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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purposes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estimation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Estimation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilation_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilation_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Compilation and execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilation_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_and_licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_and_licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright and licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_and_licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Source code</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronkode" title="Bronkode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bronkode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="نص برمجي مصدري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نص برمجي مصدري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digu_fonte" title="Códigu fonte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Códigu fonte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99nb%C9%99_kodu" title="Mənbə kodu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mənbə kodu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="উৎস কোড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উৎস কোড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C3%A2n-s%C3%BA-b%C3%A9" title="Goân-sú-bé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goân-sú-bé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Зыходны код – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зыходны код" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Крынічны код – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крынічны код" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Изходен код – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изходен код" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvorni_kod" title="Izvorni kod – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izvorni kod" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codi_font" title="Codi font – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Codi font" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdrojov%C3%BD_k%C3%B3d" title="Zdrojový kód – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zdrojový kód" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_ffynhonnell" title="Cod ffynhonnell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cod ffynhonnell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildekode" title="Kildekode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kildekode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B6_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="كوض سورس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوض سورس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelltext" title="Quelltext – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quelltext" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4htekood" title="Lähtekood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lähtekood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πηγαίος κώδικας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πηγαίος κώδικας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fuente" title="Código fuente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código fuente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontkodo" title="Fontkodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fontkodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturburu_kode" title="Iturburu kode – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iturburu kode" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="کد منبع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کد منبع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_source" title="Code source – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code source" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fonte" title="Código fonte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Código fonte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%C3%A8n-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%81-m%C3%A2" title="Ngièn-sṳ́-mâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngièn-sṳ́-mâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="소스 코드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소스 코드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A4" title="Ելակոդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ելակոդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1" title="मूल कोड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूल कोड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvorni_kod" title="Izvorni kod – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izvorni kod" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontokodexo" title="Fontokodexo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fontokodexo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taudan_a_kodigo" title="Taudan a kodigo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taudan a kodigo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_sumber" title="Kode sumber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode sumber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkitizo" title="Umkitizo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkitizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_sorgente" title="Codice sorgente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Codice sorgente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קוד מקור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוד מקור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4" title="ಆಕರ ಸಂಕೇತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಕರ ಸಂಕೇತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msimbo_chanzo" title="Msimbo chanzo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msimbo chanzo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Баштапкы код – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Баштапкы код" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmkods" title="Pirmkods – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmkods" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelltext" title="Quelltext – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Quelltext" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1eitinis_kodas" title="Išeitinis kodas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išeitinis kodas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A1sk%C3%B3d_(programoz%C3%A1s)" title="Forráskód (programozás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Forráskód (programozás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D)" title="സോഴ്സ് കോഡ് (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിംഗ്) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഴ്സ് കോഡ് (കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിംഗ്)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_sumber" title="Kod sumber – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kod sumber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%C3%B2ng-d%C3%A2i-m%C4%81" title="Nguòng-dâi-mā – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nguòng-dâi-mā" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_fuonte" title="Código fuonte – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Código fuonte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Эх код – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эх код" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ရင်းမြစ်ကုဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရင်းမြစ်ကုဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broncode" title="Broncode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Broncode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ソースコード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソースコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildekode" title="Kildekode – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kildekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjeldekode" title="Kjeldekode – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjeldekode" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B1%D2%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Тӱҥалтыш код – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тӱҥалтыш код" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelltext" title="Quelltext – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Quelltext" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82owy" title="Kod źródłowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kod źródłowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo-fonte" title="Código-fonte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código-fonte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_kod%C4%B1" title="Derek kodı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Derek kodı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cod_surs%C4%83" title="Cod sursă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cod sursă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukyu_qillqa" title="Pukyu qillqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pukyu qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Исходный код – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исходный код" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Source code" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdrojov%C3%BD_k%C3%B3d" title="Zdrojový kód – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zdrojový kód" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvorna_koda" title="Izvorna koda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izvorna koda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="کۆدی سەرچاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆدی سەرچاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Изворни код – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изворни код" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvorni_kod" title="Izvorni kod – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izvorni kod" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4hdekoodi" title="Lähdekoodi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lähdekoodi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4llkod" title="Källkod – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Källkod" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="รหัสต้นทาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รหัสต้นทาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8A" title="Коди манбаъ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Коди манбаъ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaynak_kodu" title="Kaynak kodu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaynak kodu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Початковий код – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Початковий код" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88" title="سورس کوڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورس کوڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2daze_fonte" title="Còdaze fonte – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Còdaze fonte" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_ngu%E1%BB%93n" title="Mã nguồn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã nguồn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81" title="源代码 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="源代码" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A2%BC" title="原始碼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原始碼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the software concept. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Source_Code" title="Source Code">Source Code</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hello_world_c.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hello_world_c.svg/220px-Hello_world_c.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hello_world_c.svg/330px-Hello_world_c.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hello_world_c.svg/440px-Hello_world_c.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Simple <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C-language</a> source code example, a <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Procedural programming language">procedural programming language</a>. The resulting program prints "hello, world" on the computer screen. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Program execution</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">Translation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">Compile time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimizing_compiler" title="Optimizing compiler">Optimizing compiler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_representation" title="Intermediate representation">Intermediate representation</a> (IR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">Execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">Runtime system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)#Runtime" title="Execution (computing)">Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Types of code</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Source code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">Bytecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">Microcode</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Compilation strategies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahead-of-time_compilation" title="Ahead-of-time compilation">Ahead-of-time</a> (AOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">Just-in-time</a> (JIT) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_just-in-time_compilation" title="Tracing just-in-time compilation">Tracing just-in-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compile_and_go_system" title="Compile and go system">Compile and go system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Precompilation">Precompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Transcompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_recompilation" title="Dynamic recompilation">Recompilation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable runtimes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a> (ART)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_(Erlang_virtual_machine)" title="BEAM (Erlang virtual machine)">BEAM</a> (Erlang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR) and <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)#Code_Execution_Engine" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crt0" title="Crt0">crt0</a> (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> target-specific initializer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuaJIT" title="LuaJIT">LuaJIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Engine" title="Zend Engine">Zend Engine</a> (PHP)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: rgba(51, 153, 255, 0.15);"> Notable compilers & toolchains</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GNU Compiler Collection</a> (GCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clang" title="Clang">Clang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">MSVC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Program_execution" title="Template:Program execution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Program_execution" title="Template talk:Program execution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Program_execution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Program execution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, <b>source code</b>, or simply <b>code</b> or <b>source</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> written in a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a> writes the <a href="/wiki/Human_readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human readable">human readable</a> source code to control the behavior of a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. </p><p>Since a computer, at base, only understands <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a>, source code must be <a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">translated</a> before a computer can <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">execute</a> it. The translation process can be implemented three ways. Source code can be converted into machine code by a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Assembler_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembler (computing)">assembler</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> is machine code ready for the computer. Alternatively, source code can be executed without conversion via an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>. An interpreter loads the source code into memory. It simultaneously translates and executes each <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statement</a>. A method that combines compilation and interpretation is to first produce <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>. Bytecode is an intermediate representation of source code that is quickly interpreted. