus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ledus">ledus</a> izkūst), <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dif%C5%ABzija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Difūzija">difūzija</a>, tīru vielu sajaukšanās <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mais%C4%ABjums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maisījums">maisījumos</a>, kā arī pie tām nepieder <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kodolreakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kodolreakcija">kodolreakcijas</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_(2).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%282%29.jpg/200px-Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%25282%2529.jpg/300px-Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%25282%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%25282%2529.jpg/400px-Thermal_decomposition_of_ammonium_dichromate_%25282%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1051"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amonija_dihrom%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amonija dihromāts">Amonija dihromāta</a> termiskās sadalīšanās reakcija </figcaption> </figure> Lai aprakstītu ķīmiskās reakcijas, tiek izmantots <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_vien%C4%81dojums&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskais vienādojums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">reakcijas vienādojums</a>, kurā izejvielas, produkti un dažreiz arī svarīgi starpprodukti ir attēloti grafiski un savienoti ar reakcijas bultiņu. Ķīmiskās reakcijas ir neatņemama tehnoloģijas, kultūras un ikdienas dzīves sastāvdaļa. Tās noris, dedzinot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurin%C4%81mais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kurināmais">kurināmo</a>, kausējot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzelzs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzelzs">dzelzi</a>, ražojot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stikls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stikls">stiklu</a> un <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keramika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keramika">keramiku</a>, brūvējot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alus">alu</a>, ražojot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C4%ABns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vīns">vīnu</a> un <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siers">sieru</a>, kā arī daudz kur citur. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="lv" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Satura rādītājs</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_reakciju_iedal%C4%ABjums">1 Ķīmisko reakciju iedalījums</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klasifik%C4%81cija_p%C4%93c_izejvielu_un_reakcijas_produktu_skaita_un_sast%C4%81va">1.1 Klasifikācija pēc izejvielu un reakcijas produktu skaita un sastāva</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klasifik%C4%81cija_p%C4%93c_reakcijas_siltumefekta">1.2 Klasifikācija pēc reakcijas siltumefekta</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klasifik%C4%81cija_p%C4%93c_atgriezeniskuma">1.3 Klasifikācija pēc atgriezeniskuma</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klasifik%C4%81cija_p%C4%93c_paz%C4%ABmes">1.4 Klasifikācija pēc pazīmes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Klasifik%C4%81cija_p%C4%93c_rea%C4%A3%C4%93jo%C5%A1o_vielu_sist%C4%93mas_veida">1.5 Klasifikācija pēc reaģējošo vielu sistēmas veida</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_reakciju_ener%C4%A3%C4%93tiskie_procesi">2 Ķīmisko reakciju enerģētiskie procesi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iek%C5%A1%C4%93j%C4%81_ener%C4%A3ija">2.1 Iekšējā enerģija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Entalpija">2.2 Entalpija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Entropija">2.3 Entropija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gibsa_ener%C4%A3ija">2.4 Gibsa enerģija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L%C4%ABdzsvara_temperat%C5%ABra">2.5 Līdzsvara temperatūra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Da%C5%BEu_vielu_termodinamisk%C4%81s_konstantes">2.6 Dažu vielu termodinamiskās konstantes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_kin%C4%93tika">3 Ķīmiskā kinētika</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmisko_reakciju_%C4%81trums">3.1 Ķīmisko reakciju ātrums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Homog%C4%93nas_un_heterog%C4%93nas_sist%C4%93mas">3.2 Homogēnas un heterogēnas sistēmas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aktiv%C4%81cijas_ener%C4%A3ija">3.3 Aktivācijas enerģija</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reakcijas_%C4%81truma_atkar%C4%ABba_no_temperat%C5%ABras">3.4 Reakcijas ātruma atkarība no temperatūras</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Katal%C4%ABze">3.5 Katalīze</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_l%C4%ABdzsvars">4 Ķīmiskais līdzsvars</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_l%C4%ABdzsvara_konstante">4.1 Ķīmiskā līdzsvara konstante</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Le_%C5%A0atelj%C4%93_princips">4.2 Le Šateljē princips</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L%C4%ABdzsvara_reakcijas_koeficients">4.3 Līdzsvara reakcijas koeficients</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Koncentr%C4%81cijas_un_apst%C4%81k%C4%BCu_ietekme_uz_l%C4%ABdzsvaru">4.4 Koncentrācijas un apstākļu ietekme uz līdzsvaru</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#V%C4%93sture">5 Vēsture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Atsauces">6 Atsauces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C4%80r%C4%93j%C4%81s_saites">7 Ārējās saites</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Ķīmisko_reakciju_iedalījums">Ķīmisko reakciju iedalījums</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmisko reakciju iedalījums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klasifikācija_pēc_izejvielu_un_reakcijas_produktu_skaita_un_sastāva">Klasifikācija pēc izejvielu un reakcijas produktu skaita un sastāva</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija pēc izejvielu un reakcijas produktu skaita un sastāva" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Pēc izejvielu un reakcijas produktu skaita un sastāva ķīmiskās reakcijas iedala: <ul> <li>savienošanās reakcijas — no divām vai vairākām vielām rodas viena jauna viela</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A+B\longrightarrow C} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {A+B\longrightarrow C} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b54e77d7ac8493a6c9b5f04ec0995b8dfc015ae2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.003ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A+B\longrightarrow C} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13.003ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b54e77d7ac8493a6c9b5f04ec0995b8dfc015ae2" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A+B\longrightarrow C} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , piemēram, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2H_{2}O} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2H_{2}O} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ec37d963f06938158b1b302d5032f1d45ae4e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.526ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2H_{2}O} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.526ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4ec37d963f06938158b1b302d5032f1d45ae4e0" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2H_{2}+O_{2}\longrightarrow 2H_{2}O} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ; </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>sadalīšanās reakcijas — no vienas vielas rodas divas vai vairākas vielas</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A\longrightarrow B+C} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {A\longrightarrow B+C} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f94cb631ddc23a5e57f29de0b711fe23932d2935" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.003ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A\longrightarrow B+C} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13.003ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f94cb631ddc23a5e57f29de0b711fe23932d2935" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {A\longrightarrow B+C} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , piemēram, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KClO_{3}\longrightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> K </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 3 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> K </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mn> 3 </mn> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {2KClO_{3}\longrightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f91f7f9c8a5993988e75fcd3072e1e23be7e4cd6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.414ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KClO_{3}\longrightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25.414ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f91f7f9c8a5993988e75fcd3072e1e23be7e4cd6" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KClO_{3}\longrightarrow 2KCl+3O_{2}} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ; </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>apmaiņas reakcijas — norisinās starp divām vielām, kuras sastāv no joniem</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+CD\longrightarrow AD+CB} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> D </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> D </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+CD\longrightarrow AD+CB} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd44d3fb076b3d09480cb0795a17985bf6ffdac1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.461ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+CD\longrightarrow AD+CB} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24.461ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd44d3fb076b3d09480cb0795a17985bf6ffdac1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+CD\longrightarrow AD+CB} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , piemēram, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}SO_{4}+BaCl_{2}\longrightarrow 2NaCl+BaSO_{4}} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> N </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> S </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 4 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}SO_{4}+BaCl_{2}\longrightarrow 2NaCl+BaSO_{4}} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e259663defbdece0891f4c899622048cceab8d66" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:38.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}SO_{4}+BaCl_{2}\longrightarrow 2NaCl+BaSO_{4}} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38.434ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e259663defbdece0891f4c899622048cceab8d66" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{2}SO_{4}+BaCl_{2}\longrightarrow 2NaCl+BaSO_{4}} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ; </dd> </dl> <ul> <li>aizvietošanas reakcijas — vienkāršas vielas aizvieto saliktā vielā esošus kāda elementa atomus</li> </ul> <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+C\longrightarrow AC+B} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> A </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> B </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+C\longrightarrow AC+B} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6a133ab53c7d10c994057bbbd8ff08524f68ede" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.91ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+C\longrightarrow AC+B} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.91ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e6a133ab53c7d10c994057bbbd8ff08524f68ede" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {AB+C\longrightarrow AC+B} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , piemēram, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KI+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow 2KCl+I_{2}} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> K </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> I </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mn> 2 </mn> <mi mathvariant="normal"> K </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> l </mi> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> I </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {2KI+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow 2KCl+I_{2}} } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f4e670fc95edcc049eb9571fa8df594978db2bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KI+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow 2KCl+I_{2}} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25.155ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f4e670fc95edcc049eb9571fa8df594978db2bd" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2KI+Cl_{2}\longrightarrow 2KCl+I_{2}} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klasifikācija_pēc_reakcijas_siltumefekta">Klasifikācija pēc reakcijas siltumefekta</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija pēc reakcijas siltumefekta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Pēc procesa <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81s_reakcijas_siltumefekts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskās reakcijas siltumefekts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">siltumefekta</a>, ķīmiskās reakcijas iedala: <ul> <li><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Eksotermiskas_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Eksotermiskas reakcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">eksotermiskas reakcijas</a>: reakcijā izdalās enerģija (parasti tas ir siltums);</li> <li><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Endotermiskas_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Endotermiskas reakcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">endotermiskas reakcijas</a>: reakcijai ir nepieciešama enerģija.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klasifikācija_pēc_atgriezeniskuma">Klasifikācija pēc atgriezeniskuma</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija pēc atgriezeniskuma" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Reakcijas klasificē arī atgriezeniskajās reakcijās, kur noteiktos apstākļos reakcijas var norisināties abos virzienos, un neatgriezeniskajās reakcijās, kur reakcija noris tikai vienā virzienā, līdz visa viela ir beigusi reaģēt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klasifikācija_pēc_pazīmes">Klasifikācija pēc pazīmes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija pēc pazīmes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Šajā klasifikācijā izdala <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oksid%C4%93%C5%A1an%C4%81s-reduc%C4%93%C5%A1an%C4%81s_reakcijas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oksidēšanās-reducēšanās reakcijas">oksidēšanās-reducēšanās reakcijas</a>, kurās reakcijas laikā mainās ķīmisko elementu <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oksid%C4%93%C5%A1anas_pak%C4%81pe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oksidēšanas pakāpe">oksidēšanas pakāpe</a>, bet pārējās reakcijas vienkārši tiek sauktas par citām reakcijām, dažreiz par ne oksidēšanās un reducēšanās reakcijām. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Klasifikācija_pēc_reaģējošo_vielu_sistēmas_veida">Klasifikācija pēc reaģējošo vielu sistēmas veida</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Klasifikācija pēc reaģējošo vielu sistēmas veida" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Šajā klasifikācija izdala <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Homog%C4%93na_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Homogēna reakcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">homogēnās reakcijas</a> un <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heterog%C4%93na_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Heterogēna reakcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">heterogēnās reakcijas</a>. Pirmajā gadījumā reakcija noris visā vielas tilpumā, savukārt heterogēnajās reakcijās ķīmiskā darbība norisinās tikai vielu saskares vietās. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Ķīmisko_reakciju_enerģētiskie_procesi">Ķīmisko reakciju enerģētiskie procesi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmisko reakciju enerģētiskie procesi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Ieviešot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Termodinamika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikas</a> jēdzienu "sistēma", ķīmiskā reakcija aprakstāma kā izejvielu sistēmas maiņa uz reakcijas produktu sistēmu. Ķīmiskajās reakcijās <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ener%C4%A3ija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enerģija">enerģijas</a> izmaiņas parasti notiek <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siltums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siltums">siltuma</a> (nevis <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darbs_(fizika)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darbs (fizika)">darba</a>) veidā, tāpēc ķīmisko reakciju enerģijas izmaiņas var saukt par <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81s_reakcijas_siltumefekts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskās reakcijas siltumefekts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ķīmisko reakciju siltumefektu</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> Q </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Q} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.838ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" data-alt="{\displaystyle Q}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Jebkuru sistēmu (gan izejvielu, gan produktu) raksturo <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Termodinamiskais_potenci%C4%81ls&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Termodinamiskais potenciāls (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">termodinamiskie potenciāli</a>, un ķīmisko reakciju (pāreju no vienas sistēmas citā) raksturo šo potenciālu izmaiņa. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stehiometrija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stehiometrija">Stehiometriskos</a> vienādojumus, kuros ir uzrādīti reakciju siltumefekti (entalpijas izmaiņas) un visu vielu <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agreg%C4%81tst%C4%81voklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agregātstāvoklis">agregātstāvokļi</a>, sauc par termoķīmiskajiem vienādojumiem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Iekšējā_enerģija">Iekšējā enerģija</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Iekšējā enerģija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Sistēmas <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iek%C5%A1%C4%93j%C4%81_ener%C4%A3ija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iekšējā enerģija">iekšējā enerģija</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> U </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle U} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.783ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" data-alt="{\displaystyle U}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir visu sistēmā ietilpstošo vielu mikroobjektu (atomu, molekulu, jonu) kustības un mijiedarbības enerģiju summa. Sistēmas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> U </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle U} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.783ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" data-alt="{\displaystyle U}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  absolūto vērtību nevar noteikt, jo nav tādu procesu, kuros visa <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> U </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle U} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.783ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" data-alt="{\displaystyle U}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  tiktu izdalīta vai uzņemta. Taču, ņemot vērā, ka ķīmiskās reakcijas izejvielas ir viena sistēma ar iekšējo enerģiju <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> U </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle U_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc9e7f892894bc50c32ce1b9f9a68a15562146ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.642ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{1}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.642ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc9e7f892894bc50c32ce1b9f9a68a15562146ac" data-alt="{\displaystyle U_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  un šīs reakcijas produkti ir cita sistēma ar iekšēju enerģiju <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> U </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle U_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/590fa6a550fbe2866a28243a733d54245d218b9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.642ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.642ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/590fa6a550fbe2866a28243a733d54245d218b9d" data-alt="{\displaystyle U_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , ir iespējams aprēķināt iekšējās enerģijas izmaiņu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> U </mi> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> U </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <msub> <mi> U </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/03f4cb8298d568785294401c6d533ba45ee34502" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.941ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14.941ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/03f4cb8298d568785294401c6d533ba45ee34502" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U=U_{2}-U_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U>0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> U </mi> <mo> > </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta U>0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/308796bf3d26da452c8b2399bd6478fe8cf02870" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.979ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U>0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7.979ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/308796bf3d26da452c8b2399bd6478fe8cf02870" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U>0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tad reakcija ir endotermiska, tas ir, reakcijā siltums tiek patērēts un uzņemts no apkārtējās vides. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta U<0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> U </mi> <mo> < </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta U<0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5c95fcef8da1d45edf797b14ba0add672655d68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.979ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U<0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 7.979ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5c95fcef8da1d45edf797b14ba0add672655d68" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta U<0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tad reakcija ir eksotermiska, tas ir, reakcijā siltums izdalās apkārtējā vidē. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Entalpija">Entalpija</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Entalpija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Izobāriskus (nemainīgs <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiediens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiediens">spiediens</a>) procesus raksturo <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entalpija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entalpija">entalpija</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> H </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle H} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.064ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" data-alt="{\displaystyle H}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Ķīmiskie procesi visbiežāk norisinās izobāros apstākļos ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=const}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> p </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> c </mi> <mi> o </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p=const} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/078a68caa693176139482deec215a4640aa7a67a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=const}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.817ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/078a68caa693176139482deec215a4640aa7a67a" data-alt="{\displaystyle p=const}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ), piemēram, vaļējā <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolba">kolbā</a> vai <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%93%C4%A3ene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mēģene">mēģenē</a>, kur var mainīties sistēmas tilpums ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta V}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> V </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta V} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa0ec3d68205fb7f4452de096cb34a50f661111e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.723ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.723ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa0ec3d68205fb7f4452de096cb34a50f661111e" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta V}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ). Entalpijas absolūto vērtību nevar noteikt, var noteikt tās izmaiņu reakcijas gaitā. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=U+pV}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> H </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> U </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mi> V </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle H=U+pV} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab5d07861627786ff90e0d882a95bd4b36d2c710" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.742ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=U+pV}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.742ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab5d07861627786ff90e0d882a95bd4b36d2c710" data-alt="{\displaystyle H=U+pV}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  un <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H=\Delta U+p\Delta V=\Delta U+A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> U </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> V </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> U </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H=\Delta U+p\Delta V=\Delta U+A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cace3e706fa8b894a036857354d6ca276d9feb88" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:29.95ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=\Delta U+p\Delta V=\Delta U+A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29.95ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cace3e706fa8b894a036857354d6ca276d9feb88" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=\Delta U+p\Delta V=\Delta U+A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p\Delta V=A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> p </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> V </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p\Delta V=A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26941e1f3ae315e20c288f6a45ffbb846855537b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.824ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p\Delta V=A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.824ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26941e1f3ae315e20c288f6a45ffbb846855537b" data-alt="{\displaystyle p\Delta V=A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir izplešanās darbs. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H>0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> > </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H>0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21567a214f6fc83612375613d3fd0ea4043be89c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.26ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H>0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.26ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21567a214f6fc83612375613d3fd0ea4043be89c" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H>0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tad reakcija ir endotermiska. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H<0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> < </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H<0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e57201aba3f79014dbf0d4b2aa6e40bbbc61dfd9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.26ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H<0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.26ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e57201aba3f79014dbf0d4b2aa6e40bbbc61dfd9" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H<0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tad reakcija ir eksotermiska. Izobāriska procesa siltumefekts skaitliski ir vienāds ar entalpijas izmaiņu, bet abiem lielumiem ir pretējas zīmes: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H=-Q}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mi> Q </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H=-Q} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a5059990d5efa9ac54ec75a0ad73e716e3f94f6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.744ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=-Q}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10.744ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a5059990d5efa9ac54ec75a0ad73e716e3f94f6" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=-Q}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd00175d42299a0b23b877abe5dce61d4e8b0a17" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.094ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.094ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cd00175d42299a0b23b877abe5dce61d4e8b0a17" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir standartentalpijas, standartapstākļos (1 <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atmosf%C4%93ra_(m%C4%93rvien%C4%ABba)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atmosfēra (mērvienība)">atm</a> spiedienā, 25 <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celsija_gr%C4%81ds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celsija grāds">°C</a> temperatūrā) aprēķināta entalpija, apzīmējums. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fe530a17d80eb7565b28f80a2bb30814e3417ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.094ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.094ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fe530a17d80eb7565b28f80a2bb30814e3417ca" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir vielas rašanās standartenetalpija, kas ir entalpijas izmaiņa reakcijā, kurā no stabilām vienkāršām vielām rodas viens <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mols">mols</a> savienojuma. Stabilu vienkāršu vielu <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alotropija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alotropija">alotropisko</a> modifikāciju <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}=0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}=0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae19543e8c955c20c60d31621d5c9b724927faf5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.354ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}=0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.354ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae19543e8c955c20c60d31621d5c9b724927faf5" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}=0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , bet mazāk stabilu modifikāciju, piemēram, <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimants">dimanta</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}\neq 0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> ≠ </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}\neq 0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71605aed3734fa1260d3cabcd21079e828bbb6e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.354ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}\neq 0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.354ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/71605aed3734fa1260d3cabcd21079e828bbb6e7" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}\neq 0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesa_likums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesa likums">Hesa likums</a> noteic, ka ķīmiskās reakcijas entalpijas izmaiņa (siltumefekts) nav atkarīga no reakcijas ceļa, bet ir atkarīga no reaģējošo vielu stāvokļa reakcijas sākumā un beigās. Reakcijas summāro standartentalpijas izmaiņu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{reakc}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> a </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H_{reakc}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb7548b1aea429d2d72e87a9e5965df0bb70fa29" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.045ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{reakc}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.045ex;height: 3.176ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eb7548b1aea429d2d72e87a9e5965df0bb70fa29" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{reakc}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  var aprēķināt, no reakcijas produktu rašanās standartentalpiju summas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum n_{2}\Delta H_{r.pr.}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \sum n_{2}\Delta H_{r.pr.}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c3edc4b0323e89f8b36fc92adf7886e49350290" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:13.515ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum n_{2}\Delta H_{r.pr.}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13.515ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c3edc4b0323e89f8b36fc92adf7886e49350290" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum n_{2}\Delta H_{r.pr.}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  atņemot izejvielu rašanās standartentalpiju summu <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum n_{1}\Delta H_{r.izejv.