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id="toc-Popularity_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Popularity and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Кранк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кранк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Кранк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кранк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Крънк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крънк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="کرانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%81%ED%81%AC" title="크렁크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크렁크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="קראנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קראנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="クランク (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クランク (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кранк (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кранк (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ครังก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ครังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Crunk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кранк (музика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кранк (музика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crunk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crunk (disambiguation)">Crunk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Crunk</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern hip hop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">bounce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Club">Jersey Club</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music_(hip_hop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap music (hip hop)">trap</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">crunkcore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Hyphy_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphy music">Hyphy</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crunk</b> is a subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">southern hip hop</a> that emerged in the early 1990s and gained mainstream success during the early to mid 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joncrunksvolume-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-southernlights_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southernlights-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crunk is often up-tempo and one of Southern hip hop's more nightclub-oriented subgenres. Distinguishing itself with other Southern hip hop subgenres, crunk is marked and characterized by its energetic accelerated musical tempo, club appeal, recurrent chants frequently executed in a <a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">call and response</a> manner, multilayered synths, its pronounced reliance on resounding <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">808</a> basslines, and rudimentary musical arrangement. An archetypal crunk track frequently uses a dominant groove composed of a nuanced utilization of intricately multilayered keyboard synthesizers organized in a recurring pattern, seamlessly shifting from a lower to a higher pitch that encompasses the song's primary central rhythm, both in terms of its harmonic and melodic aspects. The main groove is then wrapped up with looped, stripped-down, and crisp 808 dance claps and manipulated snare rolls coupled and accompanied by a bassline of thumping 808 kick drums.<sup id="cite_ref-southernlights_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southernlights-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "crunk" was also used throughout the 2000s as a <a href="/wiki/Blanket_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanket term">blanket term</a> to denote any style of <a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern hip hop</a>, a side effect of the genre's breakthrough to the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word derives from its <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a> past-<a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> form, "crunk", of the verb "to crank" (as in the phrase "crank up"). It refers to being excited or high on drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> {{citation needed}} </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term has been attributed mainly to African-American slang, in which it holds various meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It most commonly refers to the <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a> "to crank up". It is theorized that the use of the term came from a past-tense form of "crank", which was sometimes conjugated as "crunk" in the South, such that if a person, event, or party was hyped-up, i.e. energetic – "cranked" or "cranked up" – it was said to be "crunk".<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddictionary_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In publications, "crunk" can be traced back to 1972 in the <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/Marvin_K._Mooney_Will_You_Please_Go_Now!" title="Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!">Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!</a></i>. He uses the term "Crunk-Car" without any given definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Suess_Washington_Post_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suess_Washington_Post-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has also been traced to usage in the 1980s coming out of Atlanta, Georgia nightclubs and meaning being "full of energy" or "hyped".<sup id="cite_ref-Ridiculous_Origins_of_Everyday_Words_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ridiculous_Origins_of_Everyday_Words-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (December 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Get_Crunk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Get_Crunk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s, crunk was variously defined either as "hype", "phat", or "pumped up". <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> magazine published "glossary of Dirty South slang", where <i>to crunk</i> was defined as "to get excited".<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxforddictionary_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Outkast" title="Outkast">Outkast</a> has been attributed as the first artist to use the term in mainstream music, in the 1993 track "<a href="/wiki/Player%27s_Ball" title="Player's Ball">Player's Ball</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-outkast_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-outkast-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A seminal year for the genre was 1996, with the releases of <a href="/wiki/Three_6_Mafia" title="Three 6 Mafia">Three 6 Mafia</a> album <i><a href="/wiki/Chapter_1:_The_End" title="Chapter 1: The End">Chapter 1: The End</a></i> (featuring "Gette'm Crunk"),<sup id="cite_ref-daend_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daend-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Memphis-based <a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">underground hip hop</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Wright_III" title="Tommy Wright III">Tommy Wright III</a>'s album <i>On the Run</i>, which featured the Project Pimp track "Getting Crunk".