CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Environmental impact of war - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dbac2956-5a62-4acc-8b9f-099342eb4b00","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Environmental_impact_of_war","wgTitle":"Environmental impact of war","wgCurRevisionId":1276079190,"wgRevisionId":1276079190,"wgArticleId":23000071,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021","All pages needing cleanup","Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021","All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter", "Articles with excerpts","Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references","Environmental impact of war","Aftermath of war"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Environmental_impact_of_war","wgRelevantArticleId":23000071,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5381260","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="795"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Environmental impact of war - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Environmental_impact_of_war rootpage-Environmental_impact_of_war skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Environmental+impact+of+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Environmental+impact+of+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Environmental+impact+of+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Environmental+impact+of+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historical events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War_(1775-1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolutionary_War_(1775-1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolutionary_War_(1775-1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861-1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War_(1861-1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 American Civil War (1861-1865) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War_(1861-1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_(1914-1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_(1914-1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 World War I (1914-1918) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_(1914-1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1939-1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1939-1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 World War II (1939-1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1939-1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War_(1950-1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War_(1950-1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Korean War (1950-1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War_(1950-1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam_War_(1959-1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War_(1959-1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Vietnam War (1959-1975) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War_(1959-1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan_(1979-2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Afghanistan_(1979-2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 War in Afghanistan (1979-2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Afghanistan_(1979-2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gulf_War_(1991)_and_Iraq_War_(2003-2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gulf_War_(1991)_and_Iraq_War_(2003-2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Gulf War (1991) and Iraq War (2003-2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gulf_War_(1991)_and_Iraq_War_(2003-2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaza_War_(2023-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaza_War_(2023-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Gaza War (2023-) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaza_War_(2023-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rwanda_(1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rwanda_(1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11.1 Rwanda (1994) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rwanda_(1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Other examples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Environmental hazards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental hazards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unexploded_ordnance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unexploded_ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Unexploded ordnance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unexploded_ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agent_Orange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agent_Orange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Agent Orange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agent_Orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_of_nuclear_armaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_of_nuclear_armaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Testing of nuclear armaments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_of_nuclear_armaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strontium-90" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strontium-90"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Strontium-90 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strontium-90-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depleted_uranium_munitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depleted_uranium_munitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Depleted uranium munitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depleted_uranium_munitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Fossil fuel use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_incineration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_incineration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Waste incineration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_incineration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intentional_flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentional_flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Intentional flooding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentional_flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Targeting_of_chemical_and_industrial_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_of_chemical_and_industrial_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Targeting of chemical and industrial facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_of_chemical_and_industrial_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militarism_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militarism_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Militarism and the environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Militarism_and_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Militarism and the environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Militarism_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Greenhouse gas emissions and pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_resource_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_resource_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Land and resource use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_resource_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activist_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activist_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Activist responses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activist_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militaries'_positive_effects_on_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militaries'_positive_effects_on_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Militaries' positive effects on the environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militaries'_positive_effects_on_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_terminology_in_climate_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_terminology_in_climate_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 War terminology in climate policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_terminology_in_climate_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_environmental_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_environmental_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War and environmental law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_environmental_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Environmental impact of war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="الأثر البيئي للحرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأثر البيئي للحرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effaith_rhyfel_ar_yr_amgylchedd" title="Effaith rhyfel ar yr amgylchedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Effaith rhyfel ar yr amgylchedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacto_ambiental_de_la_guerra" title="Impacto ambiental de la guerra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Impacto ambiental de la guerra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پیامد زیست‌محیطی جنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیامد زیست‌محیطی جنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_environnemental_de_la_guerre" title="Impact environnemental de la guerre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impact environnemental de la guerre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%B4_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%97%90_%EB%AF%B8%EC%B9%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%98%81%ED%96%A5" title="전쟁이 환경에 미치는 영향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전쟁이 환경에 미치는 영향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasirin_muhalli_na_Yaki" title="Tasirin muhalli na Yaki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tasirin muhalli na Yaki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%A5ta_agha_na_gburugburu_ebe_obibi" title="Mmetụta agha na gburugburu ebe obibi – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetụta agha na gburugburu ebe obibi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampak_perang_terhadap_lingkungan" title="Dampak perang terhadap lingkungan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dampak perang terhadap lingkungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impatto_ambientale_della_guerra" title="Impatto ambientale della guerra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impatto ambientale della guerra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ പാരിസ്ഥിതിക ആഘാതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുദ്ധത്തിന്റെ പാരിസ്ഥിതിക ആഘാതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impacto_ambiental_da_guerra" title="Impacto ambiental da guerra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Impacto ambiental da guerra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Distenie_%C5%BEivotn%C3%A9ho_prostredia_vojenskou_%C4%8Dinnos%C5%A5ou" title="Znečistenie životného prostredia vojenskou činnosťou – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Znečistenie životného prostredia vojenskou činnosťou" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1n_%C3%A7evresel_etkisi" title="Savaşın çevresel etkisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Savaşın çevresel etkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Вплив війни на довкілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вплив війни на довкілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5381260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Environmental_impact_of_war" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Environmental_impact_of_war" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&oldid=1276079190" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Environmental_impact_of_war&id=1276079190&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnvironmental_impact_of_war">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEnvironmental_impact_of_war">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5381260" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Environmental problems caused by warfare</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (August 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/220px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/330px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg/440px-BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a> set by retreating Iraqi forces during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> caused a dramatic decrease in air quality.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg/220px-Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg/330px-Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg/440px-Defoliation_agent_spraying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a>, being sprayed on farmland during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Study of the environmental impact of war focuses on the modernization of <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> and its increasing effects on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a> methods have been used for much of recorded history. However, the methods of modern warfare cause far greater devastation on the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. The progression of warfare from <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> has increasingly created stress on <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. When wars create energy shortage and rise of fossil fuel prices, it disrupts global climate action. The military sector is responsible for around 5.5% of global <a href="/wiki/GHG_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="GHG emissions">GHG emissions</a> (not including emissions from the conflicts themself), which are not included in GHG assessments on global and country level.<a href="#cite_note-CCPI-1">[1]</a> Specific examples of the environmental impact of war include the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>,<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Iraq War">the Iraq War</a>,and the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_events">Historical events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolutionary_War_(1775-1783)">American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Revolutionary War (1775-1783)">edit</a>]</div> The American Revolution inflicted major impacts on the 18th-century natural world. At Valley Forge in Pennsylvania, for instance, during the winter of 1777-1778, George Washington's Continental Army soldiers cut down more than 127,000 trees in building their crude log huts, causing both short-term and long-term deforestation. In September 1778, British forces raided Martha’s Vineyard Island off the Massachusetts coast, killing more than 10,000 sheep, though the raid also produced some “positive” environmental effects. At the Battles of Saratoga in upstate New York on 19 September and 7 October 1777, soldiers fired more than 660,000 lead musket balls, causing some negative environmental effects that persist into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War_(1861-1865)">American Civil War (1861-1865)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: American Civil War (1861-1865)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> was largely fought in hot, wet regions with pandemic diseases such as malaria. As a result, sickness rates were high on both sides. More powerful long range rifles and artillery caused high casualty rates of wounding and death. The Union forces had much better medical and hospital facilities, while the supply system failed so often in the Confederacy that for months at a time soldiers marched and fought barefoot, with little medicine available to their overworked doctors. The Union systematically devastated the railway system in the South, and ruined many cotton plantations. Combat operations killed thousands of horses and mules used to pull supplies, artillery and munitions.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_(1914-1918)">World War I (1914-1918)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I (1914-1918)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemical_warfare" title="History of chemical warfare">History of chemical warfare</a></div> The first World War (WW I) saw chemicals especially chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas used heavily. Over 100,000 tons of toxic gas was produced by the end of the war in 1918. For the most part gas masks neutralized advantages. Gas injured many soldiers but it did not change the course of the war. There were no permanent environmental effects.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1939-1945)">World War II (1939-1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II (1939-1945)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (WW2) drove a vast increase in production, militarized the production and transportation of commodities, and introduced many new environmental consequences, which can still be seen today. World War II was wide-ranging in its destruction of humans, animals, and materials. The postwar effects of World War II, both ecological and social, are still visible decades after the conflict ended. During World War II, new technology was used to create aircraft, which were used to conduct air raids. During the war, aircraft were used to transport resources both to and from different military bases and drop bombs on enemy, neutral, and friendly targets alike. These activities damaged habitats.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_(4688003263).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg/220px-Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg/330px-Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg/440px-Frying_his_bacon_in_a_reserve_trench_%284688003263%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Frying Bacon in the middle of the trenches, soaking in mud and chemicals left from all the bullets lying on the ground.</figcaption></figure> Similar to wildlife, ecosystems also suffer from <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a> which is produced by military aircraft. During World War II, aircraft acted as a vector for the transportation of exotics whereby weeds and cultivated species were brought to oceanic island ecosystems by way of aircraft landing strips which were used as refueling and staging stations during operations in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Before the war, the isolated islands around Europe were inhabited by a high number of endemic species. During World War II, aerial warfare had an enormous influence on fluctuating population dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> In August 1945, after fighting World War II for almost four years, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> dropped an atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima in Japan. About 70,000 people died in the first nine seconds after the bombing of Hiroshima, which was comparable to the death toll which resulted from the devastating <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">Operation Meetinghouse</a> air raid over Tokyo. Three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on the industrial city of Nagasaki, instantly killing 35,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> released catastrophic levels of energy and radioactive particles. Once the bombs were detonated, the temperatures reached about 3980 °C / 7200 °F.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> With temperatures that high, all the flora and fauna were destroyed along with the infrastructure and human lives in the impact zones.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The radioactive particles which were released resulted widespread land and water contamination.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> The initial blasts increased the surface temperature and created crushing winds destroying trees and buildings in their path.<a href="#cite_note-:2-11">[11]</a> European forests experienced traumatic impacts which resulted from fighting during the war. Behind the combat zones, timber from cut down trees was removed in order to clear up the paths for fighting. The shattered forests in the battle zones faced exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> The use of heavily hazardous chemicals was first initiated during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> The long-term effects of chemicals result from both their potential persistence and the poor disposal program of nations with stockpiled weapons.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (WW I), German chemists developed chlorine gas and mustard gas. The development of these gases led to many casualties, and lands were poisoned both on and near the battlefields.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> Later in World War II, chemists developed even more harmful chemical bombs, which were packaged in barrels and directly deposited in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> The disposal of the chemicals in ocean runs the risk of metal-based containers corroding and leaching the chemical contents of the vessel into the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Through the chemical disposal in the ocean, the contaminants may be spread throughout the various components of the ecosystems damaging marine and terrestrial ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> Marine ecosystems during World War II were damaged not only from chemical contaminates, but also from wreckage from naval ships, which leaked oil into the water. Oil contamination in the Atlantic Ocean due to World War II shipwrecks is estimated at over 15 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Oil spills are difficult to clean up and take many years to clean. To this day, traces of oil can still be found in the Atlantic Ocean from the naval shipwrecks which happened during World War II. Additionally, the Baltic Sea contains a large quantity of unexploded munitions, including land and naval mines from World War II.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> Not only do these unexploded munitions pose a threat to boating traffic, but also marine life. When these munitions are detonated below the ocean, whether unintentionally or intentionally in an effort to clear them, marine organisms several kilometers away can be inflicted with direct injury.<a href="#cite_note-:12-14">[14]</a> Organisms greater distances away may still experience injury, such as damage to their hearing range which in some cases is irreversible.<a href="#cite_note-:12-14">[14]</a> One hundred and sixty five thousand naval mines were placed in the Baltic and western sea during World War II, with an estimated 15-30% of these still remaining active.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> The use of chemicals during war helped increase the scale of chemical industries and it also helped to show the government the value of scientific research. The development of chemical research during the war also lead to the postwar development of agricultural pesticides.