}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> <mi> i </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> j </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \sum n_{1}\Delta H_{r.izejv.}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9dfe2b7718d1e85b35525c08b56339ec7191c7cd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:15.524ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum n_{1}\Delta H_{r.izejv.}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15.524ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9dfe2b7718d1e85b35525c08b56339ec7191c7cd" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum n_{1}\Delta H_{r.izejv.}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> n </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle n} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.395ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" data-alt="{\displaystyle n}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vielas_daudzums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vielas daudzums">vielu daudzums</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Entropija">Entropija</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Entropija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entropija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entropija">Entropija</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> S </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle S} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.499ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" data-alt="{\displaystyle S}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir sistēmas nesakārtotības pakāpe. Vielu entropijas izmērīt nevar, tās tiek aprēķinātas. Tāpat kā pārējiem termodinamiskajiem potenciāliem <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S=S_{2}-S_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> S </mi> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <msub> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta S=S_{2}-S_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0acd8c07025ca640438b0e5407e827419c5f9efe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S=S_{2}-S_{1}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14.332ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0acd8c07025ca640438b0e5407e827419c5f9efe" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S=S_{2}-S_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Standartentropiju apzīmē ar <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle S^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.576ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" data-alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}S_{pr}^{0}-\sum n_{1}S_{izejv}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> a </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> = </mo> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> p </mi> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> − </mo> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> j </mi> <mi> v </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta S_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}S_{pr}^{0}-\sum n_{1}S_{izejv}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c155783ee8a0c9174bc18e501f9fce5eb0fd156" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:34.32ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}S_{pr}^{0}-\sum n_{1}S_{izejv}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34.32ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2c155783ee8a0c9174bc18e501f9fce5eb0fd156" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}S_{pr}^{0}-\sum n_{1}S_{izejv}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  Šī izteiksme ir līdzīga standartentalpijas izmaiņas vienādojumam, taču vielas <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle S^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.576ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" data-alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  nav saistīta ar šīs vielas rašanos no vienkāršām vielām. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gibsa_enerģija">Gibsa enerģija</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Gibsa enerģija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Izobāri izotermiskajām reakcijām ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=const}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> p </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> c </mi> <mi> o </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p=const} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/078a68caa693176139482deec215a4640aa7a67a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:9.817ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=const}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9.817ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/078a68caa693176139482deec215a4640aa7a67a" data-alt="{\displaystyle p=const}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ; <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T=const}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> T </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> c </mi> <mi> o </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T=const} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d32c45c9d5de60442c985ce002e14696415ebb2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.194ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T=const}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10.194ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d32c45c9d5de60442c985ce002e14696415ebb2c" data-alt="{\displaystyle T=const}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ) <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gibsa_ener%C4%A3ija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gibsa enerģija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Gibsa enerģijas</a> izmaiņa <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> G </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> S </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/062377921bd620d44f679e76b7fc687d07ce2c79" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.772ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18.772ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/062377921bd620d44f679e76b7fc687d07ce2c79" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Gibsa enerģijas absolūtā vērtība nav izmērāma. Tiešā reakcija (no izejvielām veidojas produkti) var norisināties patvaļīgi, ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G<0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> G </mi> <mo> < </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G<0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41ad1c1ad25e7df4a1e249f0955f799538de5208" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.024ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G<0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.024ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41ad1c1ad25e7df4a1e249f0955f799538de5208" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G<0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G>0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> G </mi> <mo> > </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G>0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02ec7c4dd1b9e9df83dbcef5f800f3ec84ac3ed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.024ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G>0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.024ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02ec7c4dd1b9e9df83dbcef5f800f3ec84ac3ed4" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G>0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , patvaļīgi iespējama tikai pretreakcija (produkti reaģē savā starpā, atkal radīdami izejvielas). Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> G </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G=0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14dec5e7a06009be5815abeda17d9fd72b9909ac" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.024ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.024ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14dec5e7a06009be5815abeda17d9fd72b9909ac" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , sistēma atrodas līdzsvara stāvoklī. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6abc1b2a7cf969ad2e8697f5e8190f9a149d9f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 4.817ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6abc1b2a7cf969ad2e8697f5e8190f9a149d9f0" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir Gibsa enerģijas standartizmaiņa. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/436199da803785744ca96f37c1e9a694fd665b22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 4.817ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/436199da803785744ca96f37c1e9a694fd665b22" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir vielu rašanās Gibsa enerģijas standartizmaiņa. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}\Delta G_{r.pr.}^{0}-\sum n_{1}\Delta G_{r.izejv.}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> a </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> = </mo> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> <mi> p </mi> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> − </mo> <mo> ∑ </mo> <msub> <mi> n </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mo> . </mo> <mi> i </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> j </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}\Delta G_{r.pr.}^{0}-\sum n_{1}\Delta G_{r.izejv.}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49b8a5ac21d90344dee4b3114123a64f601912f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:42.71ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}\Delta G_{r.pr.}^{0}-\sum n_{1}\Delta G_{r.izejv.}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 42.71ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -1.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49b8a5ac21d90344dee4b3114123a64f601912f7" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{reakc}^{0}=\sum n_{2}\Delta G_{r.pr.}^{0}-\sum n_{1}\Delta G_{r.izejv.}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Līdzsvara_temperatūra">Līdzsvara temperatūra</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Līdzsvara temperatūra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> No Gibsa enerģijas izmaiņas izteiksmes iegūst līdzsvara jeb reakcijas sākuma temperatūras <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.302ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  izeiksmi: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}={\frac {\Delta H_{reakc.}}{\Delta S_{reakc.}}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msub> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> a </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mi> c </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msub> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> <mi> e </mi> <mi> a </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mi> c </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}={\frac {\Delta H_{reakc.}}{\Delta S_{reakc.}}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8ae6ef9ed14f3bb16d6481ca0a1cdb480b864b1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.739ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}={\frac {\Delta H_{reakc.}}{\Delta S_{reakc.}}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18.739ex;height: 5.843ex;vertical-align: -2.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b8ae6ef9ed14f3bb16d6481ca0a1cdb480b864b1" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}={\frac {\Delta H_{reakc.}}{\Delta S_{reakc.}}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Temperatūrā, kas mazāka par <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.302ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , reakcija nenorisinās. Temperatūrā, kas lielāka par <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.302ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , reakcija norisinās. Temperatūrā, kas vienāda ar <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.302ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a60e29d8f213c7ed2833a9f12c8a2ced91a5da96" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , pastāv līdzsvars — norisinās atgriezeniska reakcija, tas ir, no izejvielām rodas produkti, taču tādā pašā ātrumā no produktiem atkal rodas izejvielas. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Dažu_vielu_termodinamiskās_konstantes">Dažu vielu termodinamiskās konstantes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Dažu vielu termodinamiskās konstantes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Viela</th> <th>Agregātstāvoklis</th> <th> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fe530a17d80eb7565b28f80a2bb30814e3417ca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.094ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.094ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fe530a17d80eb7565b28f80a2bb30814e3417ca" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{r}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kJ/mol</th> <th> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi> S </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle S^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.576ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.576ex;height: 2.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/059153ab9372a06326d2cf984574e5f3cefd24a7" data-alt="{\displaystyle S^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , J/mol·K</th> <th> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msubsup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> r </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/436199da803785744ca96f37c1e9a694fd665b22" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.817ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 4.817ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/436199da803785744ca96f37c1e9a694fd665b22" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G_{r}^{0}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kJ/mol</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudrabs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudrabs">Ag</a></td> <td>kristālisks</td> <td>0</td> <td>42,55</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudrabs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudrabs">Ag+</a></td> <td>izšķīdināts</td> <td>105,62</td> <td>72,67</td> <td>77,179</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sudraba_brom%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sudraba bromīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">AgBr</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-100,42</td> <td>107,11</td> <td>-97,02</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sudraba_hlor%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sudraba hlorīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">AgCl</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-126,78</td> <td>96,23</td> <td>-109,54</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sudraba_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sudraba oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ag2O</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-31,2</td> <td>121,0</td> <td>-11,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alumīnijs">Al</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>28,33</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alumīnijs">Al3+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-530,0</td> <td>-301</td> <td>-490,54</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnija_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alumīnija oksīds">Al2O3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1675,69</td> <td>50,92</td> <td>-1582,27</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alum%C4%ABnija_sulf%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alumīnija sulfāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Al2(SO4)3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-3441,80</td> <td>239,20</td> <td>-3100,87</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zelts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zelts">Au</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>48</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zelta_(III)_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zelta (III) hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Au(OH)3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-418,4</td> <td>121</td> <td>-289,95</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%81rijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bārijs">Ba2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-538,0</td> <td>9,6</td> <td>-561,11</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%81rija_karbon%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bārija karbonāts">BaCO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1210,85</td> <td>112,13</td> <td>-1132,77</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%81rija_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bārija oksīds">BaO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-553,54</td> <td>70,29</td> <td>-525,84</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%81rija_sulf%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bārija