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were programmed in <a href="/wiki/Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a> (simple instructions that could be directly executed by the processor). Machine language was difficult to debug and was not <a href="/wiki/Portability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portability (computing)">portable</a> between different computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, hardware resources were scarce and expensive, while <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> were cheaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As programs grew more complex, <a href="/wiki/Programmer_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmer productivity">programmer productivity</a> became a bottleneck. This led to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> in the mid-1950s. These languages <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstraction (computing)">abstracted</a> away the details of the hardware, instead being designed to express algorithms that could be understood more easily by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy20211_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy20211-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As instructions distinct from the underlying <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, software is therefore relatively recent, dating to these early high-level <a href="/wiki/Programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Programming languages">programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cobol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobol">Cobol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy20211_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy20211-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention of high-level programming languages was simultaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> needed to translate the source code automatically into machine code that can be directly executed on the <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021121_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Source code is the form of code that is modified directly by humans, typically in a high-level programming language. <a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a> can be directly executed by the machine and is generated automatically from the source code, often via an intermediate step, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. While object code will only work on a specific platform, source code can be ported to a different machine and recompiled there. For the same source code, object code can vary significantly—not only based on the machine for which it is compiled, but also based on performance optimization from the compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin_''et_al.''2001238–239_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin_''et_al.''2001238–239-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191194_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191194-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></div> <p>Most programs do not contain all the resources needed to run them and rely on external <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">libraries</a>. Part of the compiler's function is to link these files in such a way that the program can be executed by the hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CodeCmmt002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CodeCmmt002.svg/220px-CodeCmmt002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CodeCmmt002.svg/330px-CodeCmmt002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/CodeCmmt002.svg/440px-CodeCmmt002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>A more complex <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> source code example. Written in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> style, it demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Boilerplate_code" title="Boilerplate code">boilerplate code</a>. With prologue comments indicated in red, inline comments indicated in green, and program statements indicated in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Software developers often use <a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">configuration management</a> to track changes to source code files (<a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a>). The configuration management system also keeps track of which object code file corresponds to which version of the source code file.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022230–231,_233,_377_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022230–231,_233,_377-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimation">Estimation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Estimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of lines of source code is often used as a metric when evaluating the productivity of computer programmers, the economic value of a code base, <a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">effort estimation</a> for projects in development, and the ongoing cost of <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">software maintenance</a> after release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014249,_274,_280,_305_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014249,_274,_280,_305-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source code is also used to communicate <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> between people – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Code_snippets" class="mw-redirect" title="Code snippets">code snippets</a> online or in books.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinellis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinellis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Computer programmers</a> may find it helpful to review existing source code to learn about programming techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinellis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinellis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sharing of source code between developers is frequently cited as a contributing factor to the maturation of their programming skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinellis_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinellis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people consider source code an expressive <a href="/wiki/Media_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (arts)">artistic medium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Source code often contains <a href="/wiki/Comment_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comment (programming)">comments</a>—blocks of text marked for the compiler to ignore. This content is not part of the program logic, but is instead intended to help readers understand the program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''201868_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''201868-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies often keep the source code confidential in order to hide algorithms considered a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a>. Proprietary, secret source code and algorithms are widely used for sensitive government applications such as <a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a>, which results in <a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">black box</a> behavior with a lack of <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> into the algorithm's methodology. The result is avoidance of public scrutiny of issues such as bias.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191186–1187_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191186–1187-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modification">Modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></div> <p>Access to the source code (not just the object code) is essential to modifying it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding existing code is necessary to understand how it works<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and before modifying it.