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Arabi - Wikipedia

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dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130658281">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote.nota-disambigua{clear:both;margin-top:0;padding:.05em .5em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint nota-disambigua"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/18px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/27px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Nota_disambigua.svg/36px-Nota_disambigua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aiuto:Disambiguazione?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aiuto:Disambiguazione">Disambiguazione</a> – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi_(disambigua)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Arabi (disambigua)">Arabi (disambigua)</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r133964453">.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-div>div,.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div>div{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-image{flex-basis:52px;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .avviso .mbox-text-full-div .hide-when-compact{display:block}</style> <div style="" class="ambox metadata noprint plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"> <b>Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento gruppi etnici ha problemi di struttura e di organizzazione delle informazioni</b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <b>Motivo</b>: <i>La storia si interrompe con gli Abbasidi, poi c'è una sezione sugli arabi in Italia, poi riprende con il XX secolo. La sezione sinonimi forse dovrebbe precedere la storia. Ho eliminato quattro mini sezioni finali in cui erano espressi dei «pensierini» sugli arabi.</i> <div class="noprint"> <hr>Risistema la struttura espositiva, logica e/o bibliografica dei contenuti. Nella <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussione:Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussione:Arabi">discussione</a> puoi collaborare con altri utenti alla risistemazione. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p>Gli <b>arabi</b> (o <b>gente del ḍād</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nota 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) sono il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gruppo_etnico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo etnico">gruppo etnico</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">madrelingua araba</a> originario della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_arabica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola arabica">penisola arabica</a> che, col sorgere dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>, a partire dal <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII secolo">VII secolo</a> ha guadagnato grande rilevanza nella scena storica mondiale, insediandosi in circa una ventina di attuali Paesi.</p> <table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume le principali caratteristiche dei gruppi etnici"> <tbody> <tr class="sinottico_testata"> <th colspan="2" style="background:lightblue; color:#000;">Arabi<br> عَرَبٌ (<i>ʿarab</i>)</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Luogo d'origine</th> <td><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medio_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medio Oriente">Medio Oriente</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Periodo</th> <td>Dal I secolo</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Lingua</th> <td><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">lingua araba</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Religione</th> <td><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunnismo">Sunnismo</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciismo">Sciismo</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibadismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibadismo">Ibadismo</a>), <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristianesimo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristianesimo">Cristianesimo</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebraismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebraismo">Ebraismo</a></td> </tr> <tr></tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/220px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/330px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG/440px-Arabescos_en_la_Alhambra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></a> <figcaption> Arabesco nell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alhambra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Granada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Granada">Granada</a>. Nelle formelle si legge il motto <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasridi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasridi">nasride</a> <i>wa lā ghālib illā Allāh</i> (E non c'è altro vincitore se non Iddio). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Oggi gli Arabi sono circa 450 milioni, la maggior parte dei quali vive nei Paesi aderenti alla <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lega_Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lega Araba">Lega Araba</a>, e costituiscono di fatto il secondo gruppo etnico al mondo per dimensione dopo i Cinesi <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han">Han</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>La parola non ha etimo certo, sebbene sembri stia a significare "nomadi", e viene utilizzata da tutte le fonti antiche delle popolazioni confinanti: assire (<i>ar-ba-a-a</i> e <i>a-ri-bi</i>), la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibbia">Bibbia</a> (<i><sup>c</sup>arab</i>), le fonti greche (αραβες, αραβιοι), latine (<i>arabes</i>), i testi sudarabici (<i><sup>c</sup>rb</i> e <i><sup>c ɔ</sup>rb</i>) e aramaici (<i><sup>c</sup>arabaya</i>), ad indicare i nomadi del deserto loro confinanti, indipendentemente dal fatto che fossero di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">lingua araba</a> o meno, poiché nessuna di queste denominazioni sembra avere connotazione linguistica<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Dal punto di vista linguistico è annoverata solo qualche iscrizione in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">lingua araba</a> o con arabismi, ma tutte scritte con altri <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto">alfabeti</a>, ad eccezione della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Stele_di_Namara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Stele di Namara (la pagina non esiste)">stele di Namara</a> del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/329?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="329">329</a> d.C.</p> <p>Tra il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/II_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="II secolo">II</a> e il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V secolo">V secolo</a> d.C. gli Arabi come aggregato di tribù scompaiono dalle fonti. Ricompaiono nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IV_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IV secolo">IV</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="V secolo">V secolo</a> come minoranza di confine a sud nel regno <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Himyar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Himyar">himyarita</a> e a nord nel regno <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ghassanidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ghassanidi">ghassanide</a>. In questo periodo gli arabofoni, con particolare riferimento ai personaggi scelti come illustri precursori dagli scolastici arabo-islamici, scrivono in altre lingue: <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_greca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua greca">greco</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_aramaica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua aramaica">aramaico</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_sudarabica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua sudarabica">sabeo</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arab_World_Green.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arab_World_Green.svg/220px-Arab_World_Green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arab_World_Green.svg/330px-Arab_World_Green.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arab_World_Green.svg/440px-Arab_World_Green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477"></a> <figcaption> Il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mondo_arabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mondo arabo">mondo arabo</a> attuale: i 23 (29) Paesi membri della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lega_Araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lega Araba">Lega Araba</a>. Questa è la definizione estesa di mondo arabo, che include anche popoli non strettamente arabi quali i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somali_(gruppo_etnico)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somali (gruppo etnico)">Somali</a> e gli abitanti della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauritania?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> e di altri Paesi parlanti lingue diverse dall'arabo, ma comunque parte della Lega Araba e di una cultura comune con i paesi "arabi" in senso stretto. </figcaption> </figure> <p>È solo nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII secolo">VII secolo</a> che l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> e gli Arabi si affacciano al mondo grazie al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corano">Corano</a> e alla <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">fede islamica</a>. Il Profeta muore nel 632, dopo essere entrato trionfalmente a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Mecca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Mecca">Mecca</a> nel 630: si inaugura così l'entità politica conosciuta come il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfato_dei_Rashidun?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfato dei Rashidun">Califfato dei Rashidun</a> (Califfato degli "Ortodossi", o, erroneamente, "ben guidati<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</p> <p>Guidati da quattro califfi che furono molto vicini al Profeta, gli Arabi conquisteranno in un'espansione fulminea vastissimi territori. Quest'esperienza terminerà nel 661 per lasciare spazio al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfato_degli_Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Califfato degli Omayyadi">Califfato degli Omayyadi</a>. Secondo Retsö<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> furono gli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omayyadi">Omayyadi</a> che si arrogarono il termine "Arabi", lasciando ai più recenti correligionari l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnonimo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnonimo">etnonimo</a> di provenienza (Siriani, Persiani, Egiziani, ecc.).</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="it" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Indice</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Storia"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Storia</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'et%C3%A0_preislamica"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">L'età preislamica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_profeta_Maometto_(570_ca-632)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Il profeta Maometto (570 ca-632)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_rapporto_con_gli_ebrei"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Il rapporto con gli ebrei</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultura_araba"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultura araba</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istituzioni_politiche_e_sociali_arabe"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Istituzioni politiche e sociali arabe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_periodo_dopo_la_morte_del_profeta_Maometto"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Il periodo dopo la morte del profeta Maometto</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#I_califfi_%22ortodossi%22"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">I califfi "ortodossi"</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_rafforzamento_delle_strutture_politiche_e_amministrative"><span class="tocnumber">1.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Il rafforzamento delle strutture politiche e amministrative</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#I_primi_conflitti_nell'Impero_arabo"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">I primi conflitti nell'Impero arabo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib"><span class="tocnumber">1.8.1</span> <span class="toctext">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_califfato_arabo_degli_Omayyadi"><span class="tocnumber">1.9</span> <span class="toctext">Il califfato arabo degli Omayyadi</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Il_califfato_degli_Abbasidi"><span class="tocnumber">1.10</span> <span class="toctext">Il califfato degli Abbasidi</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#La_conquista_ottomana_di_gran_parte_dei_domini_arabi"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">La conquista ottomana di gran parte dei domini arabi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gli_Arabi_in_Italia"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gli Arabi in Italia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L'epoca_contemporanea_e_gli_Stati_moderni"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">L'epoca contemporanea e gli Stati moderni</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetica"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Genetica</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Note"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Note</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografia"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliografia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voci_correlate"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Voci correlate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Altri_progetti"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Altri progetti</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storia_dell%27Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Storia dell'Islam">Storia dell'Islam</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <p>La storia dei popoli arabi può essere divisa in sette grandi periodi:</p> <ul> <li>l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%81hiliyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jāhiliyya">età preislamica</a></li> <li>l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> e il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfato_dei_Rashidun?