<sup id="cite_ref-ontherun_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontherun-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapper and record producer <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a> was instrumental in bringing the term further into the mainstream music scene with his 1997 album titled <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Crunk,_Who_U_Wit:_Da_Album" title="Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album">Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album</a></i>. He later released other songs and albums using the term, and has been credited by other artists and musicians as galvanizing use of the term as well as mainstreaming the music genre itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Get_Crunk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Get_Crunk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lil Jon further popularized the word with his 2004 album <i><a href="/wiki/Crunk_Juice" title="Crunk Juice">Crunk Juice</a></i>, and has been credited with inventing the potent alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktail</a> by that name. This use of "crunk" became synonymous with the meaning "crazy drunk". Non-alcoholic drinks, to which alcohol could be added, were manufactured and marketed under the Crunk brand name, with Lil Jon as spokesman.<sup id="cite_ref-Crunk_Video_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crunk_Video-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2013)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term has continued to evolve, taking on a negative stigma with police, parents and the media. In 2011, the company which manufactured "Crunk" drink brought out an alcoholic version named "Crunk Juice".<sup id="cite_ref-crunk_juice_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crunk_juice-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drink was allegedly marketed towards 19- to 21-year-olds – those under the US legal drinking age – resulting in Crunk Juice drinking being blamed as a cause of crime or becoming a victim of crime. The mainstream media began publishing stories in which the term "crunk" was used to refer to "crazy and drunk" criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-Crunk_Crimes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crunk_Crimes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_characteristics">Musical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Musically, crunk is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>, and 1980s-era call-and-response hip hop. The distinguishing feature of the conventional crunk sound is characterized by its extensive utilization of multilayered synthesizers orchestrated in a recurrent arrangement that seamlessly transitions from a lower to a higher pitch to augment the sound's harmonious and melodic qualities. Furthermore, a crunk composition is also complemented by the presence of resonant 808 bass kick drums, textured with crisp 808 dance-oriented hand claps, and adorned with modulated snare rolls. Looped, stripped-down drum machine dance claps and snare rolls coupled with heavy 808 bassline drum rhythms are usually used. The <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-808" title="Roland TR-808">Roland TR-808</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roland_TR-909" title="Roland TR-909">909</a> are among the most popular instruments to create crunk compositions with. The drum machines are usually accompanied by simple, repeated <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodies</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ostinato" title="Ostinato">ostinato</a>, to create a hypnotic effect, and heavy 808 bass stabs. The <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a>'s "Get Crunk" is 78 BPM.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The focal point of crunk is more often emphasized on the beat structure rather than the lyrical content therein. Nevertheless, artists like Lil Jon often convey their lyrics through vigorous vocalization, encompassing chanting, shouting, and screaming. This unconventional approach yields a cacophonous yet intense manifestation of southern hip hop, characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop">assertive, aggressive, and forceful</a> nature. These lyrics can often be isolated to simple chants ("Where you from?" and "You can't fuck with me" are common examples). Compared with other regional hip hop scenes around the United States, crunk has remained one of American hip hop's club-oriented staples, given the subgenre's particular focus on its allure to club audiences and partygoers who exhibit more energetic musical tastes with a penchant for more dynamic and vibrant musical preferences. Crunk's captivating appeal is expertly tailored to befit the ambient dance floors of Atlanta's southern hip hop nightclub scene, opting for simplistic and repetitious call and response vocal refrains in lieu of more substantive approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lil_Jon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/220px-Lil_Jon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/330px-Lil_Jon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Lil_Jon.jpg/440px-Lil_Jon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption>Atlanta-based rapper and record producer <a href="/wiki/Lil_Jon" title="Lil Jon">Lil Jon</a> is one of crunk's most prominent figures.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crunk music arose from Miami bass music before 1996<sup id="cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joncrunksvolume-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the southern United States, particularly in <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee (U.S. state)">Tennessee</a>. Memphis-based hip hop group Three 6 Mafia were "instrumental for the emergence of the crunk style" in the mid-to-late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two mixtape DJs from Memphis, <a href="/wiki/DJ_Paul" title="DJ Paul">DJ Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juicy_J" title="Juicy J">Juicy J</a>, started making their original music, which was distinctive with its "spare, low-BPM rhythms, simplistic chants... and narcotically repetitive, slasher-flick textures".<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This duo soon became known as Three 6 Mafia. Frequently featuring rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Pat" title="Project Pat">Project Pat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Infamous" title="Lord Infamous">Lord Infamous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Boo" title="Gangsta Boo">Gangsta Boo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/La_Chat" title="La Chat">La Chat</a> on their releases, they became instrumental in the formation of crunk music.