<sup id="cite_ref-Offutt_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offutt-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rate of understanding depends both on the code base as well as the skill of the programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experienced programmers have an easier time understanding what the code does at a high level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014297_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014297-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a> is sometimes used to speed up this process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014318–319_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014318–319-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many software programmers use an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE) to improve their productivity. IDEs typically have several features built in, including a <a href="/wiki/Source-code_editor" title="Source-code editor">source-code editor</a> that can alert the programmer to common errors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modification often includes <a href="/wiki/Code_refactoring" title="Code refactoring">code refactoring</a> (improving the structure without changing functionality) and restructuring (improving structure and functionality at the same time). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik201494_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik201494-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly every change to code will introduce new bugs or unexpected <a href="/wiki/Ripple_effect" title="Ripple effect">ripple effects</a>, which require another round of fixes.<sup id="cite_ref-Offutt_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offutt-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">Code reviews</a> by other developers are often used to scrutinize new code added to a project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of this phase is often to verify that the code meets style and <a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">maintainability</a> standards and that it is a correct implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202218,_21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202218,_21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some estimates, code review dramatically reduce the number of bugs persisting after <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> is complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with software testing that works by executing the code, <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static program analysis</a> uses automated tools to detect problems with the source code. Many IDEs support code analysis tools, which might provide metrics on the clarity and maintainability of the code.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022133_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022133-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Debuggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Debuggers">Debuggers</a> are tools that often enable programmers to step through execution while keeping track of which source code corresponds to each change of state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''2018348–349_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''2018348–349-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation_and_execution">Compilation and execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compilation and execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source code files in a high-level programming language must go through a stage of preprocessing into <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> before the instructions can be carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021121_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021121-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being compiled, the program can be saved as an <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object file</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loader_(computing)" title="Loader (computing)">loader</a> (part of the operating system) can take this saved file and <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">execute</a> it as a <a href="/wiki/Process" title="Process">process</a> on the computer hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some programming languages use an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> instead of a compiler. An interpreter converts the program into machine code at <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">run time</a>, which makes them 10 to 100 times slower than compiled programming languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201228_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201228-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a> is an overarching term that can refer to a code's correct and efficient behavior, its reusability and <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portability</a>, or the ease of modification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalin201826_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalin201826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is usually more cost-effective to build quality into the product from the beginning rather than try to add it later in the development process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202268,_117_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202268,_117-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher quality code will reduce lifetime cost to both suppliers and customers as it is more reliable and <a href="/wiki/Maintainability" title="Maintainability">easier to maintain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan20223,_268_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan20223,_268-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga201812_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga201812-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maintainability is the quality of software enabling it to be easily modified without breaking existing functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20185_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20185-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following coding conventions such as using clear function and variable names that correspond to their purpose makes maintenance easier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296–297_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296–297-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of <a href="/wiki/Conditional_loop" title="Conditional loop">conditional loop</a> statements only if the code could execute more than once, and eliminating code that will never execute can also increase understandability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014309_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014309-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many software development organizations neglect maintainability during the development phase, even though it will increase long-term costs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga201812_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga201812-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Technical_debt" title="Technical debt">Technical debt</a> is incurred when programmers, often out of laziness or urgency to meet a deadline, choose quick and dirty solutions rather than build maintainability into their code.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20186–7_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20186–7-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common cause is underestimates in <a href="/wiki/Software_development_effort_estimation" title="Software development effort estimation">software development effort estimation</a>, leading to insufficient resources allocated to development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20187_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20187-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A challenge with maintainability is that many <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> courses do not emphasize it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20187–8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20187–8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development engineers who know that they will not be responsible for maintaining the software do not have an incentive to build in maintainability.<sup id="cite_ref-Offutt_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Offutt-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_and_licensing">Copyright and licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Copyright and licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Software_copyright" title="Software copyright">Software copyright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Software license</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free and open-source software</a></div> <p>The situation varies worldwide, but in the United States before 1974, software and its source code was not <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrightable</a> and therefore always <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain software">public domain software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the US Commission on New Technological Uses of Copyrighted Works (CONTU) decided that "computer programs, to the extent that they embody an author's original creation, are proper subject matter of copyright".