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfato dei Rashidun">califfato "ortodosso"</a></li> <li>Il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfo">califfato</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omayyadi">omayyade</a></li> <li>Il califfato <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidi">abbaside</a></li> <li>L'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imam">imamato</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatimidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatimidi">fatimide</a></li> <li>Le dinastie locali sorte dopo la caduta del Califfato abbaside</li> <li>L'epoca contemporanea e gli stati moderni</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'età_preislamica"><span id="L.27et.C3.A0_preislamica"></span>L'età preislamica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione L'età preislamica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C4%81hiliyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jāhiliyya">Jāhiliyya</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <p>Nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VI_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VI secolo">VI secolo</a>, la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_arabica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola arabica">penisola arabica</a> era abitata, nelle sue aree centrali e settentrionali, da tribù nomadi indipendenti mentre in quelle meridionali erano attivi, sotto il nome di Himyariti (i latini Homerites), gli eredi dei grandi regni <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabei_(Yemen)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabei (Yemen)">sabei</a>, del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadramawt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadramawt">Hadramawt</a>, del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qataban?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Awsan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Awsan">Awsan</a> e dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minei">Minei</a>, tutte culture sedentarie estremamente progredite nelle conoscenze idrauliche e assai attive fin dal <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secondo_millennio_a.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondo millennio a.C.">secondo millennio a.C.</a> nel commercio dei cosiddetti <i>aromata</i>, fra cui il famoso <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incenso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incenso">incenso</a>, assai richiesti in area <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mar_Mediterraneo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mar Mediterraneo">mediterranea</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamica</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">iranica</a>.</p> <p>I beduini, abitanti delle steppe arabe, erano invece dediti al piccolo e grande nomadismo a causa del loro speciale modo di produzione che si legava strettamente all'allevamento di ovini e del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dromedario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromedario">dromedario</a> (arabo <i>jamal</i>, collettivo <i>ibil</i>) e assaltando altri gruppi nomadi o le carovane dei mercanti. Erano <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politeismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politeismo">politeisti</a> e il santuario della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Mecca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Mecca">Mecca</a> era forse il più importante centro di incontro sia religioso sia commerciale, quanto meno nella regione del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hijaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Ḥijāz</a>.</p> <p>Nei primi periodi dall'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egira?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egira">egira</a>, mediante una rilettura storica del periodo preislamico per esigenze politiche, piuttosto che linguistiche, i beduini preislamici sono stati raggruppati, in due blocchi: gli <i>ʿarab ʿariba</i>, "arabi puri", perché parlanti l'arabo, che sono fatti risalire all'eponimo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yemen">yemenita</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qa%E1%B8%A5%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qaḥṭān">Qaḥṭān</a>, e gli <i>ʿarab mustaʿriba</i>, "arabi arabizzati", cioè popolazioni con stile di vita assimilabile, ma che hanno imparato la lingua sacra dalle tribù arabofone, risalenti a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adnan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adnan">ʿAdnān</a>. In maniera sorprendente, la tribù <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quraysh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, quella di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maometto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maometto">Maometto</a>, appartiene agli ʿadnaniti, probabilmente per bilanciare l'equilibrio tra le due fazioni politiche, poiché i quahtanidi non potevano vantare parentele col Profeta.</p> <p>All'inizio del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII secolo">VII secolo</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maometto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maometto">Maometto</a> riuscì a fare degli Arabi una nazione, fondando uno Stato teocratico.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Il_profeta_Maometto_(570_ca-632)"><span id="Il_profeta_Maometto_.28570_ca-632.29"></span>Il profeta Maometto (570 ca-632)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il profeta Maometto (570 ca-632)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nel 570 circa, alla Mecca nacque <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maometto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maometto">Maometto</a>, mercante, futuro profeta dell'Islam e fondatore della terza religione monoteistica abramitica in ordine di tempo. Nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/610?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="610">610</a> Maometto ebbe alcune visioni dopo essersi ritirato sul monte Hirà, per opera dell'Angelo Gabriele. Cominciò così a professare quella che considerava la religione originaria dell'uomo, l'Islam. Gli abitanti della sua stessa città credevano però che una religione monoteista sarebbe stata un pericolo per gli assetti sociali ed economici e cercarono di isolarlo e contrastarlo fino a minacciare la sua incolumità fisica. Maometto mandò i più indifesi dei suoi pochi seguaci dapprima in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etiopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etiopia">Etiopia</a> (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piccola_Egira?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piccola Egira">Piccola Egira</a>) e poi decise di trasferirsi a Yathrib (poi <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medina">Medina</a>) nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/622?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="622">622</a>. Il suo allontanamento (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egira?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egira">egira</a></i>) segnò l'inizio dell'era islamica e nei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paesi_islamici?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paesi islamici">Paesi islamici</a> è ancora usato questo conteggio di anni.</p> <p>Il profeta Maometto, con una serie di battaglie e di conversioni, conquistò dapprima ampie parti del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hij%C3%A0z?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijàz">Hijàz</a> e infine nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/630?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="630">630</a> la Mecca. Maometto morì nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/632?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="632">632</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG/220px-Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="580"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG/220px-Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG/330px-Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG/440px-Mohammad_adil-Rashidun-empire-at-its-peak-close.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> In verde i territori del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfato_dei_Rashidun?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfato dei Rashidun">Califfato dei Rashidun</a> nel 654. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Gli Arabi elaborarono nello stesso giorno della morte del profeta islamico l'istituto califfale e scelsero come primo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfo">califfo</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Bakr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abū Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>, che rinsaldò la struttura politica e sociale del nuovo Stato dei credenti (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umma_(islam)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umma (islam)">Umma</a></i>), piegando all'obbedienza di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medina">Medina</a> le tribù della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Penisola</a> che intendevano recuperare la loro libertà d'azione precedente alla loro conversione.</p> <p>Con il secondo califfo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%27Omar_ibn_al-Khatt%C3%A0b?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="'Omar ibn al-Khattàb">ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb</a> cominciò invece l'età delle conquiste (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egitto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egitto">Egitto</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persia">Persia</a> occidentale).</p> <p>Già per disposizione del primo califfo, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Bakr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abū Bakr">Abū Bakr</a>, ma assai più per volontà del terzo califfo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān</a>, erano state intanto raccolte le tradizioni orali e i pochissimi appunti in qualche modo scritti relativi al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corano">Corano</a>, il libro sacro dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>, che è un testo di legge, oltre che di morale e di storia passata, anche mitica. Il Corano, tra i tanti altri precetti etici, autorizzava, e in certi casi ordinava il ricorso alle armi (il <i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jih%C4%81d?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jihād">jihād</a></i> cosiddetto minore) per difendersi dai propri nemici ma anche per diffondere la religione di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allah?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allah">Allāh</a> tra i pagani.</p> <p>I successori politici del profeta Maometto, i califfi, avviarono una fortunata e rapida espansione territoriale, occupando <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerusalemme?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerusalemme">Gerusalemme</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damasco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damasco">Damasco</a>, annettendo la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> e annientando l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impero_persiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Impero persiano">Impero persiano</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sasanidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanidi">sasanide</a>.</p> <p>Al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/717?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="717">717</a> risale l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assedio_di_Costantinopoli_(717)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assedio di Costantinopoli (717)">assedio di Costantinopoli</a>, nel corso del quale fu però distrutta la flotta araba, impedendo temporaneamente l'espansione verso la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_balcanica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola balcanica">penisola balcanica</a>.</p> <p>Nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/711?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="711">711</a>, gli Arabi conquistarono la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_iberica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola iberica">penisola iberica</a>, ponendo fine al regno <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visigoti?