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<div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Surat</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Surat" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Surat" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Surat" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Surat&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Gujarat, India. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Surat_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Surat (disambiguation)">Surat (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Surat_Thani" title="Surat Thani">Surat Thani</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Surat (<a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Language">Gujarati</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[suɾət]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. The word Surat directly translates to face in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Located on the banks of the river Tapti near its confluence with the Arabian Sea, it used to be a large <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a>. It is now the commercial and economic centre of <a href="/wiki/South_Gujarat" title="South Gujarat">South Gujarat</a>, and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> of western India. It has well-established diamond and textile industry, and is a major supply centre for apparels and accessories. About 90% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is the second largest city in Gujarat after Ahmedabad and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">eighth largest city by population</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_urban_agglomerations_in_India" title="List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India">ninth largest urban agglomeration</a> in India. It is the administrative capital of the <a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat district</a>. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Surat</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg/288px-Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg/432px-Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg/576px-Bharthana_Althan_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg/150px-Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg/225px-Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg/300px-Surat_Diamond_Bourse_Aerial_View_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GauravPath1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/134px-GauravPath1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/201px-GauravPath1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GauravPath1.jpg/268px-GauravPath1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Road_Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/142px-University_Road_Surat.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/213px-University_Road_Surat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/University_Road_Surat.jpg/284px-University_Road_Surat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="3334"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg/142px-BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg/213px-BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg/284px-BAPS_Temple_Surat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style=";height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium,Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/146px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/219px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/292px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="519"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style=";height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesu_,Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg/138px-Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg/207px-Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg/276px-Vesu_%2CSurat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="2970"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style=";height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Science-center-and-science.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/112px-Science-center-and-science.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/168px-Science-center-and-science.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/224px-Science-center-and-science.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="378"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div style=";height:77px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/172px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/258px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/344px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="613"></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">From top: <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapi River</a> panorama, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Diamond_Bourse" title="Surat Diamond Bourse">Surat Diamond Bourse</a>, Gaurav path, University Road, <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Mandir" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Mandir">Swaminarayan Mandir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Deendayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium" title="Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium">Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium</a>, Vesu Skyline, <a href="/wiki/Science_Centre,_Surat" title="Science Centre, Surat">Science Centre, Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Airport" title="Surat Airport">Surat Airport</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Diamond City of India <a href="#cite_note-nickname-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surat is located in Gujarat"><img alt="Surat is located in Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg/250px-India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg/375px-India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg/500px-India_Gujarat_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="931"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:74.23%;left:73.112%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Surat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Surat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Surat (<a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>)</div>Show map of Gujarat</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surat is located in India"><img alt="Surat is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.138%;left:18.25%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Surat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Surat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Surat (India)</div>Show map of India</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Surat&params=21_12_18_N_72_50_24_E_type:city(6936534)_region:IN-GJ">21°12′18″N 72°50′24″E / 21.20500°N 72.84000°E / 21.20500; 72.84000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Zone</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Corporation" title="Surat Municipal Corporation">Surat Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Urban_Development_Authority" title="Surat Urban Development Authority">Surat Urban Development Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors of Surat">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Daxesh Mavani (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Municipal Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">Smt. Shalini Agarwal, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">IAS</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Police Commissioner</th><td class="infobox-data">Anupam Singh Gahlot, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">IPS</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Surat_Municipal_Corporation-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">461.60 km2 (178.22 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">722 km2 (279 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34.68 m (113.78 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Surat_Municipal_Corporation-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,936,534</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in Gujarat">2nd in Gujarat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000/km2 (39,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro rank<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_million-plus_agglomerations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of million-plus agglomerations in India">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Surati</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">Pincode(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">394xxx, 395xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">0261</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GJ-05, GJ-19, GJ-28<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">Sex ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.27<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">35 km (22 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">86.65%<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$60 billion<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in">www.suratmunicipal.gov.in</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://surat.nic.in/">https://surat.nic.in/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The city is located 284 km (176 mi) south of the state capital, <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a>; 265 km (165 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>; and 289 km (180 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>. The city centre is located on the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River (popularly known as Tapi)</a>, close to the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-municipality-16">[16]</a> Surat will be the world's fastest-growing city from 2019 to 2035, according to a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/City_Mayors_Foundation" title="City Mayors Foundation">Economic Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5% over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Surat was awarded "best city" by the Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Surat has been selected as the first smart IT city in India which is being constituted by the Microsoft CityNext Initiative tied up with IT services majors <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csrjournal.org-20">[20]</a> The city has 2.97 million internet users, about 65% of total population.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Surat was selected in 2015 for an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Smarter_Cities_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Smarter Cities Challenge">IBM Smarter Cities Challenge</a> grant.<a href="#cite_note-Smarter_Cities-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Surat,_India_2015_challenge-23">[23]</a> Surat has been selected as one of twenty Indian cities to be developed as a <a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">smart city</a> under <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">PM Narendra Modi's</a> flagship <a href="/wiki/Smart_Cities_Mission" title="Smart Cities Mission">Smart Cities Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Surat is also home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_office_buildings" title="List of largest office buildings">world's largest office building by floor area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surat_Diamond_Bourse" title="Surat Diamond Bourse">Surat Diamond Bourse</a>. Surat is listed as the second <a href="/wiki/Cleanest_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleanest cities in India">cleanest city of India</a> as of 21 August 2020 according to the <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Survekshan" title="Swachh Survekshan">Swachh Survekshan</a> 2020 on 20 August.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It suffered a major pipeline fire which caused some damage.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 2021 edition of the same survey, it slipped to 12th place and further dropped to 25th in 2023. Despite these recent fluctuations, Surat continues to implement various cleanliness initiatives and shared the title of the cleanest city in India with Indore in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/indore-and-surat-named-cleanest-cities-in-india-for-2023-2487795-2024-01-14">2023 Swachh Survekshan Awards</a>, highlighting its ongoing efforts towards maintaining high cleanliness standards. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Surat_before_the_Mughal_Empire">1.2 Surat before the Mughal Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#During_the_Mughal_Empire">1.3 During the Mughal Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Surat_under_British_Raj">1.4 Surat under British Raj</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Armenians_in_Surat">1.5 Armenians in Surat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modern_period">1.6 Modern period</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Post_Independence">1.6.1 Post Independence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#1994_Plague">1.6.2 1994 Plague</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Present_Day_Surat">1.6.3 Present Day Surat</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Geography">2 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Climate">2.1 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Demographics">3 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Civic_institutions">5 Civic institutions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Public_Safety">5.1 Public Safety</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hospitals">5.2 Hospitals</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">6 Economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Transport">7 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Food">8.1 Food</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Education">9 Education</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Universities">9.1 Universities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Science_Centre">9.2 Science Centre</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sports">10 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Pandit_Dindayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium">10.1 Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Lalbhai_Contractor_Cricket_Stadium">10.2 Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Surat_in_literature">11 Surat in literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Neighborhoods_and_localities">12 Neighborhoods and localities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notable_people">13 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Surat" title="History of Surat">History of Surat</a></div><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:628px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Suratgrowth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surat growth map"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Suratgrowth.jpg/620px-Suratgrowth.