<sup id="cite_ref-tonygreen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonygreen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Lil Jon, with his group the East Side Boyz, released their first album titled <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Crunk,_Who_U_Wit:_Da_Album" title="Get Crunk, Who U Wit: Da Album">Get Crunk, Who U Wit</a></i>. These were the first of six albums released by Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> denied that <i>Get Crunk, Who Are You With</i> was the first crunk album ever.<sup id="cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joncrunksvolume-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the key figures in popularizing crunk during 1998 and 1999, and produced two gold records independently, before signing to <a href="/wiki/TVT_Records" title="TVT Records">TVT Records</a> in 2001. After being named the "King of Crunk", Lil Jon went on<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make collaborations with many rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Snoop_Dogg" title="Snoop Dogg">Snoop Dogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Cube" title="Ice Cube">Ice Cube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludacris" title="Ludacris">Ludacris</a> and pop singer <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a>. Nevertheless, crunk was not exclusively associated with Lil Jon and Three 6 Mafia. In its early stages, soloists and groups such as <a href="/wiki/Ying_Yang_Twins" title="Ying Yang Twins">Ying Yang Twins</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Dawg" title="White Dawg">White Dawg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_Crusher_(rapper)" title="Bone Crusher (rapper)">Bone Crusher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lil_Scrappy" title="Lil Scrappy">Lil Scrappy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trillville" title="Trillville">Trillville</a>, <a href="/wiki/YoungBloodZ" title="YoungBloodZ">YoungBloodZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pastor_Troy" title="Pastor Troy">Pastor Troy</a> from Atlanta, and <a href="/wiki/David_Banner" title="David Banner">David Banner</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> also helped to popularize crunk music.<sup id="cite_ref-mattmiller_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity_and_evolution">Popularity and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Popularity and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early to mid-2000s, some crunk music hits such as "<a href="/wiki/Damn!_(song)" title="Damn! (song)">Damn!</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Salt_Shaker_(song)" title="Salt Shaker (song)">Salt Shaker</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Get_Low_(Lil_Jon_%26_the_East_Side_Boyz_song)" title="Get Low (Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz song)">Get Low</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Goodies_(song)" title="Goodies (song)">Goodies</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Yeah!_(Usher_song)" title="Yeah! (Usher song)">Yeah!</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Freek-a-Leek" title="Freek-a-Leek">Freek-a-Leek</a>" produced by Lil Jon climbed to the top 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> charts. Other hits produced by Lil Jon included "<a href="/wiki/Shorty_Wanna_Ride" title="Shorty Wanna Ride">Shorty Wanna Ride</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Presidential_(song)" title="Presidential (song)">Presidential</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Lovers_and_Friends_(song)" title="Lovers and Friends (song)">Lovers and Friends</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Complicated_(Nivea_album)" title="Complicated (Nivea album)">Okay</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Come_Get_Some_(TLC_song)" title="Come Get Some (TLC song)">Come Get Some</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_When_to_Go" title="Tell Me When to Go">Tell Me When to Go</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(song)" title="Cyclone (song)">Cyclone</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Girlfight_(song)" title="Girlfight (song)">Girlfight</a>", "<a href="/wiki/U_and_Dat" title="U and Dat">U and Dat</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Touch_(Amerie_song)" title="Touch (Amerie song)">Touch</a>". "Yeah!" and "Goodies" were the first tracks to introduce the fusion substyle of crunk music and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a>, called crunk&B to the mainstream popular music landscape. Those two tracks (performed by <a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</a>, respectively) were the mainstream crunk hits of 2004. </p><p>The 2003 crunk song "<a href="/wiki/Get_Low_(Lil_Jon_%26_the_East_Side_Boyz_song)" title="Get Low (Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz song)">Get Low</a>" (2003), performed by Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz with the Ying Yang Twins, is credited as the track which put crunk music into the national spotlight within the mainstream popular music landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-tonygreen1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonygreen1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Get Low" reached the number two position on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 music chart; overall, it spent more than 21 weeks in the charts.<sup id="cite_ref-baca_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baca-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lil Jon's album, titled <i><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Crunk" title="Kings of Crunk">Kings of Crunk</a></i>, which contained "Get Low", earned a double <a href="/wiki/Platinum_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum album">platinum</a> certification from the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>. In the past, rappers who did not originate from the Southern regions of the United States had previously shown reluctance in aligning themselves with being linked to the emerging Southern hip hop scene during the early 21st-century. However, this narrative began to shift when both <a href="/wiki/Busta_Rhymes" title="Busta Rhymes">Busta Rhymes</a>, an East coast rapper, and <a href="/wiki/Nelly" title="Nelly">Nelly</a>, a mid-west rap soloist from St. Louis, agreed to collaborate and contribute their talents to remixes of the song "Get Low".<sup id="cite_ref-tonygreen1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tonygreen1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the independent record label Crunk Incorporated signed a major distribution deal with Reprise/Warner Bros. Records for the crunk group <a href="/wiki/Crime_Mob" title="Crime Mob">Crime Mob</a>, who released their platinum single "<a href="/wiki/Knuck_If_You_Buck" title="Knuck If You Buck">Knuck If You Buck</a>". They followed this with their 2006 hit, "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Yo_Hips" title="Rock Yo Hips">Rock Yo Hips</a>". In March 2004, R&B singer <a href="/wiki/Houston_(singer)" title="Houston (singer)">Houston</a> released his crunk&B hit "<a href="/wiki/I_Like_That_(Houston_song)" title="I Like That (Houston song)">I Like That</a>", which reached number 11 on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100.