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sail_book_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sail_book-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a> is rarely distributed as source code.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> literally refers to <a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">public access to the source code</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> open-source software has additional requirements: free redistribution, permission to modify the source code and release derivative works under the same license, and nondiscrimination between different uses—including commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_''et_al.''2008209_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_''et_al.''2008209-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free <a href="/wiki/Software_reuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Software reuse">reusability</a> of open-source software can speed up development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022106_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022106-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">Bytecode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_as_data" title="Code as data">Code as data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coding_conventions" title="Coding conventions">Coding conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy code">Legacy code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscated_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Obfuscated code">Obfuscated code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_(package_management_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Package (package management system)">Package (package management system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_code_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code repository">Source code repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">Syntax highlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual programming language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ctutorial-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctutorial_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKernighan" class="citation web cs1">Kernighan, Brian W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223025837/http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/ctut.pdf">"Programming in C: A Tutorial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, N. J. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/ctut.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programming+in+C%3A+A+Tutorial&rft.pub=Bell+Laboratories%2C+Murray+Hill%2C+N.+J.&rft.aulast=Kernighan&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcm.bell-labs.com%2Fcm%2Fcs%2Fwho%2Fdmr%2Fctut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023519_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023">Gabbrielli & Martini 2023</a>, p. 519.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023520–521_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023">Gabbrielli & Martini 2023</a>, pp. 520–521.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023522_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023">Gabbrielli & Martini 2023</a>, p. 522.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabbrielliMartini2023521_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023">Gabbrielli & Martini 2023</a>, p. 521.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGabbrielliMartini2023 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy20211-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy20211_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy20211_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy2021">Tracy 2021</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021121-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021121_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021121_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy2021">Tracy 2021</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin_''et_al.''2001238–239-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin_''et_al.''2001238–239_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin_et_al.2001">Lin <i>et al.</i> 2001</a>, pp. 238–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191194-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191194_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatyal2019">Katyal 2019</a>, p. 1194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETracy2021122–123_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTracy2021">Tracy 2021</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022230–231,_233,_377-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022230–231,_233,_377_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, pp. 230–231, 233, 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster2014249,_274,_280,_305-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster2014249,_274,_280,_305_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster2014">Foster 2014</a>, pp. 249, 274, 280, 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spinellis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spinellis_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinellis_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spinellis_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spinellis, D: <i>Code Reading: The Open Source Perspective</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-79940-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-79940-5">0-201-79940-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Art and Computer Programming</i>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/06/30/artofprog.html">ONLamp.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220045508/http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2005/06/30/artofprog.html">Archived</a> 20 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''201868-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''201868_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaczmarek_et_al.2018">Kaczmarek <i>et al.</i> 2018</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191186–1187-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191186–1187_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatyal2019">Katyal 2019</a>, pp. 1186–1187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatyal20191195_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatyal2019">Katyal 2019</a>, p. 1195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offutt-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offutt_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offutt_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offutt_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffutt2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Offutt" title="Jeff Offutt">Offutt, Jeff</a> (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/classes/437/maintessays/maintEvolutionOverview.html">"Overview of Software Maintenance and Evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> Department of Computer Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Mason+University+Department+of+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Software+Maintenance+and+Evolution&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Offutt&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.gmu.edu%2F~offutt%2Fclasses%2F437%2Fmaintessays%2FmaintEvolutionOverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014297-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014297_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014318–319-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014318–319_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, pp. 318–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022375_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik201494-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik201494_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDooley2017272_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDooley2017">Dooley 2017</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202218,_21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202218,_21_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, pp. 18, 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022133-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022133_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''2018348–349-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaczmarek_''et_al.''2018348–349_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaczmarek_et_al.2018">Kaczmarek <i>et al.