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visigoti">visigoto</a>, e passarono i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirenei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirenei">Pirenei</a>, ma nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/732?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="732">732</a> furono fermati nella <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battaglia_di_Poitiers_(732)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battaglia di Poitiers (732)">battaglia di Poitiers</a> dai <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franchi">franchi</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlo_Martello?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlo Martello">Carlo Martello</a>. Nel Mediterraneo gli Arabi (detti talora <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saraceni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saraceni">saraceni</a>) conquistarono la Sicilia e si spinsero con continue scorrerie verso le coste della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sardegna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sardegna">Sardegna</a> e della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corsica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, oltre che verso un tratto della costa provenzale e parte della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puglia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puglia">Puglia</a> e della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a></p> <p>La diffusione del dominio arabo-musulmano non fu solo dovuta ai successi militari ma fu favorita dal fatto che molte popolazioni, soggette in precedenza ai <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bizantini?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizantini">Bizantini</a> o ai <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persiani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persiani">Persiani</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sasanidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanidi">sasanidi</a>, preferirono sottomettersi agli Arabi piuttosto che pagare le fortissime tasse richieste dai dominatori nel loro intento di porre rimedio alle enormi distruzioni susseguite al pluridecennale confronto armato tra <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costantinopoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costantinopoli">Costantinopoli</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ctesifonte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ctesifonte">Ctesifonte</a>.</p> <p>Secondo la legge coranica i convertiti ottenevano pieni diritti civili ed erano obbligati al versamento della sola imposta personale della (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakat">zakāt</a></i>), mentre coloro che - come <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastriani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastriani">zoroastriani</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebrei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ebrei">ebrei</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cristiani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristiani">cristiani</a> - preferivano restare fedeli alla propria religione erano tenuti a pagare un'imposta personale non esorbitante (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jizya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>), mantenendo libertà assoluta di culto e, con qualche limitazione, di commercio, seguitando inoltre a gestire in piena autonomia il proprio statuto personale (matrimonio, divorzio, eredità).</p> <p>Un importante tramite fra mondo islamico e cristiano latino furono gli ebrei. Se non si è ancora ben certi di chi fossero in realtà i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radaniti?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radaniti">radaniti</a> che operarono fra <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> e le regioni franche al di là dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirenei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirenei">Pirenei</a>, siamo però ben documentati circa l'azione intermediatrice svolta da un po' tutti gli ebrei spagnoli che, sfruttando la benevolenza dei governi islamici, si avvalsero della loro possibilità di aggirare la norma coranica che vieta il cosiddetto "commercio di denaro" ai musulmani e, in definitiva di lucrare sulle plusvalenze.</p> <p>In <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> gli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ebrei_sefarditi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebrei sefarditi">ebrei sefarditi</a> costituirono una fondamentale classe mercantile che godeva in qualche misura del vantaggio di un analogo statuto giuridico concesso loro dal mondo cristiano che conosceva un identico divieto di conseguire interessi economici su un capitale, importando ed esportando le preziose merci prodotte nell'area islamica e trafficando sui beni che riusciva a produrre il mondo cristiano latino (un esempio è rappresentato dal panno di lana), oltre a tutte le materie prime (specialmente ferro e legname) che difettavano in al-Andalus.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Il_rapporto_con_gli_ebrei">Il rapporto con gli ebrei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il rapporto con gli ebrei" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoca_d%27oro_della_cultura_ebraica_in_Spagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoca d'oro della cultura ebraica in Spagna">Epoca d'oro della cultura ebraica in Spagna</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <p>L'apporto ebraico non fu tuttavia solo di tipo economico-finanziario bensì, in misura tutt'altro che trascurabile, anche scientifico e artistico e soprattutto letterale. A causa dei divieti islamici che impedivano agli ebrei determinate professioni (soldato, giudice e proprietario terriero), gli israeliti furono indirettamente costretti a occuparsi oltre che di commercio anche di tutte le cosiddette professioni "liberali" (nel senso di libere), tra cui quelle di medico, farmacista, studioso e traduttore, trovando benevola e conveniente accoglienza nella società islamica andalusa, giungendo a occupare non di rado importanti funzioni burocratico-amministrative (anche ai massimi livelli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vizir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizir">vizirali</a>) nella macchina governativa islamica.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cultura_araba">Cultura araba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Cultura araba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contributo_islamico_all%27Europa_medievale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contributo islamico all'Europa medievale">Contributo islamico all'Europa medievale</a></b>, <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scienza_e_tecnica_islamiche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scienza e tecnica islamiche">Scienza e tecnica islamiche</a></b> e <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scienziati_e_studiosi_del_mondo_arabo-islamico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scienziati e studiosi del mondo arabo-islamico">Scienziati e studiosi del mondo arabo-islamico</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <p>L'elemento arabo portò all'Occidente cristiano nuove conoscenze tecnologico-scientifiche, specie nell'agricoltura, ma sconosciute (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canna_da_zucchero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canna da zucchero">canna da zucchero</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carciofo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carciofo">carciofo</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oryza_sativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oryza sativa">riso</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spinaci?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinaci">spinaci</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banane?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Banane">banane</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zibibbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zibibbo">zibibbo</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cedri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedri">cedri</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limone">limone</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arancia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arancia">arancia</a> dolce e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotone_(botanica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotone (botanica)">cotone</a>, come pure spezie di vario tipo, quali la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cannella?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannella">cannella</a>, i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiodi_di_garofano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiodi di garofano">chiodi di garofano</a>, la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noce_moscata?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Noce moscata">noce moscata</a> - ossia di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mascate?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mascate">Masqat</a> - il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardamomo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardamomo">cardamomo</a>, lo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zenzero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenzero">zenzero</a> o lo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crocus_sativus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crocus sativus">zafferano</a>) ovvero reintroducendo colture abbandonate dalla fine del cosiddetto periodo classico "antico" (innanzi tutto l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olea_europaea?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olea europaea">ulivo</a> e l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albicocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Albicocco">albicocco</a>). Altri fondamentali apporti furono nella scienza della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matematica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matematica">matematica</a>, l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algebra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algebra">algebra</a> e la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trigonometria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trigonometria">trigonometria</a>, il sistema decimale e il concetto dello zero (elaborati in ambito <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">indiano</a>). Un'altra innovazione tecnologica attribuita agli Arabi è l'introduzione in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civiltà occidentale">Occidente</a> della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bussola?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bussola">bussola</a>, già in uso in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impero_cinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Impero cinese">Cina</a>.</p> <p>I musulmani svilupparono grandemente la medicina, l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alchimia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alchimia">alchimia</a> (genitrice della moderna chimica) la geometria e l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrologia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrologia">astrologia</a>, con gli annessi studi <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomia">astronomici</a> (da ricordare l'introduzione dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrolabio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrolabio">astrolabio</a>). Anche nella filosofia il loro apporto contributivo per l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_continentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa continentale">Europa continentale</a> fu formidabile e, grazie alle traduzioni da essi approntate o da essi commissionate, si tornò a conoscere non pochi testi di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filosofia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> e di pensiero scientifico prodotto in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Et%C3%A0_ellenistica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Età ellenistica">età ellenistica</a>. Grazie a tali traduzioni l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa occidentale">Europa occidentale</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa centrale">centrale</a> (che aveva quasi del tutto cancellato il ricordo del retaggio culturale espresso nell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antichit%C3%A0_classica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antichità classica">antichità classica</a> in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua greca antica">lingua greca</a>) tornò in possesso di opere da tempo trascurate e a rischio di totale oblio.</p> <p>I musulmani sotto dominazione <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidi">abbaside</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatimidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatimidi">fatimide</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">andalusi</a> crearono biblioteche e strutture d'insegnamento pubbliche che - come nel caso di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cordova?