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="208"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 620px;height: 180px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Suratgrowth.jpg/620px-Suratgrowth.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="620" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Suratgrowth.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Suratgrowth.jpg" title="File:Suratgrowth.jpg"> </a></div>Surat growth map</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The traditional account is that Surat was built up by a wealthy Hindu merchant named Gopi around the year 1500. At first, the town had no name and was simply called "the new place". Gopi consulted with astrologers, who suggested the name "Suraj", or "Suryapur", or "city of the sun". Gopi sent a request to the unnamed king of Gujarat for this to be the new town's name. The Muslim king altered it to Surat after the word <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a>, which is the name of the chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. However, the names Suryapur and Surat are both mentioned in sources before 1500, so both the name and the town predate Gopi's time.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1962-28">[28]</a>: 82–4 <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> described Surat as Suratt. Jacob Peeters referred to Surat as Sourratte which is a Dutch name.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> There are many other names of Surat in history. Surat is referred to as Surrat, Surate or Soorat in some literature.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/220px-Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/330px-Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg/440px-Sourratte_int_ryck_vanden_Grooten_Mogol_en_Indien_-_Peeters_Jacob_-_1690.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surat in 1690</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Surat_city.jpg/220px-Surat_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="1693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Surat_city.jpg/220px-Surat_city.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Surat_city.jpg/330px-Surat_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Surat_city.jpg/440px-Surat_city.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surat in 1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg/220px-Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg/220px-Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg/330px-Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg/440px-Dutch_Cemetery_of_Surat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dutch-Armenian Cemetery of Surat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surat_before_the_Mughal_Empire">Surat before the Mughal Empire</h3></div> Before the rise of Surat in the 1500s, the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Rander" title="Rander">Rander</a> was the main commercial centre in the area. Rander had a prominent Arab merchant community involved in overseas trade with regions such as Burma, China, Malaya, and Sumatra. In the 1500s, Rander declined due to Portuguese raids. Surat became an important port city around the same time, and some of Rander's merchant population likely moved to Surat for economic opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1962-28">[28]</a>: 82–3 Early references to Surat appear by the 10th century, but they shed little light on what type of settlement it was. As Suryapur, it is mentioned along with Bharuch as a place where an army from <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Anhilwara</a> passed through in 990 en route to attack the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata</a>. Suryapur may also be the port called "Surabaya" mentioned by the 10th-century Arabic geographer <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a> as being four days south of <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a> and five days north of <a href="/wiki/Sanjan,_Gujarat" title="Sanjan, Gujarat">Sanjan</a>. Other Arabic authors spelled the name as "Subara" or "Sufara". The identification of this place with Surat, though, is uncertain, and in any case these early mentions of Suryapur or Surabaya do not indicate whether it was a sizeable town or just a small hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1962-28">[28]</a>: 82–3 Another early mention of Surat is in the 1190s, after <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, then a general of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad Ghuri</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Bhima_II" title="Bhima II">Bhima II</a> in battle. According to the local histories of Bakshi Mian Walad Shah Ahmad and Munshi Ghulam <a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohi ud-Din</a>, Aibak went as far south as Rander and Surat. Surat was then ruled by a Hindu chief based at nearby <a href="/wiki/Kamrej" title="Kamrej">Kamrej</a>. This ruler initially tried to take refuge in a garden at Surat, but then decided that he had no chance of resisting Aibak's forces and offered his submission. Aibak, in turn, confirmed him as ruler of Kamrej.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1962-28">[28]</a>: 82–3 From 1297, Gujarat was gradually conquered by <a href="/wiki/Allauddin_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Allauddin Khilji">Allauddin Khilji</a>, the ruler of the principal state in north India at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>. The Delhi Sultanate appointed Governors to control Gujarat, but this had to be forcefully imposed, notably in 1347, when <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> sacked Surat, among other cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1896-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Firoz_Shah_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firoz Shah Tughlaq">Firoz Shah Tughlaq</a> later built a fort at Surat in 1373. According to Bakshi Mian's account, when <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Zafar Khan</a> was appointed governor of Gujarat in 1391, he appointed his son Masti Khan to govern Rander and Surat, but Bakshi Mian adds that Surat was not very populous at this point.<a href="#cite_note-Gazetteer_1962-28">[28]</a>: 82–3 As control from the Delhi Sultanate waned at the end of the 14th century, pressure grew for an independent Gujarat, culminating in Zafar Khan declaring independence in 1407. Surat was controlled directly by the nobles of the Rajput kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Baglana" title="Baglana">Baglana</a> who fell either under the Gujarat Sultans or the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a>. However, following the fall of the Gujarat Sultanate in 1538 it was controlled by more local nobles starting with Chengiz Khan who enjoyed absolute authority over Surat, <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Broach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroda" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroda">Baroda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champaner" title="Champaner">Champaner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, in 1637, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> fully annexed Baglana into the Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 1514, the Portuguese traveler <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a> from <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Malabar</a> and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city had become Surat. It was burned by the Portuguese (1512 and 1530), conquered by the Mughals (1573) and was twice raided by the Maratha king <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a> (17th century).<a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> placed major importance on Gujarat and successfully obtained numerous towns in Gujarat. The Mughals were able to conquer Surat due to his campaigns against Gujarat during his rule. In the 1570s, he launched two major <a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Gujarat" title="Mughal conquest of Gujarat">campaigns against Gujarat</a>—one of a much longer duration and one much shorter. The fall of Surat occurred during the former campaign and lasted one month and seventeen days.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Akbar implemented large military power during these conquests, fighting many battles. Notably, the conquest of Surat was an important catalyst for overseas trade during the rule of the Mughal Empire as it became the most important port city of that reign and evolved into a bustling trading hub. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Mughal_Empire">During the Mughal Empire</h3></div> It was the most prosperous port in the Mughal empire.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly07-36">[36]</a> Despite being a rich city, Surat looked like a typical "grubby" trader's town with mud-and-bamboo tenements and crooked streets, although along the riverfront there were a few mansions and warehouses belonging to local merchant princes and the establishments of Turkish, Armenian, English, French and Dutch traders. There were also hospitals for cows, horses, flies and insects run by religious <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a>, which puzzled travelers.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly07-36">[36]</a> Some streets were narrow while others were of sufficient width. In the evening, especially near the Bazaar (marketplace), the streets became crowded with people and merchants (including <a href="/wiki/Banyan_merchants" title="Banyan merchants">Banyan merchants</a>) selling their goods. Surat was a populous city during the Mughal era but also had a large transient population: during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season, when ships could come and go from the ports without danger, the city's population would swell.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly07-36">[36]</a> In 1612, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> established its first Indian <a href="/wiki/Trading_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Trading factory">trading factory</a> in Surat.<a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> The city was looted twice by the Maratha king <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj">Shivaji</a>, with the first sacking occurring in 1664.<a href="#cite_note-municipality-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> Shivaji's raids scared trade away and caused ruin to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Eraly07-36">[36]</a> Later, Surat became the emporium of India, exporting gold and cloth. Its major industries were shipbuilding and textile manufacture.<a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> The coast of the <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River</a>, from Athwalines to Dumas, was specially meant for shipbuilders, who were usually Rassis.<a href="#cite_note-municipality-16">[16]</a> The city continued to be prosperous until the rise of Bombay (present-day <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>). Afterward, Surat's shipbuilding industry declined and Surat itself gradually declined throughout the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-municipality-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> During 1790–1791, an epidemic killed 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a> in Surat.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The British and Dutch both claimed control of the city, but in 1800, the British took control of Surat.<a href="#cite_note-municipality-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1837_Surat_fire" title="1837 Surat fire">fire in 1837</a> resulted in more than 500 deaths and the destruction of much of the city.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By the middle of the 19th century, Surat had become a stagnant city with about 80,000 inhabitants. When India's railways opened, the city started becoming prosperous again. <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silks</a>, cotton, brocades, and objects of gold and silver from Surat became famous and the ancient art of manufacturing fine <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> was revived.<a href="#cite_note-EB-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surat_under_British_Raj">Surat under British Raj</h3></div> Under <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, Surat saw a period of decline from its success under the Mughal Empire. Though it remained a pivotal city for textile-based products, it was less important to the British as a port city than it was for the Mughals. Nevertheless, Surat was very interconnected with Asia and Europe, involving trade with both Europeans and Armenian merchants.<a href="#cite_note-maloni-39">[39]</a> Tactically, Surat involved itself in trade in fields that did not compete with existing European products, such as pearls and silver.<a href="#cite_note-lal-40">[40]</a> The textile industry was also a large portion of Surat’s shipping success. But despite being a primary port for textiles, Surat rarely manufactured these textiles locally.<a href="#cite_note-maloni-39">[39]</a> Bullion was also quite important to Surat’s economy during this time. During his first-hand experience on a trip to Surat, Britisher <a href="/wiki/John_Ovington" title="John Ovington">John Ovington</a> recalls the great ores Surat possessed, such as gold and silver.<a href="#cite_note-johnOv-41">[41]</a> He recollects the notable “abundance of Pearls” and other precious stones like diamonds that could “be purchas’d here [Surat] at very reasonable rates.”