</i> 2018</a>, pp. 348–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESebesta201228-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESebesta201228_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSebesta2012">Sebesta 2012</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalin201826-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalin201826_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalin2018">Galin 2018</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202268,_117-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan202268,_117_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, pp. 68, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan20223,_268-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan20223,_268_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, pp. 3, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga201812-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga201812_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga201812_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarga2018">Varga 2018</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20185-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20185_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarga2018">Varga 2018</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296–297-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014296–297_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, pp. 296–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014309-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathyNaik2014309_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathyNaik2014">Tripathy & Naik 2014</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20186–7-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20186–7_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarga2018">Varga 2018</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20187-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20187_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarga2018">Varga 2018</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarga20187–8-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarga20187–8_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarga2018">Varga 2018</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuDogan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Joseph P.; Dogan, Stacey L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625073240/https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp/536/">"Copyright Law and Subject Matter Specificity: The Case of Computer Software"</a>. <i>New York University Annual Survey of American Law</i>. <b>61</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/lsfp/536/">the original</a> on 25 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+University+Annual+Survey+of+American+Law&rft.atitle=Copyright+Law+and+Subject+Matter+Specificity%3A+The+Case+of+Computer+Software&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft.au=Dogan%2C+Stacey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawdigitalcommons.bc.edu%2Flsfp%2F536%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=ggulrev">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corporation Puts the Byte Back into Copyright Protection for Computer Programs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507231059/http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1344&context=ggulrev">Archived</a> 7 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Golden Gate University Law Review Volume 14, Issue 2, Article 3 by Jan L. Nussbaum (January 1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sail_book-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sail_book_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemley, Menell, Merges and Samuelson. <i>Software and Internet Law</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle200345_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle2003">Boyle 2003</a>, p. 45.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoyle2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Open_Source_versus_Closed_Source_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorin_et_al.2012">Morin <i>et al.</i> 2012</a>, Open Source versus Closed Source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen_''et_al.''2008209-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen_''et_al.''2008209_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen_et_al.2008">Sen <i>et al.</i> 2008</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorin_''et_al.''2012Free_and_Open_Source_Software_(FOSS)_Licensing_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorin_et_al.2012">Morin <i>et al.</i> 2012</a>, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Licensing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022106-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Regan2022106_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Regan2022">O'Regan 2022</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAblonBogart2017" class="citation book cs1">Ablon, Lillian; Bogart, Andy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1751/RAND_RR1751.pdf"><i>Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rand Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-9761-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8330-9761-3"><bdi>978-0-8330-9761-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zero+Days%2C+Thousands+of+Nights%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Zero-Day+Vulnerabilities+and+Their+Exploits&rft.pub=Rand+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8330-9761-3&rft.aulast=Ablon&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Bogart%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Frand%2Fpubs%2Fresearch_reports%2FRR1700%2FRR1751%2FRAND_RR1751.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-KellyGarcia-Swartz2015" class="citation book cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin; Garcia-Swartz, Daniel D. (2015). <i>From Mainframes to Smartphones: A History of the International Computer Industry</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28655-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-28655-9"><bdi>978-0-674-28655-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mainframes+to+Smartphones%3A+A+History+of+the+International+Computer+Industry&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-28655-9&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Garcia-Swartz%2C+Daniel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaswaniElbayadi2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Daswani" title="Neil Daswani">Daswani, Neil</a>; Elbayadi, Moudy (2021). <i>Big Breaches: Cybersecurity Lessons for Everyone</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-6654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-6654-0"><bdi>978-1-4842-6654-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Breaches%3A+Cybersecurity+Lessons+for+Everyone&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-6654-0&rft.aulast=Daswani&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Elbayadi%2C+Moudy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2017" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, John F. (2017). <i>Software Development, Design and Coding: With Patterns, Debugging, Unit Testing, and Refactoring</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3153-1"><bdi>978-1-4842-3153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Development%2C+Design+and+Coding%3A+With+Patterns%2C+Debugging%2C+Unit+Testing%2C+and+Refactoring&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3153-1&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2014" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Elvis C. (2014). <i>Software Engineering: A Methodical Approach</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-0847-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-0847-2"><bdi>978-1-4842-0847-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering%3A+A+Methodical+Approach&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-0847-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Elvis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalin2018" class="citation book cs1">Galin, Daniel (2018). <i>Software Quality: Concepts and Practice</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-13449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-13449-7"><bdi>978-1-119-13449-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Quality%3A+Concepts+and+Practice&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-119-13449-7&rft.aulast=Galin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberHibbert2018" class="citation book cs1">Haber, Morey J.; Hibbert, Brad (2018). <i>Asset Attack Vectors: Building Effective Vulnerability Management Strategies to Protect Organizations</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3627-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3627-7"><bdi>978-1-4842-3627-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asset+Attack+Vectors%3A+Building+Effective+Vulnerability+Management+Strategies+to+Protect+Organizations&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3627-7&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Morey+J.