<sup id="cite_ref-US100_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US100-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same year, Atlanta-based R&B singer <a href="/wiki/Nivea_(singer)" title="Nivea (singer)">Nivea</a> scored a mainstream hit when her 2004 crunk&B single "<a href="/wiki/Complicated_(Nivea_album)" title="Complicated (Nivea album)">Okay</a>" reached the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 26, 2004, Nashville-based rapper <a href="/wiki/Young_Buck" title="Young Buck">Young Buck</a> scored a top 20 summer hit single with his crunk song "<a href="/wiki/Shorty_Wanna_Ride" title="Shorty Wanna Ride">Shorty Wanna Ride</a>". The song debuted at number 68 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> and peaked at number 17 on the chart, becoming one of Young Buck's highest charting singles in his career. In 2005, two crunk&B songs made a presence on the Billboard Hot 100 when the Los Angeles–based R&B singer <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Valentine" title="Brooke Valentine">Brooke Valentine</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Girlfight_(song)" title="Girlfight (song)">Girlfight</a>" reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of 2005, then up-and-coming R&B singer <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brown_(American_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Brown (American singer)">Chris Brown</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Run_It!" title="Run It!">Run It!</a>" made its run on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it eventually peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one on November 26, 2005, becoming Brown's first number one hit single to top the chart.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 2005 to 2006, crunk and crunk&B continued its conquest of the Billboard Hot 100, hip hop, and R&B charts (and other charts specializing in music with <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>) while replacing older styles of hip hop and contemporary R&B. On February 1, 2006, San Francisco–based rapper <a href="/wiki/E-40" title="E-40">E-40</a> released his crunk song, "<a href="/wiki/Tell_Me_When_to_Go" title="Tell Me When to Go">Tell Me When to Go</a>." The song was one of the first singles to kick off the <a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">hyphy</a> movement on a national level and popularized the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_riding" title="Ghost riding">ghost ride the whip</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song reached number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and eventually earned a Gold certification by the RIAA ten years later in March 2016. He later followed up the hit single with another Billboard Hot 100 chart-topper "<a href="/wiki/U_and_Dat" title="U and Dat">U and Dat</a>" released on May 2, 2006, which was a crunk song that was mixed with elements of <a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">dirty rap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">hyphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast hip hop</a>. The song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, which has since remained as E-40's highest-charting single as a lead artist to date with the song eventually garnering platinum certification for exceeding 1 million in certified sales by March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atlanta-based R&B girl group <a href="/wiki/Cherish_(group)" title="Cherish (group)">Cherish</a> also gained national prominence with their summer 2006 hit single "<a href="/wiki/Do_It_to_It" title="Do It to It">Do It to It</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the song debuted at number 86 on the <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 for the week of May 20, 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later peaking at number 12 for the week of September 2, 2006, and staying on the charts for 21 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 12, 2006, disc jockey <a href="/wiki/DJ_Webstar" title="DJ Webstar">DJ Webstar</a> and rapper <a href="/wiki/Bianca_Bonnie" title="Bianca Bonnie">Young B</a> released their crunk song, "<a href="/wiki/Chicken_Noodle_Soup_(Webstar_and_Young_B_song)" title="Chicken Noodle Soup (Webstar and Young B song)">Chicken Noodle Soup</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song reached number 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 by October 21, 2006 and eventually garnered a gold certification from the RIAA.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 10, 2007, Louisiana-based rapper <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Chris_(rapper)" title="Hurricane Chris (rapper)">Hurricane Chris</a> released his hit debut single "<a href="/wiki/A_Bay_Bay" title="A Bay Bay">A Bay Bay</a>", which debuted at number 95 on the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its second week, the song rose to number 85; in its third week, it rose 61 places to number 24.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The single featured archetypal crunk elements with the song eventually peaking at number 7 on the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usatoday.com_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday.com-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapper <a href="/wiki/Baby_Bash" title="Baby Bash">Baby Bash</a> released his hit crunk single <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_(song)" title="Cyclone (song)">Cyclone</a>, which debuted at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early August 2007. The song would then reach the top 40 at number 33 on September 15, 2007, and peaked at number 7 by November 3, 2007, for two weeks before being certified double platinum by the RIAA.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Houston-based rapper <a href="/wiki/Dorrough" title="Dorrough">Dorrough</a>'s 2009 hit single "<a href="/wiki/Ice_Cream_Paint_Job" title="Ice Cream Paint Job">Ice Cream Paint Job</a>" marked as one of the last crunk tracks to top the Hot 100, alongside various other crunk compositions that had infiltrated the Billboard charts throughout the 2000s. By the end of 2009, crunk had experienced a significant decrease in visibility within the American mainstream music scene after the conclusion of the 2000s, evident by the changes that took place when the genre was eventually superseded by surging popularity of the trap and <a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">drill music</a> subgenres as well as the upsurge in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Electropop#21st_century" title="Electropop">electropop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrohop" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrohop">electrohop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electro-soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro-soul">electro-soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> by the early 2010s. The