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cordova">Cordova</a> - costituirono di fatto le prime università del Vecchio Continente, alimentate dal sapere della cultura persiana antica, da quella indiana e da quella greca ed ebraica. In Occidente la fama di medici quali <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avicenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Razi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Razi">Razī</a> divenne duratura, tanto che i loro lavori divennero libri di testo fino al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIII secolo">XVIII secolo</a>, mentre di notorietà non minore fruirono gli studi di filosofi quali <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Averro%C3%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Averroè">Averroè</a> (che di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotele?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotele">Aristotele</a> "il gran Comento feo", diceva <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> 1 4&nbsp;144) e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geber?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geber">Geber</a>, considerato per secoli anche in ambito cristiano il più grande alchimista.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Istituzioni_politiche_e_sociali_arabe">Istituzioni politiche e sociali arabe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Istituzioni politiche e sociali arabe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Classi sociali nelle zone conquistate dagli Arabi:</p> <ol> <li>Il potere politico era <i>in toto</i> riservato all'elemento islamico conquistatore.</li> <li>I convertiti all'Islam (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mawl%C4%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mawlā">mawali</a>) avevano teoricamente gli stessi diritti dei musulmani di prima generazione ma per tutto il I secolo islamico (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VII secolo">VII</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII secolo">VIII</a> d.C.), sia in Asia e in Africa, sia in al-Andalus, i diritti politici pieni furono loro speciosamente negati dai conquistatori che li forzarono talora a pagare tributi cui i convertiti dovevano in teoria essere del tutto esentati, assoggettati come sarebbero dovuti essere alla sola <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakat">zakat</a>.</li> <li>I non-musulmani godevano di diritti civili alquanto ridotti e pagavano tributi non eccessivi (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jizya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jizya">jizya</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khar%C4%81j?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kharāj">kharāj</a>) ma in ogni caso più gravosi di quelli dovuti dai <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musulmani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musulmani">musulmani</a>.</li> <li>Gli schiavi - pur trattati con relativa umanità - non avevano diritti politici ed economici, anche se, a partire dal <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IX_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IX secolo">IX secolo</a> d.C., fu loro aperta la carriera militare. Massimamente preferiti erano per il "mestiere delle armi" i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saqaliba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a> (all'incirca traducibile con "Schiavoni"), provenienti dalle <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_balcanica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola balcanica">aree balcaniche</a> ma anche dalle regioni franco-germaniche e dalla stessa Italia.</li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Il_periodo_dopo_la_morte_del_profeta_Maometto">Il periodo dopo la morte del profeta Maometto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il periodo dopo la morte del profeta Maometto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Dalla morte di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maometto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maometto">Maometto</a>, nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/632?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="632">632</a>, fino al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/661?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="661">661</a> si succedettero alla guida dei musulmani quattro califfi elettivi che mantennero la capitale a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medina">Medina</a> e che i musulmani definiscono "ortodossi" (<i>al-rāshidūn</i>).</p> <p>Intorno al 661 i musulmani cominciarono a differenziarsi. Dapprima con il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kharigismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kharigismo">kharigiti</a>, con l'alidismo (poi evoluto nello <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciismo">sciismo</a>), con il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mutazilismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mutazilismo">mutaziliti</a> e, infine col <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunnismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunnismo">sunniti</a>.</p> <p>Punto di grande divergenza fu a chi competesse guidare la <i>Umma</i> islamica, coi kharigiti che indicavano il migliore dei musulmani, a prescindere dalla sua razza e dalla sua condizione sociale, con gli alidi (poi sciiti) che limitavano alla sola famiglia stretta del profeta Maometto (la <i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i>) tale diritto e con i sunniti che, pur preferendo che il califfo fosse arabo e della stessa tribù del Profeta, non indicavano tutto questo come condizione dirimente e assoluta, tanto che nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIII secolo">XIII secolo</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, un noto pensatore hanbalita, pensava possibile un califfato mamelucco, e quindi turco, per il fatto che proprio i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelucchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamelucchi">Mamelucchi</a> erano stati in grado di evitare la catastrofica avanzata <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongoli">mongola</a> con la vittoria inattesa di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baybars?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baybars">Baybars</a> ad <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battaglia_di_Ayn_Jalut?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battaglia di Ayn Jalut">ʿAyn Jālūt</a> (La fonte di Golia), in territorio <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palestina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palestina">palestinese</a>.</p> <p>Nel 661 fu istituita la dinastia degli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omayyadi">Omayyadi</a>, il califfato divenne ereditario e la capitale fu spostata a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Damasco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Damasco">Damasco</a>: nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/750?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="750">750</a> prese il potere la dinastia degli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidi">Abbasidi</a> e la capitale fu portata a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, anche se per qualche decennio fu edificata una nuova capitale a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samarra?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samarra">Sāmarrāʾ</a>, nell'attuale <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="I_califfi_&quot;ortodossi&quot;"><span id="I_califfi_.22ortodossi.22"></span>I califfi "ortodossi"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione I califfi &quot;ortodossi&quot;" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/632?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="632">632</a>, alla morte del profeta Maometto nella penisola arabica le opposizioni interne erano state sconfitte ed era stata raggiunta l'unità religiosa degli arabi. I territori circostanti erano controllati in gran parte dall'impero bizantino e dalla dinastia persiano-sasanide.</p> <p>Vari furono i motivi che spinsero gli arabi alla successiva campagna di conquiste, da un lato scontri passati con le forze persiane avevano dimostrato la superiorità della cavalleria leggera araba sui <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catafratto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catafratto">catafratti</a> e si era quindi diffusa la convinzione di poter battere l'impero persiano; dall'altro lato una serie di rivolte interne affrontate dal primo successore del profeta Maometto, suo suocero Abū Bakr (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/632?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="632">632</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/634?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="634">634</a>), che ebbe il titolo di califfo, cioè vicario del profeta, spinsero a dirigere la combattività verso obiettivi esterni.</p> <p>Tutto il governo del primo califfo fu infatti impegnato nella cosiddetta "guerra della <i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ridda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ridda">ridda</a></i>", per domare le tribù beduine che pensavano di poter recuperare la libertà d'azione precedente alla loro conversione o alla loro sottoscrizione di un accordo con la <i>Umma</i> islamica di Medina.</p> <p>Le truppe arabe inviate dal successivo califfo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%27Omar_ibn_al-Khatt%C3%A0b?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="'Omar ibn al-Khattàb">ʿUmar b. al-Khattāb</a> (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/634?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="634">634</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/644?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="644">644</a>) riuscirono, con una serie di vittorie sui pur agguerriti eserciti bizantini guidati dall'imperatore <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eraclio_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eraclio I">Eraclio I</a>, a occupare Damasco. Fatale ai Bizantini fu la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battaglia_del_Yarmuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battaglia del Yarmuk">battaglia del Yarmuk</a>, in cui una serie di errori da parte dei comandanti dell'esercito guidato dall'Imperatore <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eraclio_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eraclio I">Eraclio I</a> provocò la disfatta e il ritiro delle truppe bizantine. Nel 638 gli Arabi conquistarono anche Gerusalemme e, nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/642?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="642">642</a>, l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sasanidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanidi">Impero persiano sasanide</a>. Dopo la morte di ʿOmar, sotto la guida del terzo califfo elettivo ʿOthmān ibn ʿAffān (<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/644?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="644">644</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/656?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="656">656</a>) l'espansione continuò verso l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, e lungo la costa africana del Mediterraneo fino alla <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.</p> <p>Tramite contatti con le popolazioni semitiche siriane e con quelle cristiane copte d'Egitto, gli Arabi avevano ulteriormente migliorato le loro già buone tradizioni marinare. Iniziarono quindi a inoltrarsi nel Mediterraneo, dove, battuta la flotta bizantina, occuparono <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cipro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cipro">Cipro</a> dando inizio alla talassocrazia araba nel quadrante centrale e occidentale del Mediterraneo; in quello orientale, invece, il controllo dei mari fu sempre aspramente conteso dai BNizantini, che coi loro <i>dromoi</i> (navi) conservarono un'eccellente capacità dissuasiva.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Il_rafforzamento_delle_strutture_politiche_e_amministrative">Il rafforzamento delle strutture politiche e amministrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il rafforzamento delle strutture politiche e amministrative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Il califfo ʿOmar si dedicò al rafforzamento delle strutture amministrative. Stabilì con l'istituto del <i>dīwān</i> (amministrazione scritta) che gli infedeli versassero "per essere accolti e protetti" un'imposta personale (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jizya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>) e una tassa fondiaria (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khar%C4%81j?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kharāj">kharāj</a></i>), mentre i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musulmani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musulmani">musulmani</a> e i convertiti all'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> pagavano una sola tassa, l'elemosina obbligatoria (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zakat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakat">zakāt</a></i>). Lo stato requisì le terre abbandonate dal proprietari di fronte all'avanzata delle truppe, mentre per i proprietari rimasti furono istituite delle tasse fondiarie; inoltre venne creato un efficiente organo amministrativo, che aveva il compito specifico di pagare il soldo ai combattenti e le pensioni alle vedove dei caduti e ai loro figli rimasti orfani (<i>dīwān al-ḥarb</i>, cioè "amministrazione militare").