<a href="#cite_note-johnOv-41">[41]</a> As Ovington observed, this industry was imperative to Surat’s prosperity under the British Raj and allowed it to maintain its relevance as a port city. During the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in 1942, A large number of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultivator" title="Cultivator">cultivators</a> from Matwad, Karadi, Machhad and Kothmadi in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Surat</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">District</a> fought against British soldiers at Matwad with lathis and dharias on 21 August 1942. In this fight, four persons including one policeman died. The kolis also snatched away four police muskets and two bayonets. Kolis smashed up the <a href="/wiki/Jalalpore" title="Jalalpore">Jalalpore</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_India" title="List of railway stations in India">Railway Station</a>, removed the Rails and burnt down the post office. After this, situation in the neighbouring villages of <a href="/wiki/Borsad" title="Borsad">Borsad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thasra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thasra">Thasra</a> <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">taluqas</a> became so aggravated that British troops was marched through the villages between 22 and 24 August 1942.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenians_in_Surat">Armenians in Surat</h3></div> The Armenian community in Surat, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, flourished from the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th</a> to the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a> centuries, leaving a lasting impact on the city's history. The Armenian gravestones in Surat, dating back to this period, are intricate and well-preserved, showcasing the community's presence and customs. Armenians in Surat were renowned traders, dealing in jewelry, precious stones, cotton, and silk. They established trade routes to destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Leghorn</a>, often traveling with their families. The British recognised the Armenians' business prowess, seeking their cooperation for trading privileges in the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal court</a>. Today, these gravestones serve as a poignant reminder of the Armenian community's significant contributions to Surat's history and culture.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_Independence">Post Independence</h4></div> After India gained independence on 15 August 1947, Surat became part of India. At that time it was a part of Bombay State. Later it became the part of Gujarat state. Along with Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Pune, Nagpur and Vadodara, Surat became one of the fast growing cities and major commercial and industrial centers of Western India. During the post-independence period, Surat has experienced considerable growth in industrial activities especially textiles and chemical along with trading activities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1994_Plague">1994 Plague</h4></div> Surat faced a major health crisis in 1994. News of a plague outbreak in Surat occurred in September 1994, and when the possibility of quarantine for the city was mentioned, many residents of Surat fled the city.<a href="#cite_note-pallipparambil-46">[46]</a> About a quarter of Surat’s population fled the city, including people who were in the incubation phase of the disease. This, in turn, partly contributed to the spread of the plague throughout India. In the media, the cause of the plague was attributed to poor garbage disposal. However, the spread was instead brought about by rodents and fleas which were inadvertently caused by garbage in Surat. The disease ran more rampant through the slum population of Surat. In order to combat the spread of this disease, Surat closed its schools, universities, and public places for an indefinite period. They also ordered the shutdown of important industrial businesses, including diamond-cutting units.<a href="#cite_note-pallipparambil-46">[46]</a> Eventually, antibiotics were given out and the plague was controlled. Prior to the major plague outbreak, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Corporation" title="Surat Municipal Corporation">Surat Municipal Corporation</a> was suspended in 1993, leaving no major elected body in charge. During the plague, <a href="/wiki/Suryadevara_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Suryadevara Ramachandra Rao">Suryadevara Ramachandra Rao</a> was elected as the new administrator and launched extensive cleaning campaigns to combat the outbreak. This was a major step towards sanitation and cleanliness in Surat. Rao’s campaigns included launching hotel and shop inspections (to address their irresponsible garbage practices) for several months and calling for the broadening of roads.<a href="#cite_note-shah1997-47">[47]</a> He enforced designated sweeping of the city as well as the regular collection of garbage. Rao also demolished many illegal constructions. However, slums would often fall subject to removal when streets were widened, but Rao ensured that the residents were given alternative residential sites with adequate facilities to accommodate them. Rao’s urban and sanitary-related actions fostered the revival of Surat in its post-plague state. Nevertheless, the plague had long-lasting implications for Surat. It brought attention to the lack of information and the spread of misinformation that occurred in India. Incorrect death tolls and false facts about the cause of the disease were spread, leaving lots of room for post-plague city revival both in terms of information control and cleanliness. Surat’s actions pertaining to the latter eventually resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trust_for_Art_and_Cultural_Heritage" title="Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage">Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage</a> deeming Surat as the second cleanest city in India.<a href="#cite_note-shah1997-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Present_Day_Surat">Present Day Surat</h4></div> On 2 October 2007, Surat district was split into two by the creation of a new Tapi district, under the Surat District Re-organisation Act 2007. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapi_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tapi_river.jpg/220px-Tapi_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="718"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tapi_river.jpg/220px-Tapi_river.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tapi_river.jpg/330px-Tapi_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tapi_river.jpg/440px-Tapi_river.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tapi river</figcaption></figure> Surat is a port city situated on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tapi_River,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapi River, India">Tapi</a> river. After dams were built, water flow in Tapi deceased causing the original port facilities to close. The nearest port is now in the <a href="/wiki/Magadalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadalla">Magadalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazira" title="Hazira">Hazira</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Surat_Metropolitan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat Metropolitan Region">Surat Metropolitan Region</a>. It has a famous beach called 'Dumas Beach' located in Dumas.The city is located at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Surat&params=21.205_N_72.840_E_region:IN_type:city">21°12′18″N 72°50′24″E / 21.205°N 72.840°E / 21.205; 72.840</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> It has an average elevation of 13 metres. The Surat district is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narmada_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada District">Narmada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a> and Tapi districts, and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Cambay">Gulf of Cambay</a> to the west. The climate is tropical and monsoon rainfall is abundant. According to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">Bureau of Indian Standards</a>, the town falls under <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_hazard_zoning_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquake hazard zoning of India">seismic zone-III</a>, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<a href="#cite_note-hazardprofile-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> Surat has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">tropical savanna climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification system">Köppen</a>: Aw), moderated strongly by the Sea to the Gulf of Camboy. The summer begins in early March and lasts until June. April and May are the hottest months, the average maximum temperature being 37 °C (99 °F). <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> begins in late June and the city receives about 1,200 mm (47 in) of rain by the end of September, with the average maximum being 32 °C (90 °F) during those months. October and November see the retreat of the monsoon and a return of high temperatures until late November. Winter starts in December and ends in late February, with average mean temperatures of around 23 °C (73 °F), and negligible rain. Since the 20th century, Surat has experienced some 20 floods.<a href="#cite_note-citiscope.org-50">[50]</a> In 1968, most parts of the city were flooded and in 1994 a flood caused a country-wide plague outbreak, Surat being the epicenter. In 1998, 30 per cent of Surat had gone under water due to flooding in <a href="/wiki/Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti river</a> following release of water from <a href="/wiki/Ukai_Dam" title="Ukai Dam">Ukai dam</a> located 90 km from Surat and in Aug <a href="/wiki/2006_Surat_flood" title="2006 Surat flood">2006 flood</a> more than 95 per cent of the city was under Tapti river waters, killing more than 120 people, stranding tens of thousands in their homes without food or electricity and closing businesses and schools for weeks.<a href="#cite_note-citiscope.org-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The city is expected to experience more flooding and <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_India" title="Climate change in India">climate change becomes worse</a>, so has invested in flood protection and <a href="/wiki/Climate_resilience" title="Climate resilience">climate resilience</a> infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Surat (1991–2020, extremes 1877–2012) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.3 (100.9) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7 (107.1) </td> <td style="background: #DC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.0 (111.2) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.2 (99.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1 (106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.4 (106.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4 (102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #C60000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.6 (114.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6 (97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7 (96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3 (86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8 (80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.7 (81.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2 (79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9 (78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5 (74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.5 (72.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2 (68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 (44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 (0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (0.09) </td> <td style="background: #007300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">255.9 (10.07) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">466.3 (18.36) </td> <td style="background: #005A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">281.7 (11.09) </td> <td style="background: #00DE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.7 (7.35) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.7 (1.60) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (0.20) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (0.04) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,243.4 (48.95) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.0 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) (at 17:30 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>) </th> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">55 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 (48) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 (73) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (77) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (75) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19 (66) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 (57) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17 (62) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a><a href="#cite_note-IMDcityextremes2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMD-54">[54]</a> Time and Date (dewpoints, 2005-2015)<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020);<a href="#cite_note-TCC1-56">[56]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-57">[57]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;margin:0.5em auto;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1810 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">73,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">107,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">109,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">109,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">119,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">117,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">98,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−15.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">171,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+73.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">223,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+30.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">288,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+29.