sulfāts">BaSO4</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1458,88</td> <td>132,21</td> <td>-1345,43</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berilijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berilijs">Be2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-404</td> <td>-197</td> <td>-381</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berilija_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Berilija oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">BeO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-598</td> <td>14,1</td> <td>-582,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Berilija_karbon%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Berilija karbonāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">BeCO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-982,0</td> <td>67,29</td> <td>-944,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Broms">Br-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-131,21</td> <td>212,9</td> <td>-107,10</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ogleklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogleklis">C</a></td> <td>kr. (<a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dimants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dimants">dimants</a>)</td> <td>1,828</td> <td>2,37</td> <td>2,834</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ogleklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogleklis">C</a></td> <td>kr. (<a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graf%C4%ABts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grafīts">grafīts</a>)</td> <td>0</td> <td>5,74</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Met%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metāns">CH4</a></td> <td>gāzveida</td> <td>-74,86</td> <td>186,44</td> <td>-50,85</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acetil%C4%93ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acetilēns">C2H2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>226,8</td> <td>200,8</td> <td>209,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etil%C4%93ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etilēns">C2H4</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>52,3</td> <td>219,5</td> <td>68,16</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Et%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etāns">C2H6</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-84,67</td> <td>229,49</td> <td>-32,93</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prop%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Propāns">C3H8</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-103,0</td> <td>269,9</td> <td>-23,49</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benzols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benzols">C6H6</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>82,9</td> <td>269,2</td> <td>129,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benzols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benzols">C6H6</a></td> <td>šķidrs</td> <td>49,04</td> <td>173,2</td> <td>124,43</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metanols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metanols">CH3OH</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-201,2</td> <td>239,7</td> <td>-162,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metanols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metanols">CH3OH</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-239,6</td> <td>126,8</td> <td>-167,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etanols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etanols">C2H5OH</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-277,4</td> <td>169,7</td> <td>-174,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acet%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetāts">CH3COO-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-490</td> <td>88</td> <td>-369</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eti%C4%B7sk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etiķskābe">CH3COOH</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-487,0</td> <td>158,82</td> <td>-392,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eti%C4%B7sk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etiķskābe">CH3COOH</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-495,0</td> <td>291,6</td> <td>-396,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oglek%C4%BCa_monoks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oglekļa monoksīds">CO</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-110,53</td> <td>197,55</td> <td>-137,15</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oglek%C4%BCa_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oglekļa dioksīds">CO2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-393,51</td> <td>213,66</td> <td>-394,32</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fosg%C4%93ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fosgēns">COCl2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-219,50</td> <td>283,64</td> <td>-205,31</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karbon%C4%81ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karbonāti">CO32-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-676,3</td> <td>-54,9</td> <td>-528,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalcijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalcijs">Ca2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-542,96</td> <td>-55,2</td> <td>-553,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalcija_alumin%C4%81ti&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalcija alumināti (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ca(AlO2)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-2327,9</td> <td>144,3</td> <td>-2210,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalcija_metabor%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalcija metaborāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ca(BO2)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-2030,96</td> <td>105,2</td> <td>-1924,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalcija_karb%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalcija karbīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">CaC2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-59,9</td> <td>69,96</td> <td>-64,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalcija_karbon%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalcija karbonāts">CaCO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1206,83</td> <td>91,71</td> <td>-1128,35</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalcija_nitr%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalcija nitrāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ca(NO3)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-935,76</td> <td>193,30</td> <td>-743,44</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalcija_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalcija oksīds">CaO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-635,09</td> <td>38,07</td> <td>-603,46</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalcija_hidroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalcija hidroksīds">Ca(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-985,12</td> <td>83,39</td> <td>-897,52</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kalcija_sulf%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kalcija sulfīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">CaS</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-482</td> <td>56</td> <td>-477</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Volaston%C4%ABts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Volastonīts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">CaSiO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1636,0</td> <td>81,98</td> <td>-1550,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kadmijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kadmijs">Cd2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-76</td> <td>-71</td> <td>-78</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kadmija_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kadmija hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cd(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-563</td> <td>88</td> <td>-474</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlors">Cl-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-167,2</td> <td>56,6</td> <td>-131,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlors">Cl2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>0</td> <td>222,9</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hroms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hroms">Cr</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>23,64</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hroma_(III)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hroma (III) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cr2O3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>1141,3</td> <td>81,2</td> <td>-1059,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varš">Cu</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>33,2</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C5%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varš">Cu2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>66,0</td> <td>-92,8</td> <td>65,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vara_(II)_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vara (II) hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Cu(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-444,6</td> <td>84,0</td> <td>-359,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vara_(II)_sulf%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vara (II) sulfīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">CuS</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-53,14</td> <td>66,53</td> <td>-53,58</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzelzs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzelzs">Fe</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>27,2</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzelzs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzelzs">Fe2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-87,2</td> <td>-110,9</td> <td>-78,96</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dzelzs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzelzs">Fe3+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-46,4</td> <td>-309,2</td> <td>-4,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(II)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (II) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">FeO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-264,85</td> <td>60,75</td> <td>-244,30</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(III)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (III) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fe2O3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-822,16</td> <td>87,45</td> <td>-740,34</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(II,III)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (II,III) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fe3O4</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1117,13</td> <td>146,19</td> <td>-1014,17</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(II)_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (II) hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fe(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-562,1</td> <td>88,0</td> <td>-480,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(III)_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (III) hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Fe(OH)3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-827,2</td> <td>105</td> <td>-700,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dzelzs_(II)_sulf%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzelzs (II) sulfīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">FeS</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-100,42</td> <td>60,29</td> <td>-100,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdeņradis">H+</a> (<a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Hidronijs&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Hidronijs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">H3O+</a>)</td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdeņradis">H2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>0</td> <td>130,7</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brom%C5%ABde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bromūdeņradis">HBr</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-36,38</td> <td>198,58</td> <td>-53,43</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlor%C5%ABde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlorūdeņradis">HCl</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-92,31</td> <td>186,79</td> <td>-95,30</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%81lssk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sālsskābe">HCl</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-166,9</td> <td>56,5</td> <td>-131,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bikarbon%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bikarbonāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">HCO3-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-691,1</td> <td>95,0</td> <td>-587,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Og%C4%BCsk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogļskābe">H2CO3</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-699,5</td> <td>187,4</td> <td>-619,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C4%81pek%C4%BCsk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slāpekļskābe">HNO3</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-173,0</td> <td>156,16</td> <td>-79,90</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAdens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdens">H2O</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-241,9</td> <td>188,9</td> <td>-228,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAdens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdens">H2O</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-285,9</td> <td>70,0</td> <td>-237,4</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAdens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdens">H2O</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-291,85</td> <td>44,1</td> <td>-234</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86ra%C5%BEa_peroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ūdeņraža peroksīds">H2O2</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-187,86</td> <td>109,60</td> <td>-120,52</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Bisulf%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Bisulfīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">HS-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-18</td> <td>63</td> <td>12</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93r%C5%ABde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērūdeņradis">H2S</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-20,60</td> <td>205,70</td> <td>-33,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93r%C5%ABde%C5%86radis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērūdeņradis">H2S</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-39,7</td> <td>108,8</td> <td>-27,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93rsk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērskābe">H2SO4</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-813,99</td> <td>156,90</td> <td>-690,14</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93rsk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērskābe">H2SO4</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-811,0</td> <td>—</td> <td>-714,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ortofosforsk%C4%81be?