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a> The creation of pesticides was an upside for the years after the war. The environmental impacts of World War II were very drastic, which allowed them to be seen in the Cold War and be seen today. The impacts of conflict, chemical contaminations, and aerial warfare all contribute to reduction in the population of global flora and fauna, as well as a reduction in species diversity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> In 1946, in the U.S. Zone of Germany, the United States military advised the government to prepare accommodations and employment for the people who were bombed out of their cities. The answer was a special garden program that would provide new land for the people to live in. This included land to provide food needed for the people as well. Forests were then surveyed for good soil that was suitable for crop production.This meant that the forest would be cut down in order to make land for farms and housing.The forestry program would be used to exploit the forests of Germany for future resources and control the war potential of Germany. In this program about 23,500,000 fest meters of lumber were produced out of the forests.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Aluminum was one of the biggest resources affected by World War II. Bauxite, an aluminum ore and the mineral cryolite were essential, as well as requiring massive amounts of electrical power.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War_(1950-1953)">Korean War (1950-1953)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Korean War (1950-1953)">edit</a>]</div> The Korean War also wreaked severe environmental and ecosystem havoc, a specific topic that has long been neglected. During three years-plus of active warfare between the belligerents--mainly, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) and the USA and some UN-member-nation troops, against forces from the People's Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the People's Republic of China--widespread devastation resulted from direct combat, industrial chaos, and the considerable use of chemical agents, such as defoliants. In addition to conventional weapons, chemical agent weapons were often employed, killing much flora and fauna, contaminating soil, destroying forests, and so forth. Enduring consequences continue to damage the region's ecology, requiring a throughgoing examination of the effects on flora, fauna, and the environment, and more robust nature restoration efforts.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War_(1959-1975)">Vietnam War (1959-1975)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam War (1959-1975)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Environmental impact of the Vietnam War">Environmental impact of the Vietnam War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/220px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/330px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/440px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Defoliant spray run, part of Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War by UC-123B Provider aircraft</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> had significant environmental implications due to chemical agents which were used to destroy militarily-significant vegetation. Enemies found an advantage in remaining invisible by blending into a civilian population or taking cover in dense vegetation and opposing armies which targeted natural ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-dw-18">[18]</a> The US military used “more than 20 million gallons of <a href="/wiki/Herbicides" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicides">herbicides</a> [...] to defoliate forests, clear growth along the borders of military sites and eliminate enemy crops."<a href="#cite_note-king-19">[19]</a> While the chemical agents gave the US an advantage in wartime efforts, the vegetation was unable to regenerate and it left behind bare <a href="/wiki/Mudflats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudflats">mudflats</a> which still existed years after spraying.<a href="#cite_note-dw-18">[18]</a> Not only was the vegetation affected, but also the wildlife: "a mid-1980s study by Vietnamese ecologists documented just 24 species of birds and 5 species of mammals present in sprayed forests and converted areas, compared to 145–170 bird species and 30–55 kinds of mammals in <a href="/wiki/Intact_forest_landscape" title="Intact forest landscape">intact forest</a>."<a href="#cite_note-dw-18">[18]</a> The uncertain long-term effects of these herbicides are now being discovered by looking at modified species distribution patterns through habitat degradation and loss in wetland systems, which absorbed the runoff from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-king-19">[19]</a> The destruction of forests in Vietnam War is one of the most commonly used examples of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>, including by Swedish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a>, lawyers, historians and other academics.<a href="#cite_note-:24-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:62-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Afghanistan_(1979-2021)">War in Afghanistan (1979-2021)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War in Afghanistan (1979-2021)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan">Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/220px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/330px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg/440px-Open-Air_Burn_Pit_Emissions_at_FOB_Sharana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Open-air burn pit at <a href="/wiki/Forward_Operating_Base_Sharana" title="Forward Operating Base Sharana">Forward Operating Base Sharana</a>, Paktika, Afghanistan, in 2013</figcaption></figure>The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan">environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan</a>, from the 1979 beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">2021 United States' withdrawal from Afghanistan</a>, adversely affect the health of Afghan civilians and American veterans, infrastructure, the labour force, and social structures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-24">[24]</a> Environmental impacts involve but are not limited to the open-air <a href="/wiki/Burn_pits" class="mw-redirect" title="Burn pits">burn pits</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) and the degradation of traditional <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-24">[24]</a> The burn pits produced hazardous emissions inconclusively linked to later appearances of chronic and sometimes fatal illness.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:3-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:9-26">[26]</a> Irrigation impacts—significant due to the dryness of the land—have been catalyzed by military activity and the societal effects of conflict; they have contributed to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Afghan opium production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-24">[24]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gulf_War_(1991)_and_Iraq_War_(2003-2011)">Gulf War (1991) and Iraq War (2003-2011)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gulf War (1991) and Iraq War (2003-2011)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_the_Persian_Gulf_wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Environmental impact of the Persian Gulf wars (page does not exist)">Environmental impact of the Persian Gulf wars</a></div> During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_oil_fires" title="Kuwaiti oil fires">Kuwaiti oil fires</a> were a result of the scorched earth policy of Iraqi forces retreating from <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_oil_spill" title="Gulf War oil spill">Gulf War oil spill</a>, regarded as the worst oil spill in history, was caused when Iraqi forces opened valves at the Sea Island oil terminal and dumped oil from several tankers into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Oil was also dumped in the middle of the desert. Just before the 2003 Iraq War, Iraq also set fire to various oil fields.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Some American military personnel complained of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War_syndrome" title="Gulf War syndrome">Gulf War syndrome</a>, typified by symptoms including immune system disorders and birth defects in their children. Whether it is due to time spent in active service during the war or for other reasons remains controversial. The water supply during the Iraq War had been heavily contaminated due to actions of the conflict; The oil from military vehicles would leak out, the ammunition fired from all weapons would also have uranium ooze out into the waters, and the overall wellbeing of nature and forest live in the Middle East had been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The chemicals used in the ecoterrorist attack affected the shore line of Saudi Arabia, completely destroying it from what it was, and all of the natural resources that were filled within 34 kilometers become contaminated, with visible damages that are apparent to this day.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As a result of these oil spills, the avian ecosystem took a major hit. Their levels of intake became too high, and the constant oiling of their feathers would constantly cripple them, seabirds and waders in particular. The Gulf War resulted in the populations of many species to dwindle and die, with a large decrease that ranged from 20 to 50 percent. Almost every bird in the time period and region was affected by the oil spills and it resulted in the deaths of around 100,000 waders.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022-)">Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Bakhmut_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>No-man's-land at the battle of Bakhmut, 26 November 2022</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> has led to ongoing widespread and possibly serious and long-term environmental damage. The Ukrainian government, journalists and international observers describe the damage as <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>. Explosions inflict toxic damage along with physical destruction. Every explosion releases particles of toxic substances such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a> into the environment. When ingested, explosives like <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrotoluene" title="Dinitrotoluene">DNT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a>, cause illness. Fights in heavily industrialised areas may lead to technological disasters, such as spills of <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a> and fuel, that poison vast territories not only in Ukraine, but also in Europe and Russia. Destroyed buildings may release carcinogenic dust that remains hazardous for decades. <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a> and chemicals may penetrate underground waters and poison water sources, killing life in rivers and water bodies. Destruction of civil infrastructure has already left more than four million people without access to clean drinking water. Soils in some areas of military conflict are no longer fit for agriculture, because plants draw up and accumulate the pollutants. War also increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">nuclear accidents</a>. Power shortages at <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear plants</a> and fights in the vicinity of stations may result in disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima nuclear disaster">Fukushima</a>. Military emissions of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> reach hundreds of million tonnes and undermine the goals of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More than 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) of Ukraine's nature reserves have become a war zone. Populations of rare endemic and migrant species have already suffered great losses, and birds have been forced to abandon nests and change their usual migration routes. The efforts of decades-long conservation projects have been ruined. Estimating the total environmental damage inflicted by the war is not possible until it ends. According to preliminary data, it will take Ukraine's nature at least 15 years to recover.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaza_War_(2023-)">Gaza War (2023-)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gaza War (2023-)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war" title="Environmental impact of the Gaza war">Environmental impact of the Gaza war</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> There has been extensive environmental damage caused by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a> (itself a part of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2-33">[33]</a> including the destruction of agricultural land, displacement of people, <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Gaza Strip">bombing of Gaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israeli_blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip">Israeli blockade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in the Gaza Strip">famine in the Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:3-35">[35]</a> By March 2024, nearly half of tree cover and farmland in Gaza had been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0-34">[34]</a> Israeli <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of the Gaza Strip">bombardment</a> and the blockade have led to a total collapse of Gaza's civil infrastructure, including sewage treatment, waste disposal, water management, and fuel supplies. Water has been polluted by 130,000 cubic metres of sewage being discharged into the sea every day due to Israel cutting off fuel supplies. Groundwater has been contaminated by toxins and munitions and air has been polluted by smoke and particulates from bombing.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_Saber-36">[36]</a> Soils have been degraded by uprooting trees and contaminated by toxins, munitions, heavy bombing and demolitions. Bombing by the Israeli army has created 37 million tonnes of debris and hazardous material, much of which contains human remains and tens of thousands of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:4-37">[37]</a> In June 2024, northern Gaza was described as a "wasteland", unable to sustain life.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The size and lasting impact of the systematic and intentional destruction of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Agriculture in the State of Palestine">agriculture</a> in Gaza have led to calls by the research group <a href="/wiki/Forensic_Architecture" title="Forensic Architecture">Forensic Architecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Environmental_NGOs_Network" title="Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network">Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network</a> for the Israeli Government to be investigated for the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a> war crime of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a> for "widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment".<a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0-34">[34]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Throughout Africa, war has been a major factor in the decline of wildlife populations inside national parks and other protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-DaskinPringle-39">[39]</a> However, a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">ecological restoration</a> initiatives, including in Rwanda's <a href="/wiki/Akagera_National_Park" title="Akagera National Park">Akagera National Park</a> and Mozambique's <a href="/wiki/Gorongosa_National_Park" title="Gorongosa National Park">Gorongosa National Park</a>, have shown that wildlife populations and whole ecosystems can be successfully rehabilitated even after devastating conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Pringle-40">[40]</a> Experts have emphasized that solving social, economic, and political problems is essential for the success of such efforts.<a href="#cite_note-sk-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-DaskinPringle-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rwanda_(1994)">Rwanda (1994)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rwanda (1994)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> led to the killing of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The war created a massive migration of nearly 2 million Hutus fleeing <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> over the course of just a few weeks to <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">refugee camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and now modern day <a href="/wiki/The_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw-18">[18]</a> This large displacement of people in refugee camps puts pressure on the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. Forests were cleared in order to provide wood for building shelters and creating cooking fires:<a href="#cite_note-dw-18">[18]</a> “these people suffered from harsh conditions and constituted an important threat impact to natural resources.”<a href="#cite_note-sk-41">[41]</a> Consequences from the conflict also included the degradation of National Parks and Reserves. Another big problem was that the population crash in Rwanda shifted personnel and capital to other parts of the country, thereby making it hard to protect wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-sk-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other examples">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">1938 Yellow River flood</a>, created by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in an attempt to halt the rapid advance of the Japanese forces. It has been called the "largest act of environmental warfare in history".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort%27s_Dyke" title="Beaufort's Dyke">Beaufort's Dyke</a>, used as a dumping ground for bombs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiyeh_Power_Station_oil_spill" title="Jiyeh Power Station oil spill">Jiyeh Power Station oil spill</a>, bombed by the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict">2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formerly_Used_Defense_Sites" title="Formerly Used Defense Sites">Formerly Used Defense Sites</a>, a U.S. military program which is responsible for environmental restoration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a>, an attempt by the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> to seal off <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> guerrilla infiltration routes into <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> between 1985 and 1989, resulting in environmental degradation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>, an intervention in a <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">civil war</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, disrupted the water-energy-food security nexus in an already resource-poor country. The war and the conflict led to the contamination of water and agricultural lands.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_hazards">Environmental hazards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental hazards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_warfare" title="Environmental warfare">Environmental warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issue">Environmental issue</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Resources">Resources</a> are a key source of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>: "after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in particular, many have suggested that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> will exacerbate scarcities and become an additional source of armed conflict."<a href="#cite_note-gled-43">[43]</a> A nation's survival depends on resources from the environment.<a href="#cite_note-gled-43">[43]</a> Resources that are a source of armed conflict include territory, strategic raw materials, sources of energy, water, and food.<a href="#cite_note-gled-43">[43]</a> In order to maintain resource stability, chemical and nuclear warfare have been used by nations in order to protect or extract resources, and during conflict.<a href="#cite_note-gled-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> These agents of war have been used frequently: “about 125,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical agent">chemical agent</a> were employed during World War I, and about 96,000 tons during the Viet-Nam conflict.”<a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nerve_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve gas">Nerve gas</a>, also known as organophosphorous anticholinesterases, was used at lethal levels against human beings and destroyed a high number of nonhuman <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> However, contaminated vegetation would mostly be spared, and would only pose a threat to herbivores.<a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> The result of innovations in chemical warfare led to a broad range of different chemicals for war and domestic use, but also resulted in unforeseen environmental damage. The progression of warfare and its effects on the environment continued with the invention of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. While today, <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> act as deterrents and the use of weapons of mass destruction during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> created significant environmental destruction. On top of the great loss in human life, “natural resources are usually the first to suffer: forests and wild life animals are wiped out.”<a href="#cite_note-gled-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> imposes both direct and indirect effects on the environment. The physical destruction due to the blast or by the biospheric damage due to <a href="/wiki/Ionizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionizing">ionizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radiotoxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotoxicity">radiotoxicity</a> directly affect <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> within the blast radius.<a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> Also, the atmospheric or geospheric disturbances caused by the weapons can lead to weather and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate changes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rob-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unexploded_ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unexploded ordnance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></div> Military campaigns require large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">explosive weapons</a>, a fraction of which will not <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonate</a> properly and leave unexploded weapons. This creates a serious physical and chemical hazard for the civilian populations living in areas which were once war zones, due to the possibility of detonation after the conflict, as well as the leaching of chemicals into the soil and groundwater.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Unexploded ordnance pose a threat to both construction activities and tunneling activities.<a href="#cite_note-:14-46">[46]</a> This threat primarily exists in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, where many unexploded ordnance remain, leftover from World War I and II.<a href="#cite_note-:14-46">[46]</a> If these unexploded ordnance were to explode, they pose the same level of threat to civilian populations just as they did during the war that they were used in, including a blast wave and shrapnel.<a href="#cite_note-:14-46">[46]</a> Many unexploded ordnance are located at a depth ranging from 6 meters to 20 meters, with the depth these unexploded ordnance reach depending on multiple factors.