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">368,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">492,700</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">912,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+85.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,519,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+66.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,811,614</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+85.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,591,246</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+63.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2013 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.4%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-censubbsindia1-58">[58]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A resident of Surat is called Surati. According to the 2011 India census, the population of Surat is 4,467,797. Surat has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 79.5%, male literacy is 93%, and female literacy is 84%.<a href="#cite_note-2011census-59">[59]</a> Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. In Surat, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#Fcd116"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Surat City (2011)<a href="#cite_note-religion-60">[60]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkorange; width:85.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">85.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:11.63%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.63%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Jainism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:pink; width:2.31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others/not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.76%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.76%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Hindus are the majority community. Muslims and Jains are the largest minorities, and there is a small Buddhist and Christian community.<a href="#cite_note-religion-60">[60]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 410.83968437177px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 296.3225615877px; border-left-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 215.31346530119px; border-left-color:saddlebrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:saddlebrown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:saddlebrown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.09401654979px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 90.763551249663px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11.421849505907px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:27.416063931121px 96.16839105717px 0 0; border-top-color:skyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:skyblue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Surat M Corp. (2011)<a href="#cite_note-language-61">[61]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> (54.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (22.39%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> (9.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (3.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> (3.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> (1.74%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (1.38%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Others (3.80%)</div> </div> </div></div> At the time of the 2011 census, 54.42% of the population spoke <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, 22.39% <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, 9.92% <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, 3.24% <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, 3.11% <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, 1.74% <a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a> and 1.38% <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> as their first language.<a href="#cite_note-language-61">[61]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Surat is a stronghold of the BJP, which has ruled Gujarat continuously for 30 years. <a href="/wiki/Mukesh_Dalal" title="Mukesh Dalal">Mukesh Dalal</a>, of BJP is the MP from the <a href="/wiki/Surat_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Surat Lok Sabha constituency">Surat Lok Sabha constituency</a>. He was elected unopposed to the Lok Sabha in 2024. <a href="/wiki/Govind_Dholakia" title="Govind Dholakia">Govind Dholakia</a> he was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) to the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, elected unopposed for the term spanning from 2024 to 2030. The Assembly constituencies of Surat district are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/15th_Gujarat_Assembly" title="15th Gujarat Assembly">15th Gujarat Assembly</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Gujarat_Assembly&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=15th_Gujarat_Assembly&action=history">history</a>)</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Name </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a> </td> <td>155</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olpad_Assembly_constituency" title="Olpad Assembly constituency">Olpad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukeshbhai_Patel" title="Mukeshbhai Patel">Mukesh Patel</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td>MoS </td></tr> <tr> <td>156</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangrol,_Surat_Assembly_constituency" title="Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency">Mangrol (Surat)</a> (ST) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganpatsinh_Vestabhai_Vasava" title="Ganpatsinh Vestabhai Vasava">Ganpat Vasava</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>157</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandvi,_Surat_Assembly_constituency" title="Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency">Mandvi (Surat)</a> (ST) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunvarjibhai_Halpati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunvarjibhai Halpati (page does not exist)">Kunvarjibhai Halpati</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td>MoS </td></tr> <tr> <td>158</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamrej_Assembly_constituency" title="Kamrej Assembly constituency">Kamrej</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praful_Pansheriya" title="Praful Pansheriya">Prafulbhai Pansheriya</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td>MoS </td></tr> <tr> <td>159</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_East_Assembly_constituency" title="Surat East Assembly constituency">Surat East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Rana" title="Arvind Rana">Arvind Rana</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_North_Assembly_constituency" title="Surat North Assembly constituency">Surat North</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantibhai_Balar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantibhai Balar (page does not exist)">Kantibhai Balar</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>161</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varachha_Road_Assembly_constituency" title="Varachha Road Assembly constituency">Varachha Road</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kishore_Kanani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kishore Kanani (page does not exist)">Kishore Kanani</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>162</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karanj_Assembly_constituency" title="Karanj Assembly constituency">Karanj</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravinbhai_Ghoghari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravinbhai Ghoghari (page does not exist)">Pravinbhai Ghoghari</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>163</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbayat_Assembly_constituency" title="Limbayat Assembly constituency">Limbayat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangita_Patil" title="Sangita Patil">Sangita Patil</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>164</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udhana_Assembly_constituency" title="Udhana Assembly constituency">Udhana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manubhai_Patel" title="Manubhai Patel">Manubhai Patel</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>165</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Majura_Assembly_constituency" title="Majura Assembly constituency">Majura</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Sanghavi" title="Harsh Sanghavi">Harsh Sanghavi</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td>MoS(I/C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>166</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katargam_Assembly_constituency" title="Katargam Assembly constituency">Katargam</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinodbhai_Moradiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinodbhai Moradiya (page does not exist)">Vinodbhai Moradiya</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>167</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surat_West_Assembly_constituency" title="Surat West Assembly constituency">Surat West</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purnesh_Modi" title="Purnesh Modi">Purnesh Modi</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>168</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Choryasi_Assembly_constituency" title="Choryasi Assembly constituency">Choryasi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandip_Desai" title="Sandip Desai">Sandip Desai</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>169</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Assembly_constituency" title="Bardoli Assembly constituency">Bardoli</a> (SC) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ishwarbhai_Parmar" title="Ishwarbhai Parmar">Ishwarbhai Parmar</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>170</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahuva,_Surat_Assembly_constituency" title="Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency">Mahuva (Surat)</a> (ST) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohanbhai_Dhodia" title="Mohanbhai Dhodia">Mohanbhai Dhodia</a> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF9933;" data-sort-value="Bharatiya Janata Party"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Civic_institutions">Civic institutions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muglisaraisurat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Muglisarai SMC Surat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muglisaraisurat.jpg/220px-Muglisaraisurat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muglisaraisurat.jpg/220px-Muglisaraisurat.jpg" data-alt="Muglisarai SMC Surat" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muglisaraisurat.jpg/330px-Muglisaraisurat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Muglisaraisurat.jpg/440px-Muglisaraisurat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Muglisarai SMC Surat</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Corporation" title="Surat Municipal Corporation">Surat Municipal Corporation</a> is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure as well as carrying out associated administrative duties. At present, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> is the ruling party with a majority. Under the Provisions of Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949, Section – 4, the powers have been vested in three Distinct Statutory Authorities: the General Board, the Standing Committee, and the Municipal Commissioner. It ranked 7 out of 21 cities for best administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3. It is the only city in India to disclose municipal budgets on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-asics-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_Safety">Public Safety</h3></div> Surat began the 'Safe City Project' in 2011 aimed at keeping the city safe using surveillance cameras. The project was headed by Sanjay Srivastava (IPS) who was then the Joint-Commissioner of Surat Police. The 280-square-foot video wall claimed to be the largest surveillance screen in the country, is being installed in the control room of Police Commissioner Mr. Rakesh Asthana (IPS). This will help the police view the entire city live through 10,000 CCTV cameras across the city. Surat police have decided to install 5,000 CCTV cameras at sensitive points across the city. While 1,000 cameras will be night vision cameras, 4,000 others will be simple CCTV cameras. This has been installed on PPP base with the help of the city's businessmen, the city's social persons, <a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Corporation" title="Surat Municipal Corporation">Surat Municipal Corporation</a>, and the Surat City Police. <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitals">Hospitals</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Surat" title="Government Medical College, Surat">Government Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Institute_of_Medical_Education_and_Research" title="Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research">Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiran_Hospital" title="Kiran Hospital">Kiran Hospital</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazira_Industrial_Area,ONGC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg/220px-Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg/220px-Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg/330px-Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg/440px-Hazira_Industrial_Area%2CONGC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ONGC" class="mw-redirect" title="ONGC">ONGC</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Hazira" title="Hazira">Hazira</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatersuratindustry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greatersuratindustry.jpg/220px-Greatersuratindustry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="408"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greatersuratindustry.jpg/220px-Greatersuratindustry.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greatersuratindustry.jpg/330px-Greatersuratindustry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greatersuratindustry.jpg/440px-Greatersuratindustry.