growing interest in crunk music among record producers outside the Southern hip hop music scene led to the development of various subgenres of crunk, including Eurocrunk, <a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">crunkcore</a>, crunkczar, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_wonky" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol wonky">aquacrunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid</a> crunk and <a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">trap</a>, which gained mainstream music popularity throughout the 2010s. The mainstream popular music scene did not witness a minor resurgence of crunk until the mid-2010s, when the American R&B singer <a href="/wiki/Tinashe" title="Tinashe">Tinashe</a> incorporated crunk and <a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">snap</a> elements in her 2015 single "<a href="/wiki/All_Hands_on_Deck_(song)" title="All Hands on Deck (song)">All Hands on Deck</a>" featuring Australian rapper <a href="/wiki/Iggy_Azalea" title="Iggy Azalea">Iggy Azalea</a>. The song contained themes of <a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">girl power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebound_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound dating">rebound dating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Self_empowerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Self empowerment">self empowerment</a>. The secondary revival of crunk in the realm of mainstream popular music did not occur until the end of the 2010s, when the San Francisco–based female rapper <a href="/wiki/Saweetie" title="Saweetie">Saweetie</a> sampled <a href="/wiki/Petey_Pablo" title="Petey Pablo">Petey Pablo</a>'s 2004 crunk hit "<a href="/wiki/Freek-a-Leek" title="Freek-a-Leek">Freek-a-Leek</a>" for her 2019 hit single "<a href="/wiki/My_Type_(Saweetie_song)" title="My Type (Saweetie song)">My Type</a>." The song marked as one of the last crunk compositions to achieve significant mainstream success on the US Billboard 100 as the decade came to a conclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-joncrunksvolume-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-joncrunksvolume_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSanneh2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelefa_Sanneh" title="Kelefa Sanneh">Sanneh, Kelefa</a> (November 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/28/arts/music/28sann.html">"Lil John Crunks Up the Volume"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lil+John+Crunks+Up+the+Volume&rft.date=2004-11-28&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kelefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F11%2F28%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F28sann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southernlights-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southernlights_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southernlights_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarig2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sarig, Roni (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA168">"Southern Lights"</a>. <i>Vibe</i>. <b>11</b> (12): 168–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vibe&rft.atitle=Southern+Lights&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=168-74&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Sarig&rft.aufirst=Roni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DviYEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mattmiller-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mattmiller_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> 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Lyricstime.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyricstime.com/outkast-players-ball-lyrics.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outkast+Lyrics%3A+%27Player%27s+Ball%27&rft.pub=Lyricstime.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyricstime.com%2Foutkast-players-ball-lyrics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daend-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daend_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchmeier1996" class="citation web cs1">Birchmeier, Jason (1996-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/da-end-mw0000084413">"Da End: Three 6 Mafia"</a>. Allmusic.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Da+End%3A+Three+6+Mafia&rft.pub=Allmusic.com&rft.date=1996-12-03&rft.aulast=Birchmeier&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fda-end-mw0000084413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ontherun-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ontherun_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/on-the-run-mw0000405811">"On the Run: Tommy Wright III"</a>. Allmusic.com. 1996-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2013)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crunk_juice-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crunk_juice_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517051632/http://cjcrunk.com/">"Crunk Juice Website"</a>. Cjcrunk.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjcrunk.com">the original</a> on 2014-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2013)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpmdatabase.com/music/by/lil-jon-the-eastside-boyz-2/">Lil Jon</a> bpmdatabase.com/ Retrieved 28 June 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tonygreen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tonygreen_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2001" class="citation news cs1">Green, Tony (October 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922100235/https://www.villagevoice.com/2001-10-16/music/twerk-to-do/">"Twerk to Do"</a>. <i>Village Voice</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/lil-jon-21213283">the original</a> on 2014-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lil+Jon+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Flil-jon-21213283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tonygreen1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tonygreen1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tonygreen1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation news cs1">Green, Tony (May 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/5015949">"Punk rap"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Hot+100&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fhot-100%2F2006-10-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id='Umbrella'">Reigns Again Atop Hot 100"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Billboard.com, June 14, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Cohen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1051265/rihanna-shop-boyz-fergie-locked-in-on-hot-100">"Rihanna, Shop Boyz, Fergie Locked In On Hot 100"</a>, Billboard.com, June 28, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/hurricane-chris">Artist biography</a> Billboard.com. Retrieved July 7, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myspace.com/hurricane">MySpace.com - Hurricane Chris:51/50 Ratchet IN STORES NOW!! - Shreveport, Louisiana - Rap / Hip Hop - www.myspace.com/hurricane</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usatoday.com-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usatoday.com_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-07-16-hurricane-chris_N.htm">"Hurricane Chris takes hip-hop scene like a storm - USATODAY.