</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="I_primi_conflitti_nell'Impero_arabo"><span id="I_primi_conflitti_nell.27Impero_arabo"></span>I primi conflitti nell'Impero arabo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione I primi conflitti nell'Impero arabo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Al tempo di ʿOthmān cominciarono a delinearsi contrasti e conflitti nel mondo arabo. Il califfo fu accusato di favorire i propri potenti familiari, gli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omayyadi">Omayyadi</a>. Contemporaneamente, poiché ʿOthman aveva provveduto a una definitiva redazione scritta del testo coranico, si ribellarono i <i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Qurr%C3%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Qurrà (la pagina non esiste)">Qurrà</a></i>, o "recitatori" del Libro sacro, che contribuirono (con le insoddisfatte popolazioni egiziane e di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kufa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>) a provocare nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/656?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="656">656</a> un complotto che finì con l'assassinio dello stesso califfo.</p> <p>Gli arabi avevano già sconfitto l'Impero Bizantino strappandogli la Siria. Avevano inoltre distrutto, con estrema facilità l'Impero Persiano (637/644). Conquistarono l'Egitto (642) e marciarono lungo la costa dell'Africa, raggiungendo il Marocco.</p> <p>Nel 711 circa, i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berberi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berberi">Berberi</a> (detti anche "Mori" dagli Europei) diventarono padroni della Spagna.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="ʿAlī_ibn_Abī_Ṭālib"><span id=".CA.BFAl.C4.AB_ibn_Ab.C4.AB_.E1.B9.AC.C4.81lib"></span>ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Per alcuni anni il califfato fu retto da <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib">ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib</a>, cugino e genero del profeta Maometto, che dovette lottare contro gli Omayyadi e affrontare la rivolta scismatica del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kharigismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kharigismo">kharigiti</a>, culminata nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/661?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="661">661</a> nell'assassinio dello stesso ʿAlī, ucciso da un kharigita avverso tanto a lui quanto al suo antagonista <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mu%27awiya_ibn_Abi_Sufyan?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan">Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān</a>, che chiedeva si punissero i responsabili dell'omicidio del suo parente ʿOthmān e che sarà il fondatore della dinastia omayyade. L'uccisione di ʿAlī causò la nascita di un forte sentimento alide che più tardi evolverà nello <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciismo">Sciismo</a>, che sosteneva per ʿAlī e i suoi diretti discendenti il legittimo potere califfale.</p> <p>Dal <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/661?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="661">661</a>, fino al <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/750?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="750">750</a>, il califfato diventò dinastico e fu retto da una serie di califfi appartenenti tutti alla famiglia omayyade, del ramo sufyanide dapprima e di quello marwanide poi.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Il_califfato_arabo_degli_Omayyadi">Il califfato arabo degli Omayyadi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il califfato arabo degli Omayyadi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nel 732 furono respinti a <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battaglia_di_Poitiers_(732)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battaglia di Poitiers (732)">Poitiers</a> (Francia) da <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlo_Martello?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlo Martello">Carlo Martello</a>.</p> <p>A causa della sua vastità l'impero, verso la metà dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII secolo">VIII secolo</a>, entrò in crisi. La dinastia omayyade dovette affrontare l'opposizione <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib">alide</a> e il crescente malumore dei convertiti non arabi (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mawl%C4%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mawlā">mawālī</a></i>), insofferenti del sistema burocratico e fiscale con il quale gli Omayyadi controllavano l'impero.<br> Entrambi contribuirono al successo della rivolta guidata dalla famiglia <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Mecca?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Mecca">meccana</a> degli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidi">Abbasidi</a> che nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/750?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="750">750</a>, dopo una serie di vittorie militari, presero il potere e sterminarono gran parte della famiglia degli Omayyadi. L'unico superstite si rifugiò in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Andalus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> dove fu acclamato come <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emiro">emiro</a> dopo aver sconfitto il vecchio governatore che s'era reso in quei frangenti autonomo. I suoi discendenti, nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/X_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="X secolo">X secolo</a>, ripresero il titolo di califfo con <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abd al-Rahman III">ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Il_califfato_degli_Abbasidi">Il califfato degli Abbasidi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Il califfato degli Abbasidi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Da <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mansur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansūr</a> ad <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> il califfato produsse l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epoca_d%27oro_islamica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epoca d'oro islamica">epoca d'oro islamica</a>, con un impero vastissimo che toccava da una parte l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oceano_Atlantico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oceano Atlantico">Atlantico</a> e dall'altra penetrava nel sub-continente <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">indiano</a>. L'eccessiva ampiezza fece lentamente collassare il sistema, con un'amministrazione fiscale sempre più preoccupata a drenare risorse per forze armate pletoriche e relativamente efficienti e disciplinate. Questo aveva perso le sue caratteristiche nazionali e, se già con la caduta degli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Omayyadi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Omayyadi">Omayyadi</a> s'era persa la caratterizzazione araba a vantaggio di quella iranica, con il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Califfo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Califfo">califfato</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Muʿtaṣim</a> aveva fatto il suo prepotente ingresso sulla scena l'elemento turco. Inizialmente schiavo, l'elemento turco prese via via consapevolezza della sua forza e della sua centralità nella risoluzione delle continue tensioni che muovevano la periferia contro il centro.</p> <p>L'enorme dilatazione del califfato e la sempre minor efficienza dell'amministrazione favorirono rivendicazioni nazionali e, dopo l'autonomia di governo riconosciuta dagli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbasidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasidi">Abbasidi</a> ad <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aghlabidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aghlabidi">Aghlabidi</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tahiridi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tahiridi">Tahiridi</a>, si ebbero le prime esperienze indipendentistiche, di cui la prima fu quella dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulunidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunidi">Tulunidi</a> in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egitto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egitto">Egitto</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siria">Siria</a> (si veda <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storia_dell%27Egitto_tulunide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Storia dell'Egitto tulunide">Storia dell'Egitto tulunide</a>). Si formarono così, con l'andare del tempo, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emiro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emiro">emirati</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sultano">sultanati</a> indipendenti, non di rado in lotta fra loro. Tutto ciò moltiplicò le corti dando nuovo respiro all'economia, in grado ora d'investire sul posto senza essere costretta ad arricchire il solo centro dell'impero, oltre che alla scienza e alle attività culturali in genere grazie a una vivace committenza da parte dei vari sovrani.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="La_conquista_ottomana_di_gran_parte_dei_domini_arabi">La conquista ottomana di gran parte dei domini arabi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione La conquista ottomana di gran parte dei domini arabi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Un importante sconvolgimento politico e una nuova configurazione del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicino_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vicino Oriente">Vicino Oriente</a> arabo fu rappresentato dalla vittoria dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turchi_ottomani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turchi ottomani">Turchi ottomani</a> sui <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mamelucchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mamelucchi">Mamelucchi</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circassi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circassi">circassi</a> d'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egitto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egitto">Egitto</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siria">Siria</a> e parte d'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, con la vittoria nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1517?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1517">1517</a> degli eserciti del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sultano_ottomano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultano ottomano">sultano ottomano</a> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selim_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selim I">Selīm I</a> nella <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battaglia_di_al-Raydaniyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battaglia di al-Raydaniyya">battaglia di al-Raydaniyya</a>.</p> <p>Le campagne di Selīm I ricostituirono in qualche modo, seppur parzialmente, lo scomparso dominio califfale <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abbaside?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaside">abbaside</a>, anche se, ancora una volta, i territori dell'estremo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maghreb?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (Maghreb al-Aqṣā), corrispondente all'incirca all'attuale <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marocco">Marocco</a>, conservarono la loro piena indipendenza, e del tutto estranee al potere di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Costantinopoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Costantinopoli">Istanbul</a> e, anzi, fortemente ostili, rimasero le terre <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">iraniche</a>, che con i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Safavidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Safavidi">Safavidi</a> conobbero una vistosa crescita economica e culturale.</p> <p>Gli Arabi, nella loro quasi totalità, divennero perciò sudditi ottomani e così rimasero fino al termine della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prima_guerra_mondiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prima guerra mondiale">prima guerra mondiale</a>, in cui l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impero_ottomano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a> crollò sotto i colpi degli Alleati.</p> <p>La nascita di realtà nazionali arabe diventa una realtà alla fine dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII secolo">VIII secolo</a>, quando la contrapposizione religiosa tra <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunniti?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunniti">sunniti</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alidi">alidi</a> porta alla nascita della dinastia <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idrisidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idrisidi">idriside</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fès">Fez</a>, o quando la necessità di un decentramento in una realtà gigantesca e sempre meno efficiente come quella del califfato comporta la necessità di forme di autonomismo (il primo caso fu quello del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Visir?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Visir">ato</a> militare <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aghlabide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabide">aghlabide</a> in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ifriqiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ifriqiya">Ifrīqiya</a>, nell'odierna <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, seguito da quello dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulunidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunidi">Tulunidi</a> in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egitto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egitto">Egitto</a>).