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Metropolitan Surat economic centers and industries map</figcaption></figure> Surat ranked 9th in India with a GDP of $40 billion in the fiscal year 2016. The GDP of Surat in 2020 will be around $57 billion estimated by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Surat is a major hub of diamond cutting and polishing.<a href="#cite_note-roughpolished-67">[67]</a> The first diamond workshops in Gujarat appeared in Surat and <a href="/wiki/Navasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Navasari">Navasari</a> in the late 1950s. The major group working in this industry is people from the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurashtra region">Saurashtra region</a> of Gujarat. Because of demand in the American market from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s (with only a brief recession in 1979), Surat's diamond industry grew tremendously. Currently, most of the diamond polishing workshops are running in the <a href="/wiki/Varachha" title="Varachha">Varachha</a> area of Surat, mostly by the people of the <a href="/wiki/Patel" title="Patel">Patel</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-diamondhistory-68">[68]</a> Around the world, 8 out of 10 diamonds on the market were cut and polished in Surat. This industry earns India about US$10 billion in annual exports. That declined by about 18% in 2019 due to reduced demand for diamonds. The decline continued in 2020 when the industry closed for some months because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 pandemic in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> A legacy of old Dutch trade links, it began after a Surti entrepreneur returned from East Africa bringing diamond cutters. The rough diamonds are mined in South Africa and other regions of the African continent, and go from here as smooth gems to Antwerp, Belgium where the international diamond trade is run mainly by Hasidic Jews and Jains from Palanpur in North Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Surat's economy drives from a range of manufacturing and industry fields such as diamonds, textiles, petrochemicals, shipbuilding, automobile, port etc.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg/220px-SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg/220px-SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg/330px-SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg/440px-SuratAhmedabadMumbai_020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surat's Textile District Ring Road in 2007</figcaption></figure> Since it is known for producing textiles, including silk, Surat is known as the textile hub of the nation or the Silk City of India. It is very famous for its cotton mills and <a href="/wiki/Surat_Zari_Craft" title="Surat Zari Craft">Surat Zari Craft</a>. Surat is the biggest center of MMF (man-made fiber) in India. It has a total of 381 dyeing and printing mills and 41,100 power loom units. There are over a hundred thousand units and mills in total. The overall annual turnover is around 5 billion rupees. There are over 800 cloth wholesalers in Surat.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It is the largest manufacturer of clothes in India, and Surti dress material can be found in any state of India. Surat produces 9 million meters of fabric annually, which accounts for 60% of the total polyester cloth production in India. Now the city is focusing on increasing the exports of its textile.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Surat_,Adajan_Side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1012"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Surat_%2CAdajan_Side.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Aerial view of Surat, Adajan Side. Sardar Patel bridge on Tapti river is visible in the middle</figcaption></figure> There are many SME Domestic IT Companies present in Surat. MNC IT companies like IBM,<a href="#cite_note-IBM-73">[73]</a> HCL have satellite or virtual branches in Surat. On 14 February 2014, Government of Gujarat DST had handover STPI Surat<a href="#cite_note-STPI_Surat_Info-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-STPI_Surat_Handover-75">[75]</a> at Bhestan-Jiav Road, Bhestan Near Udhana-Sachin BRTS Route. Surat city administration will demand for setting up of an information technology (IT) hub and an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology">Indian Institute of Information Technology</a> (IIIT) on the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-SMC_IT-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> CityNext initiative has tied up with IT services majors <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">Tata Consultancy Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wipro" title="Wipro">Wipro</a> to leverage technology for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable growth">sustainable growth</a> of cities in India. The first smart IT city in India is being constituted by the Microsoft CityNext Initiative in Surat, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csrjournal.org-20">[20]</a> In 2011, Surat hosted India's first Microsoft DreamSpark Yatra (a tech event) with speakers from Microsoft Headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>. The event was organised by Ex-<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Student_Partner" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Student Partner">Microsoft Student Partner</a> Samarth Zankharia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In May 2015, Tech giant <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> has chosen Surat among 16 global locations for its smart cities program to help them address challenges like waste management, disaster management and citizen services. Under the program, IBM will send a team of experts to each of the chosen cities where they will spend three weeks working closely with city staff analysing data about critical issues faced by its local bodies;<a href="#cite_note-Surat,_India_2015_challenge-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-IBM_Smarter_Cities-78">[78]</a> the co-operation continued into 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Smarter_Cities-22">[22]</a> Surat is being a port city, it has turned as a major commercial and industrial hub in India. It is home for many companies such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hazira_Manufacturing_Division" title="Hazira Manufacturing Division">Hazira Manufacturing Division</a>), <a href="/wiki/Essar_Steel" title="Essar Steel">Essar Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Bharati_Cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Bharati Cooperative">Krishak Bharati Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTPC_Limited" title="NTPC Limited">NTPC Limited</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/UltraTech_Cement" title="UltraTech Cement">UltraTech Cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/GAIL" title="GAIL">GAIL</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSEG_Combined_Cycle_Power_plant,_Hazira" title="GSEG Combined Cycle Power plant, Hazira">GSEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_State_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation">Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hero_MotoCorp" title="Hero MotoCorp">Hero MotoCorp</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazira_Port" title="Hazira Port">Hazira Port</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hazira" title="Hazira">Hazira</a>, an industrial suburb where most of the industries are located while other region is <a href="/wiki/Magdalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalla">Magdalla</a> which is also developed as <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Magdalla" title="Port of Magdalla">Port of Magdalla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The government of Gujarat plans another project near Surat similar to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_International_Finance_Tec-City" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat International Finance Tec-City">Gujarat International Finance Tec-City</a> (GIFT). The Chief Minister has suggested that the government wishes to develop DREAM to have a five-seven star hotel, bank, IT, corporate trading house, entertainment zone and other facilities while the <a href="/wiki/Surat_Diamond_Bourse" title="Surat Diamond Bourse">Surat Diamond Bourse</a> (SDB) will be based there. Allotment of Khajod land for the project is convenient for the state government because they have 2,000 acres (810 ha) of available land. The Trade Centre, located near <a href="/wiki/Sarsana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsana">Sarsana</a> village, will have a 100,160 m2 (1,078,100 sq ft) pillar-less air-conditioned hall with a 90 by 35 m (295 by 115 ft) pillar-less dome.<a href="#cite_note-DREAM_City-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDB_DREAM_City-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Surat" title="Transport in Surat">Transport in Surat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_Airport,_Gujrat.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png/220px-Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="739"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png/220px-Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png/330px-Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png/440px-Surat_Airport%2C_Gujrat.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surat_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat International Airport">Surat International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="surat international airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/220px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="613"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 99px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/220px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg" data-alt="surat international airport" data-width="220" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/330px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg/440px-Surat_Airport_New_Terminal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New Surat International Airport</figcaption></figure> Built in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Surat_railway_station" title="Surat railway station">Surat railway station</a> falls under the administrative control of <a href="/wiki/Western_Railway_Zone_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Railway Zone (India)">Western Railway zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a>. In early 2016, the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation rated the facility the best large station in India based on cleanliness. The <a href="/wiki/Sitilink" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitilink">Sitilink</a> or Surat BRTS is a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus rapid transit system">bus rapid transit system</a> in the city. Initiated by Bharat Shah, additional city engineer of Surat Municipal Corporation. It is operated by Surat Municipal Corporation and as of August 2017, had a network of 245 buses connecting major localities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Surat_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat International Airport">Surat International Airport</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Magdalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalla">Magdalla</a>, 11 kilometres (7 mi) southwest of Surat. It is the 2nd busiest airport in Gujarat in terms of both aircraft movements and passenger traffic. Currently, airlines such as Air India, Alliance Air, AirAsia India, SpiceJet, IndiGo Airlines, Air Odisha, Ventura AirConnect provide flight services from the Surat to various major cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Goa, Jaipur, Visakhapatnam. There are also regular international flights on the Sharjah route of Air India Express. Apart from the main city, Surat Airport also caters to various localities of south Gujarat including Navsari, Bardoli, Valsad, Bharuch, Ankleshwar. <a href="/wiki/Surat_Metro" title="Surat Metro">Surat Metro</a> is an under construction rapid transit rail system for the city.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3></div> Surat is known for its food and has its own list of cherished street foods. There is a famous saying in Gujarati, "સુરતનું જમણ અને કાશીનું મરણ", meaning Eat in Surat and Die in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kashi</a> for the ultimate experience of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locho_and_idada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locho_and_idada.jpg/220px-Locho_and_idada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locho_and_idada.jpg/220px-Locho_and_idada.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locho_and_idada.jpg/330px-Locho_and_idada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Locho_and_idada.jpg/440px-Locho_and_idada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Locho" title="Locho">Locho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhokla" title="Dhokla">Idada</a></figcaption></figure> The unique dishes of Surat include <a href="/wiki/Locho" title="Locho">Locho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghari_(sweet)" title="Ghari (sweet)">Ghari (sweet)</a>, Surti Bhusu,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Alupuri, <a href="/wiki/Khow_suey" title="Khow suey">Kavsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponk" title="Ponk">Ponk</a>, Ulta Vadapav, <a href="/wiki/Undhiyu" title="Undhiyu">Undhiyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhokla" title="Dhokla">Dhokla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaman" title="Khaman">Khaman</a>, Rasaawala Khaman, Sev Khamani, and so forth. People's love for food in Surat is so great that there is a lane called "Khaudra Gali," which means "foodie's lane", which has all stalls of various types of dishes, the specialty being Mysore Dosa. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_National_Institute_of_Technology,_Surat" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat">Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat</a> is one of 31 <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a> that are recognised as <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_National_Importance" title="Institutes of National Importance">Institutes of National Importance</a> by the Government of India. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Surat" title="Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat">Indian Institute of Information Technology, Surat</a> started in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Most of the regional colleges are affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Veer_Narmad_South_Gujarat_University" title="Veer Narmad South Gujarat University">Veer Narmad South Gujarat University</a> (VNSGU, named after the poet <a href="/wiki/Veer_Narmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Veer Narmad">Veer Narmad</a>), which has headquarters in the Surat Metropolitan Region. Colleges are also affiliated to <a href="/wiki/SNDT_Women%27s_University" title="SNDT Women's University">SNDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Technological_University" title="Gujarat Technological University">Gujarat Technological University</a> and other universities. <a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Surat" title="Government Medical College, Surat">Government Medical College, Surat</a> is a more than 50 years old medical school of 250 yearly student admission capacity with attached tertiary care hospital, New Civil Hospital. <a href="/wiki/Surat_Municipal_Institute_of_Medical_Education_and_Research" title="Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research">Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education and Research</a> (SMIMER) is a Municipal Medical College affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Veer_Narmad_South_Gujarat_University" title="Veer Narmad South Gujarat University">Veer Narmad South Gujarat University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auro_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Auro University">Auro University</a> has also started to provide education in Surat.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_Centre">Science Centre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Science-center-and-science.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Science Center And Science Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/220px-Science-center-and-science.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/220px-Science-center-and-science.jpg" data-alt="Science Center And Science Museum" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/330px-Science-center-and-science.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Science-center-and-science.jpg/440px-Science-center-and-science.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Science Center And Science Museum</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Science_Centre,_Surat" title="Science Centre, Surat">Science Centre</a>, Surat is a multi-facility complex built by the Surat Municipal Corporation in 2009, the first of its type in western India. The complex houses a science centre, museum, an art gallery, an auditorium, an <a href="/wiki/Amphitheater" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheater">amphitheater</a>, and a planetarium. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandit_Dindayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium">Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium,Surat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/220px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="519"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/220px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/330px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg/440px-Pandit_DinDayal_Upadhyay_Indoor_Stadium%2CSurat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pandit DinDayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium, Surat</figcaption></figure> With a seating capacity of 6800, Pandit Dindayal Upadhyay Indoor Stadium is the first of its kind in the Western Region of India. The stadium frequently organises national and international indoor games such as volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, handball, boxing, wrestling, badminton, basketball, and tennis. It has a central arena of size 63 m × 33 m, rooms for participants and team officials, and other essential facilities including snack bars. This is also a convenient venue for organising cultural programs, music concerts, drama, fashion shows, seminars, conferences, and many more. The Indoor Stadium also hosted TEDxSurat 2018 on 7 October 2018 which was the largest TEDx conference in Gujarat and one of the largest TEDx conferences in the world.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lalbhai_Contractor_Cricket_Stadium">Lalbhai Contractor Cricket Stadium</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg/220px-Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg/220px-Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg/330px-Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg/440px-Lalbhai_Contractor_Stadium_Wide_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lalbhai Contractor Stadium</figcaption></figure> Lalbhai contractor cricket stadium has a capacity of more than 7000 and hosted several <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irani_Trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani Trophy">Irani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Trophy" title="Duleep Trophy">Duleep Trophy</a> matches. The stadium also serves as a primary destination for local budding cricketers and enthusiasts. The stadium has hosted several benefit matches for international cricketers as well. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Surat_in_literature">Surat in literature</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Coffee-House_of_Surat" title="The Coffee-House of Surat">The Coffee-House of Surat</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li>A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> — by <a href="/wiki/John_Ovington" title="John Ovington">John Ovington</a></li> <li>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="The Land of Malabar">The Land of Malabar</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_in_Surat:_Crisis_in_Urban_Governance" title="Plague in Surat: Crisis in Urban Governance">Plague in Surat: Crisis in Urban Governance</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Archana_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Archana Ghosh">Archana Ghosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/S._Sami_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Sami Ahmad">S. Sami Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat,_Broach_and_Other_Old_Cities_of_Goojerat" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat">Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> — by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Hope" title="Theodore Hope">Theodore Hope</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Neighborhoods_and_localities">Neighborhoods and localities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surat&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ASurat&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+16+February+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Surat">making an edit request</a>. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimrad" title="Bhimrad">Bhimrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosamba" title="Kosamba">Kosamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varachha" title="Varachha">Varachha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Udhana">Udhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachin,_Gujarat" title="Sachin, Gujarat">Sachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandesara" title="Pandesara">Pandesara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athwalines" title="Athwalines">Athwalines</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas%E2%80%93Mustan" title="Abbas–Mustan">Abbas–Mustan</a>, Bollywood directors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_Amla" title="Hashim Amla">Hashim Amla</a>, South African Cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barnes-Lawrence" title="Henry Barnes-Lawrence">Henry Barnes-Lawrence</a> (1815–1896), Anglican clergyman, and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_of_Sea-Birds" title="Association for the Protection of Sea-Birds">Association for the Protection of Sea-Birds</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahhyaben_Bhuva" title="Chahhyaben Bhuva">Chahhyaben Bhuva</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiransinh_Chauhan" title="Kiransinh Chauhan">Kiransinh Chauhan</a>, Gujarati poet and scriptwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulgani_Dahiwala" title="Abdulgani Dahiwala">Abdulgani Dahiwala</a>, Gujarati poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Darbar" title="Ismail Darbar">Ismail Darbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> composer<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Daruwala" title="Freddy Daruwala">Freddy Daruwala</a>, Bollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmeet_Desai" title="Harmeet Desai">Harmeet Desai</a>, table-tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Desai" title="Jayant Desai">Jayant Desai</a>, director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prachi_Desai" title="Prachi Desai">Prachi Desai</a>, actress in Bollywood<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Dholakia" title="Govind Dholakia">Govind Dholakia</a>, an Indian businessman & Member of Rajya Sabha.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savji_Dholakia" title="Savji Dholakia">Savji Dholakia</a>, an Indian businessman. He is the founder and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Hari_Krishna_Exports" title="Hari Krishna Exports">Hari Krishna Export</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathur_Savani" title="Mathur Savani">Mathur Savani</a> ,Businessman & Social activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratik_Gandhi" title="Pratik Gandhi">Pratik Gandhi</a>, Bollywood actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jashwant_Gangani" title="Jashwant Gangani">Jashwant Gangani</a>, writer, director, producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_Karanjia" title="Yazdi Karanjia">Yazdi Karanjia</a>, theatre person - noted as one of the doyens of <a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjeev_Kumar" title="Sanjeev Kumar">Sanjeev Kumar</a> (actual name Haribhai Jariwala), film actor<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mareez" title="Mareez">Mareez</a>, 20th century Gujarati poet, popular for his ghazals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehtab_(actress)" title="Mehtab (actress)">Mehtab (actress)</a> Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babubhai_Mistry" title="Babubhai Mistry">Babubhai Mistry</a>, special effect - Bollywood trick scene photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a>, Gujarati poet, playwright, essayist, orator, lexicographer and reformer under the British Raj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardik_Pandya" title="Hardik Pandya">Hardik Pandya</a>, Indian international Cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhwanil_Parekh" title="Dhwanil Parekh">Dhwanil Parekh</a>, 20th century Gujarati poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laljibhai_Patel" title="Laljibhai Patel">Laljibhai Patel</a>, an Indian diamantaire and philanthropic social activist, who is the chairman of <a href="/wiki/Dharmanandan_Diamonds" title="Dharmanandan Diamonds">Dharmanandan Diamonds Pvt. Ltd.</a>(DDPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Rheede" title="Hendrik van Rheede">Hendrik van Rheede</a> (1636–1691), Dutch botanist and colonial administrator. Died of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and was buried at the Dutch Cemetery in Surat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddal_Saifuddin" title="Mufaddal Saifuddin">Mufaddal Saifuddin</a> religious leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Sanghavi" title="Harsh Sanghavi">Harsh Sanghavi</a>, MLA - Majura Constituency & Minister of State (MoS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvant_Shah" title="Gunvant Shah">Gunvant Shah</a>, educationist and columnist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwatikumar_Sharma" title="Bhagwatikumar Sharma">Bhagwatikumar Sharma</a>, author and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Sheikh" title="Farooq Sheikh">Farooq Sheikh</a>, actor and television presenter<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(actress)" title="Sultana (actress)">Sultana</a>, Actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abid_Surti" title="Abid Surti">Abid Surti</a>, Indian cartoonist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehul_Surti" title="Mehul Surti">Mehul Surti</a>, Indian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Surti" title="Mohammed Surti">Mohammed Surti</a>, Indian National Congress politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusi_Surti" title="Rusi Surti">Rusi Surti</a>, Indian cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Tata" title="Naval Tata">Naval Tata</a>, former chairman of Tata Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virji_Vora" title="Virji Vora">Virji Vora</a>, businessman known as "merchant prince" during Mughal era<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubeida" title="Zubeida">Zubeida</a>, actress</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surat_high-speed_railway_station" title="Surat high-speed railway station">Surat high-speed railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Surat" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colleges in Surat">List of colleges in Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Surat" title="List of tourist attractions in Surat">List of tourist attractions in Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_BRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat BRTS">Surat BRTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Beach" title="Dumas Beach">Dumas Beach</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Retrieved 18 December 2021. <q>Surat manufactures more than 90% of the diamonds in the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Surat+Diamond+Bourse+to+start+operations+from+September&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2Fsurat-diamond-bourse-to-start-operations-from-september%2Farticleshow%2F80514996.