&rft.au=Hibbert%2C+Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczmarek_et_al.2018" class="citation book cs1">Kaczmarek, Stefan; Lees, Brad; Bennett, Gary; Fisher, Mitch (2018). <i>Objective-C for Absolute Beginners: iPhone, iPad and Mac Programming Made Easy</i>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3428-0"><bdi>978-1-4842-3428-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objective-C+for+Absolute+Beginners%3A+iPhone%2C+iPad+and+Mac+Programming+Made+Easy&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3428-0&rft.aulast=Kaczmarek&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Lees%2C+Brad&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Gary&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Mitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatyal2019" class="citation journal cs1">Katyal, Sonia K. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/clqv104&div=32&id=&page=">"The Paradox of Source Code Secrecy"</a>. <i>Cornell Law Review</i>. <b>104</b>: 1183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Paradox+of+Source+Code+Secrecy&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=1183&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Katyal&rft.aufirst=Sonia+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fclqv104%26div%3D32%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchinDodge2011" class="citation book cs1">Kitchin, Rob; Dodge, Martin (2011). <i>Code/space: Software and Everyday Life</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04248-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code%2Fspace%3A+Software+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04248-2&rft.aulast=Kitchin&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft.au=Dodge%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin_et_al.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Daniel; Sag, Matthew; Laurie, Ronald S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/sccj18&div=16&id=&page=">"Source Code versus Object Code: Patent Implications for the Open Source Community"</a>. <i>Santa Clara Computer and High Technology Law Journal</i>. <b>18</b>: 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Clara+Computer+and+High+Technology+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Source+Code+versus+Object+Code%3A+Patent+Implications+for+the+Open+Source+Community&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=235&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Sag%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Laurie%2C+Ronald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsccj18%26div%3D16%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorin_et_al.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Morin, Andrew; Urban, Jennifer; Sliz, Piotr (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406002">"A Quick Guide to Software Licensing for the Scientist-Programmer"</a>. <i>PLOS Computational Biology</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e1002598. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLSCB...8E2598M">2012PLSCB...8E2598M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002598">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002598</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7358">1553-7358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3406002">3406002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22844236">22844236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Computational+Biology&rft.atitle=A+Quick+Guide+to+Software+Licensing+for+the+Scientist-Programmer&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1002598&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3406002%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLSCB...8E2598M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22844236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1002598&rft.issn=1553-7358&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Urban%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Sliz%2C+Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3406002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Regan2022" class="citation book cs1">O'Regan, Gerard (2022). <i>Concise Guide to Software Engineering: From Fundamentals to Application Methods</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07816-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-07816-3"><bdi>978-3-031-07816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Guide+to+Software+Engineering%3A+From+Fundamentals+to+Application+Methods&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-031-07816-3&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen_et_al.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source Software License". <i>Journal of Management Information Systems</i>. <b>25</b> (3). Informa UK Limited: 207–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2Fmis0742-1222250306">10.2753/mis0742-1222250306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-1222">0742-1222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Management+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=Determinants+of+the+Choice+of+Open+Source+Software+License&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-240&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2Fmis0742-1222250306&rft.issn=0742-1222&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Chandrasekar&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Matthew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebesta2012" class="citation book cs1">Sebesta, Robert W. (2012). <i>Concepts of Programming Languages</i> (10 ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-139531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-139531-2"><bdi>978-0-13-139531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Programming+Languages&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-13-139531-2&rft.aulast=Sebesta&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2021" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Kim W. (2021). <i>Software: A Technical History</i>. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-8724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-8724-8"><bdi>978-1-4503-8724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software%3A+A+Technical+History&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-8724-8&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Kim+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathyNaik2014" class="citation book cs1">Tripathy, Priyadarshi; Naik, Kshirasagar (2014). <i>Software Evolution and Maintenance: A Practitioner's Approach</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-60341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-60341-3"><bdi>978-0-470-60341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Evolution+and+Maintenance%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Approach&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-470-60341-3&rft.aulast=Tripathy&rft.aufirst=Priyadarshi&rft.au=Naik%2C+Kshirasagar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarga2018" class="citation book cs1">Varga, Ervin (2018). <i>Unraveling Software Maintenance and Evolution: Thinking Outside the Box</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71303-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71303-8"><bdi>978-3-319-71303-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unraveling+Software+Maintenance+and+Evolution%3A+Thinking+Outside+the+Box&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-71303-8&rft.aulast=Varga&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASource+code" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Source_code&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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