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Chris+takes+hip-hop+scene+like+a+storm+-+USATODAY.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Flife%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2F2007-07-16-hurricane-chris_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2007/hot-100-songs">"Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2007"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+100+Songs+%E2%80%93+Year-End+2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fyear-end%2F2007%2Fhot-100-songs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crunk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crunk" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:crunk">crunk</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrem2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grem, Darren E. (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The South Got Something to Say': Atlanta's Dirty South and the Southernization of Hip-Hop America". <i>Southern Cultures</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 55–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscu.2006.0045">10.1353/scu.2006.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144035060">144035060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Cultures&rft.atitle=%27The+South+Got+Something+to+Say%27%3A+Atlanta%27s+Dirty+South+and+the+Southernization+of+Hip-Hop+America&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=55-73&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fscu.2006.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144035060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grem&rft.aufirst=Darren+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForts2012" class="citation book cs1">Forts, Franklin E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbW-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">"Hip Hop, Commerce, and the 'Death' of Southern Black Manhood"</a>. In Slade, Alison; Givens-Carrol, Dedria (eds.). <i>Mediated Images of the South: The Portrayal of Dixie in Popular Culture</i>. Lexington Books. pp. 41–56 [51]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7265-0"><bdi>978-0-7391-7265-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hip+Hop%2C+Commerce%2C+and+the+%27Death%27+of+Southern+Black+Manhood&rft.btitle=Mediated+Images+of+the+South%3A+The+Portrayal+of+Dixie+in+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=41-56+51&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7265-0&rft.aulast=Forts&rft.aufirst=Franklin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbW-AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrunk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denver#Hip-hop/rap" title="Music of Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston hip hop">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">Long Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bounce Music">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Oakland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hip_hop" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip_hop" title="Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip_hop" title="Template talk:Hip hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip_hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip_hop" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hip hop</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Breaking</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">DJing</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Graffiti</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Emceeing</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Beatboxing</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_activism" title="Hip hop activism">Activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT hip hop">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Subgenres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Comedy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">Underground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hardcore</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Trap music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Fusion genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Rap metal</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">Bongo flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam_rap" title="Scam rap">Scam rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Derived_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Derivatives</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Electronic</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip hop by country"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional scenes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">African</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" title="Asian hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Asian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip_hop" title="Mongolian hip hop">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" title="European hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">European</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Middle Eastern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><b>United States:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin hip hop">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist inline" style="display:block"><b>Outside the US:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Oceanian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">South American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_skit" title="Hip hop skit">Hip hop skit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_and_social_injustice" title="Hip hop and social injustice">Social injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip_hop" title="Partner violence in hip hop">Partner violence in hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_representations_in_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT representations in hip hop music">LGBT representations in hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism in hip hop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></i> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early 20th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1950s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1960s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1970s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1980s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1990s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2000s</b><br /> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2010s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Elsewhere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span 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