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-municipality-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-municipality_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-municipality_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-municipality_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-municipality_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-municipality_16-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105012914/http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/history.shtml">"History of Surat"</a>. 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Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 69: 251–264. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147187">44147187</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716163501/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147187">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. 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Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 6 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Surat">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Surat&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSurat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman,_M.K.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zaman, M.K. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44143369">"AKBAR'S GUJARAT CAMPAIGNS — A MILITARY ANALYSIS"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-12/news/62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma">the original</a> on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=IBM+picks+Surat%2C+Allahabad+%26+Vizag+among+16+global+locations+for+smart+cities+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2015-05-12%2Fnews%2F62082974_1_ibm-top-experts-smart-cities-mamtha-sharma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suratonline.in/city-guide/industries-in-surat">"Industries in Surat, Textile Industry in Surat, Diamond Industry"</a>. www.suratonline.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827231417/https://www.suratonline.in/city-guide/industries-in-surat">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.suratonline.in&rft.atitle=Industries+in+Surat%2C+Textile+Industry+in+Surat%2C+Diamond+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suratonline.in%2Fcity-guide%2Findustries-in-surat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920003500/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23898019">"Hazira Port Private Ltd.: Private Company Information - Businessweek"</a>. investing.businessweek.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=23898019">the original</a> on 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investing.businessweek.com&rft.atitle=Hazira+Port+Private+Ltd.%3A+Private+Company+Information+-+Businessweek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvesting.businessweek.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fsnapshot.asp%3FprivcapId%3D23898019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DREAM_City-81"><a href="#cite_ref-DREAM_City_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Althan-Khajod-next-in-line-for-mega-development/articleshow/5233470.cms">"Althan, Khajod next in line for mega development"</a>. The Times of India. 15 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113216/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Althan-Khajod-next-in-line-for-mega-development/articleshow/5233470.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Althan%2C+Khajod+next+in+line+for+mega+development&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2FAlthan-Khajod-next-in-line-for-mega-development%2Farticleshow%2F5233470.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDB_DREAM_City-82"><a href="#cite_ref-SDB_DREAM_City_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/31/gujarat-govt-plans-gift-city-like-project-close-to-surat/">"Gujarat govt plans GIFT city like project close to Surat"</a>. DeshGujarat. 31 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729023221/http://deshgujarat.com/2014/08/31/gujarat-govt-plans-gift-city-like-project-close-to-surat/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DeshGujarat&rft.atitle=Gujarat+govt+plans+GIFT+city+like+project+close+to+Surat&rft.date=2014-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeshgujarat.com%2F2014%2F08%2F31%2Fgujarat-govt-plans-gift-city-like-project-close-to-surat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/smc-takes-over-city-bus-brts-services-from-private-operator/articleshow/60027053.cms">"SMC takes over city bus, BRTS services from the private operator – Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315161805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/smc-takes-over-city-bus-brts-services-from-private-operator/articleshow/60027053.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=SMC+takes+over+city+bus%2C+BRTS+services+from+the+private+operator+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2Fsmc-takes-over-city-bus-brts-services-from-private-operator%2Farticleshow%2F60027053.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/narendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project/">"Narendra Modi announces state's approval to Surat Metro train project"</a>. DeshGujarat.com. 11 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130303085226/http://deshgujarat.com/2012/08/11/narendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narendra+Modi+announces+state%27s+approval+to+Surat+Metro+train+project&rft.pub=DeshGujarat.com&rft.date=2012-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeshgujarat.com%2F2012%2F08%2F11%2Fnarendra-modi-announces-states-aproval-to-surat-metro-train-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2016" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi, Vaishali (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3ODAAAQBAJ&q=surat+food+famous&pg=PA105">Indian desi tadka</a>. Onlinegatha. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385818004" title="Special:BookSources/9789385818004"><bdi>9789385818004</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003011758/https://books.google.com/books?id=6c3ODAAAQBAJ&q=surat+food+famous&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+desi+tadka&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Onlinegatha&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789385818004&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Vaishali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6c3ODAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsurat%2Bfood%2Bfamous%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer2016" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, Raghavan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&q=The+food+of+Surat+is+like+dying+in+the+holy+city+of+kaashi&pg=PA539">660 Curries</a>. Workman Publishing. p. 539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761187462" title="Special:BookSources/9780761187462"><bdi>9780761187462</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002145908/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfTnCwAAQBAJ&q=The+food+of+Surat+is+like+dying+in+the+holy+city+of+kaashi&pg=PA539">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=660+Curries&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780761187462&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Raghavan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfTnCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bfood%2Bof%2BSurat%2Bis%2Blike%2Bdying%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bholy%2Bcity%2Bof%2Bkaashi%26pg%3DPA539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Melvyn (6 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/There-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a/c-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-/articleshow/18831930.cms">"There is an old saying 'Surat Nu Jaman Ane Kashi Nu Maran' which means Eat in Surat and Die in Kashi for the ultimate experience of the soul. But, fate of around 200 fine dining restaurants in the diamond city hangs in balance as all the a/c restaurants have come under the service tax net"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621141528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/There-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a/c-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-/articleshow/18831930.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=There+is+an+old+saying+%27Surat+Nu+Jaman+Ane+Kashi+Nu+Maran%27+which+means+Eat+in+Surat+and+Die+in+Kashi+for+the+ultimate+experience+of+the+soul.+But%2C+fate+of+around+200+fine+dining+restaurants+in+the+diamond+city+hangs+in+balance+as+all+the+a%2Fc+restaurants+have+come+under+the+service+tax+net.&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Melvyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FThere-is-an-old-saying-Surat-Nu-Jaman-Ane-Kashi-Nu-Maran-which-means-Eat-in-Surat-and-Die-in-Kashi-for-the-ultimate-experience-of-the-soul-But-fate-of-around-200-fine-dining-restaurants-in-the-diamond-city-hangs-in-balance-as-all-the-a%2Fc-restaurants-have-come-under-the-service-tax-net-%2Farticleshow%2F18831930.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/surat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915">"સુરતની ઘારી માટે એમ કહી શકાય કે, 'યે અંગ્રેજો કે જમાને કી મીઠાઈ હૈ...!!!'"</a>. Zee News Gujarati. 11 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201047/https://zeenews.india.com/gujarati/gujarat/surat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+News+Gujarati&rft.atitle=%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%98%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AE+%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF+%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%2C+%27%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8B+%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%80+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88+%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%88...%21%21%21%27&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fgujarati%2Fgujarat%2Fsurat-ghari-price-in-shard-poonam-67915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wohADAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3+%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3&pg=PT47">Gulal - TB</a>. New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351991441" title="Special:BookSources/9789351991441"><bdi>9789351991441</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001084527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wohADAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A3+%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87+%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82+%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3&pg=PT47">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulal+-+TB&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=New+Saraswati+House+India+Pvt+Ltd&rft.isbn=9789351991441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwohADAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25AA%25B8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%2582%2B%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A3%2B%25E0%25AA%2585%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2587%2B%25E0%25AA%2595%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B6%25E0%25AB%2580%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2581%25E0%25AA%2582%2B%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AA%25A3%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/food/Gujju-goes-global/articleshow/21237214.cms">"Gujju goes global"</a>. Bangalore Mirror. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611201052/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/food/Gujju-goes-global/articleshow/21237214.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bangalore+Mirror&rft.atitle=Gujju+goes+global&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangaloremirror.indiatimes.com%2Fopinion%2Ffood%2FGujju-goes-global%2Farticleshow%2F21237214.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshleshaa_Khurana2014" class="citation web cs1">Ashleshaa Khurana (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gharis-best-buddy-bhusu/articleshow/44747591.cms">"Ghari's best buddy, bhusu"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908070347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/Gharis-best-buddy-bhusu/articleshow/44747591.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ghari%27s+best+buddy%2C+bhusu&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.au=Ashleshaa+Khurana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2FGharis-best-buddy-bhusu%2Farticleshow%2F44747591.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/IIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat/articleshow/27098792.cms">"IIIT research centre soon in Surat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 9 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729082608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/IIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat/articleshow/27098792.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=IIIT+research+centre+soon+in+Surat&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2FIIIT-research-centre-soon-in-Surat%2Farticleshow%2F27098792.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aurouniversity.edu.in/">"AURO University – MBA, BBA, Hospitality Management Degree Programs, BBA+LLB, BSc IT Courses in Surat Gujarat India"</a>. Aurouniversity.edu.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127152336/http://www.aurouniversity.edu.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AURO+University+%E2%80%93+MBA%2C+BBA%2C+Hospitality+Management+Degree+Programs%2C+BBA%2BLLB%2C+BSc+IT+Courses+in+Surat+Gujarat+India&rft.pub=Aurouniversity.edu.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faurouniversity.edu.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Services/IndoorStadiumHome">"Surat Municipal Corporation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311142400/https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/Services/IndoorStadiumHome">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surat+Municipal+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suratmunicipal.gov.in%2FServices%2FIndoorStadiumHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/work/best_book/23583797-the-coffee-house-of-surat">"The Coffee House of Surat"</a>. www.goodreads.