<a href="#cite_note-:14-46">[46]</a> During the Vietnam war, There was a secret bombing that was left untouched in the country of Laos in the XeingKhouang Province. The bombing took place in 1964, and consisted of 260 million bombs being dropped all over the area, with residue being left behind, it was reported that there was at least one or more casualties or injuries every other day due to the Unexploded Ordnance's, and these would mainly pertain to children of the ages 15 and below.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agent_Orange">Agent Orange</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Agent Orange">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defoliant" title="Defoliant">defoliants</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British military</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">herbicidal warfare</a> program, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand" title="Operation Ranch Hand">Operation Ranch Hand</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. An estimated 21,136,000 gal. (80 000 m3) of Agent Orange were sprayed across South Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> According to the Vietnamese government, 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange, and this exposure resulted in 400,000 deaths and disabilities as well as 500,000 children born with birth defects.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross of Vietnam">Vietnamese Red Cross</a> estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of Agent Orange.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The United States government has called these figures unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many Commonwealth personnel who handled and/or used Agent Orange during and decades after the 1948–1960 Malayan conflict suffered from serious exposure of dioxin. Agent Orange also caused <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> to areas in Malaya. An estimated 10,000 civilians and insurgents in Malaya also suffered from the effects of defoliants, though many historians agreed it was likely more than 10,000 given that Agent Orange was used on a large scale in the Malayan Emergency and unlike the U.S., the British government manipulated the numbers and kept its deployment a secret in fear of a negative backlash from foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The soil erosion mixed in with the soil animals that keep it vibrant like ants, termites and centipedes altered the soil fertility and the carbon output in the atmosphere. Long term exposure to Agent Orange would result in changes in the local, urbanization development, agricultural, industrial lifestyle and so many other factors that sustain the environment. Long term exposure to Agent Orange has proven to have evolutionary properties to exposed wild animals, as well as modify their genetic DNA, all the while being able to spread throughout lakes, rivers, and forest terrains. The dioxin chemicals ingested by domesticated animals could potentially transfer Agent Orange to humans, as it is stored with their fat, and tolerance levels leveled from 50 to 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing_of_nuclear_armaments">Testing of nuclear armaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Testing of nuclear armaments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a></div> Testing of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear armament">nuclear armaments</a> has been carried out at various places including <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in the US, <a href="/wiki/Mururoa_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mururoa Atoll">Mururoa Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maralinga,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Maralinga, South Australia">Maralinga</a> in Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> in the former Soviet Union, among others. Many of the sites where nuclear armaments have been tested have both radioactively polluted water and soil.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> Strontium, plutonium, and uranium can all be released into the environment along with numerous other pollutants such as benzene and mercury.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Downwinders" title="Downwinders">Downwinders</a> are individuals and communities who are exposed to <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive contamination</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> from atmospheric and/or underground <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accidents">nuclear accidents</a>. Numerous negative health impacts exist from exposure to radiation due to nuclear armaments testing. One of the largest threats is the development of thyroid cancer, a health implication that primarily impacts individuals exposed to radiation during childhood.<a href="#cite_note-:17-58">[58]</a> The threat of radiation exposure from nuclear armaments testing not only disproportionately impacts children but also those living closest to the site of the test. In the case of the United States of America, numerous residents of Nevada as well as the Marshall Islands have received much larger doses of radiation from the nuclear armaments testing that has taken place there.<a href="#cite_note-:17-58">[58]</a> The testing of nuclear armaments in the Marshall Islands disproportionately impacts Marshallese people, as they make up the majority of the population on the Marshal Islands. A movement to ban the testing of nuclear weapons, called the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a>, was adopted by the United Nations in September 1996.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The treaty has been ratified by one hundred and seventy eight states as of 2024, with Papua New Guinea being the most recent state to ratify the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Strontium-90">edit</a>]</div> The United States government studied the post-war effects of <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</a>, a radioactive isotope which is found in nuclear fallout . The Atomic Energy Commission discovered that “Sr-90, which is chemically similar to <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, can accumulate in bones and possibly lead to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>”.<a href="#cite_note-Lutts-61">[61]</a> Sr-90 found its way into humans through the ecological food chain as fallout in the soil, was picked up by plants, further concentrated in herbivorous animals, and eventually consumed by humans.<a href="#cite_note-Kulp-62">[62]</a> Strontium-90 is considered one of the most dangerous radioactive elements.<a href="#cite_note-:13-63">[63]</a> This is because it is highly radiotoxic and it has a very long half-life.<a href="#cite_note-:13-63">[63]</a> In addition to polluting the soil, Strontium-90 can also pollute water, such as oceans and rivers. Strontium-90 is highly dangerous for marine life.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The chemical is so powerful, that it was rumored to be one of the causes that lead to the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> samples were taking around the plant in 2005 and high levels of concentrated Strontium-90 was found covering the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear power station, with levels of the element rising and even exceeding prior levels after the samples were collected 7 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depleted_uranium_munitions">Depleted uranium munitions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Depleted uranium munitions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></div> The use of depleted uranium in <a href="/wiki/Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitions">munitions</a> is controversial because of numerous questions about potential long-term health effects.<a href="#cite_note-MillerMcClain-68">[68]</a> Normal functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, and numerous other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because in addition to being weakly radioactive, uranium is a <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">toxic metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Craft04-69">[69]</a> It remains weakly radioactive because of its long <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a>. The aerosol produced during impact and combustion of depleted uranium munitions can potentially contaminate wide areas around the impact sites or can be inhaled by civilians and military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In a three-week period of conflict in Iraq during 2003, it was estimated over 1000 tons of depleted uranium munitions were used mostly in cities.<a href="#cite_note-gaurdian2003-71">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> claims that no human <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> of any type has been seen as a result of exposure to either natural or depleted uranium.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Yet, U.S. DoD studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents continue to suggest the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemogenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproductive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> effects from chronic exposure.<a href="#cite_note-MillerMcClain-68">[68]</a> In addition, the UK Pensions Appeal Tribunal Service in early 2004 attributed <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defect</a> claims from a February 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> combat veteran to depleted uranium <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Campaign Against Depleted Uranium (Spring, 2004)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Also, a 2005 <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> review concluded: "In aggregate the human epidemiological evidence is consistent with increased risk of birth defects in offspring of persons exposed to DU."<a href="#cite_note-Hindin-75">[75]</a> According to a 2011 study by Alaani et al., depleted uranium exposure was either a primary cause or related to the cause of the birth defect and cancer increases.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> According to a 2012 journal article by Al-Hadithi et al., existing studies and research evidence does not show a "clear increase in birth defects" or a "clear indication of a possible environmental exposure including depleted uranium". The article further states that "there is actually no substantial evidence that genetic defects can arise from parental exposure to DU in any circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuel_use">Fossil fuel use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel use">edit</a>]</div> With the high degree of mechanization of the military large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> are used. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a> are a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, issues of increasing concern. Access to oil resources is also a factor for instigating a war. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) is a government body with the highest use of fossil fuel in the world.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook, when compared with the consumption per country the DoD would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use, coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_incineration">Waste incineration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Waste incineration">edit</a>]</div> At U.S. bases during the 21st-century wars in <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>, human waste was <a href="/wiki/Burn_pit" title="Burn pit">burned in open pits</a> along with munitions, plastic, electronics, paint, and other chemicals. The carcinogenic smoke is suspected to have injured some soldiers exposed to it.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The smoke from these burn pits can potentially cause respiratory and cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-:15-81">[81]</a> The threat of exposure to the smoke from these burn pits impacts both military as well as civilian populations. The threat that the exposure to this smoke poses depends on multiple factors, including the duration of exposure, wind direction, and the materials that are being incinerated.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The United States Military now discourages waste disposal using open burn pits, recommending that they only be used in emergency situations.<a href="#cite_note-:15-81">[81]</a> Additionally, there are also certain items that are now prohibited from being burned.<a href="#cite_note-:15-81">[81]</a> Open air burn pits are still used today by military forces as well as civilian populations in places that do not have adequate solid waste disposal services. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intentional_flooding">Intentional flooding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intentional flooding">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg/220px-KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg/330px-KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg/440px-KoreanWar_Hwachon_Dam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5723" data-file-height="4551" /></a><figcaption>Intenional flooding made to deny the enemy the tactical use of controlled flooding on the Pukhan and Han rivers (<a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>).</figcaption></figure> Flooding can be used as <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy through using water to render land unusable. It can also be used to prevent the movement of enemy combatants. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, dykes on the Yellow and the Yangtze Rivers <a href="/wiki/1938_Yellow_River_flood" title="1938 Yellow River flood">were breached to halt the advance of Japanese forces</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Siege of Leiden</a> in 1573, the dykes were breached to halt the advance of Spanish forces. During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Operation Chastise</a> during the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Eder_(Fulda)" title="Eder (Fulda)">Eder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorpe_(R%C3%B6hr)" title="Sorpe (Röhr)">Sorpe</a> river dams in Germany were bombed by the Royal Air Force, flooding a large area and halting industrial manufacture used by the Germans in the war effort. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_of_chemical_and_industrial_facilities">Targeting of chemical and industrial facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Targeting of chemical and industrial facilities">edit</a>]</div> The targeting of chemical and industrial facilities in warfare can result in multiple negative environmental impacts.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> Depending on the type of facility, multiple chemicals and other dangerous substances can enter the environment which can pose a wide array of negative impacts.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> For example, the River Dunbae became heavily contaminated after airstrikes targeting oil and chemical facilities caused oil and chemical leaks during the Kosovo War.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> The targeting of oil fields and refineries also impacts the atmosphere, with large amounts of carbon dioxide as well as sulphur, mercury, and dioxins being released.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> Nearly half a million tons of carbon dioxide were released from the Gulf War, in which many oil fields were burned.<a href="#cite_note-:11-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militarism_and_the_environment">Militarism and the environment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Militarism and the environment">edit</a>]</div> Human security has traditionally been solely linked to military activities and defense.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Scholars and institutions like the International Peace Bureau are now increasingly calling for a more holistic approach to security, particularly including an emphasis on the interconnections and interdependencies that exist between humans and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Military activity has significant impacts on the environment.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[86]</a> Not only can war be destructive to the socioenvironment, but military activities produce extensive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> (that contribute to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, and cause resource depletion, among other environmental impacts.<a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> have been a major casualty of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, with more than 50,000 thought to have been killed. The heavy presence of sonar emanating from naval ships on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> impacts mammals' ability to use echolocation and subsequently impacts their hunting capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-gizmodo.com-88">[88]</a> There are also reported impacts on animal behaviour that can cause sublethal fitness costs, with <a href="/wiki/Greater_spotted_eagle" title="Greater spotted eagle">greater spotted eagles</a> flying up to an additional 250 km on migration to avoid areas of conflict in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a> of 2020, it was reported over 12 million cattle, goats, donkeys, and other animals were caught in the crossfire and killed, as well as over a billion dollars worth of damages.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gas_emissions_and_pollution">Greenhouse gas emissions and pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas emissions and pollution">edit</a>]</div> A report made by <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Conflict_and_Environment_Observatory_(CEOBS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS) (page does not exist)">The Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientists_for_Global_Responsibility" title="Scientists for Global Responsibility">Scientists for Global Responsibility</a> estimated the global carbon footprint of the military sector as 5.5% of global emissions, which are not measured and not included in GHG assessments on global and country level. This estimate do not include the emissions from the conflicts themself. The war in Ukraine alone in the first 2 years, released more emissions than Netherlands in 1 year.<a href="#cite_note-CCPI-1">[1]</a> This report also did not include the impact of exhaust gases from aviation in the stratosphere (currently a factor of 1.9 is applied to emissions from aviation because of this effect) and a possibility of non-exact reporting.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> A 2021 report tried to analyse the impact of the conflicts themself. It estimated that forests or oil wells burning due to war can easily emit hundreds of millions tons <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO2</a>, burning a city 10 million and reconstructions in big scale more than 100 millions. A war like the Ukraine war can increase emissions in the short term. In the long term it can both increase and decrease them. The reports says: "In the long term, lack of trust could be the largest risk of proliferation of conflicts for international climate policy". The authors end the report by an epilogue in which they are writing: "the initial notion of assessing military activities in a way as potential ‘engines of progress’ for novel renewable technologies was shattered by the Iraq War followed by the horror of yet another large-scale ground war, this time in Europe, with serious and still unfathomable global implications."<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> As of 2024, there are 56 wars in the world, the biggest number since World War II and their number and intensity are growing.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The number of armed conflicts in the last years do not decline below 150.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Wars diverte resources from climate action.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Several studies have found a strong positive correlation between military spending and increased <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, with the impact of military spending on carbon emissions being more pronounced for countries of the Global North (i.e.: OECD developed countries).<a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-84">[84]</a> Accordingly, the US military is estimated to be the number one fossil fuel consumer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:7-96">[96]</a> Additionally, military activities involve high emissions of pollution.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-97">[97]</a> The Pentagon's director of environment, safety and occupational health, Maureen Sullivan, has stated that they work with approximately 39,000 contaminated sites.<a href="#cite_note-:8-97">[97]</a> Indeed, the US military is also considered one of the largest generators of pollution in the world.<a href="#cite_note-:8-97">[97]</a> Combined, the top five US chemical companies only produce one fifth of the toxins produced by the Pentagon.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> In Canada, the Department of National Defence readily admits it is the largest energy consumer of the Government of Canada, and a consumer of “high volumes of hazardous materials”.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Military pollution is a worldwide occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Armed forces from around the world were responsible for the emission of two thirds of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFCs) that were banned in the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> for causing damage to the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone layer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> In addition, naval accidents during the Cold War have dropped at minimum 50 nuclear warheads and 11 nuclear reactors into the ocean, they remain on the ocean floor.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Wars and geopolitical tensions harm climate action, including by preventing just distribution of needed resources. Climate change can increase conflicts, creating a "Doom Loop". As of 2024, this process began to be felt more strongly.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Conflicts raise carbon emissions. This is especially clear with the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Ukraine_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ukraine (2022)">War in Ukraine (2022)</a> which led to reduction in climate action. One of the results is a deterioration of human health.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> When a war lead to rise in fossil fuel prices, this mean that "energy security concerns will once again trump energy transition initiatives, entrenching the power of fossil fuel interests worldwide", while reducing the ability of countries to spent money on climate. Generally this can make countries abandone climate action, concentrating instead on security issues.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nina-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Din-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singha-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_resource_use">Land and resource use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Land and resource use">edit</a>]</div> Military land use needs (such as for bases, training, storage etc.) often displace people from their lands and homes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Military activity uses solvents, fuels and other toxic chemicals which can leach toxins into the environment that remain there for decades and even centuries.