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ortofosforskābe">H3PO4</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-1288,3</td> <td>-158,1</td> <td>-1142,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dihidrog%C4%93nfosf%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dihidrogēnfosfāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">H2PO4-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-1302,5</td> <td>90,37</td> <td>-1135,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Monohidrog%C4%93nfosf%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Monohidrogēnfosfāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">HPO42-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-1298,7</td> <td>-36,8</td> <td>-1094,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvsudrabs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzīvsudrabs">Hg</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>0</td> <td>75,9</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvsudrabs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dzīvsudrabs">Hg2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>174,0</td> <td>-22,6</td> <td>164,8</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dz%C4%ABvsudraba_(II)_sulf%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Dzīvsudraba (II) sulfīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">HgS</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-59,0</td> <td>105,4</td> <td>-56,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_hlor%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija hlorīds">KCl</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-436,65</td> <td>82,55</td> <td>-408,93</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_hlor%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija hlorāts">KClO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-391,2</td> <td>142,97</td> <td>-289,9</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija oksīds">K2O</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-363,2</td> <td>94,1</td> <td>-323,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_hidroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija hidroksīds">KOH</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-424,72</td> <td>79,28</td> <td>-379,22</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_sulf%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija sulfīds">K2S</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-428,4</td> <td>111,3</td> <td>-404,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81lija_sulf%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kālija sulfāts">K2SO4</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1433,69</td> <td>175,56</td> <td>-1316,04</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnijs">Mg</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>32,68</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magnijs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magnijs">Mg2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-467</td> <td>-138</td> <td>-455,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnija_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnija oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">MgO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-601,49</td> <td>27,07</td> <td>-569,27</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnija_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnija hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mg(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-924,66</td> <td>63,18</td> <td>-833,75</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mang%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangāns">Mn</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>32,01</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mang%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangāns">Mn2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-220</td> <td>-67</td> <td>-230</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mang%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangāna dioksīds">MnO2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-521,44</td> <td>53,14</td> <td>-466,68</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mang%C4%81na_(II)_hidroks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mangāna (II) hidroksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Mn(OH)2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-702</td> <td>82</td> <td>-617</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C4%81peklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slāpeklis">N2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>0</td> <td>191,50</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amonjaks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amonjaks">NH3</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-45,94</td> <td>192,66</td> <td>-16,48</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amonija_jons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amonija jons">NH4+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-132,4</td> <td>114,4</td> <td>-79,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amonija_hlor%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amonija hlorīds">NH4Cl</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-314,22</td> <td>95,81</td> <td>-203,22</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amonija_nitr%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amonija nitrāts">NH4NO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-365,43</td> <td>151,04</td> <td>-182,93</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dislāpekļa oksīds">N2O</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>82,01</td> <td>219,83</td> <td>104,12</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa(II)_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slāpekļa(II) oksīds">NO</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>91,26</td> <td>210,64</td> <td>87,58</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa(III)_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slāpekļa(III) oksīds">N2O3</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>83,3</td> <td>307,3</td> <td>140,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slāpekļa dioksīds">NO2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>34,19</td> <td>240,06</td> <td>52,24</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa_tetroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislāpekļa tetroksīds">N2O4</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>9,37</td> <td>304,3</td> <td>98,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disl%C4%81pek%C4%BCa_tetroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dislāpekļa tetroksīds">N2O4</a></td> <td>šķ.</td> <td>-19,05</td> <td>209,3</td> <td>98,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitr%C4%81tjoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrātjoni">NO3-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-207,5</td> <td>147,3</td> <td>-111,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81trija_alumin%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nātrija alumināts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">NaAlO2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1132,2</td> <td>70,4</td> <td>-1066,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%81trija_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nātrija oksīds">Na2O</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-417,98</td> <td>75,06</td> <td>-379,26</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%81trija_hidroks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nātrija hidroksīds">NaOH</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-426,35</td> <td>64,43</td> <td>-380,29</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Trin%C4%81trija_fosf%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Trinātrija fosfāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Na3PO4</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1924,64</td> <td>224,68</td> <td>-1811,31</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C4%81trija_metasilik%C4%81ts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nātrija metasilikāts">Na2SiO3</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1525,4</td> <td>113,8</td> <td>-1427,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ni%C4%B7elis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niķelis">Ni2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-54</td> <td>-129</td> <td>-45</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sk%C4%81beklis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skābeklis">O2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>0</td> <td>205,04</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hidroksiljons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hidroksiljons">OH-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-230,2</td> <td>-10,8</td> <td>-157,0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fosfora(V)_oks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fosfora(V) oksīds">P2O5</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-1507,2</td> <td>140,3</td> <td>-1371,7</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fosf%C4%81ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fosfāti">PO43-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-1284,1</td> <td>-218</td> <td>-1019,5</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svins">Pb</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>64,81</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svina_(II)_hlor%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svina (II) hlorīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">PbCl2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-360,9</td> <td>136,0</td> <td>-315,6</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svina_(II)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svina (II) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">PbO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-217,61</td> <td>68,70</td> <td>-188,20</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svina_(IV)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svina (IV) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">PbO2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-276,56</td> <td>71,92</td> <td>-217,55</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Svina_(II)_sulf%C4%81ts&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Svina (II) sulfāts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">PbSO4</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-912,0</td> <td>148,7</td> <td>-814,3</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93rs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērs">S</a></td> <td>kr. (rombiska alotrofiskā modifikācija)</td> <td>0</td> <td>31,9</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93rs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sērs">S2-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>33</td> <td>-15</td> <td>86</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93ra_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sēra dioksīds">SO2</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-296,90</td> <td>248,07</td> <td>-300,21</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C4%93ra_trioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sēra trioksīds">SO3</a></td> <td>g.</td> <td>-395,85</td> <td>256,69</td> <td>-317,17</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulf%C4%81ti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfāti">SO42-</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-909</td> <td>18</td> <td>-744</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sil%C4%ABcija_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silīcija dioksīds">SiO2</a></td> <td>kr. (trigonāls)</td> <td>-911,6</td> <td>41,9</td> <td>-857,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alva">Sn</a> (baltā)</td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>51,6</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alva">Sn2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-10,5</td> <td>-22,7</td> <td>-27,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alvas_(II)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alvas (II) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">SnO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-286,2</td> <td>56</td> <td>-258,1</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alvas_(IV)_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alvas (IV) oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">SnO2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-581,2</td> <td>52,3</td> <td>-520,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tit%C4%81ns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titāns">Ti</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>31</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABds?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titāna dioksīds">TiO2</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-944,50</td> <td>50,39</td> <td>-889,2</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinks">Zn</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>0</td> <td>41,63</td> <td>0</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinks">Zn2+</a></td> <td>izšķ.</td> <td>-153,74</td> <td>-110,67</td> <td>-147,26</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cinka_oks%C4%ABds&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cinka oksīds (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ZnO</a></td> <td>kr.</td> <td>-348,11</td> <td>43,51</td> <td>-318,10</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Ķīmiskā_kinētika">Ķīmiskā kinētika</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmiskā kinētika" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ķīmisko_reakciju_ātrums">Ķīmisko reakciju ātrums</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmisko reakciju ātrums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81s_reakcijas_%C4%81trums&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskās reakcijas ātrums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ķīmiskās reakcijas ātrums</a> ir izejvielu <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koncentr%C4%81cija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koncentrācija">koncentrācijas</a> samazināšanās jeb produktu koncentrācijas palielināšanās <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laiks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laiks">laika</a> vienībā. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{vid}=|{\frac {\Delta c}{\Delta t}}|}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> v </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> | </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> | </mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v_{vid}=|{\frac {\Delta c}{\Delta t}}|} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50379e2199b5e860845bbd3e853527dc6dedc3ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.755ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{vid}=|{\frac {\Delta c}{\Delta t}}|}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11.755ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50379e2199b5e860845bbd3e853527dc6dedc3ec" data-alt="{\displaystyle v_{vid}=|{\frac {\Delta c}{\Delta t}}|}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{vid}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> v </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v_{vid}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15ad2da5e126b2ad5bb26f22aa19794aa29e993c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.584ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{vid}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.584ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15ad2da5e126b2ad5bb26f22aa19794aa29e993c" data-alt="{\displaystyle v_{vid}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas vidējais ātrums, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta c}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta c} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/644c84358f4ff94a45ac9f02ac9d89b9fa022233" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.943ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta c}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.943ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/644c84358f4ff94a45ac9f02ac9d89b9fa022233" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta c}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir izejvielu vai produktu koncentrācijas izmaiņa, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta t} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.775ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir laika intervāls. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=|{\frac {dc}{dt}}|}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> v </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> | </mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi> d </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi> d </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false"> | </mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v=|{\frac {dc}{dt}}|} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30b8e8e44d04c0ccac6d6cd811ddf7c53f54e0bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.579ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=|{\frac {dc}{dt}}|}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8.579ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30b8e8e44d04c0ccac6d6cd811ddf7c53f54e0bf" data-alt="{\displaystyle v=|{\frac {dc}{dt}}|}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> v </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.128ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" data-alt="{\displaystyle v}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas patiesais ātrums, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dc}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> d </mi> <mi> c </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle dc} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2716628b5de58daebd834c5ba63662be24321b29" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.223ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dc}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.223ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2716628b5de58daebd834c5ba63662be24321b29" data-alt="{\displaystyle dc}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir koncentrācijas <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Funkcijas_diferenci%C4%81lis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Funkcijas diferenciālis (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">diferenciālis</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dt}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> d </mi> <mi> t </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle dt} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebee76a835701fd1f26047a09855f2ea36bb08fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.055ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dt}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.055ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebee76a835701fd1f26047a09855f2ea36bb08fc" data-alt="{\displaystyle dt}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir laika diferenciālis. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Darb%C4%ABgo_masu_likums&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Darbīgo masu likums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Darbīgo masu likums</a>: ķīmisko reakciju ātrums ir tieši <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Proporcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Proporcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">proporcionāls</a> reaģējošo vielu molāro koncentrāciju <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reizin%C4%81%C5%A1ana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reizināšana">reizinājumam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Homogēnas_un_heterogēnas_sistēmas">Homogēnas un heterogēnas sistēmas</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Homogēnas un heterogēnas sistēmas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_kin%C4%93tika&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskā kinētika (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ķīmiskā kinētika</a> pēta <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Homog%C4%93na_sist%C4%93ma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Homogēna sistēma (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">homogēnas sistēmas</a>, kuras sastāv no vienas <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=F%C4%81ze_(termodinamika)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fāze (termodinamika) (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">fāzes</a>, un <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Heterog%C4%93na_sist%C4%93ma&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Heterogēna sistēma (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">heterogēnas sistēmas</a>, kuras sastāv no divām vai vairākām fāzēm. Parasti, ja netiek precizēts, kāda ir sistēma un tajā notiekošās reakcijas (homogēnas vai heterogēnas), pieņem, ka šī sistēma ir homogēna. Vispārīgai reakcijai <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle aA+bB\longrightarrow dD}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> a </mi> <mi> A </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> b </mi> <mi> B </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mo> <mi> d </mi> <mi> D </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle aA+bB\longrightarrow dD} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0b92ee094865feeb17d46277a8610a49b9985a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.811ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle aA+bB\longrightarrow dD}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.811ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0b92ee094865feeb17d46277a8610a49b9985a9" data-alt="{\displaystyle aA+bB\longrightarrow dD}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  saskaņā ar darbīgo masu likumu ir šāds ātruma jeb kinētiskais vienādojums: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v=k\cdot c_{A}^{n}\cdot c_{B}^{m}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> v </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> k </mi> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <msubsup> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> A </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> n </mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <msubsup> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> B </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> m </mi> </mrow> </msubsup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v=k\cdot c_{A}^{n}\cdot c_{B}^{m}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06d61a85dda111c0b5c01471356d210760318423" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.949ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v=k\cdot c_{A}^{n}\cdot c_{B}^{m}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 13.949ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06d61a85dda111c0b5c01471356d210760318423" data-alt="{\displaystyle v=k\cdot c_{A}^{n}\cdot c_{B}^{m}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> k </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.211ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" data-alt="{\displaystyle k}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Reakcijas_%C4%81truma_konstante&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Reakcijas ātruma konstante (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">reakcijas ātruma konstante</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{A}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> A </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle c_{A}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f55859845e7ce060a13ac8861e3b2ec62e2ed2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.472ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{A}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.472ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f55859845e7ce060a13ac8861e3b2ec62e2ed2c" data-alt="{\displaystyle c_{A}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  un <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c_{B}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> c </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> B </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle c_{B}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12c340af0b4dc345ca933b38ed5aebccb4a672e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.486ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c_{B}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.486ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/12c340af0b4dc345ca933b38ed5aebccb4a672e7" data-alt="{\displaystyle c_{B}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir vielu molārā koncentrācija. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%81pin%C4%81%C5%A1ana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kāpināšana">Kāpinātāji</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> m </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.04ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" data-alt="{\displaystyle m}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  un <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> n </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle n} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.395ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" data-alt="{\displaystyle n}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  dažos gadījumos ir attiecīgi vienādi ar <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> a </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle a} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.23ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" data-alt="{\displaystyle a}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  un <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> b </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle b} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 0.998ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" data-alt="{\displaystyle b}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tie tiek aprēķināti <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eksperiments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eksperiments">eksperimentāli</a>. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Summa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Summa">Summu</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m+n}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> m </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> n </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle m+n} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88528fefcfac1b22d2df9b71d0f4fc9e758f65ad" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:6.276ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m+n}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.276ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88528fefcfac1b22d2df9b71d0f4fc9e758f65ad" data-alt="{\displaystyle m+n}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  sauc par reakcijas pakāpi (kārtu). Heterogēnām reakcijām, kurās reaģē cietas (kristāliskas) vielas, ātruma vienādojumos cieto vielu koncentrācijas neraksta, ietverot tās ātruma konstantes vērtībā (cietas fāzes sastāvs procesa gaitā nemainās). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aktivācijas_enerģija">Aktivācijas enerģija</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Aktivācijas enerģija" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aktiv%C4%81cijas_ener%C4%A3ija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aktivācijas enerģija">Aktivācijas enerģija</a> ir enerģija, kas jāpievada izejvielu sistēmai, lai padarītu molekulas (atomus) reaģētspējīgas un lai notiktu reakcija; tā ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akt%C4%ABvais_komplekss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktīvais komplekss">aktīvā kompleksa</a> un izejvielu enerģijas krājuma starpība. Aktivācijas enerģija var tikt pievadīta siltuma veidā. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Reakcijas_ātruma_atkarība_no_temperatūras">Reakcijas ātruma atkarība no temperatūras</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Reakcijas ātruma atkarība no temperatūras" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Van't_Hofa_likums&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Van't Hofa likums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Van't Hofa likums</a> nosaka, ka reakcijas ātrums, temperatūrai palielinoties par 10 <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kelvins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kelvins">kelviniem</a>, palielinās divas līdz četras reizes. Tā izteiksme: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}=v_{T_{1}}\cdot \gamma ^{\frac {T_{2}-T_{1}}{10}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <msup> <mi> γ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mn> 10 </mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}=v_{T_{1}}\cdot \gamma ^{\frac {T_{2}-T_{1}}{10}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a0064cd855e6d510497c8d401d15f68a0a6f75c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.627ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}=v_{T_{1}}\cdot \gamma ^{\frac {T_{2}-T_{1}}{10}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.627ex;height: 4.676ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a0064cd855e6d510497c8d401d15f68a0a6f75c" data-alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}=v_{T_{1}}\cdot \gamma ^{\frac {T_{2}-T_{1}}{10}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{T_{1}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v_{T_{1}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ceff8cd28455156a58ab82b5559a3e6908b6949" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.151ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{1}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.151ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ceff8cd28455156a58ab82b5559a3e6908b6949" data-alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{1}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas ātrums pie temperatūras <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f304724948a3ef606c4a92459e22b87a954d993" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.412ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.412ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f304724948a3ef606c4a92459e22b87a954d993" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> v </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6af51c9c3f2cd72b3934ab0aaf4bbe19be0aa7d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.151ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.151ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -1.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6af51c9c3f2cd72b3934ab0aaf4bbe19be0aa7d6" data-alt="{\displaystyle v_{T_{2}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas ātrums pie temperatūras <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> T </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1ba5f12fbb0ff766aec6e22148b429373608555" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.412ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.412ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d1ba5f12fbb0ff766aec6e22148b429373608555" data-alt="{\displaystyle T_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> γ </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \gamma } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.262ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.262ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a223c880b0ce3da8f64ee33c4f0010beee400b1a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \gamma }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas ātruma temperatūras koeficients. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ar%C4%93niusa_vien%C4%81dojums&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Arēniusa vienādojums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Arēniusa vienādojums</a>: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle lnk=lnA-{\frac {E_{A}}{RT}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mi> k </mi> <mo> = </mo> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> <mi> A </mi> <mo> − </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi> E </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> A </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mi> R </mi> <mi> T </mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle lnk=lnA-{\frac {E_{A}}{RT}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5cb30603037c0e22d0c1c167f2361d048a40c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:17.306ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle lnk=lnA-{\frac {E_{A}}{RT}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.306ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -2.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5cb30603037c0e22d0c1c167f2361d048a40c1" data-alt="{\displaystyle lnk=lnA-{\frac {E_{A}}{RT}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ln}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle ln} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2234193f1d24ab0337abad752c47e059232e6fcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.088ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ln}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.088ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2234193f1d24ab0337abad752c47e059232e6fcd" data-alt="{\displaystyle ln}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natur%C4%81lais_logaritms?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturālais logaritms">naturāllogaritms</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> k </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.211ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" data-alt="{\displaystyle k}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir reakcijas ātruma konstante, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> A </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle A} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.743ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" data-alt="{\displaystyle A}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir no temperatūras mazatkarīga konstante, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{A}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> E </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> A </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle E_{A}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d368f77b6dfe496467559869a421efed0881bcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.18ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{A}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.18ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d368f77b6dfe496467559869a421efed0881bcd" data-alt="{\displaystyle E_{A}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir aktivācijas enerģija, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> R </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle R} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.764ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" data-alt="{\displaystyle R}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C4%81zu_konstante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gāzu konstante">gāzu universālā konstante</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> T </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle T} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.636ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" data-alt="{\displaystyle T}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  ir <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Absol%C5%ABt%C4%81_temperat%C5%ABra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Absolūtā temperatūra (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">absolūtā temperatūra</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Katalīze">Katalīze</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Katalīze" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katal%C4%ABze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katalīze">Katalīze</a> ir ķīmisko reakciju paātrināšanas metode, kurā izmanto katalizatorus. Katalizatori veido citādus aktīvos pārejas kompleksus, tādējādi samazinot aktivācijas enerģiju. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reakcijas_inhibitors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reakcijas inhibitors">Inhibitori</a> jeb negatīvie katalizatori ir vielas, kas samazina reakcijas ātrumu, taču to darbība nav pretēja katalizatoru darbībai. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Ķīmiskais_līdzsvars">Ķīmiskais līdzsvars</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmiskais līdzsvars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ķīmiskā_līdzsvara_konstante">Ķīmiskā līdzsvara konstante</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmiskā līdzsvara konstante" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_l%C4%ABdzsvars&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ķīmiskais līdzsvars (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Ķīmiskais līdzsvars</a> var iestāties <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Atgriezeniska_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Atgriezeniska reakcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">atgriezeniskās reakcijās</a> noslēgtā tilpumā. No termodinamikas viedokļa līdzsvara stāvoklis pastāv, ja ķīmiskās sistēmas Gibsa enerģija nemainās. No kinētikas viedokļa līdzsvara stāvoklis pastāv, ja tiešās reakcijas ātrums ir vienāds ar pretreakcijas ātrumu. Reakcijas produktu līdzsvara koncentrāciju reizinājuma un izejvielu koncentrāciju reizinājuma attiecība ir pastāvīgs lielums, ko sauc par <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C4%ABdzsvara_konstante&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Līdzsvara konstante (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">līdzsvara konstanti</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15a3c8b07b5ba4e46872f8daabc508fed1e1bd96" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.699ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.699ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/15a3c8b07b5ba4e46872f8daabc508fed1e1bd96" data-alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . Līdzsvara stāvoklī vispārīgai reakcijai <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle aA+bB\leftrightarrows dD+eE}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> a </mi> <mi> A </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> b </mi> <mi> B </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ⇆ </mo> <mi> d </mi> <mi> D </mi> <mo> + </mo> <mi> e </mi> <mi> E </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle aA+bB\leftrightarrows dD+eE} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb27f67c1b730e35bf82b1c775f531b785dd3fee" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:21.029ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle aA+bB\leftrightarrows dD+eE}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21.029ex;height: 2.343ex;vertical-align: -0.505ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cb27f67c1b730e35bf82b1c775f531b785dd3fee" data-alt="{\displaystyle aA+bB\leftrightarrows dD+eE}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}={\frac {[D]^{d}\cdot [E]^{e}}{[A]^{a}\cdot [B]^{b}}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> [ </mo> <mi> D </mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ] </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> d </mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> [ </mo> <mi> E </mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ] </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> e </mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false"> [ </mo> <mi> A </mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ] </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> a </mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> [ </mo> <mi> B </mi> <msup> <mo stretchy="false"> ] </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> b </mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}={\frac {[D]^{d}\cdot [E]^{e}}{[A]^{a}\cdot [B]^{b}}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d95d0c94b2a9b881b8bfda8837aa0f27b490e991" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:20.147ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}={\frac {[D]^{d}\cdot [E]^{e}}{[A]^{a}\cdot [B]^{b}}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.147ex;height: 6.676ex;vertical-align: -2.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d95d0c94b2a9b881b8bfda8837aa0f27b490e991" data-alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}={\frac {[D]^{d}\cdot [E]^{e}}{[A]^{a}\cdot [B]^{b}}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , kur ar vielu formulām kvadrātiekavās apzīmētas attiecīgo vielu koncentrācijas līdzsvara stāvoklī. Šīs konstantes skaitliskā vērtība ir atkarīga no temperatūras un nav atkarīga no vielu sākotnējās koncentrācijas vai katalizatora klātbūtnes. Ja līdzsvara konstante ir skaitliski liela ( <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\gg 1}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> ≫ </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\gg 1} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b230f5e64de5424b5cdc6dfe2f0ff6d150055ece" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.475ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\gg 1}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10.475ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b230f5e64de5424b5cdc6dfe2f0ff6d150055ece" data-alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\gg 1}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ), tad līdzsvaru sasniegušajā sistēmā ir lielāks reakcijas produktu daudzums, bet, ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\ll 1}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> ≪ </mo> <mn> 1 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\ll 1} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bc69453eec5686a8cddf8c67045099eeaf4129f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.475ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\ll 1}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10.475ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bc69453eec5686a8cddf8c67045099eeaf4129f" data-alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv}\ll 1}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tad sistēmā līdzsvara stāvoklī vairāk ir izejvielu. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-R\cdot T\cdot lnk_{lidzsv}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <msup> <mi> G </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 0 </mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo> = </mo> <mo> − </mo> <mi> R </mi> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <mi> T </mi> <mo> ⋅ </mo> <mi> l </mi> <mi> n </mi> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-R\cdot T\cdot lnk_{lidzsv}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5c8faebc8528b10ddb48a37e3009111f876fc47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.269ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-R\cdot T\cdot lnk_{lidzsv}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24.269ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5c8faebc8528b10ddb48a37e3009111f876fc47" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-R\cdot T\cdot lnk_{lidzsv}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Le_Šateljē_princips">Le Šateljē princips</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Le Šateljē princips" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Mainot līdzsvara stāvoklī esošas sistēmas apstākļus (spiedienu, temperatūru) vai vielu koncentrāciju, iespējams panākt īslaicīgu tiešās vai pretreakcijas pārsvaru, to sauc par līdzsvara nobīdi. Pēc <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Le_%C5%A0atelj%C4%93_princips&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Le Šateljē princips (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Le Šateljē principa</a>, mainot kādu no līdzsvarā esošas sistēmas apstākļiem vai vielu koncentrāciju, līdzsvars pārvietojas tās reakcijas virzienā, kuras paātrināšanās samazina izdarīto izmaiņu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Līdzsvara_reakcijas_koeficients">Līdzsvara reakcijas koeficients</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Līdzsvara reakcijas koeficients" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Līdzsvara reakcijas koeficienta <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> Q </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6a47a19020d932aee9a24dc618ea9a2eceadbd8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.783ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.783ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a6a47a19020d932aee9a24dc618ea9a2eceadbd8" data-alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  izteiksme ir līdzīga kā līdzsvara konstentei <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d5ecf3e91636563e7dc906ed782fd14d7606eba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.156ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.156ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d5ecf3e91636563e7dc906ed782fd14d7606eba" data-alt="{\displaystyle k_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , tikai vielu koncentrāciju līdzsvara stāvoklī vietā tiek rakstītas momentānās vielu koncentrācijas. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}=k_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> Q </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}=k_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668f7718f7dcfa50c6983b4ed6f000cf4b4fb876" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.038ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}=k_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.038ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/668f7718f7dcfa50c6983b4ed6f000cf4b4fb876" data-alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}=k_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , sistēma ir sasniegusi līdzsvara stāvokli. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}<k_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> Q </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo> < </mo> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}<k_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae694db3c240e4b4f31378672c0840dc8eee4a25" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.038ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}<k_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.038ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae694db3c240e4b4f31378672c0840dc8eee4a25" data-alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}<k_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , līdzsvars vēl nav iestājies, un tas iestāsies, notiekot tiešajai reakcijai. Ja <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}>k_{lidzsv.}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> Q </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo> > </mo> <msub> <mi> k </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> l </mi> <mi> i </mi> <mi> d </mi> <mi> z </mi> <mi> s </mi> <mi> v </mi> <mo> . </mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}>k_{lidzsv.}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc2376fac62ef87bd40e0b9045700718b6db6225" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.038ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}>k_{lidzsv.}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16.038ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc2376fac62ef87bd40e0b9045700718b6db6225" data-alt="{\displaystyle Q_{lidzsv.}>k_{lidzsv.}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , līdzsvars vēl nav iestājies, un tas iestāsies, notiekot pretreakcijai. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Koncentrācijas_un_apstākļu_ietekme_uz_līdzsvaru">Koncentrācijas un apstākļu ietekme uz līdzsvaru</h3> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Koncentrācijas un apstākļu ietekme uz līdzsvaru" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> Atbilstoši Le Šateljē principam, palielinot izejvielu vai samazinot produktu koncentrāciju, paātrinās tiešā reakcija. Palielinot produktu un samazinot izejvielu koncentrāciju, paātrinās pretreakcija. Temperatūras paaugstināšana padara varbūtīgāku endotermisko procesu, bet pazemināšana — eksotermisko. Jo lielāks ir reakcijas siltumefekts, jo vairāk temperatūras izmaiņa ietekmē līdzsvaru. Spiediens reāli iedarbojas tikai uz gāzveida vielām, spiediena izmaiņa ietekmē līdzsvara stāvokli tikai tad, ja process norisinās ar tilpuma izmaiņām. Spiediena paaugstināšana izraisa līdzsvara pārvietošanos tās reakcijas virzienā, kurā notiek gāzveida vielu daudzuma (sistēmas tilpuma) samazināšanās, bet spiediena pazemināšana — tās reakcijas virzienā, kurā gāzveida vielu daudzums palielinās. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Vēsture">Vēsture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Vēsture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Ķīmiskās reakcijas jēdziens pastāv kopš 18. gadsimta. Tās izcelsme bija agrīnos eksperimentos, kuros <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_viela?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmiskā viela">ķīmiskās vielas</a> klasificēja kā <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_elements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmiskais elements">ķīmiskos elementus</a> un <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmiskais_savienojums?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmiskais savienojums">to savienojumus</a>, un teorijās, kas izskaidroja šos procesus. Ķīmiskās reakcijas jēdziena izstrādei bija nozīmīga loma definējot <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ķīmija">ķīmijas</a> zinātni, kā tā ir zināma mūsdienās. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">↑ <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-0">1,0</a> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-1">1,1</a> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_1-2">1,2</a> Valdis Kokars. Vispārīgā ķīmija. Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte, 2009. 102.—135. lpp. <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-32-700-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-32-700-6">978-9984-32-700-6</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> J. Kreicberga, V. Kampars. Laboratorijas darbi ķīmijā. Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte, 2002. 92.—99. lpp.</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Ārējās_saites">Ārējās saites</h2> <a role="button" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> labot šo sadaļu </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multivides?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_reactions" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chemical reactions">Ķīmiskā reakcija</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-reaction">«Chemical reaction»</a> (angļu). Encyclopedia Britannica.</li> <li>Karēms Džarāhs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?language%3Dlv%26v%3D8m6RtOpqvtU">«What triggers a chemical reaction? (Kas izraisa ķīmisko reakciju?)»</a> (angļu). TED-Ed (youtube.com), 2015. gada 20. janvāris.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411093308/https://bigenc.ru/chemistry/text/3500649">«Реакции химические»</a> (krievu). Большая российская энциклопедия. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bigenc.ru/chemistry/text/3500649">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2019. gada 11. aprīlī. Skatīts: 2019. gada 24. oktobrī.