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424055256/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17159640-the-coffee-house-of-surat">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=The+Coffee+House+of+Surat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fwork%2Fbest_book%2F23583797-the-coffee-house-of-surat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvington1929" class="citation book cs1">Ovington, John (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo1StUwev0AC">A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689</a>. Oxford University Press, H. Milford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003004436/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xo1StUwev0AC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+Surat+in+the+Year+1689&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+H.+Milford&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Ovington&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXo1StUwev0AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ&q=surat&pg=PP1">"Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Gujarát Surat and Broach"</a>. 1877. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001104115/https://books.google.com/books?id=-rQBAAAAYAAJ&q=surat&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gazetteer+of+the+Bombay+Presidency%3A+Gujar%C3%A1t+Surat+and+Broach&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-rQBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsurat%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbosaMenon2000" class="citation book cs1">Barbosa, Duarte; Menon, M. Gangadhara (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53921669">The land of Malabar: the book of Duarte Barbosa vol. II</a>. Mahatma Gandhi University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53921669">53921669</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+of+Malabar%3A+the+book+of+Duarte+Barbosa+vol.+II&rft.pub=Mahatma+Gandhi+University&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53921669&rft.aulast=Barbosa&rft.aufirst=Duarte&rft.au=Menon%2C+M.+Gangadhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F53921669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1996" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Archana (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ-J109Isr4C">Plague in Surat: Crisis in Urban Governance</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-579-9"><bdi>978-81-7022-579-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003075438/https://books.google.com/books?id=CQ-J109Isr4C">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plague+in+Surat%3A+Crisis+in+Urban+Governance&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-579-9&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Archana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQ-J109Isr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHope1868" class="citation book cs1">Hope, T. C. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zE3UPQAACAAJ">Surat, Broach and Other Old Cities of Goojerat</a>. Oriental Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002232536/https://books.google.com/books?id=zE3UPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surat%2C+Broach+and+Other+Old+Cities+of+Goojerat&rft.pub=Oriental+Press&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzE3UPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1869/may/04/sea-birds-preservation-bill">"Hansard: Sea Birds Preservation Bill, Lord's Committee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 4 May 1869. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312114525/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1869/may/04/sea-birds-preservation-bill">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=Hansard%3A+Sea+Birds+Preservation+Bill%2C+Lord%27s+Committee&rft.date=1869-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1869%2Fmay%2F04%2Fsea-birds-preservation-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayak2011" class="citation news cs1">Nayak, Elina Priyadarshini (2 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ismail-Darbar-wants-to-serve-the-people-of-Surat/articleshow/9074875.cms">"Ismail Darbar wants to serve the people of Surat – Times of India"</a>. The Times of India. Times News Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Ismail-Darbar-wants-to-serve-the-people-of-Surat/articleshow/9074875.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ismail+Darbar+wants+to+serve+the+people+of+Surat+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2011-07-02&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=Elina+Priyadarshini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2FIsmail-Darbar-wants-to-serve-the-people-of-Surat%2Farticleshow%2F9074875.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhai2007" class="citation news cs1">Ghai, Rajat (9 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-am-luckyPrachi-Desai-/articleshow/2606286.cms">"I am lucky:Prachi Desai – Times of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113231252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/I-am-luckyPrachi-Desai-/articleshow/2606286.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=I+am+lucky%3APrachi+Desai+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft.aulast=Ghai&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftv-%2FI-am-luckyPrachi-Desai-%2Farticleshow%2F2606286.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhawan2000" class="citation news cs1">Dhawan, M.L. (13 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm">"He was an actor for all seasons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303211856/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/main3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=He+was+an+actor+for+all+seasons&rft.date=2000-08-13&rft.aulast=Dhawan&rft.aufirst=M.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2000%2F20000813%2Fspectrum%2Fmain3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/farooq-shaikh/4552">"Farooq Shaikh – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos"</a>. BookMyShow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144055/https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/farooq-shaikh/4552">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookMyShow&rft.atitle=Farooq+Shaikh+%E2%80%93+Movies%2C+Biography%2C+News%2C+Age+%26+Photos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.bookmyshow.com%2Fperson%2Ffarooq-shaikh%2F4552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b58fa936-2be9-4c0d-b020-e43e1d70f401">"The Discovery Service"</a>. discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042958/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/b58fa936-2be9-4c0d-b020-e43e1d70f401">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+Service&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2Fb58fa936-2be9-4c0d-b020-e43e1d70f401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Surat&params=21_10_12.7_N_72_49_52.0_E_type:city(6936534)_region:IN-GJ">GeoHack - Surat</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Surat#Q4629" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Surat">Surat</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in">Website of Surat Municipal Corporation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiadatalab.in/pincode/gujarat/surat/">Pincode list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228130815/http://www.indiadatalab.in/pincode/gujarat/surat/">Archived</a> 28 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Surat">"Surat" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surat&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Surat">"Surat" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surat&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASurat" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Surat&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 January 2025, at 06:56 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سورت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سورت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Սուրհաթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրհաթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سورات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سورات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="সুরত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুরত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98)" title="Surat (Ìn-tō͘) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Surat (Ìn-tō͘)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सूरत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सूरत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABrat_(lungsod)" title="Sūrat (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sūrat (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BArat" title="Súrat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súrat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सुरत – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सुरत" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84" title="Σουράτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουράτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_(%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="سورت (گجرات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورت (گجرات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surate" title="Surate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="સુરત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સુરત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="수라트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수라트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Սուրաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सूरत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूरत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="সুরাত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সুরাত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat,_Gujarat" title="Surat, Gujarat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat, Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(India)" title="Surat (India) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surat (India)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="סוראט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוראט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸೂರತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂರತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სურატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სურატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surata" title="Surata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Surata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABrata" title="Sūrata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūrata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suratas" title="Suratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Suratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BArat" title="Szúrat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúrat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सूरत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सूरत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="സൂരത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂരത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurata" title="Hurata – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hurata" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सुरत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सुरत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სურატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სურატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سورت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سورت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat,_India" title="Surat, India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Surat, India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(stad)" title="Surat (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surat (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सुरत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुरत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88" title="スーラト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーラト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(Gujarat)" title="Surat (Gujarat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Surat (Gujarat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ସୁରତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁରତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(shahar)" title="Surat (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Surat (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸੂਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%8C_%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سورت، گجرات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورت، گجرات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_(Gujarat)" title="Surat (Gujarat) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Surat (Gujarat)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrate" title="Surrate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Surrate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="सुरत – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सुरत" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱩᱨᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="சூரத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூரத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="సూరత్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూరత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95" title="สุรัต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุรัต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat,_Hindistan" title="Surat, Hindistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Surat, Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сурат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%8C_%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سورت، گجرات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورت، گجرات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat" title="Surat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Surat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat,_Gujarat" title="Surat, Gujarat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Surat, Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="苏拉特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏拉特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="蘇拉特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇拉特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="苏拉特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏拉特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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