</p> <p>Le dinastie (in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingua_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingua araba">arabo</a> <i>dawla</i>, termine significativamente destinato, secoli dopo, a indicare lo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stato">Stato</a> nazionale) convivono quindi accanto a una realtà califfale in progressiva crisi istituzionale e in deciso ripiegamento, fino alla decisiva e drammatica caduta di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baghdad?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> e di ciò che restava dell'antico potere abbaside per mano dei guerrieri <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongoli">mongoli</a> di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hulegu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulegu">Hulegu</a> nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1258?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1258">1258</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gli_Arabi_in_Italia">Gli Arabi in Italia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Gli Arabi in Italia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r133964453"> <div style="" class="ambox metadata plainlinks avviso avviso-contenuto"> <div class="avviso-testo mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-div"> <b>Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento antropologia è ritenuta <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aiuto:Voci_da_controllare?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aiuto:Voci da controllare">da controllare</a></b>. <div class="hide-when-compact"> <b>Motivo</b>: <i>In Sicilia giunsero popolazioni Berbere ed Egiziane, islamizzate quasi un secolo prima le incursioni piratesche della stessa; idem per il cd Mezzogiorno d'Italia.</i> <div class="noprint"> <hr>Partecipa alla <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussione:Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussione:Arabi">discussione</a> e/o <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DArabi%26action%3Dedit">correggi</a> la voce. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"> <span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Storia_della_Sicilia_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Storia della Sicilia araba">Storia della Sicilia araba</a></b>.</span> </div> </div> <p>La grande offensiva araba che investì il Mezzogiorno d'Italia nel corso dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII secolo">VIII</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IX_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IX secolo">IX secolo</a> ebbe come principale attrice la dinastia degli emiri <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aghlabidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aghlabidi">aghlabidi</a> che, a partire dall'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/800?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="800">800</a>, aveva consolidato la propria posizione in quella regione che gli Arabi chiamavano <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ifriqiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ifriqiya">Ifrīqiya</a>, corrispondente sostanzialmente alla <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, a parte dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Algeria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> occidentale e a piccole porzioni della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cirenaica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cirenaica">Cirenaica</a>.</p> <p>La penetrazione araba in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicilia">Sicilia</a> ebbe inizio nell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/827?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="827">827</a>, sostenuta, in chiave anti-bizantina, dal nobile locale <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eufemio_da_Messina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eufemio da Messina">Eufemio da Messina</a>. Nonostante questo l'esercito arabo-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berberi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berberi">berbero</a>, guidato inizialmente dall'anziano giureconsulto <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asad_ibn_al-Furat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asad ibn al-Furat">Asad ibn al-Furāt</a>, impiegò numerosi decenni prima di vincere la forte resistenza locale e quella dei bizantini che detenevano il controllo dell'isola. Dopo la caduta di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palermo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, avvenuta nell'anno <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/831?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="831">831</a>, sorse un <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirato">emirato</a> siciliano, divenuto di fatto autonomo (dall'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/899?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="899">899</a> e per quasi un secolo) dal potere dei <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fatimidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fatimidi">Fatimidi</a>, succeduti nel frattempo in Ifrīqiya agli <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aghlabidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aghlabidi">Aghlabidi</a>.</p> <p>Mediante una lenta penetrazione prolungatasi per tutto il secolo e completata nel <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/902?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="902">902</a> con la caduta di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taormina?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taormina">Taormina</a>, gli Arabo-Berberi d'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ifriqiya?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ifriqiya">Ifrīqiya</a> si insediarono stabilmente sull'isola, sostenuti da una consistente immigrazione dal Nord Africa e da una riuscita opera di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">islamizzazione</a> delle popolazioni isolane, soprattutto nella zona occidentale dell'isola. Il processo di islamizzazione non cancellò comunque l'elemento greco-latino che rimase maggioritario e il rilevante ruolo delle <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diaspora_ebraica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diaspora ebraica">comunità ebraiche</a>, che abbandonarono l'isola solo molti secoli dopo, per disposizione spagnola.</p> <p>Nel resto del Meridione, ad eccezione dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirato_di_Bari?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirato di Bari">Emirato di Bari</a>, che peraltro non si orientò mai verso la costruzione di un dominio regionale, e di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirato_di_Taranto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirato di Taranto">quello di Taranto</a>, la presenza araba in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puglia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puglia">Puglia</a> e in <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campania?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campania">Campania</a> ebbe fondamentalmente vocazione predatoria. Per questo i musulmani talora dettero vita a insediamenti stabili che potessero fungere da basi per sostenere le loro azioni militari nell'entroterra e sui mari (si ricordi in particolare la base sul <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garigliano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garigliano">Garigliano</a>, o del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traetto_(insediamento_musulmano)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traetto (insediamento musulmano)">Traetto</a>). Non migliore fortuna ebbero i tentativi di espansione islamica verso la <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calabria?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> sul finire dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIII secolo">VIII secolo</a>.</p> <p>La <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conquista_araba_della_Sicilia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquista araba della Sicilia">conquista araba della Sicilia</a> ebbe come conseguenza globale il blocco dei commerci via mare col mediterraneo occidentale, facendo della rotta <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bisanzio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bisanzio">Bisanzio</a>-<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venezia">Venezia</a> l'unica praticabile alle navi europee da oriente a occidente, favorendo lo sviluppo di Venezia come porto di tutta l'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa occidentale">Europa occidentale</a>.</p> <p>La dominazione araba sulla Sicilia ebbe termine tra il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1061?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1061">1061</a> e il <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1091?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1091">1091</a>, nei trent'anni che i <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normanni?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Normanni">normanni</a> impiegarono a riconquistare l'isola (Palermo fu conquistata nell'agosto del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1071?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1071">1071</a>). Essa ebbe comunque influssi positivi sull'isola sia in campo economico (l'introduzione di più avanzate tecniche di coltivazione e l'eliminazione del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latifondo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latifondo">latifondo</a>, portarono a una maggiore produttività e contribuirono a dare un forte impulso ai già attivi commerci), sia in quello culturale. Palermo, ad esempio, conobbe una splendida fioritura artistica e fu ricordata come la principale città islamica del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maghreb?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, dopo <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cordova?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cordova">Cordova</a>, per l'alto numero di moschee, bagni pubblici (<i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hammam?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hammam">hammām</a></i>) e istituzioni scolastiche.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="L'epoca_contemporanea_e_gli_Stati_moderni"><span id="L.27epoca_contemporanea_e_gli_Stati_moderni"></span>L'epoca contemporanea e gli Stati moderni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione L'epoca contemporanea e gli Stati moderni" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In epoca preislamica, gli Arabi vivevano non solo nell'originaria <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penisola_arabica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penisola arabica">penisola arabica</a>, ma anche in Siria (<i>bilād al-Shām</i>) e nella <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mesopotamia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> centrale e meridionale, prima di emigrare in buon numero in quello che viene definito <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mondo_arabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mondo arabo">mondo arabo</a>. Esso, all'alba del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terzo_millennio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Terzo millennio">terzo millennio</a>, comprende 22 Paesi del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicino_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vicino Oriente">Vicino</a> e <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medio_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medio Oriente">Medio Oriente</a> e del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordafrica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordafrica">Nordafrica</a>, che hanno ottenuto l'indipendenza dalle potenze <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mandati_della_Societ%C3%A0_delle_Nazioni&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mandati della Società delle Nazioni (la pagina non esiste)">mandatarie</a> anglo-francesi e dall'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italia">Italia</a> tra la prima e la seconda metà del <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novecento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Novecento">Novecento</a>, per effetto dei processi di decolonizzazione e delle guerre di liberazione animate dal <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazionalismo_arabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazionalismo arabo">nazionalismo arabo</a>, che s'era già manifestato verso la fine dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottocento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottocento">Ottocento</a>, quando molti Stati erano ancora governati dall'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impero_ottomano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impero ottomano">Impero ottomano</a>.</p> <p>Politicamente oggi gli Arabi si riuniscono nella <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lega_araba?