<a href="#cite_note-:7-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Furthermore, heavy military vehicles can cause damage to soil and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Military-caused noise pollution can also diminish the quality of life for nearby communities as well as their ability to rear or hunt animals to support themselves.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Advocates raise concerns of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a> and/or environmental injustice as it is largely marginalized communities that are displaced and/or affected.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Militaries are also highly resource intensive.<a href="#cite_note-:8-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> Weapons and military equipment make up the second largest international trade sector.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> The International Peace Bureau says that more than fifty percent of the helicopters in the world are for military use, and approximately twenty-five percent of jet fuel consumption is by military vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> These vehicles are also extremely inefficient, <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a>, and discharge emissions that are more toxic than those of other vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activist_responses">Activist responses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Activist responses">edit</a>]</div> Military funding is, at present, higher than ever before, and activists are concerned about the implication for greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> They advocate for demilitarization, citing the high greenhouse gas emissions and support the redirection of those funds to climate action.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> In 2023 the world spendt about 2.4 trillion dollars on military.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It is estimated that it would cost approximately one percent of global GDP yearly until 2030 to reverse the climate crisis.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Moreover, activists emphasize the need for prevention and the avoidance of costly clean up.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> Currently, the expense for cleaning up military contaminated site is at least $500 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-83">[83]</a> Finally, activists point to social issues such as extreme poverty and advocate for more funding to be redirected from military expenses to these causes.<a href="#cite_note-:9-106">[106]</a> Groups working for demilitarization and peace include the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Voice_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Canadian Voice of Women for Peace">Canadian Voice of Women for Peace</a>, The Rideau Institute, Ceasefire.ca, <a href="/wiki/Project_Ploughshares" title="Project Ploughshares">Project Ploughshares</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Codepink</a>. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a> for more groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Militaries'_positive_effects_on_the_environment">Militaries' positive effects on the environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Militaries' positive effects on the environment">edit</a>]</div> There are examples from around the world of nations’ armed forces aiding in land management and conservation.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[109]</a> For example, in Bhuj, India, military forces stationed there helped to reforest the area; in Pakistan, the Army took part in the Billion tree tsunami, working with civilians to reforest land in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">KPK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.;<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> in Venezuela, it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Guard">National Guard</a>’s responsibilities to protect natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-:10-109">[109]</a> Additionally, military endorsement of environmentally friendly technology such as renewable energy may have the potential to generate public support for these technologies.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Finally, certain military technologies like GPS and drones are helping environmental scientists, conservationists, ecologists and restoration ecologists conduct better research, monitoring, and remediation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-9">[9]</a> Furthermore, on a small scale, Ukrainians have committed to using more sustainable forms of energy, with nationwide power outages in Ukraine driving public interest and demand for solar power, and the clean energy economy is growing. <a href="#cite_note-gizmodo.com-88">[88]</a> The impacts of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> on fossil fuel demand could be experienced globally. Suspected impacts of the war include greater demand for locally produced energy sources stemming from increased concern over energy security.<a href="#cite_note-:16-112">[112]</a> As fossil fuel deposits are not evenly distributed around the world, this could lead to a greater push for renewable energy forms as these are typically easier to domestically produce and are not as susceptible to the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-:16-112">[112]</a> This process will likely occur gradually, if at all. Additionally, the war in Ukraine will likely produce a very large amount of Carbon Dioxide emissions due to high fossil fuel usage for military purposes. Meanwhile, some are sceptical and almost sure that this war will disrupt all efforts towards the <a href="/wiki/Paris_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris agreement">Paris agreement</a> goals.<a href="#cite_note-fischer-113">[113]</a> In 2023, many Asian countries have been forced to return to using coal to keep up with energy demands caused by the <a href="/wiki/2023_Asia_heat_wave" title="2023 Asia heat wave">heat wave</a> in the region, due to the European boycott of Russian oil reducing the availability of <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Due to problems with energy supply in 2022, China has begun to strongly increas coal-fired power capacity<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> One of the reasons was the war in Ukraine that led to instability in energy supply including rising prices for metals like lithium.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2022, the USA experienced a fracking boom when the war in Ukraine led to a massive increase in approval of new drillings. According to the article in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, "there is significant political pressure to increase domestic drilling in response to the Russia-Ukraine war". Planned drillings will release 140 billion tonnes (310 trillion pounds) of carbon, four times more than annual global emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Nina-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Birol" title="Fatih Birol">Fatih Birol</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> talking about the prospects of <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP 28</a> mentioned the war in Ukraine and the international tensions in general as the main barrier for climate action.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> A study analizyng different aspects of the environmental impacts of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Ukraine_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ukraine (2022)">war in Ukraine</a> found that it seriously disturbed climate action and "The biggest risk in terms of impact lies in the potential diversion of attention and focus toward the reduction of inflation rates and market regulation, potentially pushing the focus away from the urgent fight against climate change".<a href="#cite_note-Din-104">[104]</a> A report from the climate group Reclaim Finance, found a sharp rise in gas projects in recent years. The war in Ukraine is one of the main causes. The projects could lead to a “climate bomb” equivalent to the annual emissions of all the world’s operating coal power plants.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> As of December 2024, the war in Ukraine has detrimental effect on global climate action and strongly increased emissions.<a href="#cite_note-Singha-105">[105]</a> In January 2025 Ukrainian officials said the war has severly damaged the environment. Except the direct effect it created shortage in food and gas what make other countries to increase production.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The war seriously hampered the environmental protection of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> which can be soon turn into a carbon source due to climate change and environmental degradation.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_terminology_in_climate_policy">War terminology in climate policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: War terminology in climate policy">edit</a>]</div> The usage of military termes in climate policy is dangerous and can lead to unintended consequences.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_and_environmental_law">War and environmental law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: War and environmental law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Special:EditPage/Environmental impact of war">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></div> From a legal standpoint, environmental protection during times of war and military activities is addressed partially by international <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>. Further sources are also found in areas of law such as general international law, the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">laws of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights law">human rights law</a> and local laws of each affected country. Several <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> treaties, including the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>, the 1972 <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a> and the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a> have provisions to limit the environmental impacts of war. Additionally, the United Nations Environment Programme has begun doing in-depth evaluations for some current wars that explore the environmental impacts that the war is having with to aid in the creation of a more inclusive assessment of the impacts of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification Convention</a> bans weather warfare, which is the use of weather modification techniques for the purposes of inducing damage or destruction. This treaty has been in force since 1978 and has been ratified by leading military powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Deforestation in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of the Syrian Civil War">Environmental effects of the Syrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Environmental impact of the Russian occupation of Crimea">Environmental impact of the Russian occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Environmental impact of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnature" title="Subnature">Subnature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CCPI-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CCPI_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CCPI_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccpi.org/guest-article-ccpi-x-military-emissions-gap-how-military-emissions-impact-global-warming/">"Guest Article: CCPI x Military Emissions Gap – How Military Emissions Impact Global Warming"</a>. Climate change performance index. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+change+performance+index&rft.atitle=Guest+Article%3A+CCPI+x+Military+Emissions+Gap+%E2%80%93+How+Military+Emissions+Impact+Global+Warming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccpi.org%2Fguest-article-ccpi-x-military-emissions-gap-how-military-emissions-impact-global-warming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiung" class="citation web cs1">Hsiung, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/video/american-revolution-and-the-environment/">"Environmental Legacies: How the War of Independence Affected the Natural World"</a>. The American Revolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati. Retrieved 2 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Revolution+Institute+of+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.atitle=Environmental+Legacies%3A+How+the+War+of+Independence+Affected+the+Natural+World&rft.aulast=Hsiung&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrevolutioninstitute.org%2Fvideo%2Famerican-revolution-and-the-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningSilver2020" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Judkin; Silver, Timothy (2020). An Environmental History of the Civil War. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-5539-0"><bdi>978-1-4696-5539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-5539-0&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Judkin&rft.au=Silver%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake2015" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Brian Allen (2015). The Blue, the Gray, and the Green: Toward an Environmental History of the Civil War. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-4715-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-4715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue%2C+the+Gray%2C+and+the+Green%3A+Toward+an+Environmental+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-4715-8&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Brian+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> L.F. Haber, The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War (Oxford University Press, 1986). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Thomas I. Faith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/gas_warfare">Gas Warfare</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvenden2011" class="citation journal cs1">Evenden, Matthew (2011). "Aluminum, commodity chain, and the environmental history of the second world war". Environmental History. 16: 69–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Femq145">10.1093/envhis/emq145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Aluminum%2C+commodity+chain%2C+and+the+environmental+history+of+the+second+world+war&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Femq145&rft.aulast=Evenden&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1968" class="citation journal cs1">Stoddart, D. R. (1968). "Catastrophic Human Interference with Coral Atoll Ecosystems". Geography. 53 (1): 25–40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40566472">40566472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geography&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+Human+Interference+with+Coral+Atoll+Ecosystems&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40566472%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrenceStembergerZolderdoStruthers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, Michael J.; Stemberger, Holly L.J.; Zolderdo, Aaron J.; Struthers, Daniel P.; Cooke, Steven J. (December 2015). "The effects of modern war and military activities on biodiversity and the environment". Environmental Reviews. 23 (4): 443–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fer-2015-0039">10.1139/er-2015-0039</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F69913">1807/69913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+modern+war+and+military+activities+on+biodiversity+and+the+environment&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E443-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F69913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fer-2015-0039&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Stemberger%2C+Holly+L.J.&rft.au=Zolderdo%2C+Aaron+J.&rft.au=Struthers%2C+Daniel+P.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustice" class="citation web cs1">Justice, Environmental. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105014525/https://sjenvironmentaljustice.org/atomic-bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sj-environmental-justice/">"Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – SJ Environmental Justice – sj environmental justice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjenvironmentaljustice.org/atomic-bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sj-environmental-justice/">the original</a> on 2021-11-05. Retrieved 2021-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atomic+Bombing+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+%E2%80%93+SJ+Environmental+Justice+%E2%80%93+sj+environmental+justice&rft.aulast=Justice&rft.aufirst=Environmental&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjenvironmentaljustice.org%2Fatomic-bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sj-environmental-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemon2018" class="citation web cs1">Lemon (16 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/environmental-effects-atomic-bomb-8203814.html">"Environmental Effects of the Atomic Bomb"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Effects+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.au=Lemon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fenvironmental-effects-atomic-bomb-8203814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2012" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Richard (2012). "War and the Environment". A Companion to Global Environmental History. pp. 319–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118279519.ch18">10.1002/9781118279519.ch18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118279519" title="Special:BookSources/9781118279519"><bdi>9781118279519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+the+Environment&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Global+Environmental+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118279519.ch18&rft.isbn=9781118279519&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGidarakos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gidarakos, Evangelos (January 2015). "War and environmental impacts". Waste Management. 35: 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015WaMan..35....1G">2015WaMan..35....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2014.10.007">10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481653">25481653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waste+Management&rft.atitle=War+and+environmental+impacts&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25481653&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wasman.2014.10.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015WaMan..35....1G&rft.aulast=Gidarakos&rft.aufirst=Evangelos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebertStürznickelSchaffeldOheim2022" class="citation journal cs1">Siebert, Ursula; Stürznickel, Julian; Schaffeld, Tobias; Oheim, Ralf; Rolvien, Tim; Prenger-Berninghoff, Ellen; Wohlsein, Peter; Lakemeyer, Jan; Rohner, Simon; Aroha Schick, Luca; Gross, Stephanie; Nachtsheim, Dominik; Ewers, Christa; Becher, Paul; Amling, Michael; Morell, Maria (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.107014">"Blast injury on harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Baltic Sea after explosions of deposits of World War II ammunition"</a>. Environment International. 159: 107014. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnInt.15907014S">2022EnInt.15907014S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.107014">10.1016/j.envint.2021.107014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883460">34883460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Blast+injury+on+harbour+porpoises+%28Phocoena+phocoena%29+from+the+Baltic+Sea+after+explosions+of+deposits+of+World+War+II+ammunition&rft.volume=159&rft.pages=107014&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34883460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2021.107014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnInt.15907014S&rft.aulast=Siebert&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft.au=St%C3%BCrznickel%2C+Julian&rft.au=Schaffeld%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Oheim%2C+Ralf&rft.au=Rolvien%2C+Tim&rft.au=Prenger-Berninghoff%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Wohlsein%2C+Peter&rft.au=Lakemeyer%2C+Jan&rft.au=Rohner%2C+Simon&rft.au=Aroha+Schick%2C+Luca&rft.au=Gross%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Nachtsheim%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Ewers%2C+Christa&rft.au=Becher%2C+Paul&rft.au=Amling%2C+Michael&rft.au=Morell%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envint.2021.107014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=turn&entity=History.YearPotsdam.p0073&id=History.YearPotsdam&isize=M">"History: A year of Potsdam, the German economy since the surrender: How 17,000,000 Germans are fed"</a>. digicoll.library.wisc.edu. Retrieved 2020-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digicoll.library.wisc.edu&rft.atitle=History%3A+A+year+of+Potsdam%2C+the+German+economy+since+the+surrender%3A+How+17%2C000%2C000+Germans+are+fed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Ftype%3Dturn%26entity%3DHistory.YearPotsdam.p0073%26id%3DHistory.YearPotsdam%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2020" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (2020-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-environmental-costs-of-war/">"The Environmental Costs of War"</a>. JSTOR Daily.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Costs+of+War&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthe-environmental-costs-of-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://totalmilitaryinsight.com/environmental-impact-of-the-korean-war/">"Unraveling the Environmental Impact of the Korean War: A Deep Dive: A Deep Dive"</a>. Total Military Insight. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Total+Military+Insight&rft.atitle=Unraveling+the+Environmental+Impact+of+the+Korean+War%3A+A+Deep+Dive%3A+A+Deep+Dive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftotalmilitaryinsight.com%2Fenvironmental-impact-of-the-korean-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_18-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWeerdt2008" class="citation journal cs1">DeWeerdt, Sarah (January 2008). "War and the Environment". World Wide Watch. 21 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Watch&rft.atitle=War+and+the+Environment&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=DeWeerdt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation news cs1">King, Jessie (8 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/vietnamese-wildlife-still-paying-a-high-price-for-chemical-warfare-5329662.html">"Vietnamese wildlife still paying a high price for chemical warfare"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 4 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Vietnamese+wildlife+still+paying+a+high+price+for+chemical+warfare&rft.date=2006-07-08&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fenvironment%2Fvietnamese-wildlife-still-paying-a-high-price-for-chemical-warfare-5329662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-20"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZierler2011" class="citation book cs1">Zierler, David (2011). The Invention of Ecocide: Agent Orange, Vietnam, and the Scientists who Changed the Way We Think about the Environment. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3827-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3827-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-3827-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Ecocide%3A+Agent+Orange%2C+Vietnam%2C+and+the+Scientists+who+Changed+the+Way+We+Think+about+the+Environment&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3827-9&rft.aulast=Zierler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:43_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk1973" class="citation journal cs1">Falk, Richard A. (1973). "Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals". Bulletin of Peace Proposals. 4 (1): 80–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096701067300400105">10.1177/096701067300400105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44480206">44480206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Peace+Proposals&rft.atitle=Environmental+Warfare+and+Ecocide+%E2%80%94+Facts%2C+Appraisal%2C+and+Proposals&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096701067300400105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44480206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:62_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiarini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chiarini, Giovanni (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corkonlinelawreview.com/copy-of-edition-xxi-1">"Ecocide: From The Vietnam War To International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, And Law"</a>. Cork Online Law Review. 21: 1–34. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4072727">4072727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cork+Online+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Ecocide%3A+From+The+Vietnam+War+To+International+Criminal+Jurisdiction%3F+Procedural+Issues+In-Between+Environmental+Science%2C+Climate+Change%2C+And+Law&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D4072727%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Chiarini&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corkonlinelawreview.com%2Fcopy-of-edition-xxi-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:0_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonds2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bonds, Eric (2015-09-25). "Legitimating the environmental injustices of war: toxic exposures and media silence in Iraq and Afghanistan". Environmental Politics. 25 (3): 395–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644016.2015.1090369">10.1080/09644016.2015.1090369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-4016">0964-4016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154998558">154998558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Politics&rft.atitle=Legitimating+the+environmental+injustices+of+war%3A+toxic+exposures+and+media+silence+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E395-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154998558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0964-4016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644016.2015.1090369&rft.aulast=Bonds&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:2_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Parenti, Christian (2015). "Flower of War: An Environmental History of Opium Poppy in Afghanistan". SAIS Review of International Affairs. 35 (1): 183–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsais.2015.0000">10.1353/sais.2015.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-4724">1945-4724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152685552">152685552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAIS+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Flower+of+War%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+Opium+Poppy+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152685552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-4724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsais.2015.0000&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:3-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:3_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-115hhrg35728/html/CHRG-115hhrg35728.htm">"AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF BURN PIT EXPOSURE AMONG VETERANS"</a>. www.govinfo.gov. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=AN+ASSESSMENT+OF+THE+POTENTIAL+HEALTH+EFFECTS+OF+BURN+PIT+EXPOSURE+AMONG+VETERANS&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FCHRG-115hhrg35728%2Fhtml%2FCHRG-115hhrg35728.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:9-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impacts_of_war_in_Afghanistan_:9_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonRohrbeckHainesJones2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mallon, COL Timothy M.; Rohrbeck, MAJ Patricia; Haines, MAJ Kevin M.; Jones, Dean P.; Utell, Mark; Hopke, Philip K.; Phipps, Richard P.; Walker, Douglas I.; Thatcher, Thomas; Woeller, Collynn F.; Baird, Coleen P. (August 2016). "Introduction to Department of Defense Research on Burn Pits, Biomarkers, and Health Outcomes Related to Deployment in Iraq and Afghanistan". Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 58 (8): S3 – S11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fjom.0000000000000775">10.1097/jom.0000000000000775</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-2752">1076-2752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27501101">27501101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4138527">4138527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+%26+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Department+of+Defense+Research+on+Burn+Pits%2C+Biomarkers%2C+and+Health+Outcomes+Related+to+Deployment+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES3+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ES11%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2016-08&rft.issn=1076-2752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4138527%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27501101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fjom.0000000000000775&rft.aulast=Mallon&rft.aufirst=COL+Timothy+M.&rft.au=Rohrbeck%2C+MAJ+Patricia&rft.au=Haines%2C+MAJ+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Dean+P.&rft.au=Utell%2C+Mark&rft.au=Hopke%2C+Philip+K.&rft.au=Phipps%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Douglas+I.&rft.au=Thatcher%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Woeller%2C+Collynn+F.&rft.au=Baird%2C+Coleen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus" class="citation journal cs1">Markus, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iadc.org/dcpi/dc-novdec03/Nov3-Boots.pdf">"Boots & Coots tames Iraq's oil well fires during war"</a> (PDF). Drilling Contractor (November/December 2003): 38–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drilling+Contractor&rft.atitle=Boots+%26+Coots+tames+Iraq%27s+oil+well+fires+during+war&rft.issue=November%2FDecember+2003&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiadc.org%2Fdcpi%2Fdc-novdec03%2FNov3-Boots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/21/sprj.irq.oil.wells/index.html">"CNN.com - UK: Iraq torches seven oil wells - Mar. 21, 2003"</a>. edition.cnn.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN.com+-+UK%3A+Iraq+torches+seven+oil+wells+-+Mar.+21%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F03%2F21%2Fsprj.irq.oil.wells%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003256/http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx">"Kuwait Oil Company"</a>. kockw.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx">the original</a> on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kockw.com&rft.atitle=Kuwait+Oil+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkockw.com%2Fsites%2FEN%2FPages%2FProfile%2FHistory%2FOilFires.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/costs/social/environment">"Environmental Costs | Costs of War"</a>. The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Costs+of+War&rft.atitle=Environmental+Costs+%7C+Costs+of+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwatson.brown.edu%2Fcostsofwar%2Fcosts%2Fsocial%2Fenvironment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilborn1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hilborn, Ray (1977). "IIASA Conference on Adaptive Environmental Management, held in Schloss Laxenburg, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria, 13–17 June 1977". Environmental Conservation. 4 (3): 235–236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977EnvCo...4R.235H">1977EnvCo...4R.235H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0376892900025959">10.1017/s0376892900025959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=IIASA+Conference+on+Adaptive+Environmental+Management%2C+held+in+Schloss+Laxenburg%2C+2361+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%2C+13%E2%80%9317+June+1977&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0376892900025959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977EnvCo...4R.235H&rft.aulast=Hilborn&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilborn1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hilborn, Ray (1977). "IIASA Conference on Adaptive Environmental Management, held in Schloss Laxenburg, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria, 13–17 June 1977". Environmental Conservation. 4 (3): 235–236. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977EnvCo...4R.235H">1977EnvCo...4R.235H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0376892900025959">10.1017/s0376892900025959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Conservation&rft.atitle=IIASA+Conference+on+Adaptive+Environmental+Management%2C+held+in+Schloss+Laxenburg%2C+2361+Laxenburg%2C+Austria%2C+13%E2%80%9317+June+1977&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0376892900025959&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977EnvCo...4R.235H&rft.aulast=Hilborn&rft.aufirst=Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:2_33-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza">"No Traces of Life, Israel's Ecocide in Gaza 2023 – 2024"</a>. Forensic Architecture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110728/https://forensic-architecture.org/investigation/ecocide-in-gaza">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Architecture&rft.atitle=No+Traces+of+Life%2C+Israel%27s+Ecocide+in+Gaza+2023+%E2%80%93+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforensic-architecture.org%2Finvestigation%2Fecocide-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:0_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedGayleMousa2024" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Kaamil; Gayle, Damien; Mousa, Aseel (29 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe">"'Ecocide in Gaza': does scale of environmental destruction amount to a war crime?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529032549/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/29/gaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Ecocide+in+Gaza%27%3A+does+scale+of+environmental+destruction+amount+to+a+war+crime%3F&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Kaamil&rft.au=Gayle%2C+Damien&rft.au=Mousa%2C+Aseel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2024%2Fmar%2F29%2Fgaza-israel-palestinian-war-ecocide-environmental-destruction-pollution-rome-statute-war-crimes-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:3-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:3_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2024" class="citation news cs1">McKernan, Bethan (15 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/15/babies-children-gaza-famine">"'It's death there': babies and children hit hardest as famine tightens hold on Gaza"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529032048/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/15/babies-children-gaza-famine">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+death+there%27%3A+babies+and+children+hit+hardest+as+famine+tightens+hold+on+Gaza&rft.date=2024-04-15&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F15%2Fbabies-children-gaza-famine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_Saber-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_Saber_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaber2024" class="citation news cs1">Saber, Indlieb Farazi (19 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/is-israels-war-on-gaza-also-hurting-the-climate">"Is Israel's Gaza bombing also a war on the climate?"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Is+Israel%27s+Gaza+bombing+also+a+war+on+the+climate%3F&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft.aulast=Saber&rft.aufirst=Indlieb+Farazi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F5%2Fis-israels-war-on-gaza-also-hurting-the-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:4-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_the_Gaza_war_:4_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Harrison2024" class="citation news cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma (26 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/gazas-37m-tonnes-of-bomb-filled-debris-could-take-14-years-to-clear-says-expert">"Gaza's 37m tonnes of bomb-filled debris could take 14 years to clear, says expert"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529032548/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/apr/26/gazas-37m-tonnes-of-bomb-filled-debris-could-take-14-years-to-clear-says-expert">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gaza%27s+37m+tonnes+of+bomb-filled+debris+could+take+14+years+to+clear%2C+says+expert&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fapr%2F26%2Fgazas-37m-tonnes-of-bomb-filled-debris-could-take-14-years-to-clear-says-expert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmoud" class="citation web cs1">Mahmoud, Hani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/6/3/israels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-strike-on-gaza-refugee-camp-kills-four?update=2945046">"Nothing left to sustain human life as Israeli forces turn North Gaza into 'wasteland'"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Nothing+left+to+sustain+human+life+as+Israeli+forces+turn+North+Gaza+into+%27wasteland%27&rft.aulast=Mahmoud&rft.aufirst=Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fliveblog%2F2024%2F6%2F3%2Fisraels-war-on-gaza-live-israeli-strike-on-gaza-refugee-camp-kills-four%3Fupdate%3D2945046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaskinPringle-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DaskinPringle_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskinPringle_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaskinPringle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Daskin, Joshua H.; Pringle, Robert M. (2018). "Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa's protected areas". Nature. 553 (7688): 328–332. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.553..328D">2018Natur.553..328D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature25194">10.1038/nature25194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320475">29320475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Warfare+and+wildlife+declines+in+Africa%27s+protected+areas&rft.volume=553&rft.issue=7688&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E328-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29320475&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature25194&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.553..328D&rft.aulast=Daskin&rft.aufirst=Joshua+H.&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pringle, Robert M. (2017). "Upgrading protected areas to conserve wild biodiversity". Nature. 546 (7656): 91–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.546...91P">2017Natur.546...91P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature22902">10.1038/nature22902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28569807">28569807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Upgrading+protected+areas+to+conserve+wild+biodiversity&rft.volume=546&rft.issue=7656&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28569807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature22902&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.546...91P&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sk-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sk_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sk_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sk_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanyamibwa1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kanyamibwa, Samuel (1998). "Impact of war on conservation: Rwandan environment and wildlife in agony". Biodiversity and Conservation. 7 (11): 1399–1406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998BiCon...7.1399K">1998BiCon...7.1399K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1008880113990">10.1023/a:1008880113990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Impact+of+war+on+conservation%3A+Rwandan+environment+and+wildlife+in+agony&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1399-%3C%2Fspan%3E1406&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1008880113990&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998BiCon...7.1399K&rft.aulast=Kanyamibwa&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/winning-the-humanitarian-war-in-yemen/">"Winning the humanitarian war in Yemen"</a>. Atlantic Council. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Winning+the+humanitarian+war+in+Yemen&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fmenasource%2Fwinning-the-humanitarian-war-in-yemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gled-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gled_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gled_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gled_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gled_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gled_43-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGledistch1997" class="citation book cs1">Gledistch, Nils (1997). Conflict and the Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gledistch&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rob-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob_44-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1979" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, J.P (1979). The Effects of Weapons on Ecosystems. Pergamon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Weapons+on+Ecosystems&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=J.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Joel Hayward, <a href="/wiki/Airpower_and_the_environment" title="Airpower and the environment">Airpower and the environment</a>: The Ecological Implications of Modern Air Warfare. Air University Press, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Simon (2015). "Unexploded Ordnance". Tunnels and Tunneling International: 43–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1752092863">1752092863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tunnels+and+Tunneling+International&rft.atitle=Unexploded+Ordnance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorikawaTaylorPersons1998" class="citation journal cs1">Morikawa, Masahiro; Taylor, Sebastian; Persons, Marjie (May 1998). "Deaths and injuries due to unexploded ordnance (UXO) in northern Lao PDR (Laos)". Injury. 29 (4): 301–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-1383%2898%2980210-6">10.1016/S0020-1383(98)80210-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9743752">9743752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=Deaths+and+injuries+due+to+unexploded+ordnance+%28UXO%29+in+northern+Lao+PDR+%28Laos%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0020-1383%2898%2980210-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9743752&rft.aulast=Morikawa&rft.aufirst=Masahiro&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Persons%2C+Marjie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120703211712/http://www1.va.gov/agentorange/">"Agent Orange"</a>. United States Department of Veterans. January 9, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.va.gov/Agentorange/">the original</a> on July 3, 2012. Retrieved 2008-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agent+Orange&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Veterans&rft.date=2008-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.va.gov%2FAgentorange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> The Globe and Mail, June 12, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080711.worange1107/BNStory/Front/home/?pageRequested=all">'Last Ghost of the Vietnam War'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090331090117/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080711.worange1107/BNStory/Front/home/?pageRequested=all">Archived</a> 2009-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2012" class="citation news cs1">King, Jessica (2012-08-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/10/world/asia/vietnam-us-agent-orange/">"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303060725/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/10/world/asia/vietnam-us-agent-orange">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-03-03. Retrieved 2012-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=U.S.+in+first+effort+to+clean+up+Agent+Orange+in+Vietnam&rft.date=2012-08-10&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F10%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fvietnam-us-agent-orange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Defoliation". The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : a Political, Social, and Military History (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-961-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defoliation&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War+%3A+a+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-961-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pesticide Dilemma in the Third World: A Case Study of Malaysia. Phoenix Press. 1984. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pesticide+Dilemma+in+the+Third+World%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Malaysia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Schecter,_Thomas_A._Gasiewicz2003" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Schecter, Thomas A. Gasiewicz (July 4, 2003). Dioxins and Health. pp. 145–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dioxins+and+Health&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=2003-07-04&rft.au=Arnold+Schecter%2C+Thomas+A.+Gasiewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_J._Mauroni2003" class="citation book cs1">Albert J. Mauroni (July 2003). Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Reference Handbook. pp. 178–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+and+Biological+Warfare%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=2003-07&rft.au=Albert+J.+Mauroni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Cumings1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Cumings (1998). The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests. <a href="/wiki/Earthscan" title="Earthscan">Earthscan</a>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Politics+of+Pesticides%3A+Forging+Consensus+from+Conflicting+Interests&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Bruce+Cumings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanoutUrbanMusilSzakova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Banout, Jan; Urban, Ondrej; Musil, Vojtech; Szakova, Jirina; Balik, Jiri (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930020">"Agent Orange Footprint Still Visible in Rural Areas of Central Vietnam"</a>. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2014: 528965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2014%2F528965">10.1155/2014/528965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930020">3930020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24639878">24639878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Agent+Orange+Footprint+Still+Visible+in+Rural+Areas+of+Central+Vietnam&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=528965&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3930020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24639878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2014%2F528965&rft.aulast=Banout&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Urban%2C+Ondrej&rft.au=Musil%2C+Vojtech&rft.au=Szakova%2C+Jirina&rft.au=Balik%2C+Jiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3930020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruongDinh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Truong, Kiem N.; Dinh, Khuong V. (2021-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8600662">"Agent Orange: Haft-Century [sic] Effects On The Vietnamese Wildlife Have Been Ignored"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology" title="Environmental Science & Technology">Environmental Science & Technology</a>. 55 (22): 15007–15009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.1c06613">10.1021/acs.est.1c06613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8600662">8600662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34714069">34714069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Agent+Orange%3A+Haft-Century%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+Effects+On+The+Vietnamese+Wildlife+Have+Been+Ignored&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15007-%3C%2Fspan%3E15009&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8600662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34714069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.1c06613&rft.aulast=Truong&rft.aufirst=Kiem+N.&rft.au=Dinh%2C+Khuong+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8600662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonBouville2015" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Steven L; Bouville, André (August 2015). "Health effects of nuclear weapons testing". The Lancet. 386 (9992): 407–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2961037-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61037-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26251378">26251378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+nuclear+weapons+testing&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=9992&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E407-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2815%2961037-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26251378&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Steven+L&rft.au=Bouville%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctbto.org/our-mission/the-treaty">"The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)"</a>. CTBTO. Retrieved 2024-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTBTO&rft.atitle=The+Comprehensive+Nuclear-Test-Ban+Treaty+%28CTBT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctbto.org%2Four-mission%2Fthe-treaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctbto.org/news-and-events/news/papua-new-guinea-ratifies-ctbt-advancing-treaty-universalisation-pacific">"Papua New Guinea ratifies CTBT, advancing Treaty universalisation in Pacific"</a>. CTBTO. Retrieved 2024-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CTBTO&rft.atitle=Papua+New+Guinea+ratifies+CTBT%2C+advancing+Treaty+universalisation+in+Pacific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctbto.org%2Fnews-and-events%2Fnews%2Fpapua-new-guinea-ratifies-ctbt-advancing-treaty-universalisation-pacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutts-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Lutts_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutts1985" class="citation journal cs1">Lutts, Ralph (1985). "Chemical Fallout: Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Radioactive Fallout, and the Environmental Movement". Environmental Review. 3. 9 (3): 210–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3984231">10.2307/3984231</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3984231">3984231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11616075">11616075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Review&rft.atitle=Chemical+Fallout%3A+Rachel+Carson%27s+Silent+Spring%2C+Radioactive+Fallout%2C+and+the+Environmental+Movement&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11616075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3984231%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3984231&rft.aulast=Lutts&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulp-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulp_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulpEckelmannSchulert1957" class="citation journal cs1">Kulp, J. Laurence; Eckelmann, Walter R.; Schulert, Arthur R. (1957). "Strontium-90 in Man". Science. 125 (3241): 219–225. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957Sci...125..219K">1957Sci...125..219K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.125.3241.219">10.1126/science.125.3241.219</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1753918">1753918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13401228">13401228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Strontium-90+in+Man&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3241&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.125.3241.219&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13401228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1753918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957Sci...125..219K&rft.aulast=Kulp&rft.aufirst=J.+Laurence&rft.au=Eckelmann%2C+Walter+R.&rft.au=Schulert%2C+Arthur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimChoiLimKim2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Gahyun; Choi, Sang-Do; Lim, Jong-Myoung; Kim, Hyuncheol (August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2023.115258">"Strontium-90 levels in seawater southeast of Jeju Island during 2021–2023"</a>. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 193: 115258. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MarPB.19315258K">2023MarPB.19315258K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2023.115258">10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37433238">37433238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Strontium-90+levels+in+seawater+southeast+of+Jeju+Island+during+2021%E2%80%932023&rft.volume=193&rft.pages=115258&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37433238&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2023.115258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023MarPB.19315258K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Gahyun&rft.au=Choi%2C+Sang-Do&rft.au=Lim%2C+Jong-Myoung&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyuncheol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.marpolbul.2023.115258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatishovIlyin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Matishov, G. G.; Ilyin, G. V. (August 2022). "Strontium-90 in Seawater and Bottom Sediments of the Barents Sea Shelf (2000–2019)". Doklady Earth Sciences. 505 (2): 565–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022DokES.505..565M">2022DokES.505..565M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1028334X22080116">10.1134/S1028334X22080116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Strontium-90+in+Seawater+and+Bottom+Sediments+of+the+Barents+Sea+Shelf+%282000%E2%80%932019%29&rft.volume=505&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E571&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1028334X22080116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022DokES.505..565M&rft.aulast=Matishov&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rft.au=Ilyin%2C+G.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plants/fukushima-daiichi-accident.aspx">"Fukushima Daiichi Accident - World Nuclear Association"</a>. world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 2024-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world-nuclear.org&rft.atitle=Fukushima+Daiichi+Accident+-+World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld-nuclear.org%2Finformation-library%2Fsafety-and-security%2Fsafety-of-plants%2Ffukushima-daiichi-accident.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahooKavasiSorimachiArae2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sahoo, Sarata Kumar; Kavasi, Norbert; Sorimachi, Atsuyuki; Arae, Hideki; Tokonami, Shinji; Mietelski, Jerzy Wojciech; Łokas, Edyta; Yoshida, Satoshi (2016-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822116">"Strontium-90 activity concentration in soil samples from the exclusion zone of the Fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant"</a>. Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 23925. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623925S">2016NatSR...623925S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep23925">10.1038/srep23925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4822116">4822116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27048779">27048779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Strontium-90+activity+concentration+in+soil+samples+from+the+exclusion+zone+of+the+Fukushima+daiichi+nuclear+power+plant&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23925&rft.date=2016-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4822116%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27048779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep23925&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...623925S&rft.aulast=Sahoo&rft.aufirst=Sarata+Kumar&rft.au=Kavasi%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Sorimachi%2C+Atsuyuki&rft.au=Arae%2C+Hideki&rft.au=Tokonami%2C+Shinji&rft.au=Mietelski%2C+Jerzy+Wojciech&rft.au=%C5%81okas%2C+Edyta&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Satoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4822116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavasiAraeAonoSahoo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kavasi, Norbert; Arae, Hideki; Aono, Tatsuo; Sahoo, Sarata Kumar (2023-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2023.121487">"Distribution of strontium-90 in soils affected by Fukushima dai-ichi nuclear power station accident in the context of cesium-137 contamination"</a>. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987). 326: 121487. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EPoll.32621487K">2023EPoll.32621487K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2023.121487">10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121487</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36958665">36958665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution+%28Barking%2C+Essex%3A+1987%29&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+strontium-90+in+soils+affected+by+Fukushima+dai-ichi+nuclear+power+station+accident+in+the+context+of+cesium-137+contamination&rft.volume=326&rft.pages=121487&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36958665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2023.121487&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EPoll.32621487K&rft.aulast=Kavasi&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft.au=Arae%2C+Hideki&rft.au=Aono%2C+Tatsuo&rft.au=Sahoo%2C+Sarata+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envpol.2023.121487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerMcClain-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMcClain_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MillerMcClain_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerMcClain2007" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, AC; McClain, D (2007). "A review of depleted uranium biological effects: in vitro and in vivo studies". Reviews on Environmental Health. 22 (1): 75–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FREVEH.2007.22.1.75">10.1515/REVEH.2007.22.1.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17508699">17508699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=A+review+of+depleted+uranium+biological+effects%3A+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+studies.&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FREVEH.2007.22.1.75&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17508699&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=McClain%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craft04-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Craft04_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraftAbu-QareFlahertyGarofolo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Craft, Elena; Abu-Qare, Aquel; Flaherty, Meghan; Garofolo, Melissa; Rincavage, Heather; Abou-Donia, Mohamed (2004). "Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B. 7 (4): 297–317. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JTEHB...7..297C">2004JTEHB...7..297C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10937400490452714">10.1080/10937400490452714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15205046">15205046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Toxicology+and+Environmental+Health%2C+Part+B&rft.atitle=Depleted+and+natural+uranium%3A+chemistry+and+toxicological+effects&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15205046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10937400490452714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JTEHB...7..297C&rft.aulast=Craft&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Abu-Qare%2C+Aquel&rft.au=Flaherty%2C+Meghan&rft.au=Garofolo%2C+Melissa&rft.au=Rincavage%2C+Heather&rft.au=Abou-Donia%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitsakouEleftheriadisHousiadasLazaridis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mitsakou, C.; Eleftheriadis, K.; Housiadas, C.; Lazaridis, M. (2003). "Modeling of the dispersion of depleted uranium aerosol". Health Physics. 84 (4): 538–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HeaPh..84..538M">2003HeaPh..84..538M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004032-200304000-00014">10.1097/00004032-200304000-00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12705453">12705453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Modeling+of+the+dispersion+of+depleted+uranium+aerosol&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12705453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004032-200304000-00014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003HeaPh..84..538M&rft.aulast=Mitsakou&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Eleftheriadis%2C+K.&rft.au=Housiadas%2C+C.&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaurdian2003-71"><a href="#cite_ref-gaurdian2003_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Paul (25 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/25/internationaleducationnews.armstrade">"Gulf troops face tests for cancer"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gulf+troops+face+tests+for+cancer&rft.date=2003-04-25&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2003%2Fapr%2F25%2Finternationaleducationnews.armstrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Office of the Secretary of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123082540/http://fhp.osd.mil/du/healthEffects.jsp">"Toxicological profile for uranium"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhp.osd.mil/du/healthEffects.jsp">the original</a> on 2007-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxicological+profile+for+uranium&rft.au=U.S.+Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffhp.osd.mil%2Fdu%2FhealthEffects.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Williams, M. (February 9, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vitw.org/archives/405">"First Award for Depleted Uranium Poisoning Claim,"</a> The Herald Online, (Edinburgh: Herald Newspapers, Ltd.) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cadu.org.uk/news/17.htm#icbuw">"MoD Forced to Pay Pension for DU Contamination"</a>. CADU News 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CADU+News+17&rft.atitle=MoD+Forced+to+Pay+Pension+for+DU+Contamination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadu.org.uk%2Fnews%2F17.htm%23icbuw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindin-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindin_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindinBruggePanikkar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hindin, Rita; Brugge, Doug; Panikkar, Bindu (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242351">"Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective"</a>. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 4 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHe...4...17H">2005EnvHe...4...17H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-4-17">10.1186/1476-069X-4-17</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1242351">1242351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16124873">16124873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health%3A+A+Global+Access+Science+Source&rft.atitle=Teratogenicity+of+depleted+uranium+aerosols%3A+A+review+from+an+epidemiological+perspective&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1242351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16124873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-4-17&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvHe...4...17H&rft.aulast=Hindin&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft.au=Brugge%2C+Doug&rft.au=Panikkar%2C+Bindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1242351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlaaniTafashBusbyHamdan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alaani, Samira; Tafash, Muhammed; Busby, Christopher; Hamdan, Malak; Blaurock-Busch, Eleonore (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177876">"Uranium and other contaminants in the hair from the parents of children with congenital anomalies in Fallujah, Iraq"</a>. Conflict and Health. 5: 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1752-1505-5-15">10.1186/1752-1505-5-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177876">3177876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21888647">21888647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+and+Health&rft.atitle=Uranium+and+other+contaminants+in+the+hair+from+the+parents+of+children+with+congenital+anomalies+in+Fallujah%2C+Iraq&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3177876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21888647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1752-1505-5-15&rft.aulast=Alaani&rft.aufirst=Samira&rft.au=Tafash%2C+Muhammed&rft.au=Busby%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Hamdan%2C+Malak&rft.au=Blaurock-Busch%2C+Eleonore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3177876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-HadithiSalehAl-DiwanShabila2012" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Hadithi, Tariq S.; Saleh, Abubakir M.; Al-Diwan, Jawad K.; Shabila, Nazar P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492088">"Birth defects in Iraq and the plausibility of environmental exposure: A review"</a>. Conflict and Health. 6 (3): 245–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1752-1505-6-3">10.1186/1752-1505-6-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492088">3492088</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22839108">22839108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflict+and+Health&rft.atitle=Birth+defects+in+Iraq+and+the+plausibility+of+environmental+exposure%3A+A+review&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492088%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22839108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1752-1505-6-3&rft.aulast=Al-Hadithi&rft.aufirst=Tariq+S.&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Abubakir+M.&rft.au=Al-Diwan%2C+Jawad+K.&rft.au=Shabila%2C+Nazar+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarbuz2006" class="citation web cs1">Karbuz, Sohbet (2006-02-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090510050724/http://energybulletin.net/node/13199">"The US military oil consumption"</a>. Energy Bulletin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energybulletin.net/node/13199">the original</a> on 2009-05-10. Retrieved 2009-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+US+military+oil+consumption&rft.pub=Energy+Bulletin&rft.date=2006-02-25&rft.aulast=Karbuz&rft.aufirst=Sohbet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energybulletin.net%2Fnode%2F13199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel, USAF, The Brookings Institution, Department of Defense Energy Strategy, August 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726045834/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2007/08defense_lengyel/lengyel20070815.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2009-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Frc%2Fpapers%2F2007%2F08defense_lengyel%2Flengyel20070815.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentineKeilar2021" class="citation web cs1">Valentine, Catherine; Keilar, Brianna (21 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/21/politics/homefront-iraq-afghanistan-burn-pits/index.html">"Surviving combat only to die at home: Retired Staff Sgt. Wesley Black is picking out his coffin at 35 years old"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Surviving+combat+only+to+die+at+home%3A+Retired+Staff+Sgt.+Wesley+Black+is+picking+out+his+coffin+at+35+years+old&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Keilar%2C+Brianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F06%2F21%2Fpolitics%2Fhomefront-iraq-afghanistan-burn-pits%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoskieBelloRennixJiang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Woskie, Susan R.; Bello, Anila; Rennix, Christopher; Jiang, Lan; Trivedi, Amal N.; Savitz, David A. (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227925">"Burn Pit Exposure Assessment to Support a Cohort Study of US Veterans of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan"</a>. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 65 (6): 449–457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000002788">10.1097/JOM.0000000000002788</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10227925">10227925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36728333">36728333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Burn+Pit+Exposure+Assessment+to+Support+a+Cohort+Study+of+US+Veterans+of+the+Wars+in+Iraq+and+Afghanistan&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E457&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10227925%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36728333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJOM.0000000000002788&rft.aulast=Woskie&rft.aufirst=Susan+R.&rft.au=Bello%2C+Anila&rft.au=Rennix%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Lan&rft.au=Trivedi%2C+Amal+N.&rft.au=Savitz%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10227925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotolongoFalvoSantosJohnson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sotolongo, Anays; Falvo, Michael; Santos, Susan; Johnson, Iman; Arjomandi, Mehrdad; Hines, Stella; Krefft, Silpa; Osterholzer, John (2020-04-01). "Military Burn Pits". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 201 (7): P13 – P14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.2017P13">10.1164/rccm.2017P13</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32233853">32233853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.atitle=Military+Burn+Pits&rft.volume=201&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EP13+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EP14%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.2017P13&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32233853&rft.aulast=Sotolongo&rft.aufirst=Anays&rft.au=Falvo%2C+Michael&rft.au=Santos%2C+Susan&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Iman&rft.au=Arjomandi%2C+Mehrdad&rft.au=Hines%2C+Stella&rft.au=Krefft%2C+Silpa&rft.au=Osterholzer%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_83-17">r</a> International Peace Bureau. (2002). The Military’s Impact on The Environment: A Neglected Aspect Of The Sustainable Development Debate A Briefing Paper For States And Non-Governmental Organisations, Retrieved from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/briefing-paper.pdf">http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/briefing-paper.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgensonClark2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jorgenson, Andrew K.; Clark, Brett (May 2016). "The temporal stability and developmental differences in the environmental impacts of militarism: the treadmill of destruction and consumption-based carbon emissions". Sustainability Science. 11 (3): 505–514. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SuSc...11..505J">2016SuSc...11..505J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11625-015-0309-5">10.1007/s11625-015-0309-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability+Science&rft.atitle=The+temporal+stability+and+developmental+differences+in+the+environmental+impacts+of+militarism%3A+the+treadmill+of+destruction+and+consumption-based+carbon+emissions&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E505-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11625-015-0309-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016SuSc...11..505J&rft.aulast=Jorgenson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+K.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/25/us-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html">"The US Department of Defense Is One of the World's Biggest Polluters"</a>. Newsweek. 2014-07-17. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+US+Department+of+Defense+Is+One+of+the+World%27s+Biggest+Polluters&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2014%2F07%2F25%2Fus-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradfordStoner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bradford, John Hamilton; Stoner, Alexander M. (11 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwsr.2017.688">"The Treadmill of Destruction in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of Military Spending and Carbon Emissions, 1960-2014"</a>. Journal of World-Systems Research. 23 (2): 298–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5195%2Fjwsr.2017.688">10.5195/jwsr.2017.688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=The+Treadmill+of+Destruction+in+Comparative+Perspective%3A+A+Panel+Study+of+Military+Spending+and+Carbon+Emissions%2C+1960-2014&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5195%2Fjwsr.2017.688&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=John+Hamilton&rft.au=Stoner%2C+Alexander+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5195%252Fjwsr.2017.688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Mahreen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17466">"The Environmental Impacts of War and Conflict"</a>. Institute of Development Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19088%2FK4D.2022.060">10.19088/K4D.2022.060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Development+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Impacts+of+War+and+Conflict&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19088%2FK4D.2022.060&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Mahreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk%2Fopendocs%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12413%2F17466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gizmodo.com-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gizmodo.com_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gizmodo.com_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/ukraine-black-sea-dolphin-deaths-russia-war-1850279402#">"In Ukraine, Dead Dolphins Tell a Story of Ecocide and Violence"</a>. April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Ukraine%2C+Dead+Dolphins+Tell+a+Story+of+Ecocide+and+Violence&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fukraine-black-sea-dolphin-deaths-russia-war-1850279402%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellFrancoAtkinsonVäli2024" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, Charlie J.G.; Franco, Aldina M.A.; Atkinson, Philip W.; Väli, Ülo; Ashton-Butt, Adham (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.04.047">"Active European warzone impacts raptor migration"</a>. Current Biology. 34 (10): 2272–2277.e2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024CBio...34.2272R">2024CBio...34.2272R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.04.047">10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38772328">38772328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Active+European+warzone+impacts+raptor+migration&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2272-2277.e2&rft.date=2024-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38772328&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2024.04.047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024CBio...34.2272R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Charlie+J.G.&rft.au=Franco%2C+Aldina+M.A.&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Philip+W.&rft.au=V%C3%A4li%2C+%C3%9Clo&rft.au=Ashton-Butt%2C+Adham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2024.04.047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTedlaBerheGrmay2023" class="citation journal cs1">Tedla, Mebrahtu G.; Berhe, Kibrom F.; Grmay, Kibrom M. (2023-11-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10709505">"The impact of armed conflict on animal well-being and welfare, and analyzing damage assessment on the veterinary sector: The case of Ethiopia's Tigray region"</a>. Heliyon. 9 (12): e22681. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Heliy...922681T">2023Heliy...922681T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e22681">10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10709505">10709505</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38076045">38076045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+armed+conflict+on+animal+well-being+and+welfare%2C+and+analyzing+damage+assessment+on+the+veterinary+sector%3A+The+case+of+Ethiopia%27s+Tigray+region&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e22681&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10709505%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38076045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e22681&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Heliy...922681T&rft.aulast=Tedla&rft.aufirst=Mebrahtu+G.&rft.au=Berhe%2C+Kibrom+F.&rft.au=Grmay%2C+Kibrom+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10709505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrellParkinson2022" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell, Linsey; Parkinson, Stuart (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceobs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SGRCEOBS-Estimating_Global_MIlitary_GHG_Emissions_Nov22_rev.pdf">Estimating the Military’s Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a> (PDF). Scientists for Global Responsibility (SGR) Conflict and Environment Observatory (CEOBS). p. 8. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estimating+the+Military%E2%80%99s+Global+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Scientists+for+Global+Responsibility+%28SGR%29+Conflict+and+Environment+Observatory+%28CEOBS%29&rft.date=2022-11&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Linsey&rft.au=Parkinson%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceobs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2FSGRCEOBS-Estimating_Global_MIlitary_GHG_Emissions_Nov22_rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transformdefence.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/military-emissions_final.pdf">MILITARY AND CONFLICTRELATED EMISSIONS: KYOTO TO GLASGOW AND BEYOND</a> (PDF). Freiburg, Germany: Perspectives Climate Group has been commissioned by Tipping Point North South. June 2022. pp. 6, 7, 8, 16. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MILITARY+AND+CONFLICTRELATED+EMISSIONS%3A+KYOTO+TO+GLASGOW+AND+BEYOND&rft.place=Freiburg%2C+Germany&rft.pages=6%2C+7%2C+8%2C+16&rft.pub=Perspectives+Climate+Group+has+been+commissioned+by+Tipping+Point+North+South&rft.date=2022-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransformdefence.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F06%2Fmilitary-emissions_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionofhumanity.org/highest-number-of-countries-engaged-in-conflict-since-world-war-ii/">"Highest number of countries engaged in conflict since World War II"</a>. Vision of Humanity. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+of+Humanity&rft.atitle=Highest+number+of+countries+engaged+in+conflict+since+World+War+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofhumanity.org%2Fhighest-number-of-countries-engaged-in-conflict-since-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace?insight=armed-conflict-is-common-and-takes-different-forms#key-insights">"War and Peace - Key Insights on War and Peace - Armed conflict is common and takes different forms"</a>. Our world in data. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+world+in+data&rft.atitle=War+and+Peace+-+Key+Insights+on+War+and+Peace+-+Armed+conflict+is+common+and+takes+different+forms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fwar-and-peace%3Finsight%3Darmed-conflict-is-common-and-takes-different-forms%23key-insights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuxtonBurton2023" class="citation web cs1">Buxton, Nick; Burton, Deborah (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatechangenews.com/2023/11/01/wars-are-closing-down-the-window-for-climate-action/">"Wars are closing down the window for climate action"</a>. Climate Home News. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Home+News&rft.atitle=Wars+are+closing+down+the+window+for+climate+action&rft.date=2023-11&rft.aulast=Buxton&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Burton%2C+Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatechangenews.com%2F2023%2F11%2F01%2Fwars-are-closing-down-the-window-for-climate-action%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_96-1">b</a> Schwartz, M. et al. (2012) Department of Defense Energy Initiatives: Background and Issues for Congress. Congressional Research Service, [Online] Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf">http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42558.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_97-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazaryan2014" class="citation news cs1">Nazaryan (2014-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2014/07/25/us-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html">"The US Department of Defense Is One of the World's Biggest Polluters"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+US+Department+of+Defense+Is+One+of+the+World%27s+Biggest+Polluters&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.au=Nazaryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2014%2F07%2F25%2Fus-department-defence-one-worlds-biggest-polluters-259456.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Department of National Defence Canada (2017). Defence Energy and Environment Strategy. Retrieved from the Government of Canada Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/dnd-mdn/documents/reports/2017/20171004-dees-en.pdf">https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/dnd-mdn/documents/reports/2017/20171004-dees-en.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaybournDyke2024" class="citation news cs1">Laybourn, Laurie; Dyke, James (9 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/a-doom-loop-of-climate-change-and-geopolitical-instability-is-beginning-244705">"A 'doom loop' of climate change and geopolitical instability is beginning"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 18 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+%27doom+loop%27+of+climate+change+and+geopolitical+instability+is+beginning&rft.date=2024-12-09&rft.aulast=Laybourn&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.au=Dyke%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fa-doom-loop-of-climate-change-and-geopolitical-instability-is-beginning-244705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy_ParamatiSafiullahSoytas2025" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy Paramati, Sudharshan; Safiullah, Md; Soytas, Ugur (23 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140988325000581">"Does geopolitical risk increase carbon emissions and public health risk?"</a>. Energy Economics. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2025.108235">10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108235</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Economics&rft.atitle=Does+geopolitical+risk+increase+carbon+emissions+and+public+health+risk%3F&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2025.108235&rft.aulast=Reddy+Paramati&rft.aufirst=Sudharshan&rft.au=Safiullah%2C+Md&rft.au=Soytas%2C+Ugur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0140988325000581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFROSANE" class="citation web cs1">ROSANE, OLIVIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atmos.earth/the-vicious-loop-of-blood-and-oil/">"The Vicious Loop of Blood and Oil"</a>. Atmos. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmos&rft.atitle=The+Vicious+Loop+of+Blood+and+Oil&rft.aulast=ROSANE&rft.aufirst=OLIVIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatmos.earth%2Fthe-vicious-loop-of-blood-and-oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgendy" class="citation web cs1">Elgendy, Karim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mei.edu/publications/climate-casualties-how-gaza-war-threatens-mideast-climate-action">"Climate casualties: How the Gaza war threatens Mideast climate action"</a>. Middle East Institute. Retrieved 16 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Climate+casualties%3A+How+the+Gaza+war+threatens+Mideast+climate+action&rft.aulast=Elgendy&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fclimate-casualties-how-gaza-war-threatens-mideast-climate-action&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nina-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nina_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nina_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakhaniMilman2022" class="citation news cs1">Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/may/11/us-fracking-climate-fossil-fuel-gases">"US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+fracking+boom+could+tip+world+to+edge+of+climate+disaster&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft.au=Milman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fmay%2F11%2Fus-fracking-climate-fossil-fuel-gases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Din-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Din_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Din_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahiqi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shahiqi, Din (5 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajee-journal.com/can-war-in-ukraine-be-a-step-back-in-the-climate-change-fight">"Can War in Ukraine Be A Step Back on Climate Change Fight?"</a>. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe. 6 (4): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33327%2FAJEE-18-6.4-a000401">10.33327/AJEE-18-6.4-a000401</a>. Retrieved 18 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Can+War+in+Ukraine+Be+A+Step+Back+on+Climate+Change+Fight%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33327%2FAJEE-18-6.4-a000401&rft.aulast=Shahiqi&rft.aufirst=Din&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajee-journal.com%2Fcan-war-in-ukraine-be-a-step-back-in-the-climate-change-fight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singha-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singha_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singha_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingha" class="citation web cs1">Singha, Sutandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chintan.indiafoundation.in/articles/ripples-of-war-the-russia-ukraine-conflicts-impact-on-global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-climate-change/">"Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change"</a>. Chintan India foundation blog. India Foundation. Retrieved 13 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chintan+India+foundation+blog&rft.atitle=Ripples+of+War%3A+The+Russia-Ukraine+Conflict%E2%80%99s+Impact+on+Global+Carbon+Dioxide+Emissions+and+Climate+Change&rft.aulast=Singha&rft.aufirst=Sutandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchintan.indiafoundation.in%2Farticles%2Fripples-of-war-the-russia-ukraine-conflicts-impact-on-global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_106-6">g</a> Lorincz, T. (2014). Demilitarization for Deep Decarbonization: Reducing Militarism and Military Expenditures to Invest in the UN Green Climate Fund and to Create Low-Carbon Economies and Resilient Communities. Retrieved from The International Peace Bureau Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Green_Booklet_working_paper_17.09.2014.pdf">http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Green_Booklet_working_paper_17.09.2014.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120739/http://www.ipb.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Green_Booklet_working_paper_17.09.2014.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2024/global-military-spending-surges-amid-war-rising-tensions-and-insecurity">"Global military spending surges amid war, rising tensions and insecurity"</a>. STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 22 April 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=STOCKHOLM+INTERNATIONAL+PEACE+RESEARCH+INSTITUTE&rft.atitle=Global+military+spending+surges+amid+war%2C+rising+tensions+and+insecurity&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fmedia%2Fpress-release%2F2024%2Fglobal-military-spending-surges-amid-war-rising-tensions-and-insecurity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612202524/https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-will-it-cost-to-mitigate-climate-change">"How much will it cost to mitigate climate change?"</a>. Our World in Data. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/how-much-will-it-cost-to-mitigate-climate-change">the original</a> on 2017-06-12. Retrieved 2018-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=How+much+will+it+cost+to+mitigate+climate+change%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fhow-much-will-it-cost-to-mitigate-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/4/v7850e/V7850e12.htm#The%20potential%20of%20the%20military%20in%20environmental%20protection:%20India">"The potential of the military in environmental protection: India"</a>. FAO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FAO&rft.atitle=The+potential+of+the+military+in+environmental+protection%3A+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F4%2Fv7850e%2FV7850e12.htm%23The%2520potential%2520of%2520the%2520military%2520in%2520environmental%2520protection%3A%2520India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/pakistan-s-billion-tree-tsunami-is-astonishing/">"Pakistan has planted over a billion trees"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+has+planted+over+a+billion+trees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2018%2F07%2Fpakistan-s-billion-tree-tsunami-is-astonishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight" class="citation web cs1">Light, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/military-environmental-protection/">"Interview by Knowledge@Wharton The Surprising Role the Military Plays in Environmental Protection"</a>. Knowledge at Wharton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+at+Wharton&rft.atitle=Interview+by+Knowledge%40Wharton+The+Surprising+Role+the+Military+Plays+in+Environmental+Protection&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.wharton.upenn.edu%2Farticle%2Fmilitary-environmental-protection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Markman, Joseph (2023). "BP: Ukraine War likely to speed decline in fossil fuel use". Oil & Gas Investor. 43 (3): 69–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2784896956">2784896956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oil+%26+Gas+Investor&rft.atitle=BP%3A+Ukraine+War+likely+to+speed+decline+in+fossil+fuel+use&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Markman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fischer-113"><a href="#cite_ref-fischer_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2022" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Jonah (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61723252">"Climate change: Ukraine war prompts fossil fuel 'gold rush' - report"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 2022-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+change%3A+Ukraine+war+prompts+fossil+fuel+%27gold+rush%27+-+report&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2022-06-08&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-61723252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Guzman2023" class="citation magazine cs1">de Guzman, Chad (2023-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6281045/asia-heat-wave-russia-ukraine-war/">"Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 2023-05-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+War+in+Ukraine+Is+Worsening+Asia%27s+Heat+Wave&rft.date=2023-05-19&rft.aulast=de+Guzman&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6281045%2Fasia-heat-wave-russia-ukraine-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2023" class="citation news cs1">Davidson, Helen (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/aug/29/china-coal-plants-climate-goals-carbon">"China continues coal spree despite climate goals"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+continues+coal+spree+despite+climate+goals&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Faug%2F29%2Fchina-coal-plants-climate-goals-carbon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2022" class="citation web cs1">Wallace, Jeremy (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2022/05/ukraine-wars-shadow-chinas-road-decarbonization/">"The Ukraine War's Shadow on China's Road to Decarbonization"</a>. New Security Beat. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Security+Beat&rft.atitle=The+Ukraine+War%27s+Shadow+on+China%27s+Road+to+Decarbonization&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsecuritybeat.org%2F2022%2F05%2Fukraine-wars-shadow-chinas-road-decarbonization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2022" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Yawen (2 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/breakingviews/ukraine-war-helps-chinas-coal-addiction-stack-up-2022-06-02/">"Ukraine war helps China's coal addiction stack up"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 5 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war+helps+China%27s+coal+addiction+stack+up&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yawen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbreakingviews%2Fukraine-war-helps-chinas-coal-addiction-stack-up-2022-06-02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (26 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/sep/26/staggering-green-growth-gives-hope-for-15c-says-global-energy-head">"'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Staggering%27+green+growth+gives+hope+for+1.5C%2C+says+global+energy+chief&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2023%2Fsep%2F26%2Fstaggering-green-growth-gives-hope-for-15c-says-global-energy-head&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/dec/05/climate-bomb-warning-over-200bn-wave-of-new-gas-projects">"Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects"</a>. The Guardian. 5 December 2024. Retrieved 25 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+bomb%27+warning+over+%24200bn+wave+of+new+gas+projects&rft.date=2024-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2024%2Fdec%2F05%2Fclimate-bomb-warning-over-200bn-wave-of-new-gas-projects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence/news/russia-owes-whole-world-for-environment-damage-ukraine/">"Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine"</a>. Euroactive. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euroactive&rft.atitle=Russia+owes+%E2%80%98whole+world%E2%80%99+for+environment+damage%3A+Ukraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fdefence%2Fnews%2Frussia-owes-whole-world-for-environment-damage-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marineforum.online/en/ukraine-war-harms-the-baltic-sea/">"Ukraine - War harms the Baltic Sea"</a>. Marine Forum. Euractiv. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marine+Forum&rft.atitle=Ukraine+-+War+harms+the+Baltic+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarineforum.online%2Fen%2Fukraine-war-harms-the-baltic-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKORKMAN" class="citation web cs1">KORKMAN, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2024-07-baltic-sea-red-flag-global.html">"Warming Baltic Sea: a red flag for global oceans"</a>. Phys.org. Retrieved 21 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Warming+Baltic+Sea%3A+a+red+flag+for+global+oceans&rft.aulast=KORKMAN&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2024-07-baltic-sea-red-flag-global.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesterK._Sovacool2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kester, Johannes; K. Sovacool, Benjamin (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421517300368">"Torn between war and peace: Critiquing the use of war to mobilize peaceful climate action"</a>. Energy Policy. 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2017.01.026">10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.026</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=Torn+between+war+and+peace%3A+Critiquing+the+use+of+war+to+mobilize+peaceful+climate+action&rft.volume=104&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2017.01.026&rft.aulast=Kester&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=K.+Sovacool%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0301421517300368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongZhao2023" class="citation journal cs1">Kong, Lingjie; Zhao, Yuqing (December 2023). "Remedying the environmental impacts of war: Challenges and perspectives for full reparation". International Review of the Red Cross. 105 (924): 1441–1462. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383123000280">10.1017/S1816383123000280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=Remedying+the+environmental+impacts+of+war%3A+Challenges+and+perspectives+for+full+reparation&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=924&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1441-%3C%2Fspan%3E1462&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383123000280&rft.aulast=Kong&rft.aufirst=Lingjie&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yuqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin,_J.E.Bruch,_Carl_E.2000" class="citation book cs1">Austin, J.E.; Bruch, Carl E., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJKFkSkgTyIC">The Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521780209" title="Special:BookSources/9780521780209"><bdi>9780521780209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Environmental+Consequences+of+War%3A+Legal%2C+Economic%2C+and+Scientific+Perspectives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521780209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJKFkSkgTyIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauer,_Jurgen2009" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, Jurgen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=du7s13DfKC8C">War and Nature: The Environmental Consequences of War in a Globalized World</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759112063" title="Special:BookSources/9780759112063"><bdi>9780759112063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Nature%3A+The+Environmental+Consequences+of+War+in+a+Globalized+World&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780759112063&rft.au=Brauer%2C+Jurgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddu7s13DfKC8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-BazMakharita2016" class="citation book cs1">El-Baz, Farouk; Makharita, R.M., eds. (2016). The Gulf War and the Environment. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315621418">10.4324/9781315621418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-62141-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-62141-8"><bdi>978-1-315-62141-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+War+and+the+Environment&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315621418&rft.isbn=978-1-315-62141-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Hayward" title="Joel Hayward">Hayward, Joel</a> (2013). Airpower and the Environment: The Ecological Implications of Modern Air Warfare. Air University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-223-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-223-4"><bdi>978-1-58566-223-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airpower+and+the+Environment%3A+The+Ecological+Implications+of+Modern+Air+Warfare&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-223-4&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Naylor, Aliide (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/ukraine-black-sea-dolphin-deaths-russia-war-1850279402">In Ukraine, Dead Dolphins Tell a Story of Ecocide and Violence</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill,_J.R.Painter,_David_S.2009" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, J.R.; Painter, David S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zjs0teljUjQC&pg=PA10">"The Global Environmental Footprint of the U.S. Military: 1789-2003"</a>. In Closman, Charles E. (ed.). War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age. Texas A&M Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603441698" title="Special:BookSources/9781603441698"><bdi>9781603441698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Global+Environmental+Footprint+of+the+U.S.+Military%3A+1789-2003&rft.btitle=War+and+the+Environment%3A+Military+Destruction+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781603441698&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J.R.&rft.au=Painter%2C+David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjs0teljUjQC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeillUnger2010" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, J. R.; Unger, Corinna R., eds. (2010). Environmental Histories of the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511730382">10.1017/CBO9780511730382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76244-1"><bdi>978-0-521-76244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Histories+of+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511730382&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76244-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice,_Andrew_R.G.1994" class="citation book cs1">Price, Andrew R.G., ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_okDDKq5NCwC">The 1991 Gulf War: Environmental Assessments of IUCN and Collaborators</a>. IUCN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782831702056" title="Special:BookSources/9782831702056"><bdi>9782831702056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1991+Gulf+War%3A+Environmental+Assessments+of+IUCN+and+Collaborators&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9782831702056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_okDDKq5NCwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṢādiq,_MuḥammadMcCain,_John_Charles1993" class="citation book cs1">Ṣādiq, Muḥammad; McCain, John Charles, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-dp1DKdkUMC">The Gulf War Aftermath: An Environmental Tragedy</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792322788" title="Special:BookSources/9780792322788"><bdi>9780792322788</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+War+Aftermath%3A+An+Environmental+Tragedy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780792322788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-dp1DKdkUMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesting,_Arthur_H.1988" class="citation book cs1">Westing, Arthur H., ed. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Js-oxRiRoQkC&pg=PA1">"Constraints on military disruption of the biosphere: an overview"</a>. Cultural Norms, War and the Environment. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198291251" title="Special:BookSources/9780198291251"><bdi>9780198291251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constraints+on+military+disruption+of+the+biosphere%3A+an+overview&rft.btitle=Cultural+Norms%2C+War+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780198291251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJs-oxRiRoQkC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Burr2017" class="citation book cs1">William Burr, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2017-08-30/clean-nukes-ecology-nuclear-war">"Clean" Nukes and the Ecology of Nuclear War</a>. The National Security Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Clean%22+Nukes+and+the+Ecology+of+Nuclear+War&rft.pub=The+National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fnuclear-vault%2F2017-08-30%2Fclean-nukes-ecology-nuclear-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+impact+of+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList277/8DA60E8AB11FACE0C1256C22003B8520">Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=248403119&cat=429&t=sub_pages">Armed Conflict and Protection of the Environment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717183241/http://www.eisil.org/index.php?sid=248403119&cat=429&t=sub_pages">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219014107/http://www2.eli.org/research/war.htm">Addressing Environmental Consequences of War</a> A program of the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Law_Institute" title="Environmental Law Institute">Environmental Law Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204123107/http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2001_2005/press/iraqstatement210303.pdf">Armed Conflict and the Environment: IUCN Statement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Template talk:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic_effects_on_the_environment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropogenic effects on the environment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_impact_on_the_environment505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">list of issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (ethics)">Social ecology (ethics)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_climate_change" title="Causes of climate change">Causes of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">animal agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cannabis_cultivation" title="Environmental impact of cannabis cultivation">cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of irrigation">irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of meat production">meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cocoa_production" title="Environmental impact of cocoa production">cocoa production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_environmental_impact_of_palm_oil" title="Social and environmental impact of palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">(US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_bitcoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of bitcoin">Bitcoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate behavior">Corporate behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">Deforestation and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">Energy industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">biofuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_biodiesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of biodiesel">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_electricity_generation" title="Environmental impact of electricity generation">electricity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_energy_industry" title="Environmental impact of the energy industry">energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fracking_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental impact of fracking in the United States">fracking (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nuclear_power" title="Environmental impact of nuclear power">nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="Environmental impact of the oil shale industry">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_impact_of_explosives" title="Ecological impact of explosives">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use#Environment" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_cleaning_products" title="Environmental impact of cleaning products">cleaning agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Environmental_effects" title="Plastic">plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paint" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paint">paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pesticides" title="Environmental impact of pesticides">pesticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">pharmaceuticals and personal care</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Marine life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs" title="Environmental impact of reservoirs">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impacts_of_tourism" title="Impacts of tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of rail">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_threats" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity threats">Biodiversity threats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">runaway climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Effects of climate change on agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_breadbasket_failure" title="Multiple breadbasket failure">Multiple breadbasket failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_livestock" title="Effects of climate change on livestock">Effects of climate change on livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_security" title="Environmental security">Environmental insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater cycle">Freshwater cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss and damage">Loss and damage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">Loss of green belts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle#Human_influences" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification#Possible_impacts" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change" title="Tropical cyclones and climate change">Tropical cyclones and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water degradation">Water degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mitigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">Community resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">Decoupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_mitigation" title="Environmental mitigation">Environmental mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitigation_banking" title="Mitigation banking">Mitigation banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">Reforestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Environmental impact">Commons</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_source" title="Category:Environmental impact by source">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_by_country" title="Category:Environmental impact by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Category:Environmental impact assessment">assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_mitigation" title="Category:Environmental mitigation">mitigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pollution1274" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution" title="Template:Pollution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution" title="Template talk:Pollution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pollution1274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_measurement" title="Air pollution measurement">Air pollution measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">Joss paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_burning_of_waste" title="Open burning of waste">Open burning of waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_exhaust" title="Diesel exhaust">Diesel exhaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">Smoke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_working" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal working">Metal working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">Oil refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood dust">Wood dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological light pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a> <ul><li>Land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Industrial</li> <li>Military</li> <li>Abstract</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manure_management" title="Manure management">Manure waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Solid waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">Mercury poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_smelting" title="Lead smelting">Lead smelting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">Surface mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">Deep sea mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage" title="Garbage">Garbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">Microplastics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_treatment" title="Thermal treatment">Thermal treatment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris"> Space</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Clutter (advertising)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">nuclear famine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">nuclear winter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">debris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploitation">Oil exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit latrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">Pollution haven hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register" title="Pollutant release and transfer register">Pollutant release and transfer register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle" title="Polluter pays principle">Polluter pays principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution control">Pollution control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#fadcc5;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution-related_lists" title="Category:Pollution-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_air_pollution" title="List of countries by air pollution">Most polluted countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_rivers" title="List of most-polluted rivers">Most polluted rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#fadcc5"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">by country</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:pollution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:pollution">Commons</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology">WikiProject Ecology</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/48px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/64px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox506" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5381260#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85145117">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548850605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&oldid=1276079190">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&oldid=1276079190</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Category:Environmental impact of war">Environmental impact of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_war" title="Category:Aftermath of war">Aftermath of war</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_introduction_cleanup_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021">Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021">Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_covered_by_WikiProject_Wikify" title="Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify">All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 19:29 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_war&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Environmental impact of war</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 15 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-775xd","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.480","walltime":"1.655","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9171,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":394061,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4321,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":520498,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1403.760 1 -total"," 51.10% 717.319 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.75% 263.212 3 Template:Excerpt"," 18.02% 252.904 46 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.48% 217.347 40 Template:Cite_web"," 6.56% 92.152 1 Template:Pollution_sidebar"," 6.51% 91.408 22 Template:Cite_book"," 6.32% 88.756 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.29% 60.242 2 Template:Navbox"," 4.19% 58.867 15 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10656905,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","14.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","12.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","6.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","6.0"],["concat","40","4.0"],["match","20","2.0"],["[others]","60","6.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-4d9wz","timestamp":"20250216192912","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Environmental impact of war","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_of_war","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5381260","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5381260","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-05-29T05:41:51Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T19:29:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/79\/BrennendeOelquellenKuwait1991.jpg","headline":"environmental problems caused by warfare"}</script> </body> </html>