</li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija%26oldid%3D4030172">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ķīmiskā_reakcija&oldid=4030172</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://lv-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_reakcija&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Pēdējoreiz labots 2024. gada 22. marts 22.17 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Valodas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_reaksie" title="Chemiese reaksie – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese reaksie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584_%25D9%2583%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D9%258A" title="تفاعل كيماوي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تفاعل كيماوي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaici%25C3%25B3n_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reaición química – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reaición química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%25C9%2599vi_reaksiya" title="Kimyəvi reaksiya – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi reaksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="شیمیایی ریاکسیون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمیایی ریاکسیون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksyon_na_kimikal" title="Reaksyon na kimikal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Reaksyon na kimikal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Хімічная рэакцыя – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная рэакцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Хімічная рэакцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімічная рэакцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Химична реакция – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химична реакция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়া – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক বিক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacció química – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reacció química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%2595%25D9%2588%25DB%2595%25DB%258C_%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="کاردانەوەی کیمیایی – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاردانەوەی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%25C3%25A1_reakce" title="Chemická reakce – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemická reakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Химилле реакци – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле реакци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwaith_cemegol" title="Adwaith cemegol – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adwaith cemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_reaktion" title="Kemisk reaktion – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemisk reaktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Reaktion" title="Chemische Reaktion – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Reaktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksiyono_kimyasal" title="Reaksiyono kimyasal – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Reaksiyono kimyasal" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B7%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Χημική αντίδραση – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική αντίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical reaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_reakcio" title="Kemia reakcio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia reakcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacción química – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reacción química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline reaktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreakzio_kimiko" title="Erreakzio kimiko – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreakzio kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4_%25D8%25B4%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25DB%258C" title="واکنش شیمیایی – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکنش شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_reaktio" title="Kemiallinen reaktio – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen reaktio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadomid%25C3%25B5_%25C3%25BCmbreistmine" title="Aadomidõ ümbreistmine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aadomidõ ümbreistmine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9action_chimique" title="Réaction chimique – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réaction chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemisk_reaksioon" title="Cheemisk reaksioon – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cheemisk reaksioon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemyske_reaksje" title="Gemyske reaksje – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemyske reaksje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imoibri%25C3%25BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Imoibriú ceimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksyon_chimik" title="Réaksyon chimik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Réaksyon chimik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iom-obrachadh_ceimigeach" title="Iom-obrachadh ceimigeach – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iom-obrachadh ceimigeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reacción química – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reacción química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2592%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%2594_%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="תגובה כימית – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תגובה כימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक अभिक्रिया – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक अभिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_reakcija" title="Kemijska reakcija – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyaksyon_chimik" title="Reyaksyon chimik – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyaksyon chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%25C3%25A9miai_reakci%25C3%25B3" title="Kémiai reakció – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai reakció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2594%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_%25D5%25BC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Քիմիական ռեակցիաներ – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական ռեակցիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_chimic" title="Reaction chimic – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reaction chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reaksi kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_reakto" title="Kemiala reakto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala reakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnahvarf" title="Efnahvarf – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnahvarf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazione_chimica" title="Reazione chimica – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reazione chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BF%259C" title="化学反応 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学反応" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_riakshan" title="Kimikal riakshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimikal riakshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksi_kimia" title="Réaksi kimia – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Réaksi kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ქიმიური რეაქცია – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური რეაქცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximiyal%25C4%25B1q_reakciya" title="Ximiyalıq reakciya – karakalpaku" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ximiyalıq reakciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpaku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasedmirt_takrurant" title="Tasedmirt takrurant – kabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasedmirt takrurant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%25C9%259Bl%25C9%25A9_kp%25C9%259Bl%25C9%259Bk%25CA%258B%25CA%258B_t%25C9%259B_lakaya%25C9%25A3" title="Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɛlɩ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ lakayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Химиялық реакциялар – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық реакциялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%258F%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%2580%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%2582%25E1%259E%25B8%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%25B8" title="ប្រតិកម្មគីមី – khmeru" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រតិកម្មគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeru" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%2595_%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಕ್ರಿಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2599%2594%25ED%2595%2599_%25EB%25B0%2598%25EC%259D%2591" title="화학 반응 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학 반응" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactio_chemica" title="Reactio chemica – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reactio chemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaziun_chimiga" title="Reaziun chimiga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reaziun chimiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobongoli_na_shimi" title="Bobongoli na shimi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobongoli na shimi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%25C4%2597_reakcija" title="Cheminė reakcija – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė reakcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiota_simika" title="Fiota simika – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiota simika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Хемиска реакција – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска реакција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="രാസപ്രവർത്തനം – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസപ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="Химийн урвал – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн урвал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindak_balas_kimia" title="Tindak balas kimia – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tindak balas kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reazzjoni_kimika" title="Reazzjoni kimika – maltiešu" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Reazzjoni kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2593%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%25AF" title="ဓာတုဓာတ်ပြုမှု – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဓာတ်ပြုမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Reakschoon" title="Cheemsch Reakschoon – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Reakschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_reactie" title="Chemische reactie – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische reactie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_reaksjon" title="Kjemisk reaksjon – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_reaksjon" title="Kjemisk reaksjon – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reaccion quimica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2587%25E0%25A8%25A3%25E0%25A8%2595_%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਕਿਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_chemiczna" title="Reakcja chemiczna – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="کیمیائی تعامل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی تعامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_qu%25C3%25ADmica" title="Reação química – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reação química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruranakuy" title="Ruranakuy – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruranakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reac%25C8%259Bie_chimic%25C4%2583" title="Reacție chimică – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reacție chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Химическая реакция – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая реакция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riazzioni_ch%25C3%25ACmica" title="Riazzioni chìmica – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Riazzioni chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="ڪيميائي عمل – sindhu" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي عمل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhu" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_reakcija" title="Hemijska reakcija – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijska reakcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2583%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A_%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%259A%25E0%25B7%258A%25E2%2580%258D%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA%25E0%25B7%258F" title="රසායනික ප්‍රතික්‍රියා – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික ප්‍රතික්‍රියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical reaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%25C3%25A1_reakcia" title="Chemická reakcia – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemická reakcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi%25C4%258Dna_reakcija" title="Kemična reakcija – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemična reakcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupinguro_rweMishonga" title="Rupinguro rweMishonga – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupinguro rweMishonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimikal_dibusocod" title="Kimikal dibusocod – somāļu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kimikal dibusocod" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksioni_kimik" title="Reaksioni kimik – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reaksioni kimik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Хемијска реакција – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска реакција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9aksi_kimiawi" title="Réaksi kimiawi – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Réaksi kimiawi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_reaktion" title="Kemisk reaktion – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk reaktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmenyuko_wa_kikemia" title="Mmenyuko wa kikemia – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mmenyuko wa kikemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2587%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BF_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%2588" title="வேதி வினை – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதி வினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25A8_%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%259A%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AF" title="రసాయన ప్రతిచర్య – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన ప్రతిచర్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%258F%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ปฏิกิริยาเคมี – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิกิริยาเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258A%25A8%25E1%2588%259A%25E1%258A%25AB%25E1%2588%258D_%25E1%2588%25AA%25E1%258A%25A3%25E1%258A%25AD%25E1%2588%25BD%25E1%258A%2595" title="ከሚካል ሪኣክሽን – tigrinja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ከሚካል ሪኣክሽን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinja" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiki_reaksi%25C3%25BDa" title="Himiki reaksiýa – turkmēņu" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiki reaksiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksiyong_kimikal" title="Reaksiyong kimikal – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reaksiyong kimikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_reaksiyon" title="Kimyasal reaksiyon – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal reaksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AE%25D9%2589%25D9%2585%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D9%2583_%25D8%25B1%25DB%2590%25D8%25A6%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="خىمىيىلىك رېئاكسىيە – uiguru" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خىمىيىلىك رېئاكسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguru" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Хімічна реакція – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна реакція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="کیمیائی تعامل – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی تعامل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_reaksiya" title="Kimyoviy reaksiya – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy reaksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25E1%25BA%25A3n_%25E1%25BB%25A9ng_h%25C3%25B3a_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc" title="Phản ứng hóa học – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phản ứng hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksyon_hin_kimikal" title="Reaksyon hin kimikal – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Reaksyon hin kimikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BA%2594" title="化学反应 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学反应" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259B%25D7%25A2%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A2_%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A6%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="כעמישע רעאקציע – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמישע רעאקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%258Cdarap%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2580m%25E1%25BB%258D%25CC%2581ra_k%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25ADk%25C3%25A0" title="Ìdarapọ̀mọ́ra kẹ́míkà – jorubu" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìdarapọ̀mọ́ra kẹ́míkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BA%2594" title="化学反应 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学反应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589" title="化學反應 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學反應" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25C3%25B2a-ha%25CC%258Dk_ho%25C3%25A1n-%25C3%25A8ng" title="Hòa-ha̍k hoán-èng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k hoán-èng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589" title="化學反應 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學反應" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukusabela_kwevanga" title="Ukusabela kwevanga – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukusabela kwevanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-lv.svg" alt="Vikipēdija" width="120" height="22" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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