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lega araba">Lega araba</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Genetica">Genetica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Genetica" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Un recente studio genetico pubblicato sull'European Journal of Human Genetics nel 2019 ha dimostrato che le popolazioni dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia occidentale">Asia occidentale</a> (arabi), degli europei, dei nordafricani, degli asiatici del sud (indiani) e di alcuni asiatici centrali sono strettamente correlate tra loro. Possono essere chiaramente distinti dagli africani subsahariani o dalle popolazioni dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_orientale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia orientale">Asia orientale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Il cluster genetico "Eurasiatico occidentale" comprende le popolazioni di <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medio_Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medio Oriente">Medio Oriente</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nord_Africa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord Africa">Nord Africa</a> e gran parte dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_meridionale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia meridionale">Asia meridionale</a>. Storicamente, parti della <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siberia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> e dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asia_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asia centrale">Asia centrale</a> erano anch'esse abitate da popolazioni dell'<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_occidentale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa occidentale">Europa occidentale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <dl> <dt> Annotazioni </dt> </dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Da una prospettiva linguistica.</span></li> </ol> </div> <dl> <dt> Fonti </dt> </dl> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Lings?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/799464330"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il profeta Muhammad&nbsp;: la sua vita secondo le fonti più antiche</span></a>, traduzione di Sergio Volpe, Il leone verde, 2004, p.&nbsp;360, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-87139-60-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-87139-60-1">88-87139-60-1</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/799464330">799464330</a>. <small>URL consultato il 30 aprile 2021</small>.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Kleffner Nydell <i>Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times</i>, Intercultural Press, 2005, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1931930252?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1931930252</a>, page xxiii, 14</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Daniele Mascitelli, <i>L'arabo preislamico</i>, Roma, L'erma di Bretschneider, 2006</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Il termine per indicare l'"ortodosso" è in arabo <i>rāshid</i>, mentre il "ben guidato [da Dio]", è <i>rashīd</i></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Jan Retsö, <i><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quraysh?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quraysh">The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads</a></i>, Londra, Routledge, 2003.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Andrew J. Pakstis, Cemal Gurkan e Mustafa Dogan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6871633/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Genetic relationships of European, Mediterranean, and SW Asian populations using a panel of 55 AISNPs</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">European Journal of Human Genetics</span>, vol.&nbsp;27, n.&nbsp;12, 2019-12, pp.&nbsp;1885–1893, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%252Fs41431-019-0466-6">10.1038/s41431-019-0466-6</a>. <small>URL consultato il 4 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Miroslava Derenko, Boris Malyarchuk e Galina Denisova, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/6562c89f-4281-3437-b012-2930f022b01a/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Western Eurasian ancestry in modern Siberians based on mitogenomic data</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BMC Evolutionary Biology</span>, vol.&nbsp;14, n.&nbsp;1, 2014, pp.&nbsp;undefined–undefined, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%252Fs12862-014-0217-9">10.1186/s12862-014-0217-9</a>. <small>URL consultato il 4 giugno 2020</small>.</cite></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>Edward Atiya, <i>Gli arabi</i>, Bologna, Cappelli, 1962</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pier_Giovanni_Donini?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pier Giovanni Donini">Pier Giovanni Donini</a>, <i>Il mondo arabo-islamico</i>, Roma, Edizioni Lavoro, 1995</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francesco_Gabrieli?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francesco Gabrieli">Francesco Gabrieli</a>, <i>Gli arabi</i>, Firenze, Sansoni, 1957</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo_Guidi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo Guidi">Michelangelo Guidi</a>, <i>Storia e cultura degli arabi fino alla morte del profeta Mohammed</i>, Firenze, Sansoni, 1951</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Lammens?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Lammens">Henri Lammens</a>, <i>Le berceau de l'Islam</i>, Roma, Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1914</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claudio_Lo_Jacono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Claudio Lo Jacono">Claudio Lo Jacono</a>, <i>Storia del mondo musulmano (VII-XVI secolo)</i>, Torino, Einaudi, 2004</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlo_Alfonso_Nallino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlo Alfonso Nallino">Carlo Alfonso Nallino</a>, "Sulla costituzione delle tribù arabe prima dell'Islamismo", in: <i>Raccolta di studi editi e inediti</i>, Roma, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istituto_per_l%27Oriente?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto per l'Oriente">Istituto per l'Oriente</a>, 1941, III, pp.&nbsp;64–86.</li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alain_Ducellier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alain Ducellier (la pagina non esiste)">Alain Ducellier</a>, <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Francoise_Micheau&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Francoise Micheau (la pagina non esiste)">Francoise Micheau</a>, <i>L'Islam nel Medioevo</i>, Bologna, il Mulino, 2004</li> <li>Leone Caetani, <i>Annali dell'Islam</i>, 10 voll., New York, 1972 (repr.)</li> <li>Alfred Schlicht, <i>Die Araber und Europa</i>, Stuttgart, 2010</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arabi_cristiani?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arabi cristiani">Arabi cristiani</a></li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazionalismo_arabo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazionalismo arabo">Nazionalismo arabo</a></li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paesi_arabi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paesi arabi">Paesi arabi</a></li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panarabismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panarabismo">Panarabismo</a></li> <li><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rinascimento_del_XII_secolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rinascimento del XII secolo">Rinascimento del XII secolo</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"> <p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p> <ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arabi" class="extiw" title="q:Arabi">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/arabo" class="extiw" title="wikt:arabo">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Arab people"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab_people?uselang%3Dit">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"> <noscript> <img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" data-width="18" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sugli <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arabi" class="extiw" title="q:Arabi">arabi</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"> <noscript> <img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" data-alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" data-width="18" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/arabo" class="extiw" title="wikt:arabo">arabi</a></b>»</li> <li><span 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href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th> <td><a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>)&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85006349">sh85006349</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>)&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002528-7">4002528-7</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>,&nbsp;<abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>)&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007294711605171">987007294711605171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</span> <a href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>,&nbsp;<abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>)&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560301">00560301</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="flex-grow: 1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.015 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DArabi%26oldid%3D142246893">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;oldid=142246893</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://it-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Arabi&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div 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data-language-local-name="accinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D1%2580" title="Арапхэр - adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Арапхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Arabiere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araber" title="Araber - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Araber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arabes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabas" title="Arabas - inglese antico" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Arabas" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="inglese antico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voce in vetrina"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="عرب - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A5%25DC%25A1%25DC%2590_%25DC%25A5%25DC%25AA%25DC%2592%25DC%259D%25DC%2590" title="ܥܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ - aramaico" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܐ ܥܪܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="لعرب - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعرب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="عرب - arabo egiziano" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabo egiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_%25C3%25A1rabe" title="Pueblu árabe - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu árabe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB" title="ГӀарабал - avaro" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀарабал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C6%258Fr%25C9%2599bl%25C9%2599r" title="Ərəblər - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəblər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1" title="عربلر - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عربلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D2%2592%25D3%2599%25D1%2580%25D3%2599%25D0%25BF%25D1%2582%25D3%2599%25D1%2580" title="Ғәрәптәр - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ғәрәптәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Arab" title="Wong Arab - balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Arab" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B" title="Арабы - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арабы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B" title="Арабы - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арабы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8" title="Араби - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Араби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab - banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2586%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AC_%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="আরব জাতি - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরব জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A8%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2580%25E0%25BE%25B1%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BC%258B" title="ཨ་རབ་ཀྱི་མི་ - tibetano" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་རབ་ཀྱི་མི་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabed" title="Arabed - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arabed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapi" title="Arapi - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Arapi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4" title="Арабууд - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арабууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580rabs" title="Àrabs - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrabs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%258C%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Ӏаьрбий - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьрбий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo - cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arabo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8" title="عەرەب - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەرەب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabov%25C3%25A9" title="Arabové - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC" title="Арапсем - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арапсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiaid" title="Arabiaid - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arabiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabere" title="Arabere - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Arabere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laribu" title="Laribu - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laribu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araber" title="Araber - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Araber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebi" title="Erebi - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erebi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2586%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B2%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582" title="Άραβες - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άραβες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Arabs" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araboj" title="Araboj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_%25C3%25A1rabe" title="Pueblo árabe - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araablased" title="Araablased - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Araablased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar" title="Arabiar - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="مردم عرب - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم عرب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabit" title="Arabit - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%25C3%25A1bar" title="Arábar - faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Arábar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arabes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabieren" title="Arabieren - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Arabieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabaigh" title="Arabaigh - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arabaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581rabes" title="Árabes - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Árabes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab - gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunakai_tutkos" title="Alijunakai tutkos - wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunakai tutkos" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larabawa" title="Larabawa - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Larabawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2591%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="ערבים - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AC_%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%2597" title="अरब लोग - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरब लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapi" title="Arapi - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabok" title="Arabok - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arabok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A2%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Արաբներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Arab" title="Orang Arab - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D3%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Ӏарбий - ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏарбий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabar" title="Arabar - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Arabar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%2596%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="アラブ人 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラブ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="არაბები - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%25C9%259Braben" title="Aɛraben - cabilo" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aɛraben" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabilo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Arab" title="Jolma Arab - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Arab" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Арабтар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арабтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2595%2584%25EB%259E%258D%25EC%259D%25B8" title="아랍인 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereb" title="Ereb - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ereb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Арабдар - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арабдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arabes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiere" title="Arabiere - limburghese" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Arabiere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolo_arabo" title="Popolo arabo - ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Popolo arabo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabai" title="Arabai - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Arabai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%25C4%2581bi" title="Arābi - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo_(vahoaka)" title="Arabo (vahoaka) - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arabo (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Arab" title="Urang Arab - menangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Urang Arab" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="menangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8" title="Арапи - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%2585%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25AC%25E0%25B4%25BF_%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25A4" title="അറബി ജനത - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2587%25D1%2583%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4" title="Арабчууд - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арабчууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2591%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2595" title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯥꯔꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Arab" title="Bangsa Arab - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangsa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C4%25A7arab" title="Għarab - maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Għarab" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%25A1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25B8" title="အာရပ်များ - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရပ်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="عرب - mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عرب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabieren" title="Arabieren - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabarar" title="Arabarar - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Arabarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabere" title="Arabere - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arabere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581s%25C3%25A1%25C3%25AD_din%25C3%25A9%25CA%25BCi%25CA%25BC" title="Ásáí dinéʼiʼ - navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ásáí dinéʼiʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arabs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BC" title="Араббаг адæм - ossetico" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Араббаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%2585%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AC_%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%2595" title="ਅਰਬ ਲੋਕ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਬ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabowie" title="Arabowie - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="عرب - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="عربان - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عربان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2581rabes" title="Árabes - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Árabes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B" title="Арабы - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%258B" title="Арабы - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арабы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Араабтар - sacha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араабтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sacha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580rabos" title="Àrabos - sardo" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àrabos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs - scozzese" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Arabs" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scozzese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8" title="عرب - sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عرب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapi" title="Arapi - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arapi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people" title="Arab people - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Arab people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arabi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabci" title="Arabci - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Arabci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarabhu" title="Vaarabhu - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vaarabhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabta" title="Carabta - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Carabta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab%25C3%25ABt" title="Arabët - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arabët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8" title="Арапи - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арапи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Arab" title="Urang Arab - sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Arab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araber" title="Araber - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Araber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarabu" title="Waarabu - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Waarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="அராபியர் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அராபியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE" title="Арабҳо - tagico" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арабҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tagico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25AB%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%259A" title="อาหรับ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Arabe" title="Mga Arabe - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Arabe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplar" title="Araplar - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Araplar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D3%2599%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D3%2599%25D1%2580" title="Гарәпләр - tataro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәпләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25DB%2595%25D8%25A8%25D9%2584%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1" title="ئەرەبلەر - uiguro" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرەبلەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8" title="Араби - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Араби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="عرب قوم - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عرب قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arablar" title="Arablar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arablar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Di_%25E1%25BA%25A2_R%25E1%25BA%25ADp" title="Người Ả Rập - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabo_(katawhan)" title="Arabo (katawhan) - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Arabo (katawhan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araab" title="Araab - wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Araab" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2598%25BF%25E6%258B%2589%25E4%25BC%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="阿拉伯人 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿拉伯人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2598" title="არაბეფი - mengrelio" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mengrelio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%2591%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8" title="אראבער - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אראבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2580w%25E1%25BB%258Dn_%25C3%2581r%25C3%25A0b%25C3%25B9" title="Àwọn Áràbù - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Áràbù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araobieren" title="Araobieren - zelandese" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Araobieren" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2598%25BF%25E6%258B%2589%25E4%25BC%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="阿拉伯人 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-la-pek-l%25C3%25A2ng" title="A-la-pek-lâng - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-la-pek-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%2598%25BF%25E6%258B%2589%25E4%25BC%25AF%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="阿拉伯人 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉伯人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta 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